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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 64.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany
- Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States
- Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia
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Biller JR, Stupic KF, Moreland J. A table-top PXI based low-field spectrometer for solution dynamic nuclear polarization. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:153-163. [PMID: 29049871 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We present the development of a portable dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) instrument based on the PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation platform. The main purpose of the instrument is for study of 1 H polarization enhancements in solution through the Overhauser mechanism at low magnetic fields. A DNP probe set was constructed for use at 6.7 mT, using a modified Alderman-Grant resonator at 241 MHz for saturation of the electron transition. The solenoid for detection of the enhanced 1 H signal at 288 kHz was constructed with Litz wire. The largest observed 1 H enhancements (ε) at 6.7 mT for 14 N-CTPO radical in air saturated aqueous solution was ε~65. A concentration dependence of the enhancement is observed, with maximum ε at 5.5 mM. A low resonator efficiency for saturation of the electron paramagnetic resonance transition results in a decrease in ε for the 10.3 mM sample. At high incident powers (42 W) and long pump times, capacitor heating effects can also decrease the enhancement. The core unit and program described here could be easily adopted for multi-frequency DNP work, depending on available main magnets and selection of the "plug and play" arbitrary waveform generator, digitizer, and radiofrequency synthesizer PCI eXtensions for Instrumentatione cards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua R Biller
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Karl F Stupic
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - J Moreland
- Physical Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO, USA
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Ravera E, Luchinat C, Parigi G. Basic facts and perspectives of Overhauser DNP NMR. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:78-87. [PMID: 26920833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2015] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
After the first surprisingly large (1)H DNP enhancements of the water signal in aqueous solutions of nitroxide radicals observed at high magnetic fields, Overhauser DNP is gaining increasing attention for a number of applications now flourishing, showing the potentialities of this mechanism in solution and solid state NMR as well as in MRI. Unexpected Overhauser DNP enhancements in insulating solids were recently measured at 100K, with a magnitude which increases with the applied magnetic field. We recapitulate here the theoretical premises of Overhauser DNP in solution and analyze the effects of the various parameters on the efficacy of the mechanism, underlining the link between the DNP enhancements and the field dependent relaxation properties. Promisingly, more effective DNP enhancements are expected by exploiting the potentialities offered by (13)C detection and the use of supercritical fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Ravera
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Claudio Luchinat
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy
| | - Giacomo Parigi
- Magnetic Resonance Center (CERM) and Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Italy.
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Prisner T, Denysenkov V, Sezer D. Liquid state DNP at high magnetic fields: Instrumentation, experimental results and atomistic modelling by molecular dynamics simulations. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:68-77. [PMID: 26920832 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Revised: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) at high magnetic fields has recently become one of the major research areas in magnetic resonance spectroscopy and imaging. Whereas much work has been devoted to experiments where the polarization transfer from the electron spin to the nuclear spin is performed in the solid state, only a few examples exist of experiments where the polarization transfer is performed in the liquid state. Here we describe such experiments at a magnetic field of 9.2 T, corresponding to a nuclear Larmor frequency of 400 MHz for proton spins and an excitation frequency of 263 GHz for the electron spins. The technical requirements to perform such experiments are discussed in the context of the double resonance structures that we have implemented. The experimental steps that allowed access to the enhancement factors for proton spins of several organic solvents with nitroxide radicals as polarizing agents are described. A computational scheme for calculating the coupling factors from molecular dynamics (MD) simulations is outlined and used to highlight the limitations of the classical models based on translational and rotational motion that are typically employed to quantify the observed coupling factors. The ability of MD simulations to predict enhancements for a variety of radicals and solvent molecules at any magnetic field strength should prove useful in optimizing experimental conditions for DNP in the liquid state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany.
| | - Vasyl Denysenkov
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Deniz Sezer
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Sabancı University, Orhanlı-Tuzla, 34956 Istanbul, Turkey.
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van Bentum J, van Meerten B, Sharma M, Kentgens A. Perspectives on DNP-enhanced NMR spectroscopy in solutions. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2016; 264:59-67. [PMID: 26920831 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2016.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
More than 60 years after the seminal work of Albert Overhauser on dynamic nuclear polarization by dynamic cross relaxation of coupled electron-nuclear spin systems, the quest for sensitivity enhancement in NMR spectroscopy is as pressing as ever. In this contribution we will review the status and perspectives for dynamic nuclear polarization in the liquid state. An appealing approach seems to be the use of supercritical solvents that may allow an extension of the Overhauser mechanism towards common high magnetic fields. A complementary approach is the use of solid state DNP on frozen solutions, followed by a rapid dissolution or in-situ melting step and NMR detection with substantially enhanced polarization levels in the liquid state. We will review recent developments in the field and discuss perspectives for the near future.
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Küçük SE, Sezer D. Multiscale computational modeling of 13C DNP in liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:9353-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantitative prediction of 13C DNP coupling factors is achieved for acetone in water and pure chloroform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sami Emre Küçük
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- Sabancı University
- 34956 Istanbul
- Turkey
| | - Deniz Sezer
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences
- Sabancı University
- 34956 Istanbul
- Turkey
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