1
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Coskun OK, Bagbudar Z, Khokhar V, Dongare S, Warburton RE, Gurkan B. Synergistic Effects of the Electric Field Induced by Imidazolium Rotation and Hydrogen Bonding in Electrocatalysis of CO 2. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:23775-23785. [PMID: 39143862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The roles of the ionic liquid (IL), 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([EMIM][BF4]), and water in controlling the mechanism, energetics, and electrocatalytic activity of CO2 reduction to CO on silver in nonaqueous electrolytes were investigated. The first electron transfer occurs to CO2 at reduced overpotentials when it is trapped between the planes of the [EMIM]+ ring and the electrode surface due to cation reorientation as determined from voltammetry, in situ surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Within this interface, water up to 0.5 M does not induce significant Faradaic activity, opposing the notion of it being a free proton source. Instead, water acts as a hydrogen bond donor, and the proton is sourced from [EMIM]+. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that alcohols with varying acidities tune the hydrogen bonding network in the interfacial microenvironment to lower the energetics required for CO2 reduction. The hydrogen bonding suppresses the formation of inactive carboxylate species, thus preserving the catalytic activity of [EMIM]+. The ability to tune the hydrogen bonding network opens new avenues for advancing IL-mediated electrocatalytic reactions in nonaqueous electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Zeynep Bagbudar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Vaishali Khokhar
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Saudagar Dongare
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Robert E Warburton
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland 44106, Ohio, United States
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2
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Dongare S, Zeeshan M, Aydogdu AS, Dikki R, Kurtoğlu-Öztulum SF, Coskun OK, Muñoz M, Banerjee A, Gautam M, Ross RD, Stanley JS, Brower RS, Muchharla B, Sacci RL, Velázquez JM, Kumar B, Yang JY, Hahn C, Keskin S, Morales-Guio CG, Uzun A, Spurgeon JM, Gurkan B. Reactive capture and electrochemical conversion of CO 2 with ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:8563-8631. [PMID: 38912871 DOI: 10.1039/d4cs00390j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) and deep eutectic solvents (DESs) have tremendous potential for reactive capture and conversion (RCC) of CO2 due to their wide electrochemical stability window, low volatility, and high CO2 solubility. There is environmental and economic interest in the direct utilization of the captured CO2 using electrified and modular processes that forgo the thermal- or pressure-swing regeneration steps to concentrate CO2, eliminating the need to compress, transport, or store the gas. The conventional electrochemical conversion of CO2 with aqueous electrolytes presents limited CO2 solubility and high energy requirement to achieve industrially relevant products. Additionally, aqueous systems have competitive hydrogen evolution. In the past decade, there has been significant progress toward the design of ILs and DESs, and their composites to separate CO2 from dilute streams. In parallel, but not necessarily in synergy, there have been studies focused on a few select ILs and DESs for electrochemical reduction of CO2, often diluting them with aqueous or non-aqueous solvents. The resulting electrode-electrolyte interfaces present a complex speciation for RCC. In this review, we describe how the ILs and DESs are tuned for RCC and specifically address the CO2 chemisorption and electroreduction mechanisms. Critical bulk and interfacial properties of ILs and DESs are discussed in the context of RCC, and the potential of these electrolytes are presented through a techno-economic evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saudagar Dongare
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Muhammad Zeeshan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Ahmet Safa Aydogdu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Ruth Dikki
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Samira F Kurtoğlu-Öztulum
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Faculty of Science, Turkish-German University, Sahinkaya Cad., Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Miguel Muñoz
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
| | - Avishek Banerjee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Manu Gautam
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - R Dominic Ross
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Jared S Stanley
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rowan S Brower
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Baleeswaraiah Muchharla
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, & Engineering Technology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Robert L Sacci
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
| | - Jesús M Velázquez
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Bijandra Kumar
- Department of Mathematics, Computer Science, & Engineering Technology, Elizabeth City State University, 1704 Weeksville Road, Elizabeth City, NC 27909, USA
| | - Jenny Y Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Christopher Hahn
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, 94550, USA
| | - Seda Keskin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carlos G Morales-Guio
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Alper Uzun
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University TÜPRAŞ Energy Center (KUTEM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
- Koç University Surface Science and Technology Center (KUYTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, Sariyer, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joshua M Spurgeon
- Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA.
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3
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Dupont J, Leal BC, Lozano P, Monteiro AL, Migowski P, Scholten JD. Ionic Liquids in Metal, Photo-, Electro-, and (Bio) Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:5227-5420. [PMID: 38661578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) have unique physicochemical properties that make them advantageous for catalysis, such as low vapor pressure, non-flammability, high thermal and chemical stabilities, and the ability to enhance the activity and stability of (bio)catalysts. ILs can improve the efficiency, selectivity, and sustainability of bio(transformations) by acting as activators of enzymes, selectively dissolving substrates and products, and reducing toxicity. They can also be recycled and reused multiple times without losing their effectiveness. ILs based on imidazolium cation are preferred for structural organization aspects, with a semiorganized layer surrounding the catalyst. ILs act as a container, providing a confined space that allows modulation of electronic and geometric effects, miscibility of reactants and products, and residence time of species. ILs can stabilize ionic and radical species and control the catalytic activity of dynamic processes. Supported IL phase (SILP) derivatives and polymeric ILs (PILs) are good options for molecular engineering of greener catalytic processes. The major factors governing metal, photo-, electro-, and biocatalysts in ILs are discussed in detail based on the vast literature available over the past two and a half decades. Catalytic reactions, ranging from hydrogenation and cross-coupling to oxidations, promoted by homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts in both single and multiphase conditions, are extensively reviewed and discussed considering the knowledge accumulated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairton Dupont
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Bárbara C Leal
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Lozano
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular B e Inmunología, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Murcia, P.O. Box 4021, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - Adriano L Monteiro
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro Migowski
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
| | - Jackson D Scholten
- Institute of Chemistry - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul - UFRGS, Avenida Bento Gonçalves, 9500, Porto Alegre 91501-970 RS, Brasil
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4
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Vichou E, Adjez Y, Li Y, Gómez-Mingot M, Fontecave M, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Smart Electrode Surfaces by Electrolyte Immobilization for Electrocatalytic CO 2 Conversion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:2824-2834. [PMID: 38240579 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
The activity and selectivity of molecular catalysts for the electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) are influenced by the induced electric field at the electrode/electrolyte interface. We present here a novel electrolyte immobilization method to control the electric field at this interface by positively charging the electrode surface with an imidazolium cation organic layer, which significantly favors CO2 conversion to formate, suppresses hydrogen evolution reaction, and diminishes the operating cell voltage. Those results are well supported by our previous DFT calculations studying the mechanistic role of imidazolium cations in solution for CO2 reduction to formate catalyzed by a model molecular catalyst. This smart electrode surface concept based on covalent grafting of imidazolium on a carbon electrode is successfully scaled up for operating at industrially relevant conditions (100 mA cm-2) on an imidazolium-modified carbon-based gas diffusion electrode using a flow cell configuration, where the CO2 conversion to formate process takes place in acidic aqueous solution to avoid carbonate formation and is catalyzed by a model molecular Rh complex in solution. The formate production rate reaches a maximum of 4.6 gHCOO- m-2 min-1 after accumulating a total of 9000 C of charge circulated on the same electrode. Constant formate production and no significant microscopic changes on the imidazolium-modified cathode in consecutive long-term CO2 electrolysis confirmed the high stability of the imidazolium organic layer under operating conditions for CO2RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Vichou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yanis Adjez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Maria Gómez-Mingot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus Biologiques, Collège de France, UMR 8229 CNRS, Sorbonne Université, PSL Research University, 11 Place Marcelin Berthelot, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Carlos M Sánchez-Sánchez
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes Electrochimiques, LISE, 4 Place Jussieu, 75005 Paris, France
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5
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Noh S, Cho YJ, Zhang G, Schreier M. Insight into the Role of Entropy in Promoting Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction by Imidazolium Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:27657-27663. [PMID: 38019965 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
The electroreduction of CO2 plays an important role in achieving a net-zero carbon economy. Imidazolium cations can be used to enhance the rate of CO2 reduction reactions, but the origin of this promotion remains poorly understood. In this work, we show that in the presence of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium (EMIM+), CO2 reduction on Ag electrodes occurs with an apparent activation energy near zero, while the applied potential influences the rate through the pre-exponential factor. Our findings suggest that the CO2 reduction rate is controlled by the initial state entropy, which depends on the applied potential through the organization of cations at the electrochemical interface. Further characterization shows that the C2-proton of EMIM+ is consumed during the reaction, leading to the collapse of the cation organization and a decrease in the catalytic performance. Our results have important implications for understanding the effect of potential on reaction rates, as they indicate that the common picture based on vibrational activation of electron transfer reactions is insufficient for describing the impact of potential in complex systems, such as CO2 reduction in the presence of imidazolium cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonmyeong Noh
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Yoon Jin Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gong Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Marcel Schreier
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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6
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Xue L, Gao Z, Ning T, Li W, Li J, Yin J, Xiao L, Wang G, Zhuang L. Dual-Role of Polyelectrolyte-Tethered Benzimidazolium Cation in Promoting CO 2 /Pure Water Co-Electrolysis to Ethylene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309519. [PMID: 37750552 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR), as a promising route to realize negative carbon emissions, is known to be strongly affected by electrolyte cations (i.e., cation effect). In contrast to the widely-studied alkali cations in liquid electrolytes, the effect of organic cations grafted on alkaline polyelectrolytes (APE) remains unexplored, although APE has already become an essential component of CO2 electrolyzers. Herein, by studying the organic cation effect on CO2 RR, we find that benzimidazolium cation (Beim+ ) significantly outperforms other commonly-used nitrogenous cations (R4 N+ ) in promoting C2+ (mainly C2 H4 ) production over copper electrode. Cyclic voltammetry and in situ spectroscopy studies reveal that the Beim+ can synergistically boost the CO2 to *CO conversion and reduce the proton supply at the electrocatalytic interface, thus facilitating the *CO dimerization toward C2+ formation. By utilizing the homemade APE ionomer, we further realize efficient C2 H4 production at an industrial-scale current density of 331 mA cm-2 from CO2 /pure water co-electrolysis, thanks to the dual-role of Beim+ in synergistic catalysis and ionic conduction. This study provides a new avenue to boost CO2 RR through the structural design of polyelectrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Xue
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Zeyu Gao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Tianshu Ning
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Wenzheng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jinmeng Li
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jinlong Yin
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Li Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- Sauvage Center for Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Gongwei Wang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Lin Zhuang
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Hubei Key Lab of Electrochemical Power Sources, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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7
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Peng F, Xiang J, Qin H, Chen B, Duan R, Zhao W, Liu S, Wu T, Yuan W, Li Q, Li J, Kang X, Han B. Selective Electrochemical Oxidation of Benzylic C-H to Benzylic Alcohols with the Aid of Imidazolium Radical Mediators. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:23905-23909. [PMID: 37890007 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
Selective oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols is a well-known challenge in the chemical community since benzylic C-H is more prone to be overoxidized to benzylic ketones. In this work, we report the highly selective electro-oxidation of benzylic C-H to benzylic alcohols in an undivided cell in ionic liquid-based solution. As an example, the selectivity toward xanthydrol could be as high as 95.7% at complete conversion of xanthene, a typical benzylic C-H compound, on gram-scale in imidazolium bromide/H2O/DMF. Mechanism investigation reveals that the imidazolium radical generated in situ participants in a proton-coupled electron transfer process and low-barrier hydrogen bonds stabilize the reaction intermediates, together steering the redox equilibrium, favoring benzylic alcohols over benzylic ketones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Peng
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Junfeng Xiang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Huisheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Bingfeng Chen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Ran Duan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenling Zhao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Shiqiang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Tianbin Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Wenli Yuan
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Qian Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
| | - Jikun Li
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, CAS Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences, Center for Carbon Neutral Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190 China
- School of Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049 China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200062 China
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8
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Dongare S, Coskun OK, Cagli E, Lee KYC, Rao G, Britt RD, Berben LA, Gurkan B. A Bifunctional Ionic Liquid for Capture and Electrochemical Conversion of CO 2 to CO over Silver. ACS Catal 2023; 13:7812-7821. [PMID: 37342831 PMCID: PMC10278597 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c01538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical conversion of CO2 requires selective catalysts and high solubility of CO2 in the electrolyte to reduce the energy requirement and increase the current efficiency. In this study, the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) over Ag electrodes in acetonitrile-based electrolytes containing 0.1 M [EMIM][2-CNpyr] (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium 2-cyanopyrolide), a reactive ionic liquid (IL), is shown to selectively (>94%) convert CO2 to CO with a stable current density (6 mA·cm-2) for at least 12 h. The linear sweep voltammetry experiments show the onset potential of CO2 reduction in acetonitrile shifts positively by 240 mV when [EMIM][2-CNpyr] is added. This is attributed to the pre-activation of CO2 through the carboxylate formation via the carbene intermediate of the [EMIM]+ cation and the carbamate formation via binding to the nucleophilic [2-CNpyr]- anion. The analysis of the electrode-electrolyte interface by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) confirms the catalytic role of the functionalized IL where the accumulation of the IL-CO2 adduct between -1.7 and -2.3 V vs Ag/Ag+ and the simultaneous CO formation are captured. This study reveals the electrode surface species and the role of the functionalized ions in lowering the energy requirement of CO2RR for the design of multifunctional electrolytes for the integrated capture and conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saudagar Dongare
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Oguz Kagan Coskun
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Eda Cagli
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Kevin Y. C. Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guodong Rao
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - R. David Britt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Louise A. Berben
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California,
Davis, One Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Burcu Gurkan
- Chemical
and Biomolecular Engineering, Case Western
Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
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9
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Vichou E, Solé‐Daura A, Mellot‐Draznieks C, Li Y, Gomez‐Mingot M, Fontecave M, Sánchez‐Sánchez CM. Electrocatalytic Conversion of CO 2 to Formate at Low Overpotential by Electrolyte Engineering in Model Molecular Catalysis. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201566. [PMID: 36209505 PMCID: PMC10100316 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
An electrolyte engineering strategy was developed for CO2 reduction into formate with a model molecular catalyst, [Rh(bpy)(Cp*)Cl]Cl, by modifying the solvent (organic or aqueous), the proton source (H2 O or acetic acid), and the electrode/solution interface with imidazolium- and pyrrolidinium-based ionic liquids (ILs). Experimental and theoretical density functional theory investigations suggested that π+ -π interactions between the imidazolium-based IL cation and the reduced bipyridine ligand of the catalyst improved the efficiency of the CO2 reduction reaction (CO2 RR) by lowering the overpotential, while granting partial suppression of the hydrogen evolution reaction. This allowed tuning the selectivity towards formate, reaching for this catalyst an unprecedented faradaic efficiency (FEHCOO -) ≥90 % and energy efficiency of 66 % in acetonitrile solution. For the first time, relevant CO2 conversion to formic acid/formate was reached at low overpotential (0.28 V) using a homogeneous catalyst in acidic aqueous solution (pH=3.8). These results open up a new strategy based on electrolyte engineering for enhancing carbon balance in CO2 RR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elli Vichou
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
- CNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes ElectrochimiquesLISESorbonne UniversitéUMR 82354 Place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
| | - Albert Solé‐Daura
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Caroline Mellot‐Draznieks
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Yun Li
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Maria Gomez‐Mingot
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Marc Fontecave
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Processus BiologiquesCollège de FranceUMR 8229 CNRSSorbonne UniversitéPSL Research University11 Place Marcelin Berthelot75005ParisFrance
| | - Carlos M. Sánchez‐Sánchez
- CNRSLaboratoire Interfaces et Systèmes ElectrochimiquesLISESorbonne UniversitéUMR 82354 Place Jussieu75005ParisFrance
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10
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Lv J, Yin R, Zhou L, Li J, Kikas R, Xu T, Wang Z, Jin H, Wang X, Wang S. Microenvironment Engineering for the Electrocatalytic CO
2
Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202207252. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202207252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing‐Jing Lv
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Ruonan Yin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Limin Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Jun Li
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Reddu Kikas
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Zheng‐Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Huile Jin
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
| | - Xin Wang
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 62 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637459 Singapore
| | - Shun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies Wenzhou University Wenzhou Zhejiang 325035 China
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11
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Lv JJ, Yin R, Zhou L, Li J, Kikas R, Xu T, Wang ZJ, Jin H, Wang X, Wang S. Microenvironment Engineering for the Electrocatalytic CO2 Reduction Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202207252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Lv
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Ruonan Yin
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Limin Zhou
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Jun Li
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Reddu Kikas
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Ting Xu
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Zheng-Jun Wang
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Huile Jin
- Wenzhou University Institute of New Materials and Industrial Technologies CHINA
| | - Xin Wang
- Nanyang Technological University School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering SINGAPORE
| | - Shun Wang
- Wenzhou University Nano-materials & Chemistry Key Laboratory Xueyuan Middle Road 325027 Wenzhou CHINA
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12
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Ueda H, Yoshimoto S. Voltammetric investigation of anodic and cathodic processes at Au(hkl)|ionic liquid interfaces. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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13
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Bruzon DAV, Tapang GA, Martinez IS. An electrochemical setup designed for carbon dioxide solubility measurements in ionic liquids. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:024102. [PMID: 33648088 DOI: 10.1063/5.0019479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An electrochemical setup was designed and built to evaluate carbon dioxide solubility in ionic liquids. The setup can simultaneously measure amounts of CO2 in the gas and in the ionic liquid phase, making it very useful for in situ electrochemical measurements. The home-built glass cell is able to withstand high vacuum allowing the ionic liquid samples to be properly evacuated before characterization and kept free of contaminants during experiments. A pressure gauge attached to the setup enables continuous monitoring of gas added to the system. This kind of configuration can measure gas solubility in ionic liquids expressed as Henry's constants determined from generated plots of dissolved gas concentration in the ionic liquid vs headspace gas pressure. It also serves as a more economical alternative to other gas solubility measurement techniques, as it is predominantly made of glass, and requires minimal sample amounts. The setup can be useful in determining the solubility of various gases in ionic liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A V Bruzon
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - G A Tapang
- National Institute of Physics, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - I S Martinez
- Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines-Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
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14
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Wang G, Chen J, Ding Y, Cai P, Yi L, Li Y, Tu C, Hou Y, Wen Z, Dai L. Electrocatalysis for CO2 conversion: from fundamentals to value-added products. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:4993-5061. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00071j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This timely and comprehensive review mainly summarizes advances in heterogeneous electroreduction of CO2: from fundamentals to value-added products.
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15
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Koyejo AO, Kesavan L, Damlin P, Salomäki M, Yao JG, Hakkarainen M, Kvarnström C. Cellulose‐Based Reduced Nanographene Oxide on Gold Nanoparticle Supports for CO
2
Electrocatalysis. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202001132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adefunke O. Koyejo
- Department of Chemistry Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf) University of Turku Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Lokesh Kesavan
- Department of Chemistry Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf) University of Turku Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Pia Damlin
- Department of Chemistry Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf) University of Turku Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Mikko Salomäki
- Department of Chemistry Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf) University of Turku Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku Finland
| | - Jenevieve G. Yao
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 58 10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Minna Hakkarainen
- Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology KTH Royal Institute of Technology Teknikringen 58 10044 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Carita Kvarnström
- Department of Chemistry Turku University Centre for Materials and Surfaces (MatSurf) University of Turku Vatselankatu 2 20014 Turku Finland
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16
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Zhou M, Li C, Fang J. Noble-Metal Based Random Alloy and Intermetallic Nanocrystals: Syntheses and Applications. Chem Rev 2020; 121:736-795. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ming Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Can Li
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
| | - Jiye Fang
- Department of Chemistry, State University of New York at Binghamton, Binghamton, New York 13902, United States
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17
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Abstract
Electroreduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to value-added chemicals and fuels is a promising approach for sustainable energy conversion and storage. Many electrocatalysts have been designed for this purpose and studied extensively. The role of the electrolyte is particularly interesting and is pivotal for designing electrochemical devices by taking advantage of the synergy between electrolyte and catalyst. Recently, ionic liquids as electrolytes have received much attention due to their high CO2 adsorption capacity, high selectivity, and low energy consumption. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the recent progress in CO2 electroreduction in ionic liquid-based electrolytes, especially in the performance of different catalysts, the electrolyte effect, as well as mechanism studies to understand the reaction pathway. Perspectives on this interesting area are also discussed for the construction of novel electrochemical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dexin Yang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.,Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qinggong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamics, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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18
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Ratschmeier B, Kemna A, Braunschweig B. Role of H
2
O for CO
2
Reduction Reactions at Platinum/Electrolyte Interfaces in Imidazolium Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquids. ChemElectroChem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202000316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Björn Ratschmeier
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andre Kemna
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstr. 28/30 48149 Münster Germany
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19
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Jain P, Chaudhari VR, Kumar A. Water-assisted stability of carbene: cyclic voltammetric investigation of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ionic liquid. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:24126-24131. [PMID: 31657400 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp05033g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we report electrochemical studies on imidazolium-based ionic liquids with an objective to explore the possibility of carbene formation in their dilute aqueous solutions. Conventionally, water plays a detrimental role during investigations involving ionic liquids, and this role has been investigated via electrochemical studies in aqueous ionic liquid solutions. There are varying opinions regarding the influence of water on the physicochemical behaviour of ionic liquids that require an in-depth understanding. To eludicate the role of water, we attempted to evaluate the electrochemical performance of ionic liquids in water as a solvent, and the influence of water on ionic liquids was explored through feasibility and stability studies on carbene formed in an aqueous imidazolium-based ionic liquid solution. The electrochemical investigation of an aqueous solution of 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium ethylsulfate ([EMIM][EtSO4]) revealed a redox couple. Detailed investigations suggest that reduction of the imidazolium cation occurs at the C2 position, with subsequent formation of carbene. Furthermore, an anodic peak was found to be associated with the oxidation of carbene. The coulometric process associated with the anodic peaks indicated that the two-electron oxidation of carbene occurred. The stability of carbene in water was evaluated through the use of different protic and aprotic solvents. The hydrogen bond-forming ability of carbene with water seems to be responsible for its improved stability in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preeti Jain
- Physical & Material Chemistry Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pune 411008, India.
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20
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Copper-Tin Alloys for the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2 in an Imidazolium-Based Non-Aqueous Electrolyte. ENERGIES 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/en12163132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The ability to synthesize value-added chemicals directly from CO2 will be an important technological advancement for future generations. Using solar energy to drive thermodynamically uphill electrochemical reactions allows for near carbon-neutral processes that can convert CO2 into energy-rich carbon-based fuels. Here, we report on the use of inexpensive CuSn alloys to convert CO2 into CO in an acetonitrile/imidazolium-based electrolyte. Synergistic interactions between the CuSn catalyst and the imidazolium cation enables the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 into CO at −1.65 V versus the standard calomel electrode (SCE). This catalyst system is characterized by overpotentials for CO2 reduction that are similar to more expensive Au- and Ag-based catalysts, and also shows that the efficacy of the CO2 reduction reaction can be tuned by varying the CuSn ratio.
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21
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Sebastián‐Pascual P, Mezzavilla S, Stephens IEL, Escudero‐Escribano M. Structure‐Sensitivity and Electrolyte Effects in CO
2
Electroreduction: From Model Studies to Applications. ChemCatChem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.201900552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sebastián‐Pascual
- Department of ChemistryNano-Science CenterUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Stefano Mezzavilla
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonRoyal School of Mines Prince Consort Rd London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Ifan E. L. Stephens
- Department of MaterialsImperial College LondonRoyal School of Mines Prince Consort Rd London SW7 2AZ UK
| | - María Escudero‐Escribano
- Department of ChemistryNano-Science CenterUniversity of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
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22
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Kemna A, García Rey N, Braunschweig B. Mechanistic Insights on CO2 Reduction Reactions at Platinum/[BMIM][BF4] Interfaces from In Operando Spectroscopy. ACS Catal 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.9b01033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andre Kemna
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Natalia García Rey
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Björn Braunschweig
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Montiel MA, Solla-Gullón J, Montiel V, Sánchez-Sánchez CM. Electrocatalytic studies on imidazolium based ionic liquids: defining experimental conditions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:19160-19167. [PMID: 29978164 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02662a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The number of publications devoted to studying electrochemical reactions in room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) is constantly growing, but very few of them have been devoted to defining proper experimental conditions to obtain reproducible electrochemical results. In this work, we demonstrate that the combination of a proper RTIL purification treatment and a filtered Ar gas stream allow us to obtain featureless voltammograms in [C4mim][BF4], [C4mim][NTf2], and [C4m2im][NTf2], which otherwise present signals associated with different types of impurities such as water and some minor electroactive impurities acquired during the RTIL synthesis process. Moreover, we demonstrate that bubbling Ar, or another inert gas, through the electrolyte in order to purge O2 dissolved in RTILs is one of the major sources of water and O2 impurities incorporated in RTILs within the electrochemical cell. To overcome this source of water uptake, we have incorporated a gas stream purification filter before the gas reaches the RTIL in the electrochemical cell. To illustrate the effect of these impurities in relevant electrocatalytic studies, we study the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2 on Pt nanoparticles and the key role of an appropiate filter when the CO2 gas stream is bubbled within imidazolium based RTILs. Our cyclic voltammetric studies point out that CO2 electroreduction on Pt nanoparticles only presents activity in [C4mim][NTf2] and [C4m2im][NTf2], thus suggesting that the C-2 position on the imidazolium ring is not the key position in CO2 electrochemical reduction. In contrast, the same Pt nanoparticles are inactive towards CO2 electroreduction in [C4mim][BF4], which is a more hydrophilic RTIL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel A Montiel
- Instituto Universitario de Electroquímica, Universidad de Alicante, Ap. 99, 03080 Alicante, Spain
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24
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Feng G, Chen W, Wang B, Song Y, Li G, Fang J, Wei W, Sun Y. Oxygenates from the Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:1992-2008. [PMID: 29845755 DOI: 10.1002/asia.201800637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2 ) driven by renewable electricity to give chemicals and fuels is considered an ideal approach that can alleviate both carbon emission and energy tension stress. High-value chemicals such as oxygenates can be effectively produced from the electroreduction of CO2 , and this is highly attractive to promote the economy and applicability of CO2 utilization. This review focuses on recent advancements in the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, and other oxygenates. The principles of the process, influencing factors, and typical catalysts are summarized. On the basis of the aforementioned discussions, we present future prospects for further development of the electroreduction of CO2 to oxygenates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghui Feng
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Baiyin Wang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Yanfang Song
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Guihua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Fang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, 99 Shangda Road, Shanghai, 200444, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
| | - Yuhan Sun
- CAS Key Laboratory of Low-Carbon Conversion Science and Engineering, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100 Haike Road, Shanghai, 201210, P. R. China
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Shanghai 201203, P. R. China, ShanghaiTech University, 393 Middle Huaxia Road, Shanghai, 201203, P. R. China
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25
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Electroreduction of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide ionic liquid: Oriented product selectivity through the electrode material. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Lim HK, Kwon Y, Kim HS, Jeon J, Kim YH, Lim JA, Kim BS, Choi J, Kim H. Insight into the Microenvironments of the Metal–Ionic Liquid Interface during Electrochemical CO2 Reduction. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Kyu Lim
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkook Kwon
- Carbon
Resource Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Seul Kim
- Graduate
School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jiwon Jeon
- Graduate
School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hoon Kim
- Graduate
School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Ae Lim
- Carbon
Resource Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Beom-Sik Kim
- Carbon
Resource Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials and Chemical Engineering, University of Science & Technology, 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jina Choi
- Carbon
Resource Institute, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, 141 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34114, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungjun Kim
- Graduate
School of EEWS, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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27
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Feaster JT, Jongerius AL, Liu X, Urushihara M, Nitopi SA, Hahn C, Chan K, Nørskov JK, Jaramillo TF. Understanding the Influence of [EMIM]Cl on the Suppression of the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction on Transition Metal Electrodes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:9464-9471. [PMID: 28691827 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We have studied the influence of low concentrations (0.1 M) of the ionic liquid 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIM]Cl) on suppressing the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) using polycrystalline Ag, Cu, and Fe electrodes in aqueous acidic and basic media. HER suppression is generally desired when aiming to catalyze other reactions of interests, e.g., CO2 electro-reduction. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry measurements were performed at potentials between -0.2 and -0.8 V versus the reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE) to investigate HER activity in a simulated CO2 electrolysis environment without the CO2. In an acidic electrolyte, a decrease in HER activity was observed for all three electrodes with the largest effect being that of Fe, where the HER activity was suppressed by 75% at -0.5 V versus RHE. In contrast to the effect of [EMIM]Cl in an acidic electrolyte, no HER suppression was observed in basic media. Using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on the electrolyte before and after electrolysis, it was determined that [EMIM]Cl breaks down at both the working and counter electrodes under reaction conditions under both acidic and basic conditions. These results underscore the challenges in employing ionic liquids for electrochemical reactions such as CO2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Feaster
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Anna L Jongerius
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Xinyan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Makoto Urushihara
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
- Central Research Institute, Mitsubishi Materials Corporation , 1002-14 Mukohyama, Naka-shi, Ibaraki 311-0102, Japan
| | - Stephanie A Nitopi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Christopher Hahn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Karen Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Jens K Nørskov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
| | - Thomas F Jaramillo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University , 443 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- SUNCAT Center for Catalysis and Interface Science, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory , 2675 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, United States
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28
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Electroreduction and solubility of CO2 in methoxy- and nitrile-functionalized imidazolium (FAP) ionic liquids. J APPL ELECTROCHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10800-017-1117-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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29
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Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide to Formic Acid in Ionic Liquid [Emim][N(CN)2]/Water System. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.06.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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30
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Sniekers J, Geysens P, Malaquías JC, Vander Hoogerstraete T, Van Meervelt L, Fransaer J, Binnemans K. Cobalt(ii) containing liquid metal salts for electrodeposition of cobalt and electrochemical nanoparticle formation. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:12845-12855. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt02604h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Cobalt(ii) containing ionic liquids were used as electrolytes for the electrodeposition of cobalt thin films and cobalt nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jan Fransaer
- Department of Materials Engineering
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Heverlee
- Belgium
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31
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Wang Q, Chen C, Zhong J, Zhang B, Cheng Z. Effect of Alkyl Chain Length of Imidazolium Cation on the Electroreduction of CO2 to CO on Ag Electrode in Acetonitrile. Aust J Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/ch16138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of imidazolium-based ionic liquid on the electroreduction of CO2 to CO over a Ag electrode in acetonitrile catholyte was investigated. The voltage–current profiles clearly indicate that the electroreduction of CO2 is sensitive to the alkyl chain length at the N1-position in imidazolium cation (MIM+). Density functional theory computation suggests that the onset potential of CO2 reduction is related to the association degree between MIM+ and CO2•– species. More importantly, preparative scale electrolysis shows that the selectivity and output rate for the target product CO are also significantly affected by MIM+. With the elongation of the alkyl group in MIM+ from ethyl to octyl, the Faradaic efficiency for CO remarkably increases from 87 ± 4 % to 97 ± 2 % and then remains almost unchanged. However, the curve of the current density with respect to the chain length of alkyl group shows a convex style. These results indicate the dependence of CO2 reduction efficiency on the MIM+ adsorbed on the Ag electrode surface.
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32
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Neubauer SS, Schmid B, Reller C, Guldi DM, Schmid G. Alkalinity Initiated Decomposition of Mediating Imidazolium Ions in High Current Density CO2Electrolysis. ChemElectroChem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201600461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian S. Neubauer
- Siemens AG, Corporate Technology; Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Bernhard Schmid
- Siemens AG, Corporate Technology; Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Reller
- Siemens AG, Corporate Technology; Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Dirk M. Guldi
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Günter Schmid
- Siemens AG, Corporate Technology; Günther-Scharowsky-Str. 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
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33
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Zhu Q, Ma J, Kang X, Sun X, Liu H, Hu J, Liu Z, Han B. Efficient Reduction of CO2into Formic Acid on a Lead or Tin Electrode using an Ionic Liquid Catholyte Mixture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201601974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jun Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaofu Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiayin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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34
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Zhu Q, Ma J, Kang X, Sun X, Liu H, Hu J, Liu Z, Han B. Efficient Reduction of CO2into Formic Acid on a Lead or Tin Electrode using an Ionic Liquid Catholyte Mixture. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:9012-6. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201601974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qinggong Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jun Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xinchen Kang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Xiaofu Sun
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Huizhen Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Jiayin Hu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Zhimin Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
| | - Buxing Han
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface and Thermodynamic, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100190 China
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