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Chen S, Zhang L, Li S, Yuan Y, Jiang B, Jiang Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Liu M. Detecting biomarkers by dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced magnetic resonance. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae228. [PMID: 39144741 PMCID: PMC11321254 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 05/26/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Hyperpolarization stands out as a technique capable of significantly enhancing the sensitivity of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP), among various hyperpolarization methods, has gained prominence for its efficacy in real-time monitoring of metabolism and physiology. By administering a hyperpolarized substrate through dissolution DNP (dDNP), the biodistribution and metabolic changes of the DNP agent can be visualized spatiotemporally. This approach proves to be a distinctive and invaluable tool for non-invasively studying cellular metabolism in vivo, particularly in animal models. Biomarkers play a pivotal role in influencing the growth and metastasis of tumor cells by closely interacting with them, and accordingly detecting pathological alterations of these biomarkers is crucial for disease diagnosis and therapy. In recent years, a range of hyperpolarized DNP molecular bioresponsive agents utilizing various nuclei, such as 13C, 15N, 31P, 89Y, etc., have been developed. In this context, we explore how these magnetic resonance signals of nuclear spins enhanced by DNP respond to biomarkers, including pH, metal ions, enzymes, or redox processes. This review aims to offer insights into the design principles of responsive DNP agents, target selection, and the mechanisms of action for imaging. Such discussions aim to propel the future development and application of DNP-based biomedical imaging agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhen Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Sha Li
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yaping Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhongxing Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Maili Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance and Atomic and Molecular Physics, National Center for Magnetic Resonance in Wuhan, Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics, Innovation Academy for Precision Measurement Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430071, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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2
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Mu C, Liu X, Kim Y, Riselli A, Korenchan DE, Bok RA, Delos Santos R, Sriram R, Qin H, Nguyen H, Gordon JW, Slater J, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB, Kurhanewicz J, Wilson DM, Flavell RR. Clinically Translatable Hyperpolarized 13C Bicarbonate pH Imaging Method for Use in Prostate Cancer. ACS Sens 2023; 8:4042-4054. [PMID: 37878761 PMCID: PMC10683509 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c00851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Solid tumors such as prostate cancer (PCa) commonly develop an acidic microenvironment with pH 6.5-7.2, owing to heterogeneous perfusion, high metabolic activity, and rapid cell proliferation. In preclinical prostate cancer models, disease progression is associated with a decrease in tumor extracellular pH, suggesting that pH imaging may reflect an imaging biomarker to detect aggressive and high-risk disease. Therefore, we developed a hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI method to image the tumor extracellular pH (pHe) and prepared it for clinical translation for detection and risk stratification of PCa. This method relies on the rapid breakdown of hyperpolarized (HP) 1,2-glycerol carbonate (carbonyl-13C) via base-catalyzed hydrolysis to produce HP 13CO32-, which is neutralized and converted to HP H13CO3-. After injection, HP H13CO3- equilibrates with HP 13CO2 in vivo and enables the imaging of pHe. Using insights gleaned from mechanistic studies performed in the hyperpolarized state, we solved issues of polarization loss during preparation in a clinical polarizer system. We successfully customized a reaction apparatus suitable for clinical application, developed clinical standard operating procedures, and validated the radiofrequency pulse sequence and imaging data acquisition with a wide range of animal models. The results demonstrated that we can routinely produce a highly polarized and safe HP H13CO3- contrast agent suitable for human injection. Preclinical imaging studies validated the reliability and accuracy of measuring acidification in healthy kidney and prostate tumor tissue. These methods were used to support an Investigational New Drug application to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. This methodology is now ready to be implemented in human trials, with the ultimate goal of improving the management of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhua Mu
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Yaewon Kim
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Andrew Riselli
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - David E. Korenchan
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Robert A. Bok
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Hecong Qin
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Hao Nguyen
- Department
of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, California 94143, United States
| | - Jeremy W. Gordon
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - James Slater
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Peder E. Z. Larson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Daniel B. Vigneron
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - David M. Wilson
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
| | - Robert R. Flavell
- Department
of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University
of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94107, United States
- Department
of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University
of California, San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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3
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Radaelli A, Ortiz D, Michelotti A, Roche M, Hata R, Sando S, Bonny O, Gruetter R, Yoshihara HAI. Hyperpolarized (1- 13C)Alaninamide Is a Multifunctional In Vivo Sensor of Aminopeptidase N Activity, pH, and CO 2. ACS Sens 2022; 7:2987-2994. [PMID: 36194687 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Spin hyperpolarization enables real-time metabolic imaging of carbon-13-labeled substrates. While hyperpolarized l-(1-13C)alaninamide is a probe of the cell-surface tumor marker aminopeptidase-N (APN, CD13), its activity in vivo has not been described. Scanning the kidneys of rats infused with hyperpolarized alaninamide shows both conversion to [1-13C]alanine and several additional spectral peaks with distinct temporal dynamics. The (1-13C)alaninamide chemical shift is pH-sensitive, with a pKa of 7.9 at 37 °C, and the peaks correspond to at least three different compartments of pH 7.46 ± 0.02 (1), 7.21 ± 0.02 (2), and 6.58 ± 0.05 (3). An additional peak was assigned to the carboxyamino adduct formed by reaction with dissolved CO2. Spectroscopic imaging showed nonuniform distribution, with the low-pH signal more concentrated in the inner medulla. Treatment with the diuretic acetazolamide resulted in significant pH shifts in compartment 1 to 7.38 ± 0.03 (p = 0.0057) and compartment 3 to 6.80 ± 0.05 (p = 0.0019). While the pH of compartment 1 correlates with blood pH, the pH of compartment 3 did not correspond to the pH of urine. In vitro experiments show that alaninamide readily enters blood cells and can detect intracellular pH. While carbamate formation depends on pH and pCO2, the carbamate-to-alaninamide ratio did not correlate with either arterial blood pH or pCO2, suggesting that it may reflect variations in tissue pH and pCO2. This study demonstrates the feasibility of using hyperpolarized sensors to simultaneously image enzyme activity, pCO2, and pH in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Radaelli
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Ortiz
- Mass Spectrometry Platform, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Maxime Roche
- CortecNet, 7 Avenue du Hoggar, 91940Les Ulis, France
| | - Ryunosuke Hata
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo113-8656, Japan
| | - Olivier Bonny
- Service of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), 1011Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rolf Gruetter
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Hikari A I Yoshihara
- Laboratory for Functional and Metabolic Imaging (LIFMET), Institute of Physics, EPFL, 1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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4
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Shaul D, Azar A, Sapir G, Uppala S, Nardi-Schreiber A, Gamliel A, Sosna J, Gomori JM, Katz-Brull R. Correlation between lactate dehydrogenase/pyruvate dehydrogenase activities ratio and tissue pH in the perfused mouse heart: A potential noninvasive indicator of cardiac pH provided by hyperpolarized magnetic resonance. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2021; 34:e4444. [PMID: 33258527 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.4444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 30% of all deaths worldwide and many could be ameliorated with early diagnosis. Current cardiac imaging modalities can assess blood flow, heart anatomy and mechanical function. However, for early diagnosis and improved treatment, further functional biomarkers are needed. One such functional biomarker could be the myocardium pH. Although tissue pH is already determinable via MR techniques, and has been since the early 1990s, it remains elusive to use practically. The objective of this study was to explore the possibility to evaluate cardiac pH noninvasively, using in-cell enzymatic rates of hyperpolarized [1-13 C]pyruvate metabolism (ie, moles of product produced per unit time) determined directly in real time using magnetic resonance spectroscopy in a perfused mouse heart model. As a gold standard for tissue pH we used 31 P spectroscopy and the chemical shift of the inorganic phosphate (Pi) signal. The nonhomogenous pH distribution of the perfused heart was analyzed using a multi-parametric analysis of this signal, thus taking into account the heterogeneous nature of this characteristic. As opposed to the signal ratio of hyperpolarized [13 C]bicarbonate to [13 CO2 ], which has shown correlation to pH in other studies, we investigated here the ratio of two intracellular enzymatic rates: lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), by way of determining the production rates of [1-13 C]lactate and [13 C]bicarbonate, respectively. The enzyme activities determined here are intracellular, while the pH determined using the Pi signal may contain an extracellular component, which could not be ruled out. Nevertheless, we report a strong correlation between the tissue pH and the LDH/PDH activities ratio. This work may pave the way for using the LDH/PDH activities ratio as an indicator of cardiac intracellular pH in vivo, in an MRI examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Shaul
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Assad Azar
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gal Sapir
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Sivaranjan Uppala
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Atara Nardi-Schreiber
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ayelet Gamliel
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Jacob Sosna
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - J Moshe Gomori
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rachel Katz-Brull
- Department of Radiology, Hadassah Medical Center, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, The Faculty of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
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5
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Tumor Microenvironment Biosensors for Hyperpolarized Carbon-13 Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Mol Imaging Biol 2021; 23:323-334. [PMID: 33415679 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-020-01570-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarization (HP) of a carbon-13 molecule via dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) involves polarization at low temperature, followed by a dissolution procedure producing a solution with highly polarized spins at room temperature. This dissolution DNP method significantly increases the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) over 10,000-fold and facilitates the use of magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) to image not only metabolism but also the extracellular microenvironment. The extracellular tumor microenvironment (TME) closely interacts with tumor cells and stimulates their growth and metastasis. Thus, the ability to detect pathological changes in the TME is pivotal for the detection and study of cancers. This review highlights the potential use of MRS to study features of the TME-elevated export of lactate, reduced interstitial pH, imbalanced redox equilibrium, and altered metal homeostasis. The promising outcomes of both in vitro and in vivo assays suggest that DNP-MRS may be a useful technique to study aspects of the TME. With continued improvements, this tool has the potential to study the TME and provide guidance for accurate patient stratification and precise personal therapy. Graphical Abstract.
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6
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Bøgh N, Hansen ESS, Mariager CØ, Bertelsen LB, Ringgaard S, Laustsen C. Cardiac pH-Imaging With Hyperpolarized MRI. Front Cardiovasc Med 2020; 7:603674. [PMID: 33244471 PMCID: PMC7683793 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2020.603674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Regardless of the importance of acid-base disturbances in cardiac disease, there are currently no methods for clinical detection of pH in the heart. Several magnetic resonance imaging techniques hold translational promise and may enable in-vivo mapping of pH. We provide a brief overview of these emerging techniques. A particular focus is on the promising advance of magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging with hyperpolarized 13C-subtrates as biomarkers of myocardial pH. Hyperpolarization allows quantification of key metabolic substrates and their metabolites. Hereby, pH-sensitive reactions can be probed to provide a measure of acid-base alterations. To date, the most used substrates are [1-13C]pyruvate and 13C-labeled bicarbonate; however, others have been suggested. In cardiovascular medicine, hyperpolarized magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to probe acid-base disturbances following pharmacological stress, ischemia and heart failure in animals. In addition to pH-estimation, the technique can quantify fluxes such as the pivotal conversion of pyruvate to lactate via lactate dehydrogenase. This capability, a good safety profile and the fact that the technique is employable in clinical scanners have led to recent translation in early clinical trials. Thus, magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging may provide clinical pH-imaging in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaj Bøgh
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | | | - Lotte Bonde Bertelsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Steffen Ringgaard
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Christoffer Laustsen
- The MR Research Center, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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7
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Wang Q, Parish C, Niedbalski P, Ratnakar J, Kovacs Z, Lumata L. Hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP complex as a chemical shift-based NMR sensor for pH at the physiological range. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 320:106837. [PMID: 33039915 PMCID: PMC7895333 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Yttrium (III) complexes are interesting due to the similarity of their chemistry with gadolinium complexes that are used as contrast agents in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or imaging (MRI). While most of the paramagnetic Gd3+-based MRI contrast agents are T1 or T2 relaxation-based sensors such as Gd3+-complexes for zinc or pH detection, a number of diamagnetic Y3+-complexes rely on changes in the chemical shift for potential quantitative MRI in biological milieu. 89Y, however, is a challenging nucleus to work with in conventional NMR or MRI due to its inherently low sensitivity and relatively long T1 relaxation time. This insensitivity problem in 89Y-based complexes can be circumvented with the use of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) which allows for several thousand-fold enhancement of the NMR or MRI signal relative to thermal equilibrium signal. Herein, we report on the feasibility of using hyperpolarized 89Y-complexes with phosphonated open-chain ligands, 89Y-EDTMP and 89Y-DTPMP, as potential chemical shift-based pH NMR sensors. Our DNP-NMR data show that hyperpolarized 89Y-DTPMP has an apparent pKa ~ 7.01 with a 4 ppm-wide chemical shift dispersion with the signal disappearing at pH below 6.2. On the other hand, pH titration data on hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP show that it has an apparent pKa of pH 6.7 and a 16-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 5-9 range. In comparison, the previously reported hyperpolarized pH NMR sensor 89Y-DOTP has a pKa of 7.64 and ~ 10-ppm wide chemical shift dispersion at pH 4-9 range. Overall, our data suggest that hyperpolarized 89Y-EDTMP is better than hyperpolarized 89Y-DOTP in terms of pH sensing capability at the physiological range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | - Christopher Parish
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 2620 Yarbrough Drive, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA
| | - Peter Niedbalski
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA; Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160, USA
| | - James Ratnakar
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 750390, USA
| | - Zoltan Kovacs
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, TX 750390, USA.
| | - Lloyd Lumata
- Department of Physics, University of Texas at Dallas, 800 West Campbell Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
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8
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Chen J, Hackett EP, Singh J, Kovács Z, Park JM. Simultaneous Assessment of Intracellular and Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]Alanine Ethyl Ester. Anal Chem 2020; 92:11681-11686. [PMID: 32786486 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c01568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Tissue pH is tightly regulated in vivo, being a sensitive physiological biomarker. Advent of dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) and its translation to humans stimulated development of pH-sensitive agents. However, requirements of DNP probes such as biocompatibility, signal sensitivity, and spin-lattice relaxation time (T1) complicate in vivo translation of the agents. Here, we developed a 13C-labeled alanine derivative, [1-13C]-l-alanine ethyl ester, as a viable DNP probe whose chemical shift is sensitive to the physiological pH range, and demonstrated the feasibility in phantoms and rat livers in vivo. Alanine ethyl ester readily crosses cell membrane while simultaneously assessing extracellular and intracellular pH in vivo. Following cell transport, [1-13C]-l-alanine ethyl ester is instantaneously hydrolyzed to [1-13C]-l-alanine, and subsequently metabolized to [1-13C]lactate and [13C]bicarbonate. The pH-insensitive alanine resonance was used as a reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Chen
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States
| | - Edward P Hackett
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States
| | - Jaspal Singh
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States
| | - Zoltán Kovács
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States
| | - Jae Mo Park
- Advanced Imaging Research Center, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States.,Department of Radiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8568, United States.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, Texas 75080, United States
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9
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Lee SH, Griffiths JR. How and Why Are Cancers Acidic? Carbonic Anhydrase IX and the Homeostatic Control of Tumour Extracellular pH. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061616. [PMID: 32570870 PMCID: PMC7352839 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The acidic tumour microenvironment is now recognized as a tumour phenotype that drives cancer somatic evolution and disease progression, causing cancer cells to become more invasive and to metastasise. This property of solid tumours reflects a complex interplay between cellular carbon metabolism and acid removal that is mediated by cell membrane carbonic anhydrases and various transport proteins, interstitial fluid buffering, and abnormal tumour-associated vessels. In the past two decades, a convergence of advances in the experimental and mathematical modelling of human cancers, as well as non-invasive pH-imaging techniques, has yielded new insights into the physiological mechanisms that govern tumour extracellular pH (pHe). In this review, we examine the mechanisms by which solid tumours maintain a low pHe, with a focus on carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), a cancer-associated cell surface enzyme. We also review the accumulating evidence that suggest a role for CAIX as a biological pH-stat by which solid tumours stabilize their pHe. Finally, we highlight the prospects for the clinical translation of CAIX-targeted therapies in oncology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen-Han Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Hospital Sultanah Bahiyah, Jalan Langgar, Alor Setar 05460, Kedah, Malaysia
- Correspondence:
| | - John R. Griffiths
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge CB2 0RE, UK;
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10
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Ledovskaya MS, Voronin VV, Rodygin KS, Ananikov VP. Efficient labeling of organic molecules using 13C elemental carbon: universal access to 13C2-labeled synthetic building blocks, polymers and pharmaceuticals. Org Chem Front 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9qo01357a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic methodology enabled by 13C-elemental carbon is reported. Calcium carbide Ca13C2 was applied to introduce a universal 13C2 unit in the synthesis of labeled alkynes, O,S,N-vinyl derivatives, labeled polymers and 13C2-pyridazine drug core.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Konstantin S. Rodygin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Peterhof
- Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences
| | - Valentine P. Ananikov
- Institute of Chemistry
- Saint Petersburg State University
- Peterhof
- Russia
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry Russian Academy of Sciences
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11
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Korenchan DE, Bok R, Sriram R, Liu K, Santos RD, Qin H, Lobach I, Korn N, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J, Flavell RR. Hyperpolarized in vivo pH imaging reveals grade-dependent acidification in prostate cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:6096-6110. [PMID: 31692908 PMCID: PMC6817439 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
There is an unmet clinical need for new and robust imaging biomarkers to distinguish indolent from aggressive prostate cancer. Hallmarks of aggressive tumors such as a decrease in extracellular pH (pHe) can potentially be used to identify aggressive phenotypes. In this study, we employ an optimized, high signal-to-noise ratio hyperpolarized (HP) 13C pHe imaging method to discriminate between indolent and aggressive disease in a murine model of prostate cancer. Transgenic adenocarcinoma of the mouse prostate (TRAMP) mice underwent a multiparametric MR imaging exam, including HP [13C] bicarbonate MRI for pHe, with 1H apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) mapping and HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRI to study lactate metabolism. Tumor tissue was excised for histological staining and qRT-PCR to quantify mRNA expression for relevant glycolytic enzymes and transporters. We observed good separation in pHe between low- and high-grade tumor regions, with high-grade tumors demonstrating a lower pHe. The pHe also correlated strongly with monocarboxylate transporter Mct4 gene expression across all tumors, suggesting that lactate export via MCT4 is associated with acidification in this model. Our results implicate extracellular acidification as an indicator of indolent-to-aggressive transition in prostate cancer and suggest feasibility of HP pHe imaging to detect high-grade, clinically significant disease in men as part of a multiparametric MRI examination.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Korenchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristina Liu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hecong Qin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Iryna Lobach
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Natalie Korn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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12
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von Morze C, Merritt ME. Cancer in the crosshairs: targeting cancer metabolism with hyperpolarized carbon-13 MRI technology. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2019; 32:e3937. [PMID: 29870085 PMCID: PMC6281789 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance (MR)-based hyperpolarized (HP) 13 C metabolic imaging is under active pursuit as a new clinical diagnostic method for cancer detection, grading, and monitoring of therapeutic response. Following the tremendous success of metabolic imaging by positron emission tomography, which already plays major roles in clinical oncology, the added value of HP 13 C MRI is emerging. Aberrant glycolysis and central carbon metabolism is a hallmark of many forms of cancer. The chemical transformations associated with these pathways produce metabolites ranging in general from three to six carbons, and are dependent on the redox state and energy charge of the tissue. The significant changes in chemistry associated with flux through these pathways imply that HP imaging can take advantage of the underlying chemical shift information encoded into an MR experiment to produce images of the injected substrate as well as its metabolites. However, imaging of HP metabolites poses unique constraints on pulse sequence design related to detection of X-nuclei, decay of the HP magnetization due to T1 , and the consumption of HP signal by the inspection pulses. Advancements in the field continue to depend critically on customization of MRI systems and pulse sequences for optimized detection of HP 13 C signals, focused largely on extracting the maximum amount of information during the short lifetime of the HP magnetization. From a clinical perspective, the success of HP 13 C MRI of cancer will largely depend upon the utility of HP pyruvate for the detection of lactate pools associated with the Warburg effect, though several other agents are also under investigation, with novel agents continually being formulated. In this review, the salient aspects of HP 13 C imaging will be highlighted, with an emphasis on both technological challenges and the biochemical aspects of HP experimental design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Matthew E Merritt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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13
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Wang S, Korenchan DE, Perez PM, Taglang C, Hayes TR, Sriram R, Bok R, Hong AS, Wu Y, Li H, Wang Z, Kurhanewicz J, Wilson DM, Flavell RR. Amino Acid-Derived Sensors for Specific Zn 2+ Detection Using Hyperpolarized 13 C Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy. Chemistry 2019; 25:11842-11846. [PMID: 31338914 PMCID: PMC6742520 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201902771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in Zn2+ concentration are seen in normal tissues and in disease states, and for this reason imaging of Zn2+ is an area of active investigation. Herein, enriched [1-13 C]cysteine and [1-13 C2 ]iminodiacetic acid were developed as Zn2+ -specific imaging probes using hyperpolarized 13 C magnetic resonance spectroscopy. [1-13 C]cysteine was used to accurately quantify Zn2+ in complex biological mixtures. These sensors can be employed to detect Zn2+ via imaging mechanisms including changes in 13 C chemical shift, resonance linewidth, or T1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - David E Korenchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Paola M Perez
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Céline Taglang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Thomas R Hayes
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Andrew S Hong
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Yunkou Wu
- Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Henry Li
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (USA, 94107, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94107, USA
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14
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Spatiotemporal pH Heterogeneity as a Promoter of Cancer Progression and Therapeutic Resistance. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11071026. [PMID: 31330859 PMCID: PMC6678451 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of pH in solid tumors is a hallmark of cancer. In recent years, the role of altered pH heterogeneity in space, between benign and aggressive tissues, between individual cancer cells, and between subcellular compartments, has been steadily elucidated. Changes in temporal pH-related processes on both fast and slow time scales, including altered kinetics of bicarbonate-CO2 exchange and its effects on pH buffering and gradual, progressive changes driven by changes in metabolism, are further implicated in phenotypic changes observed in cancers. These discoveries have been driven by advances in imaging technologies. This review provides an overview of intra- and extracellular pH alterations in time and space reflected in cancer cells, as well as the available technology to study pH spatiotemporal heterogeneity.
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15
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Korenchan DE, Gordon JW, Subramaniam S, Sriram R, Baligand C, VanCriekinge M, Bok R, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Larson PEZ, Kurhanewicz J, Flavell RR. Using bidirectional chemical exchange for improved hyperpolarized [ 13 C]bicarbonate pH imaging. Magn Reson Med 2019; 82:959-972. [PMID: 31050049 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.27780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Rapid chemical exchange can affect SNR and pH measurement accuracy for hyperpolarized pH imaging with [13 C]bicarbonate. The purpose of this work was to investigate chemical exchange effects on hyperpolarized imaging sequences to identify optimal sequence parameters for high SNR and pH accuracy. METHODS Simulations were performed under varying rates of bicarbonate-CO2 chemical exchange to analyze exchange effects on pH quantification accuracy and SNR under different sampling schemes. Four pulse sequences, including 1 new technique, a multiple-excitation 2D EPI (multi-EPI) sequence, were compared in phantoms using hyperpolarized [13 C]bicarbonate, varying parameters such as tip angles, repetition time, order of metabolite excitation, and refocusing pulse design. In vivo hyperpolarized bicarbonate-CO2 exchange measurements were made in transgenic murine prostate tumors to select in vivo imaging parameters. RESULTS Modeling of bicarbonate-CO2 exchange identified a multiple-excitation scheme for increasing CO2 SNR by up to a factor of 2.7. When implemented in phantom imaging experiments, these sampling schemes were confirmed to yield high pH accuracy and SNR gains. Based on measured bicarbonate-CO2 exchange in vivo, a 47% CO2 SNR gain is predicted. CONCLUSION The novel multi-EPI pulse sequence can boost CO2 imaging signal in hyperpolarized 13 C bicarbonate imaging while introducing minimal pH bias, helping to surmount a major hurdle in hyperpolarized pH imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Korenchan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Sukumar Subramaniam
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Celine Baligand
- Molecular Imaging Research Center, French Alternative Energies and Atomic Energy Commission Fontenay-aux-Roses, France
| | - Mark VanCriekinge
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,UC Berkeley, UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,UC Berkeley, UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California.,UC Berkeley, UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, University of California, San Francisco, Berkeley, California
| | - Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California
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16
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Cho A, Eskandari R, Granlund KL, Keshari KR. Hyperpolarized [6- 13C, 15N 3]-Arginine as a Probe for in Vivo Arginase Activity. ACS Chem Biol 2019; 14:665-673. [PMID: 30893552 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.8b01044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Alterations in arginase enzyme expression are linked with various diseases and have been shown to support disease progression, thus motivating the development of an imaging probe for this enzymatic target. 13C-enriched arginine can be used as a hyperpolarized (HP) magnetic resonance (MR) probe for arginase flux since the arginine carbon-6 resonance (157 ppm) is converted to urea (163 ppm) following arginase-catalyzed hydrolysis. However, scalar relaxation from adjacent 14N-nuclei shortens cabon-6 T 1 and T 2 times, yielding poor spectral properties. To address these limitations, we report the synthesis of [6-13C,15N3]-arginine and demonstrate that 15N-enrichment increases carbon-6 relaxation times, thereby improving signal-to-noise ratio and spectral resolution. By overcoming these limitations with this novel isotope-labeling scheme, we were able to perform in vitro and in vivo arginase activity measurements with HP MR. We present HP [6-13C,15N3]-arginine as a noninvasive arginase imaging agent for preclinical studies, with the potential for future clinical diagnostic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cho
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kristin L. Granlund
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Kayvan R. Keshari
- Department of Biochemistry and Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
- Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York 10065, United States
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17
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Cho A, Eskandari R, Miloushev VZ, Keshari KR. A non-synthetic approach to extending the lifetime of hyperpolarized molecules using D 2O solvation. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2018; 295:57-62. [PMID: 30099234 PMCID: PMC6131049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Although dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization is a robust technique to significantly increase magnetic resonance signal, the short T1 relaxation time of most 13C-nuclei limits the timescale of hyperpolarized experiments. To address this issue, we have characterized a non-synthetic approach to extend the hyperpolarized lifetime of 13C-nuclei in close proximity to solvent-exchangeable protons. Protons exhibit stronger dipolar relaxation than deuterium, so dissolving these compounds in D2O to exchange labile protons with solvating deuterons results in longer-lived hyperpolarization of the 13C-nucleus 2-bonds away. 13C T1 and T2 times were longer in D2O versus H2O for all molecules in this study. This phenomenon can be utilized to improve hyperpolarized signal-to-noise ratio as a function of longer T1, and enhanced spectral and imaging resolution via longer T2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cho
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York City, NY 10065, United States; Weill Cornell/Rockefeller/Sloan Kettering Tri-Institutional MD-PhD Program, New York City, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Roozbeh Eskandari
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Vesselin Z Miloushev
- Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, United States.
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Biochemistry & Structural Biology, Weill Cornell Graduate School, New York City, NY 10065, United States; Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, United States; Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York City, NY 10065, United States.
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18
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Hyperpolarized Amino Acid Derivatives as Multivalent Magnetic Resonance pH Sensor Molecules. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020600. [PMID: 29462891 PMCID: PMC5856118 DOI: 10.3390/s18020600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
pH is a tightly regulated physiological parameter that is often altered in diseased states like cancer. The development of biosensors that can be used to non-invasively image pH with hyperpolarized (HP) magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging has therefore recently gained tremendous interest. However, most of the known HP-sensors have only individually and not comprehensively been analyzed for their biocompatibility, their pH sensitivity under physiological conditions, and the effects of chemical derivatization on their logarithmic acid dissociation constant (pKa). Proteinogenic amino acids are biocompatible, can be hyperpolarized and have at least two pH sensitive moieties. However, they do not exhibit a pH sensitivity in the physiologically relevant pH range. Here, we developed a systematic approach to tailor the pKa of molecules using modifications of carbon chain length and derivatization rendering these molecules interesting for pH biosensing. Notably, we identified several derivatives such as [1-13C]serine amide and [1-13C]-2,3-diaminopropionic acid as novel pH sensors. They bear several spin-1/2 nuclei (13C, 15N, 31P) with high sensitivity up to 4.8 ppm/pH and we show that 13C spins can be hyperpolarized with dissolution dynamic polarization (DNP). Our findings elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chemical shift pH sensors that might help to design tailored probes for specific pH in vivo imaging applications.
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19
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Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Heterogeneity: Imaging Perspectives Using MR Imaging and Spectroscopy. CONTRAST MEDIA & MOLECULAR IMAGING 2017; 2017:6053879. [PMID: 29114178 PMCID: PMC5654284 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6053879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells reprogram their metabolism to maintain viability via genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, expressing overall dynamic heterogeneity. The complex relaxation mechanisms of nuclear spins provide unique and convertible tissue contrasts, making magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) pertinent imaging tools in both clinics and research. In this review, we summarized MR methods that visualize tumor characteristics and its metabolic phenotypes on an anatomical, microvascular, microstructural, microenvironmental, and metabolomics scale. The review will progress from the utilities of basic spin-relaxation contrasts in cancer imaging to more advanced imaging methods that measure tumor-distinctive parameters such as perfusion, water diffusion, magnetic susceptibility, oxygenation, acidosis, redox state, and cell death. Analytical methods to assess tumor heterogeneity are also reviewed in brief. Although the clinical utility of tumor heterogeneity from imaging is debatable, the quantification of tumor heterogeneity using functional and metabolic MR images with development of robust analytical methods and improved MR methods may offer more critical roles of tumor heterogeneity data in clinics. MRI/MRS can also provide insightful information on pharmacometabolomics, biomarker discovery, disease diagnosis and prognosis, and treatment response. With these future directions in mind, we anticipate the widespread utilization of these MR-based techniques in studying in vivo cancer biology to better address significant clinical needs.
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20
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Martínez-Santiesteban FM, Dang TP, Lim H, Chen AP, Scholl TJ. T 1 nuclear magnetic relaxation dispersion of hyperpolarized sodium and cesium hydrogencarbonate- 13 C. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:e3749. [PMID: 28653507 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In vivo pH mapping in tissue using hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate-13 C has been proposed as a method to study tumor growth and treatment and other pathological conditions related to pH changes. The finite spin-lattice relaxation times (T1 ) of hyperpolarized media are a significant limiting factor for in vivo imaging. Relaxation times can be measured at standard magnetic fields (1.5 T, 3.0 T etc.), but no such data are available at low fields, where T1 values can be significantly shorter. This information is required to determine the potential loss of polarization as the agent is dispensed and transported from the polarizer to the MRI scanner. The purpose of this study is to measure T1 dispersion from low to clinical magnetic fields (0.4 mT to 3.0 T) of different hyperpolarized hydrogencarbonate formulations previously proposed in the literature for in vivo pH measurements. 13 C-enriched cesium and sodium hydrogencarbonate preparations were hyperpolarized using dynamic nuclear polarization, and the T1 values of different samples were measured at different magnetic field strengths using a fast field-cycling relaxometer and a 3.0 T clinical MRI system. The effects of deuterium oxide as a dissolution medium for sodium hydrogencarbonate were also analyzed. This study finds that the cesium formulation has slightly shorter T1 values compared with the sodium preparation. However, the higher solubility of cesium hydrogencarbonate-13 C means it can be polarized at greater concentration, using less trityl radical than sodium hydrogencarbonate-13 C. This study also establishes that the preparation and handling of sodium hydrogencarbonate formulations in relation to cesium hydrogencarbonate is more difficult, due to the higher viscosity and lower achievable concentrations, and that deuterium oxide significantly increases the T1 of sodium hydrogencarbonate solutions. Finally, this work also investigates the influence of pH on the spin-lattice relaxation of cesium hydrogencarbonate-13 C measured over a pH range of 7 to 9 at 0.47 T.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thien Phuoc Dang
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Heeseung Lim
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Timothy J Scholl
- Department of Medical Biophysics, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
- Robarts Research Institute, Western University, London, Ontario, Canada
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21
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Hundshammer C, Düwel S, Köcher SS, Gersch M, Feuerecker B, Scheurer C, Haase A, Glaser SJ, Schwaiger M, Schilling F. Deuteration of Hyperpolarized 13
C-Labeled Zymonic Acid Enables Sensitivity-Enhanced Dynamic MRI of pH. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:2422-2425. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Simone S. Köcher
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9); Forschungszentrum Jülich, Ostring O10 52425 Jülich Germany
| | - Malte Gersch
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
| | - Christoph Scheurer
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Axel Haase
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Steffen J. Glaser
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 4 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine; Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
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22
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Hundshammer C, Düwel S, Schilling F. Imaging of Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized Molecules. Isr J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ijch.201700017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
- Department of Chemistry; Technical University of Munich; Lichtenbergstr. 2 85748 Garching Germany
- Institute of Medical Engineering; Technical University of Munich; Boltzmannstr. 11 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar; Technical University of Munich; Ismaninger Str. 22 81675 München Germany
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23
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Cho A, Lau JYC, Geraghty BJ, Cunningham CH, Keshari KR. Noninvasive Interrogation of Cancer Metabolism with Hyperpolarized 13C MRI. J Nucl Med 2017; 58:1201-1206. [PMID: 28596156 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.116.182170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This review will highlight recent advances in hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopic imaging, which can be used to noninvasively interrogate tumor metabolism. After providing an overview of MR and hyperpolarization, we will discuss the latest advances in data acquisition techniques. Next, we will shift our focus to hyperpolarized probe design and provide an overview of the latest hyperpolarized 13C MR spectroscopic imaging probes developed in the last several years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Cho
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Justin Y C Lau
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Benjamin J Geraghty
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Charles H Cunningham
- Physical Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Medical Biophysics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York .,Department of Radiology, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York; and.,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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24
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Shchepin RV, Barskiy DA, Coffey AM, Feldman MA, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Kovtunov KV, Goodson BM, Koptyug IV, Chekmenev EY. Robust Imidazole‐
15
N
2
Synthesis for High‐Resolution Low‐Field (0.05 T)
15
N Hyperpolarized NMR Spectroscopy. ChemistrySelect 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201700718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Roman V. Shchepin
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Danila A. Barskiy
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Aaron M. Coffey
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Matthew A. Feldman
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
| | - Larisa M. Kovtunova
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Valerii I. Bukhtiyarov
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis SB RAS 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Pr. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Kirill V. Kovtunov
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging International Tomography Center (ITC), SB RAS 3 A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- Southern Illinois University, Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry Materials Technology Center Carbondale IL 62901 United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
- Laboratory of Magnetic Resonance Microimaging International Tomography Center (ITC), SB RAS 3 A Institutskaya St. Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science (VUIIS), Department of Radiology, Department of Biomedical Engineering Department of Physics and Astronomy Nashville, Tennessee 37232-2310 United States
- Russian Academy of Sciences Leninskiy Prospekt 14 119991 Moscow Russia
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25
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Düwel S, Hundshammer C, Gersch M, Feuerecker B, Steiger K, Buck A, Walch A, Haase A, Glaser SJ, Schwaiger M, Schilling F. Imaging of pH in vivo using hyperpolarized 13C-labelled zymonic acid. Nat Commun 2017; 8:15126. [PMID: 28492229 PMCID: PMC5482723 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural pH regulatory mechanisms can be overruled during several pathologies such as cancer, inflammation and ischaemia, leading to local pH changes in the human body. Here we demonstrate that 13C-labelled zymonic acid (ZA) can be used as hyperpolarized magnetic resonance pH imaging sensor. ZA is synthesized from [1-13C]pyruvic acid and its 13C resonance frequencies shift up to 3.0 p.p.m. per pH unit in the physiological pH range. The long lifetime of the hyperpolarized signal enhancement enables monitoring of pH, independent of concentration, temperature, ionic strength and protein concentration. We show in vivo pH maps within rat kidneys and subcutaneously inoculated tumours derived from a mammary adenocarcinoma cell line and characterize ZA as non-toxic compound predominantly present in the extracellular space. We suggest that ZA represents a reliable and non-invasive extracellular imaging sensor to localize and quantify pH, with the potential to improve understanding, diagnosis and therapy of diseases characterized by aberrant acid-base balance. Local pH alterations can be manifestations of pathologies such as cancer, inflammation and ischaemia. Here Düwel et al. show hyperpolarized 13C-labelled zymonic acid can be used as a non-invasive probe to map and measure pH in vivo, suggesting it as a candidate for clinical imaging and a diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Düwel
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Christian Hundshammer
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Malte Gersch
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Benedikt Feuerecker
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- Institute of Pathology, Technical University of Munich, Trogerstr. 18, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Achim Buck
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Walch
- Research Unit Analytical Pathology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Axel Haase
- Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Steffen J Glaser
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Markus Schwaiger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Schilling
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Str. 22, 81675 Munich, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany.,Institute of Medical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Boltzmannstr. 11, 85748 Garching, Germany
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26
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Korenchan DE, Taglang C, von Morze C, Blecha J, Gordon J, Sriram R, Larson PEZ, Vigneron D, VanBrocklin H, Kurhanewicz J, Wilson DM, Flavell RR. Dicarboxylic acids as pH sensors for hyperpolarized 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2017; 142:1429-1433. [PMID: 28322385 PMCID: PMC5462110 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00076f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Imaging tumoral pH may help to characterize aggressiveness, metastasis, and therapeutic response. We report the development of hyperpolarized [2-13C,D10]diethylmalonic acid, which exhibits a large pH-dependent 13C chemical shift over the physiological range. We demonstrate that co-polarization with [1-13C,D9]tert-butanol accurately measures pH via13C NMR and magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging in phantoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. E. Korenchan
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C. Taglang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - C. von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J. Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J. Gordon
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R. Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - P. E. Z. Larson
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D. Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - H. VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - J. Kurhanewicz
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - D. M. Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - R. R. Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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27
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Nishihara T, Kameyama Y, Nonaka H, Takakusagi Y, Hyodo F, Ichikawa K, Sando S. A Strategy to Design Hyperpolarized
13
C Magnetic Resonance Probes Using [1‐
13
C]α‐Amino Acid as a Scaffold Structure. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:949-953. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Nishihara
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yutaka Kameyama
- INAMORI Frontier Research Center Kyushu University 744 Motooka Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nonaka
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
| | - Yoichi Takakusagi
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Fuminori Hyodo
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Ichikawa
- Incubation Center for Advanced Medical Science Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
- Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation Kyushu University 3-1-1 Maidashi Higashi-ku Fukuoka 812-8582 Japan
| | - Shinsuke Sando
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology Graduate School of Engineering The University of Tokyo 7-3-1 Hongo Bunkyo-ku Tokyo 113-8656 Japan
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28
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Adamson EB, Ludwig KD, Mummy DG, Fain SB. Magnetic resonance imaging with hyperpolarized agents: methods and applications. Phys Med Biol 2017; 62:R81-R123. [PMID: 28384123 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6560/aa6be8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, hyperpolarized (HP) contrast agents have been under active development for MRI applications to address the twin challenges of functional and quantitative imaging. Both HP helium (3He) and xenon (129Xe) gases have reached the stage where they are under study in clinical research. HP 129Xe, in particular, is poised for larger scale clinical research to investigate asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and fibrotic lung diseases. With advances in polarizer technology and unique capabilities for imaging of 129Xe gas exchange into lung tissue and blood, HP 129Xe MRI is attracting new attention. In parallel, HP 13C and 15N MRI methods have steadily advanced in a wide range of pre-clinical research applications for imaging metabolism in various cancers and cardiac disease. The HP [1-13C] pyruvate MRI technique, in particular, has undergone phase I trials in prostate cancer and is poised for investigational new drug trials at multiple institutions in cancer and cardiac applications. This review treats the methodology behind both HP gases and HP 13C and 15N liquid state agents. Gas and liquid phase HP agents share similar technologies for achieving non-equilibrium polarization outside the field of the MRI scanner, strategies for image data acquisition, and translational challenges in moving from pre-clinical to clinical research. To cover the wide array of methods and applications, this review is organized by numerical section into (1) a brief introduction, (2) the physical and biological properties of the most common polarized agents with a brief summary of applications and methods of polarization, (3) methods for image acquisition and reconstruction specific to improving data acquisition efficiency for HP MRI, (4) the main physical properties that enable unique measures of physiology or metabolic pathways, followed by a more detailed review of the literature describing the use of HP agents to study: (5) metabolic pathways in cancer and cardiac disease and (6) lung function in both pre-clinical and clinical research studies, concluding with (7) some future directions and challenges, and (8) an overall summary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin B Adamson
- Department of Medical Physics, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States of America
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29
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Lau AZ, Miller JJ, Tyler DJ. Mapping of intracellular pH in the in vivo rodent heart using hyperpolarized [1-13C]pyruvate. Magn Reson Med 2016; 77:1810-1817. [PMID: 27173806 PMCID: PMC5412837 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.26260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Purpose To demonstrate the feasibility of mapping intracellular pH within the in vivo rodent heart. Alterations in cardiac acid‐base balance can lead to acute contractile depression and alterations in Ca2+ signaling. The transient reduction in adenosine triphosphate (ATP) consumption and cardiac contractility may be initially beneficial; however, sustained pH changes can be maladaptive, leading to myocardial damage and electrical arrhythmias. Methods Spectrally selective radiofrequency (RF) pulses were used to excite the
HCO3− and CO2 resonances individually while preserving signal from the injected hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate. The large flip angle pulses were placed within a three‐dimensional (3D) imaging acquisition, which exploited CA‐mediated label exchange between
HCO3− and CO2. Images at 4.5 × 4.5 × 5 mm3 resolution were obtained in the in vivo rodent heart. The technique was evaluated in healthy rodents scanned at baseline and during high cardiac workload induced by dobutamine infusion. Results The intracellular pH was measured to be 7.15 ± 0.04 at baseline, and decreased to 6.90 ± 0.06 following 15 min of continuous β‐adrenergic stimulation. Conclusions Volumetric maps of intracellular pH can be obtained following an injection of hyperpolarized [1‐13C]pyruvate. The new method is anticipated to enable assessment of stress‐inducible ischemia and potential ventricular arrythmogenic substrates within the ischemic heart. Magn Reson Med 77:1810–1817, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angus Z Lau
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Jack J Miller
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Physics, Clarendon Laboratory, University of Oxford, UK
| | - Damian J Tyler
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, UK.,Department of Physiology, Anatomy, and Genetics, University of Oxford, UK
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30
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Recent Developments in Combined PET/MRI. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-016-0149-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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31
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Korenchan DE, Flavell RR, Baligand C, Sriram R, Neumann K, Sukumar S, VanBrocklin H, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Kurhanewicz J. Dynamic nuclear polarization of biocompatible (13)C-enriched carbonates for in vivo pH imaging. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:3030-3. [PMID: 26792559 PMCID: PMC4864526 DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09724j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A hyperpolarization technique using carbonate precursors of biocompatible molecules was found to yield high concentrations of hyperpolarized (13)C bicarbonate in solution. This approach enabled large signal gains for low-toxicity hyperpolarized (13)C pH imaging in a phantom and in vivo in a murine model of prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- D E Korenchan
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - R R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - C Baligand
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - R Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - K Neumann
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - S Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - H VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - D B Vigneron
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - D M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
| | - J Kurhanewicz
- UC Berkeley-UCSF Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California, USA. and Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA.
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32
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Jensen PR, Meier S. Hyperpolarised organic phosphates as NMR reporters of compartmental pH. Chem Commun (Camb) 2016; 52:2288-91. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cc09790h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
When formed in defined cellular compartments from exogenous hyperpolarised13C substrates, metabolites yield correlations of compartmental pH and catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pernille Rose Jensen
- Technical University of Denmark
- Department of Electrical Engineering
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
- Albeda Research
| | - Sebastian Meier
- Technical University of Denmark
- Department of Chemistry
- DK-2800 Kgs. Lyngby
- Denmark
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33
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Flavell RR, Truillet C, Regan MK, Ganguly T, Blecha JE, Kurhanewicz J, VanBrocklin HF, Keshari KR, Chang CJ, Evans MJ, Wilson DM. Caged [(18)F]FDG Glycosylamines for Imaging Acidic Tumor Microenvironments Using Positron Emission Tomography. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 27:170-8. [PMID: 26649808 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are hypoxic with altered metabolism, resulting in secretion of acids into the extracellular matrix and lower relative pH, a feature associated with local invasion and metastasis. Therapeutic and diagnostic agents responsive to this microenvironment may improve tumor-specific delivery. Therefore, we pursued a general strategy whereby caged small-molecule drugs or imaging agents liberate their parent compounds in regions of low interstitial pH. In this manuscript, we present a new acid-labile prodrug method based on the glycosylamine linkage, and its application to a class of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging tracers, termed [(18)F]FDG amines. [(18)F]FDG amines operate via a proposed two-step mechanism, in which an acid-labile precursor decomposes to form the common radiotracer 2-deoxy-2-[(18)F]fluoro-d-glucose, which is subsequently accumulated by glucose avid cells. The rate of decomposition of [(18)F]FDG amines is tunable in a systematic fashion, tracking the pKa of the parent amine. In vivo, a 4-phenylbenzylamine [(18)F]FDG amine congener showed greater relative accumulation in tumors over benign tissue, which could be attenuated upon tumor alkalinization using previously validated models, including sodium bicarbonate treatment, or overexpression of carbonic anhydrase. This new class of PET tracer represents a viable approach for imaging acidic interstitial pH with potential for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Charles Truillet
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Melanie K Regan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Tanushree Ganguly
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Joseph E Blecha
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Henry F VanBrocklin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - Kayvan R Keshari
- Department of Radiology and Molecular Pharmacology and Chemistry Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center , New York, New York 10065, United States
| | - Christopher J Chang
- Departments of Chemistry and Molecular and Cell Biology and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michael J Evans
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California , San Francisco, California 94158, United States
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