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Socoliuc V, Avdeev MV, Kuncser V, Turcu R, Tombácz E, Vékás L. Ferrofluids and bio-ferrofluids: looking back and stepping forward. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:4786-4886. [PMID: 35297919 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05841j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ferrofluids investigated along for about five decades are ultrastable colloidal suspensions of magnetic nanoparticles, which manifest simultaneously fluid and magnetic properties. Their magnetically controllable and tunable feature proved to be from the beginning an extremely fertile ground for a wide range of engineering applications. More recently, biocompatible ferrofluids attracted huge interest and produced a considerable increase of the applicative potential in nanomedicine, biotechnology and environmental protection. This paper offers a brief overview of the most relevant early results and a comprehensive description of recent achievements in ferrofluid synthesis, advanced characterization, as well as the governing equations of ferrohydrodynamics, the most important interfacial phenomena and the flow properties. Finally, it provides an overview of recent advances in tunable and adaptive multifunctional materials derived from ferrofluids and a detailed presentation of the recent progress of applications in the field of sensors and actuators, ferrofluid-driven assembly and manipulation, droplet technology, including droplet generation and control, mechanical actuation, liquid computing and robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Socoliuc
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
| | - M V Avdeev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Joliot-Curie Str. 6, 141980 Dubna, Moscow Reg., Russia.
| | - V Kuncser
- National Institute of Materials Physics, Bucharest-Magurele, 077125, Romania
| | - Rodica Turcu
- National Institute for Research and Development of Isotopic and Molecular Technologies (INCDTIM), Donat Str. 67-103, 400293 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Etelka Tombácz
- University of Szeged, Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering, Moszkvai krt. 5-7, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary.
- University of Pannonia - Soós Ernő Water Technology Research and Development Center, H-8800 Zrínyi M. str. 18, Nagykanizsa, Hungary
| | - L Vékás
- Romanian Academy - Timisoara Branch, Center for Fundamental and Advanced Technical Research, Laboratory of Magnetic Fluids, Mihai Viteazu Ave. 24, 300223 Timisoara, Romania.
- Politehnica University of Timisoara, Research Center for Complex Fluids Systems Engineering, Mihai Viteazul Ave. 1, 300222 Timisoara, Romania
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2
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Honecker D, Bersweiler M, Erokhin S, Berkov D, Chesnel K, Venero DA, Qdemat A, Disch S, Jochum JK, Michels A, Bender P. Using small-angle scattering to guide functional magnetic nanoparticle design. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2022; 4:1026-1059. [PMID: 36131777 PMCID: PMC9417585 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00482d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles offer unique potential for various technological, biomedical, or environmental applications thanks to the size-, shape- and material-dependent tunability of their magnetic properties. To optimize particles for a specific application, it is crucial to interrelate their performance with their structural and magnetic properties. This review presents the advantages of small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering techniques for achieving a detailed multiscale characterization of magnetic nanoparticles and their ensembles in a mesoscopic size range from 1 to a few hundred nanometers with nanometer resolution. Both X-rays and neutrons allow the ensemble-averaged determination of structural properties, such as particle morphology or particle arrangement in multilayers and 3D assemblies. Additionally, the magnetic scattering contributions enable retrieving the internal magnetization profile of the nanoparticles as well as the inter-particle moment correlations caused by interactions within dense assemblies. Most measurements are used to determine the time-averaged ensemble properties, in addition advanced small-angle scattering techniques exist that allow accessing particle and spin dynamics on various timescales. In this review, we focus on conventional small-angle X-ray and neutron scattering (SAXS and SANS), X-ray and neutron reflectometry, gracing-incidence SAXS and SANS, X-ray resonant magnetic scattering, and neutron spin-echo spectroscopy techniques. For each technique, we provide a general overview, present the latest scientific results, and discuss its strengths as well as sample requirements. Finally, we give our perspectives on how future small-angle scattering experiments, especially in combination with micromagnetic simulations, could help to optimize the performance of magnetic nanoparticles for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Honecker
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Mathias Bersweiler
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Sergey Erokhin
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Dmitry Berkov
- General Numerics Research Lab Moritz-von-Rohr-Straße 1A D-07745 Jena Germany
| | - Karine Chesnel
- Brigham Young University, Department of Physics and Astronomy Provo Utah 84602 USA
| | - Diego Alba Venero
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory Didcot OX11 0QX UK
| | - Asma Qdemat
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Sabrina Disch
- Universität zu Köln, Department für Chemie Luxemburger Straße 116 D-50939 Köln Germany
| | - Johanna K Jochum
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
| | - Andreas Michels
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg 162A Avenue de La Faïencerie L-1511 Luxembourg Grand Duchy of Luxembourg
| | - Philipp Bender
- Heinz Maier-Leibnitz Zentrum (MLZ), Technische Universität München Lichtenbergstraße 1 85748 Garching Germany
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Vellingiri S, Rejeeth C, Varukattu NB, Sharma A, Kumar RS, Almansour AI, Arumugam N, Afewerki S, Kannan S. In vivo delivery of nuclear targeted drugs for lung cancer using novel synthesis and functionalization of iron oxide nanocrystals. NEW J CHEM 2022; 46:12488-12499. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05867c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Iron nanoparticles are typically made from inorganic precursors, but for the first time, we synthesized-Fe2O3-NCs from goat blood (a bio-precursor) employing the RBC lysis method (a molecular level approach).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sreevani Vellingiri
- Proteomics and Molecular Cell Physiology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chandrababu Rejeeth
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, P. R. China
- Department of Biochemistry, Periyar University, Salem, Tamil Nadu 636011, India
| | - Nipun Babu Varukattu
- Cancer Research Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong 515041, P. R. China
| | - Alok Sharma
- Department of Pharmacognosy ISF College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab 142001, India
| | - Raju Suresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulrahman I. Almansour
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natarajan Arumugam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samson Afewerki
- Division of Engineering in Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
- Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Harvard University – Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Soundarapandian Kannan
- Division of cancer nanomedicine, School of life science, Periyar University, Salem 636011, India
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Besenhard MO, Jiang D, Pankhurst QA, Southern P, Damilos S, Storozhuk L, Demosthenous A, Thanh NTK, Dobson P, Gavriilidis A. Development of an in-line magnetometer for flow chemistry and its demonstration for magnetic nanoparticle synthesis. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:3775-3783. [PMID: 34581389 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00425e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide usage of magnetic nanoparticles, it remains challenging to synthesise particles with properties that exploit each application's full potential. Time consuming experimental procedures and particle analysis hinder process development, which is commonly constrained to a handful of experiments without considering particle formation kinetics, reproducibility and scalability. Flow reactors are known for their potential of large-scale production and high-throughput screening of process parameters. These advantages, however, have not been utilised for magnetic nanoparticle synthesis where particle characterisation is performed, with a few exceptions, post-synthesis. To overcome this bottleneck, we developed a highly sensitive magnetometer for flow reactors to characterise magnetic nanoparticles in solution in-line and in real-time using alternating current susceptometry. This flow magnetometer enriches the flow-chemistry toolbox by facilitating continuous quality control and high-throughput screening of magnetic nanoparticle syntheses. The sensitivity required to monitor magnetic nanoparticle syntheses at the typically low concentrations (<100 mM of Fe) was achieved by comparing the signals induced in the sample and reference cell, each of which contained near-identical pairs of induction and pick-up coils. The reference cell was filled only with air, whereas the sample cell was a flow cell allowing sample solution to pass through. Balancing the flow and reference cell impedance with a newly developed electronic circuit was pivotal for the magnetometer's sensitivity. To showcase its potential, the flow magnetometer was used to monitor two iron oxide nanoparticle syntheses with well-known particle formation kinetics, i.e., co-precipitation syntheses with sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide as base, which have been previously studied via synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The flow magnetometer facilitated batch (on-line) and flow (in-line) synthesis monitoring, providing new insights into the particle formation kinetics as well as, effect of temperature and pH. The compact lab-scale flow device presented here, opens up new possibilities for magnetic nanoparticle synthesis and manufacturing, including 1) early stage reaction characterisation 2) process monitoring and control and 3) high-throughput screening in combination with flow reactors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian O Besenhard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Dai Jiang
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Quentin A Pankhurst
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Paul Southern
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Spyridon Damilos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
| | - Liudmyla Storozhuk
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
| | - Andreas Demosthenous
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK
| | - Nguyen T K Thanh
- UCL Healthcare Biomagnetics Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
- UCL Nanomaterials Laboratory, University College London, 21 Albemarle Street, London W1S 4BS, UK
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Peter Dobson
- The Queen's College, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 4AW, UK
| | - Asterios Gavriilidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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5
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Decarolis D, Odarchenko Y, Herbert JJ, Qiu C, Longo A, Beale AM. Identification of the key steps in the self-assembly of homogeneous gold metal nanoparticles produced using inverse micelles. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 22:18824-18834. [PMID: 31475258 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp03473k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The self-assembly of gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) using polymer-encapsulated inverse micelles was studied using a set of advanced X-ray techniques (i.e. XAFS, SAXS) in addition to DLS, UV-vis spectroscopy and TEM. Importantly the combination of these techniques with the inverse micelle approach affords us detailed insight and to rationalize the evolving molecular chemistry and how this drives the formation of the Au NPs. We observe that the mechanism comprises three key steps: an initial fast reduction of molecular Au(iii) species to molecular Au(i)Cl; the latter species are often very unstable during the self-assembly process. This is followed by a gradual reduction of these molecular Au(i) species and the formation of sub-nanometric Au clusters which coalesce into nanoparticles. It was also found that addition of small amounts of HCl can accelerate the formation of the Au clusters (the second phase) without affecting the final particle size or its particle size distribution. These findings would help us to understand the reaction mechanism of Au NP formation as well as providing insights into how NP properties could be further tailored for a wide range of practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Decarolis
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, London, WC1H 0AJ, UK.
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6
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Kabelitz A, Dinh HA, Emmerling F. Early stage in situ detection of polynuclear aluminum phases in aqueous solution. Polyhedron 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2019.05.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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7
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Mourdikoudis S, Pallares RM, Thanh NTK. Characterization techniques for nanoparticles: comparison and complementarity upon studying nanoparticle properties. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:12871-12934. [PMID: 29926865 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02278j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 574] [Impact Index Per Article: 95.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Nanostructures have attracted huge interest as a rapidly growing class of materials for many applications. Several techniques have been used to characterize the size, crystal structure, elemental composition and a variety of other physical properties of nanoparticles. In several cases, there are physical properties that can be evaluated by more than one technique. Different strengths and limitations of each technique complicate the choice of the most suitable method, while often a combinatorial characterization approach is needed. In addition, given that the significance of nanoparticles in basic research and applications is constantly increasing, it is necessary that researchers from separate fields overcome the challenges in the reproducible and reliable characterization of nanomaterials, after their synthesis and further process (e.g. annealing) stages. The principal objective of this review is to summarize the present knowledge on the use, advances, advantages and weaknesses of a large number of experimental techniques that are available for the characterization of nanoparticles. Different characterization techniques are classified according to the concept/group of the technique used, the information they can provide, or the materials that they are destined for. We describe the main characteristics of the techniques and their operation principles and we give various examples of their use, presenting them in a comparative mode, when possible, in relation to the property studied in each case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanos Mourdikoudis
- Biophysics Group, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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8
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Sadeghi O, Amiri M, Reinheimer EW, Nyman M. The Role of Bi 3+ in Promoting and Stabilizing Iron Oxo Clusters in Strong Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:6247-6250. [PMID: 29607597 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Metal oxo clusters and metal oxides assemble and precipitate from water in processes that depend on pH, temperature, and concentration. Other parameters that influence the structure, composition, and nuclearity of "molecular" and bulk metal oxides are poorly understood, and have thus not been exploited. Herein, we show that Bi3+ drives the formation of aqueous Fe3+ clusters, usurping the role of pH. We isolated and structurally characterized a Bi/Fe cluster, Fe3 BiO2 (CCl3 COO)8 (THF)(H2 O)2 , and demonstrated its conversion into an iron Keggin ion capped by six Bi3+ irons (Bi6 Fe13 ). The reaction pathway was documented by X-ray scattering and mass spectrometry. Opposing the expected trend, increased cluster nuclearity required a pH decrease instead of a pH increase. We attribute this anomalous behavior of Bi/Fe(aq) solutions to Bi3+ , which drives hydrolysis and condensation. Likewise, Bi3+ stabilizes metal oxo clusters and metal oxides in strongly acidic conditions, which is important in applications such as water oxidation for energy storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Mehran Amiri
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Eric W Reinheimer
- Rigaku Oxford Diffraction, 9009 New Trails Drive, the Woodlands, TX, 77381, USA
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
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9
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Sadeghi O, Amiri M, Reinheimer EW, Nyman M. The Role of Bi
3+
in Promoting and Stabilizing Iron Oxo Clusters in Strong Acid. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Omid Sadeghi
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Mehran Amiri
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
| | - Eric W. Reinheimer
- Rigaku Oxford Diffraction 9009 New Trails Drive the Woodlands TX 77381 USA
| | - May Nyman
- Department of Chemistry Oregon State University Corvallis OR 97331 USA
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Zhu W, Winterstein JP, Yang WCD, Yuan L, Sharma R, Zhou G. In Situ Atomic-Scale Probing of the Reduction Dynamics of Two-Dimensional Fe 2O 3 Nanostructures. ACS NANO 2017; 11:656-664. [PMID: 27960055 PMCID: PMC5541388 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.6b06950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Atomic-scale structural dynamics and phase transformation pathways were probed, in situ, during the hydrogen-induced reduction of Fe2O3 nanostructure bicrystals using an environmental transmission electron microscope. Reduction commenced with the α-Fe2O3 → γ-Fe2O3 phase transformation of one part of the bicrystal, resulting in the formation of a two-phase structure of α-Fe2O3 and γ-Fe2O3. The progression of the phase transformation into the other half of the bicrystalline Fe2O3 across the bicrystalline boundary led to the formation of a single-crystal phase of γ-Fe2O3 with concomitant oxygen-vacancy ordering on every third {422} plane, followed by transformation into Fe3O4. Further reduction resulted in the coexistence of Fe3O4, FeO, and Fe via the transformation pathway Fe3O4 → FeO → Fe. The series of phase transformations was accompanied by the formation of a Swiss-cheese-like structure, induced by the significant volume shrinkage occurring upon reduction. These results elucidated the atomistic mechanism of the reduction of Fe oxides and demonstrated formation of hybrid structures of Fe oxides via tuning the phase transformation pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Jonathan P. Winterstein
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Wei-Chang David Yang
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- University of Maryland—IREAP, College Park, Maryland 20742, USA
| | - Lu Yuan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
| | - Renu Sharma
- Center for Nanoscale Science and Technology, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: R. Sharma: ; Phone: 301-975-2418, G. Zhou: ; Phone: 607-777-5084
| | - Guangwen Zhou
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials Science and Engineering Program, State University of New York, Binghamton, NY 13902, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: R. Sharma: ; Phone: 301-975-2418, G. Zhou: ; Phone: 607-777-5084
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Seidel R, Kraffert K, Kabelitz A, Pohl MN, Kraehnert R, Emmerling F, Winter B. Detection of the electronic structure of iron-(iii)-oxo oligomers forming in aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:32226-32234. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp06945f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structure of the small iron-oxo oligomers forming in iron-(iii) aqueous solutions is determined from liquid jet photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Seidel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Institute for Material Development
- Albert-Einstein-Strasse 15
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
| | - Katrin Kraffert
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- Strasse des 17. Juni 124
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Anke Kabelitz
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- Brook-Taylor-Str. 2
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Marvin N. Pohl
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Faradayweg 4-6
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Ralph Kraehnert
- Technische Universität Berlin
- Department of Chemistry
- Strasse des 17. Juni 124
- D-10623 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing
- Richard-Willstätter Strasse 11
- D-12489 Berlin
- Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft
- Faradayweg 4-6
- D-14195 Berlin
- Germany
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