1
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Tang B, Bai Q, Fang YG, Francisco JS, Zhu C, Fang WH. Mechanistic Insights into N 2O 5-Halide Ions Chemistry at the Air-Water Interface. J Am Chem Soc 2024. [PMID: 39074151 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c05850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/31/2024]
Abstract
The activation of halogens (X = Cl, Br, I) by N2O5 is linked to NOx sources, ozone concentrations, NO3 reactivity, and the chemistry of halide-containing aerosol particles. However, a detailed chemical mechanism is still lacking. Herein, we explored the chemistry of the N2O5···X- systems at the air-water interface. Two different reaction pathways were identified for the reaction of N2O5 with X- at the air-water interface: the formation of XNO2 or XONO, along with NO3-. In the case of the Cl- system, the ClNO2 generation pathway is more favorable, while for the Br- and I- systems, the formation of BrONO and IONO is barrierless, making them the predominant products. Furthermore, the mechanisms of formation of X2 from XNO2 and XONO were also investigated. The high energy barriers of reactions and the high free energies of the products compared to those of the reactants indicate that ClNO2 is stable at the air-water interface. Contrary to the widely held belief regarding X2 producing from the reaction of XNO2 with X-, our calculations demonstrate that BrONO and IONO initially form stable BrONO···Br- and IONO···I- complexes, which then subsequently react with Br- and I- to form Br3- and I3-, respectively. Finally, Br3- and I3- decompose to form Br2 and I2. These findings have significant implications for experimental interpretation and offer new insights into halogen cycling in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Tang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Qi Bai
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Ye-Guang Fang
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Nanoscience, CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Joseph S Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - Chongqin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Hai Fang
- Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Photochemistry, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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2
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Lu QB. Formulation of the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction mechanism for quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303048120. [PMID: 37364123 PMCID: PMC10319005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303048120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper formulates the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction as a universal mechanism to provide a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Based on a proposed electrostatic bonding mechanism for charge-induced adsorption of molecules on surfaces and on the measured dissociative electron transfer (DET) cross sections of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) adsorbed on ice, an analytical equation is derived to give atmospheric chlorine atom concentration: [Formula: see text] where Φe is the prehydrated electron (epre-) flux produced by cosmic ray ionization on atmospheric particle surfaces, [Formula: see text] is the surface coverage of an ODS, and ki is the ODS's effective DET coefficient that is the product of the DET cross section, the lifetimes of surface-trapped epre- and Cl-, and the particle surface area density. With concentrations of ODSs as the sole variable, our calculated results of time-series ozone depletion rates in global regions in the 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s show generally good agreement with observations, particularly with ground-based ozonesonde data and satellite-measured data over Antarctica and with satellite data in a narrow altitude band at 13 to 20 km of the tropics. Good agreements with satellite data in the Arctic and midlatitudes are also found. A previously unreported effect of denitrification on ozone loss is found and expressed quantitatively. But this equation overestimates tropospheric ozone loss at northern midlatitudes and the Arctic, likely due to increased ozone production by the halogen chemistry in polluted regions. The results render confidence in applying the equation to achieve a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
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3
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McCaslin LM, Götz AW, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Effects of Microhydration on the Mechanisms of Hydrolysis and Cl - Substitution in Reactions of N 2 O 5 and Seawater. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200819. [PMID: 36385485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N2 O5 at atmospheric interfaces has recently received considerable attention due to its importance in atmospheric chemistry. N2 O5 reacts preferentially with Cl- to form ClNO2 /NO3 - (Cl- substitution), but can also react with H2 O to form 2HNO3 (hydrolysis). In this paper, we explore these competing reactions in a theoretical study of the clusters N2 O5 /Cl- /nH2 O (n=2-5), resulting in the identification of three reaction motifs. First, we uncovered an SN 2-type Cl- substitution reaction of N2 O5 that occurs very quickly due to low barriers to reaction. Second, we found a low-lying pathway to hydrolysis via a ClNO2 intermediate (two-step hydrolysis). Finally, we found a direct hydrolysis pathway where H2 O attacks N2 O5 (one-step hydrolysis). We find that Cl- substitution is the fastest reaction in every cluster. Between one-step and two-step hydrolysis, we find that one-step hydrolysis barriers are lower, making two-step hydrolysis (via ClNO2 intermediate) likely only when concentrations of Cl- are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA
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4
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Kregel SJ, Derrah TF, Moon S, Limmer DT, Nathanson GM, Bertram TH. Weak Temperature Dependence of the Relative Rates of Chlorination and Hydrolysis of N 2O 5 in NaCl-Water Solutions. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:1675-1685. [PMID: 36787538 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c06543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
We have measured the temperature dependence of the ClNO2 product yield in competition with hydrolysis following N2O5 uptake to aqueous NaCl solutions. For NaCl-D2O solutions spanning 0.0054-0.21 M, the ClNO2 product yield decreases on average by only 4 ± 3% from 5 to 25 °C. Less reproducible measurements at 0.54-2.4 M NaCl also fall within this range. The ratio of the rate constants for chlorination and hydrolysis of N2O5 in D2O is determined on average to be 1150 ± 90 at 25 °C up to 0.21 M NaCl, favoring chlorination. This ratio is observed to decrease significantly at the two highest concentrations. An Arrhenius analysis reveals that the activation energy for hydrolysis is just 3.0 ± 1.5 kJ/mol larger than for chlorination up to 0.21 M, indicating that Cl- and D2O attack on N2O5 has similar energetic barriers despite the differences in charge and complexity of these reactants. In combination with the measured preexponential ratio favoring chlorination of 300-200+400, we conclude that the strong preference of N2O5 to undergo chlorination over hydrolysis is driven by dynamic and entropic, rather than enthalpic, factors. Molecular dynamics simulations elucidate the distinct solvation between strongly hydrated Cl- and the hydrophobically solvated N2O5. Combining this molecular picture with the Arrhenius analysis implicates the role of water in mediating interactions between such distinctly solvated species and suggests a role for diffusion limitations on the chlorination reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Kregel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Thomas F Derrah
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Seokjin Moon
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Material Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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5
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Ricker H, Leonardi A, Navea JG. Reduction and Photoreduction of NO 2 in Humic Acid Films as a Source of HONO, ClNO, N 2O, NO X , and Organic Nitrogen. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:3066-3077. [PMID: 36561196 PMCID: PMC9762234 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric nitrous acid (HONO), a trace atmospheric gas, is often underestimated in global atmospheric models due to the poor understanding of its daytime sources and sinks. HONO is known to accumulate during nighttime and undergo rapid photodissociation during the day to form NO and highly reactive OH radical, making it important to have accurate atmospheric HONO estimations. Despite its rapid photolysis, recent field observations have found quasi-steady-state concentrations of HONO at midday, suggesting photolytic HONO formation pathways to replenish daytime atmospheric HONO. Recent studies suggest that the presence of complex organic photosensitizers in atmospheric aerosols converts atmospheric NO2 into HONO. To better understand the effect of environmental photosensitizers in daytime mechanisms of HONO formation, we present here laboratory studies on the heterogeneous photolytic reduction of NO2 by humic acid films, a proxy for organic chromophoric compounds. The effect of pH and Cl- in the photosensitized formation of HONO and other nitrogen-containing gases is also investigated. A dual Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) system is utilized to simultaneously perform in situ analysis of condensed-phase reactants and gas-phase products. We find that the rate of HONO formation is faster at lower pHs. Nitrogen incorporation in the complex organic chromophore is observed, suggesting a competing pathway that results in suppressed daytime formation of nitrogenous gases. Significantly, the presence of chloride ions also leads to the organic-mediated photolytic formation of nitrosyl chloride (ClNO), a known precursor of HONO. Overall, this work shows that organic acid photosensitizers can reduce adsorbed NO2 to form HONO, ClNO, and NO while simultaneously incorporating nitrogen into the organic chromophores present in aerosol.
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6
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Ab initio metadynamics calculations reveal complex interfacial effects in acetic acid deprotonation dynamics. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.115624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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7
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Galib M, Limmer DT. Reactive uptake of N
2
O
5
by atmospheric aerosol is dominated by interfacial processes. Science 2021; 371:921-925. [DOI: 10.1126/science.abd7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Galib
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - David T. Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA
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8
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Karimova NV, Chen J, Gord JR, Staudt S, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM, Gerber RB. S N2 Reactions of N 2O 5 with Ions in Water: Microscopic Mechanisms, Intermediates, and Products. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:711-720. [PMID: 31880456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) greatly affect the concentrations of NO3, ozone, OH radicals, methane, and more. In this work, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics and other tools of computational chemistry to explore reactions of N2O5 with anions hydrated by 12 water molecules to shed light on this important class of reactions. The ions investigated are Cl-, SO42-, ClO4-, and RCOO- (R = H, CH3, C2H5). The following main results are obtained: (i) all the reactions take place by an SN2-type mechanism, with a transition state that involves a contact ion pair (NO2+NO3-) that interacts strongly with water molecules. (ii) Reactions of a solvent-separated nitronium ion (NO2+) are not observed in any of the cases. (iii) An explanation is provided for the suppression of ClNO2 formation from N2O5 reacting with salty water when sulfate or acetate ions are present, as found in recent experiments. (iv) Formation of novel intermediate species, such as (SO4NO2-) and RCOONO2, in these reactions is predicted. The results suggest atomistic-level mechanisms for the reactions studied and may be useful for the development of improved modeling of reaction kinetics in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Karimova
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States
| | - James Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States
| | - Joseph R Gord
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States.,Institute of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Research Center , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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9
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Biswas S, Kwon H, Barsanti KC, Myllys N, Smith JN, Wong BM. Ab initio metadynamics calculations of dimethylamine for probing pKb variations in bulk vs. surface environments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:26265-26277. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp03832f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Free energy landscape obtained from ab initio metadynamics calculations for dimethylamine protonation at the air–water interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sohag Biswas
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Hyuna Kwon
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Kelley C. Barsanti
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
| | - Nanna Myllys
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California-Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
| | - James N. Smith
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California-Irvine
- Irvine
- USA
| | - Bryan M. Wong
- Department of Chemical & Environmental Engineering
- University of California-Riverside
- Riverside
- USA
- Materials Science & Engineering Program
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10
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McCaslin LM, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Mechanisms and competition of halide substitution and hydrolysis in reactions of N 2O 5 with seawater. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav6503. [PMID: 31183400 PMCID: PMC6551187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SN2-type halide substitution and hydrolysis are two of the most ubiquitous reactions in chemistry. The interplay between these processes is fundamental in atmospheric chemistry through reactions of N2O5 and seawater. N2O5 plays a major role in regulating levels of O3, OH, NO x , and CH4. While the reactions of N2O5 and seawater are of central importance, little is known about their mechanisms. Of interest is the activation of Cl in seawater by the formation of gaseous ClNO2, which occurs despite the fact that hydrolysis (to HNO3) is energetically more favorable. We determine key features of the reaction landscape that account for this behavior in a theoretical study of the cluster N2O5/Cl-/H2O. This was carried out using ab initio molecular dynamics to determine reaction pathways, structures, and time scales. While hydrolysis of N2O5 occurs in the absence of Cl-, results here reveal that a low-lying pathway featuring halide substitution intermediates enhances hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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11
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Karimova N, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB. Ion reactions in atmospherically-relevant clusters: mechanisms, dynamics and spectroscopic signatures. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:342-360. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring models of reactions of N2O4 with ions in water in order to provide molecular-level understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry
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12
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Hänninen V, Murdachaew G, Nathanson GM, Gerber RB, Halonen L. Ab initio molecular dynamics studies of formic acid dimer colliding with liquid water. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:23717-23725. [PMID: 30191926 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03857k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations of formic acid (FA) dimer colliding with liquid water at 300 K have been performed using density functional theory. The two energetically lowest FA dimer isomers were collided with a water slab at thermal and high kinetic energies up to 68kBT. Our simulations agree with recent experimental observations of nearly a complete uptake of gas-phase FA dimer: the calculated average kinetic energy of the dimers immediately after collision is 5 ± 4% of the incoming kinetic energy, which compares well with the experimental value of 10%. Simulations support the experimental observation of no delayed desorption of FA dimers following initial adsorption. Our analysis shows that the FA dimer forms hydrogen bonds with surface water molecules, where the hydrogen bond order depends on the dimer structure, such that the most stable isomer possesses fewer FA-water hydrogen bonds than the higher energy isomer. Nevertheless, even the most stable isomer can attach to the surface through one hydrogen bond despite its reduced hydrophilicity. Our simulations further show that the probability of FA dimer dissociation is increased by high collision energies, the dimer undergoes isomerization from the higher energy to the lowest energy isomer, and concerted double-proton transfer occurs between the FA monomers. Interestingly, proton transfer appears to be driven by the release of energy arising from such isomerization, which stimulates those internal vibrational degrees of freedom that overcome the barrier of a proton transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesa Hänninen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen aukio 1), FI-00014, Finland.
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13
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Hirshberg B, Rossich Molina E, Götz AW, Hammerich AD, Nathanson GM, Bertram TH, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. N2O5at water surfaces: binding forces, charge separation, energy accommodation and atmospheric implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17961-17976. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the interactions between N2O5and water in nano-sized clusters, in bulk and on the surface of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Hirshberg
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
| | - Estefanía Rossich Molina
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
| | - Andreas W. Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine
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14
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Kelleher PJ, Menges FS, DePalma JW, Denton JK, Johnson MA, Weddle GH, Hirshberg B, Gerber RB. Trapping and Structural Characterization of the XNO 2·NO 3- (X = Cl, Br, I) Exit Channel Complexes in the Water-Mediated X - + N 2O 5 Reactions with Cryogenic Vibrational Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:4710-4715. [PMID: 28898581 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b02120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The heterogeneous reaction of N2O5 with sea spray aerosols yields the ClNO2 molecule, which is postulated to occur through water-mediated charge separation into NO3- and NO2+ ions followed by association with Cl-. Here we address an alternative mechanism where the attack by a halide ion can yield XNO2 by direct insertion in the presence of water. This was accomplished by reacting X-(D2O)n (X = Cl, Br, I) cluster ions with N2O5 to produce ions with stoichiometry [XN2O5]-. These species were cooled in a 20 K ion trap and structurally characterized by vibrational spectroscopy using the D2 messenger tagging technique. Analysis of the resulting band patterns with DFT calculations indicates that they all correspond to exit channel ion-molecule complexes based on the association of NO3- with XNO2, with the NO3- constituent increasingly perturbed in the order I > Br > Cl. These results establish that XNO2 can be generated even when more exoergic reaction pathways involving hydrolysis are available and demonstrate the role of the intermediate [XN2O5]- in the formation of XNO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick J Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Fabian S Menges
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Joseph W DePalma
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Joanna K Denton
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University , New Haven, Connecticut 06525, United States
| | - Gary H Weddle
- Department of Chemistry, Fairfield University , Fairfield, Connecticut 06824, United States
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz-Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University , Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California , Irvine, California 92697, United States
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15
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Shaloski MA, Gord JR, Staudt S, Quinn SL, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Reactions of N2O5 with Salty and Surfactant-Coated Glycerol: Interfacial Conversion of Br– to Br2 Mediated by Alkylammonium Cations. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3708-3719. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b02040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Shaloski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Joseph R. Gord
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Sarah L. Quinn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin—Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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16
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Finlayson-Pitts BJ. Introductory lecture: atmospheric chemistry in the Anthropocene. Faraday Discuss 2017; 200:11-58. [DOI: 10.1039/c7fd00161d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The term “Anthropocene” was coined by Professor Paul Crutzen in 2000 to describe an unprecedented era in which anthropogenic activities are impacting planet Earth on a global scale. Greatly increased emissions into the atmosphere, reflecting the advent of the Industrial Revolution, have caused significant changes in both the lower and upper atmosphere. Atmospheric reactions of the anthropogenic emissions and of those with biogenic compounds have significant impacts on human health, visibility, climate and weather. Two activities that have had particularly large impacts on the troposphere are fossil fuel combustion and agriculture, both associated with a burgeoning population. Emissions are also changing due to alterations in land use. This paper describes some of the tropospheric chemistry associated with the Anthropocene, with emphasis on areas having large uncertainties. These include heterogeneous chemistry such as those of oxides of nitrogen and the neonicotinoid pesticides, reactions at liquid interfaces, organic oxidations and particle formation, the role of sulfur compounds in the Anthropocene and biogenic–anthropogenic interactions. A clear and quantitative understanding of the connections between emissions, reactions, deposition and atmospheric composition is central to developing appropriate cost-effective strategies for minimizing the impacts of anthropogenic activities. The evolving nature of emissions in the Anthropocene places atmospheric chemistry at the fulcrum of determining human health and welfare in the future.
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17
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Murdachaew G, Nathanson GM, Benny Gerber R, Halonen L. Deprotonation of formic acid in collisions with a liquid water surface studied by molecular dynamics and metadynamics simulations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:29756-29770. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06071d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Formic acid has a lower barrier to deprotonation at the air–water interface than in bulk liquid water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garold Murdachaew
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
| | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Research Center
| | - Lauri Halonen
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry
- Department of Chemistry
- FI-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland
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18
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Partanen L, Murdachaew G, Gerber RB, Halonen L. Temperature and collision energy effects on dissociation of hydrochloric acid on water surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:13432-42. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp00597g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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