1
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Luu QS, Nguyen QT, Manh HN, Yun S, Kim J, Do UT, Jeong K, Lee SU, Lee Y. SABRE hyperpolarization of nicotinamide derivatives and their molecular dynamics properties. Analyst 2024; 149:1068-1073. [PMID: 38265242 DOI: 10.1039/d3an02053c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Signal amplification by reversible exchange hyperpolarization explores the chemical structure and kinetic properties of nicotinamide derivatives. N-Benzyl nicotinamide and nicotinic acid hydrazide compounds display relatively fast dissociation rates of approximately 7-8 s-1 and long proton T1 relaxation times of 5-20 s, respectively. Consequently, these substrates exhibit remarkable signal enhancements, reaching approximately 175 and 102 fold, respectively, underscoring the efficacy of the hyperpolarization technique in elucidating the behavior of these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quy Son Luu
- Department of Bionano Technology, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
| | - Quynh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Hung Ngo Manh
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16149, South Korea.
| | - Seokki Yun
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jiwon Kim
- Department of Bionano Technology, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
| | - Uyen Thi Do
- Department of Bionano Technology, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul, 01805, South Korea.
| | - Sang Uck Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16149, South Korea.
| | - Youngbok Lee
- Department of Bionano Technology, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea.
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
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2
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Tickner BJ, Dennington M, Collins BG, Gater CA, Tanner TFN, Whitwood AC, Rayner PJ, Watts DP, Duckett SB. Metal-Mediated Catalytic Polarization Transfer from para Hydrogen to 3,5-Dihalogenated Pyridines. ACS Catal 2024; 14:994-1004. [PMID: 38269038 PMCID: PMC10804365 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c05378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
The neutral catalysts [IrCl(H)2(NHC)(substrate)2] or [IrCl(H)2(NHC)(substrate)(sulfoxide)] are used to transfer polarization from para hydrogen (pH2) to 3,5-dichloropyridine and 3,5-dibromopyridine substrates. This is achieved in a rapid, reversible, and low-cost process that relies on ligand exchange within the active catalyst. Notably, the sulfoxide-containing catalyst systems produced NMR signal enhancements between 1 and 2 orders of magnitude larger than its unmodified counterpart. Consequently, this signal amplification by reversible exchange hyperpolarization method can boost the 1H, 13C, and 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signal intensities by factors up to 4350, 1550, and 46,600, respectively (14.0, 1.3, and 15.4% polarization). In this paper, NMR and X-ray crystallography are used to map the evolution of catalytically important species and provide mechanistic rational for catalytic efficiency. Furthermore, applications in spontaneous radiofrequency amplification by stimulated emission and NMR reaction monitoring are also shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben. J. Tickner
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Marcus Dennington
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Benjamin G. Collins
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
- Department
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Callum A. Gater
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Theo F. N. Tanner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | | | - Peter J. Rayner
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Daniel P. Watts
- Department
of Physics, Engineering and Technology, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre
for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, University of York, Heslington YO10 5NY, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington YO10 5DD, U.K.
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3
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Kircher R, Xu J, Barskiy DA. In Situ Hyperpolarization Enables 15N and 13C Benchtop NMR at Natural Isotopic Abundance. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:514-520. [PMID: 38126275 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Without employing isotopic labeling, we demonstrate the generation of 15N and 13C NMR signals for molecules containing -NH2 motifs using benchtop NMR spectrometers (1-1.4 T). Specifically, high-SNR (>50) detection of ammonia, 4-aminopyridine, benzylamine, and phenethylamine dissolved in methanol or dichloromethane is demonstrated after only 10 s of parahydrogen bubbling using signal amplification by reversible exchange and applying a pulse sequence based on spin-lock-induced crossing. Optimization of the sequence parameters allows us to achieve up to 12% 15N and 0.4% 13C polarization in situ without the need for the sample transfer typically employed in other hyperpolarization methods. Moreover, hyperpolarization is generated continuously without having to stop the parahydrogen bubbling to reset magnetization, paving the way toward fast 2D spectroscopic methods and relaxometry. The provided methodology may find application for the identification of diluted chemicals relevant to industry and research with the aid of affordable benchtop NMR spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Kircher
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- Johannes Gutenberg Universität Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institut Mainz, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 64291, Darmstadt, Germany
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4
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Ettedgui J, Blackman B, Raju N, Kotler SA, Chekmenev EY, Goodson BM, Merkle H, Woodroofe CC, LeClair C, Krishna MC, Swenson RE. Perfluorinated Iridium Catalyst for Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange Provides Metal-Free Aqueous Hyperpolarized [1- 13C]-Pyruvate. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:946-953. [PMID: 38154120 PMCID: PMC10785822 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) carbon-13 [13C] enables the specific investigation of dynamic metabolic and physiologic processes via in vivo MRI-based molecular imaging. As the leading HP metabolic agent, [1-13C]pyruvate plays a pivotal role due to its rapid tissue uptake and central role in cellular energetics. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (d-DNP) is considered the gold standard method for the production of HP metabolic probes; however, development of a faster, less expensive technique could accelerate the translation of metabolic imaging via HP MRI to routine clinical use. Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in SHield Enabled Alignment Transfer (SABRE-SHEATH) achieves rapid hyperpolarization by using parahydrogen (p-H2) as the source of nuclear spin order. Currently, SABRE is clinically limited due to the toxicity of the iridium catalyst, which is crucial to the SABRE process. To mitigate Ir contamination, we introduce a novel iteration of the SABRE catalyst, incorporating bis(polyfluoroalkylated) imidazolium salts. This novel perfluorinated SABRE catalyst retained polarization properties while exhibiting an enhanced hydrophobicity. This modification allows the easy removal of the perfluorinated SABRE catalyst from HP [1-13C]-pyruvate after polarization in an aqueous solution, using the ReD-SABRE protocol. The residual Ir content after removal was measured via ICP-MS at 177 ppb, which is the lowest reported to date for pyruvate and is sufficiently safe for use in clinical investigations. Further improvement is anticipated once automated processes for delivery and recovery are initiated. SABRE-SHEATH using the perfluorinated SABRE catalyst can become an attractive low-cost alternative to d-DNP to prepare biocompatible HP [1-13C]-pyruvate formulations for in vivo applications in next-generation molecular imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Ettedgui
- Chemistry
and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Burchelle Blackman
- Chemistry
and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Natarajan Raju
- Chemistry
and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Samuel A. Kotler
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, United States
- Russian
Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Boyd M. Goodson
- School
of Chemical & Biomolecular Sciences and Materials Technology Center, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, Illinois 62901, United States
| | - Hellmut Merkle
- National
Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, Laboratory for Functional and Molecular Imaging, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Carolyn C. Woodroofe
- Frederick
National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Division of Cancer Treatment
and Diagnosis (DCTD), National Cancer Institute, 8560 Progress Drive, Frederick, Maryland 21701 United States
| | - Christopher
A. LeClair
- National
Center for Advancing Translational Sciences 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Center
for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, 31 Center Drive, Bethesda, Maryland 20814, United States
| | - Rolf E. Swenson
- Chemistry
and Synthesis Center, National Heart, Lung,
and Blood Institute 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, Maryland 20850, United States
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5
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Min S, Baek J, Kim J, Jeong HJ, Chung J, Jeong K. Water-Compatible and Recyclable Heterogeneous SABRE Catalyst for NMR Signal Amplification. JACS AU 2023; 3:2912-2917. [PMID: 37885596 PMCID: PMC10598823 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 09/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
A water-compatible and recyclable catalyst for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) hyperpolarization via signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) was developed. The [Ir(COD)(IMes)Cl] catalyst was attached to a polymeric resin of bis(2-pyridyl)amine (heterogeneous SABRE catalyst, HET-SABRE catalyst), and it amplified the 1H NMR signal of pyridine up to (-) 4455-fold (43.2%) at 1.4 T in methanol and (-) 50-fold (0.5%) in water. These are the highest amplification factors ever reported among HET-SABRE catalysts and for the first time in aqueous media. Moreover, the HET-SABRE catalyst demonstrated recyclability by retaining its activity in water after more than three uses. This newly designed polymeric resin-based heterogeneous catalyst shows great promise for NMR signal amplification for biomedical NMR and MRI applications in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sein Min
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Juhee Baek
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Jisu Kim
- Department
of Chemistry, Seoul Women’s University, Seoul 01797, South Korea
| | - Hye Jin Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Jean Chung
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Keunhong Jeong
- Department
of Chemistry, Korea Military Academy, Seoul 01805, South Korea
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6
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Vaneeckhaute E, Tyburn J, Kempf JG, Martens JA, Breynaert E. Reversible Parahydrogen Induced Hyperpolarization of 15 N in Unmodified Amino Acids Unraveled at High Magnetic Field. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2207112. [PMID: 37211713 PMCID: PMC10427394 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202207112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Amino acids (AAs) and ammonia are metabolic markers essential for nitrogen metabolism and cell regulation in both plants and humans. NMR provides interesting opportunities to investigate these metabolic pathways, yet lacks sensitivity, especially in case of 15 N. In this study, spin order embedded in p-H2 is used to produce on-demand reversible hyperpolarization in 15 N of pristine alanine and ammonia under ambient protic conditions directly in the NMR spectrometer. This is made possible by designing a mixed-ligand Ir-catalyst, selectively ligating the amino group of AA by exploiting ammonia as a strongly competitive co-ligand and preventing deactivation of Ir by bidentate ligation of AA. The stereoisomerism of the catalyst complexes is determined by hydride fingerprinting using 1 H/D scrambling of the associated N-functional groups on the catalyst (i.e., isotopological fingerprinting), and unravelled by 2D-ZQ-NMR. Monitoring the transfer of spin order from p-H2 to 15 N nuclei of ligated and free alanine and ammonia targets using SABRE-INEPT with variable exchange delays pinpoints the monodentate elucidated catalyst complexes to be most SABRE active. Also RF-spin locking (SABRE-SLIC) enables transfer of hyperpolarization to 15 N. The presented high-field approach can be a valuable alternative to SABRE-SHEATH techniques since the obtained catalytic insights (stereochemistry and kinetics) will remain valid at ultra-low magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewoud Vaneeckhaute
- COK‐katCentre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterization and Application TeamKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- NMRCoReNMR/X‐Ray Platform for Convergence ResearchKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- Univ LyonCNRS, ENS LyonUCBLUniversité de LyonCRMN UMR 5280Villeurbanne69100France
| | - Jean‐Max Tyburn
- Bruker Biospin34 Rue de l'Industrie BP 10002Wissembourg Cedex67166France
| | | | - Johan A. Martens
- COK‐katCentre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterization and Application TeamKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- NMRCoReNMR/X‐Ray Platform for Convergence ResearchKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- Deutsches Elektronen‐Synchrotron DESY – Centre for Molecular Water Science (CMWS)Notkestraße 8522607HamburgGermany
| | - Eric Breynaert
- COK‐katCentre for Surface Chemistry and Catalysis—Characterization and Application TeamKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
- NMRCoReNMR/X‐Ray Platform for Convergence ResearchKU LeuvenCelestijnenlaan 200F, box 2461LeuvenB‐3001Belgium
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7
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Pravdivtsev A, Buckenmaier K, Kempf N, Stevanato G, Scheffler K, Engelmann J, Plaumann M, Koerber R, Hövener JB, Theis T. LIGHT-SABRE Hyperpolarizes 1- 13C-Pyruvate Continuously without Magnetic Field Cycling. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:6744-6753. [PMID: 37081994 PMCID: PMC10108362 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c01128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Nuclear spin hyperpolarization enables real-time observation of metabolism and intermolecular interactions in vivo. 1-13C-pyruvate is the leading hyperpolarized tracer currently under evaluation in several clinical trials as a promising molecular imaging agent. Still, the quest for a simple, fast, and efficient hyperpolarization technique is ongoing. Here, we describe that continuous, weak irradiation in the audio-frequency range of the 13C spin at the 121 μT magnetic field (approximately twice Earth's field) enables spin order transfer from parahydrogen to 13C magnetization of 1-13C-pyruvate. These so-called LIGHT-SABRE pulses couple nuclear spin states of parahydrogen and pyruvate via the J-coupling network of reversibly exchanging Ir-complexes. Using ∼100% parahydrogen at ambient pressure, we polarized 51 mM 1-13C-pyruvate in the presence of 5.1 mM Ir-complex continuously and repeatedly to a polarization of 1.1% averaged over free and catalyst-bound pyruvate. The experiments were conducted at -8 °C, where almost exclusively bound pyruvate was observed, corresponding to an estimated 11% polarization on bound pyruvate. The obtained hyperpolarization levels closely match those obtained via SABRE-SHEATH under otherwise identical conditions. The creation of three different types of spin orders was observed: transverse 13C magnetization along the applied magnetic field, 13C z-magnetization along the main field B 0, and 13C-1H zz-spin order. With a superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) for detection, we found that the generated spin orders result from 1H-13C J-coupling interactions, which are not visible even with our narrow linewidth below 0.3 Hz and at -8 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey
N. Pravdivtsev
- Section
Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN
CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical
Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischene Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- High-Field
Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute
for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kempf
- High-Field
Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute
for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gabriele Stevanato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- NMR
Signal Enhancement Group, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field
Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute
for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Department
for Biomedical Magnetic Resonance, University
of Tübingen, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Joern Engelmann
- High-Field
Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute
for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Otto-von-Guericke
University, Medical Faculty, Institute of
Biometry and Medical Informatics, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Rainer Koerber
- Department
‘Biosignals’, Physikalisch-Technische
Bundesanstalt, Abbestraße 2-12, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section
Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN
CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical
Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischene Garten 14, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas Theis
- High-Field
Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute
for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Departments
of Chemistry and Physics, North Carolina
State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Joint
UNC-NC State Department of Biomedical Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
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8
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SABRE Hyperpolarization with up to 200 bar Parahydrogen in Standard and Quickly Removable Solvents. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032465. [PMID: 36768786 PMCID: PMC9917027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Parahydrogen (p-H2)-based techniques are known to drastically enhance NMR signals but are usually limited by p-H2 supply. This work reports p-H2-based SABRE hyperpolarization at p-H2 pressures of hundreds of bar, far beyond the typical ten bar currently reported in the literature. A recently designed high-pressure setup was utilized to compress p-H2 gas up to 200 bar. The measurements were conducted using a sapphire high-pressure NMR tube and a 43 MHz benchtop NMR spectrometer. In standard methanol solutions, it could be shown that the signal intensities increased with pressure until they eventually reached a plateau. A polarization of about 2%, equal to a molar polarization of 1.2 mmol L-1, could be achieved for the sample with the highest substrate concentration. While the signal plateaued, the H2 solubility increased linearly with pressure from 1 to 200 bar, indicating that p-H2 availability is not the limiting factor in signal enhancement beyond a certain pressure, depending on sample composition. Furthermore, the possibility of using liquefied ethane and compressed CO2 as removable solvents for hyperpolarization was demonstrated. The use of high pressures together with quickly removable organic/non-organic solvents represents an important breakthrough in the field of hyperpolarization, advancing SABRE as a promising tool for materials science, biophysics, and molecular imaging.
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9
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Eills J, Budker D, Cavagnero S, Chekmenev EY, Elliott SJ, Jannin S, Lesage A, Matysik J, Meersmann T, Prisner T, Reimer JA, Yang H, Koptyug IV. Spin Hyperpolarization in Modern Magnetic Resonance. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1417-1551. [PMID: 36701528 PMCID: PMC9951229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance techniques are successfully utilized in a broad range of scientific disciplines and in various practical applications, with medical magnetic resonance imaging being the most widely known example. Currently, both fundamental and applied magnetic resonance are enjoying a major boost owing to the rapidly developing field of spin hyperpolarization. Hyperpolarization techniques are able to enhance signal intensities in magnetic resonance by several orders of magnitude, and thus to largely overcome its major disadvantage of relatively low sensitivity. This provides new impetus for existing applications of magnetic resonance and opens the gates to exciting new possibilities. In this review, we provide a unified picture of the many methods and techniques that fall under the umbrella term "hyperpolarization" but are currently seldom perceived as integral parts of the same field. Specifically, before delving into the individual techniques, we provide a detailed analysis of the underlying principles of spin hyperpolarization. We attempt to uncover and classify the origins of hyperpolarization, to establish its sources and the specific mechanisms that enable the flow of polarization from a source to the target spins. We then give a more detailed analysis of individual hyperpolarization techniques: the mechanisms by which they work, fundamental and technical requirements, characteristic applications, unresolved issues, and possible future directions. We are seeing a continuous growth of activity in the field of spin hyperpolarization, and we expect the field to flourish as new and improved hyperpolarization techniques are implemented. Some key areas for development are in prolonging polarization lifetimes, making hyperpolarization techniques more generally applicable to chemical/biological systems, reducing the technical and equipment requirements, and creating more efficient excitation and detection schemes. We hope this review will facilitate the sharing of knowledge between subfields within the broad topic of hyperpolarization, to help overcome existing challenges in magnetic resonance and enable novel applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Eills
- Institute
for Bioengineering of Catalonia, Barcelona
Institute of Science and Technology, 08028Barcelona, Spain,
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Johannes
Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, 55128Mainz, Germany,Helmholtz-Institut,
GSI Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung, 55128Mainz, Germany,Department
of Physics, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Silvia Cavagnero
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department
of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute
(KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan48202, United States,Russian
Academy of Sciences, Moscow119991, Russia
| | - Stuart J. Elliott
- Molecular
Sciences Research Hub, Imperial College
London, LondonW12 0BZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sami Jannin
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Anne Lesage
- Centre
de RMN à Hauts Champs de Lyon, Université
de Lyon, CNRS, ENS Lyon, Université Lyon 1, 69100Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Matysik
- Institut
für Analytische Chemie, Universität
Leipzig, Linnéstr. 3, 04103Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Meersmann
- Sir
Peter Mansfield Imaging Centre, University Park, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, NottinghamNG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Prisner
- Institute
of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic
Resonance, Goethe University Frankfurt, , 60438Frankfurt
am Main, Germany
| | - Jeffrey A. Reimer
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, UC Berkeley, and Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California94720, United States
| | - Hanming Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Madison, Wisconsin53706, United States
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, Siberian
Branch of the Russian Academy
of Sciences, 630090Novosibirsk, Russia,
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10
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Tickner BJ, Zhivonitko VV. Advancing homogeneous catalysis for parahydrogen-derived hyperpolarisation and its NMR applications. Chem Sci 2022; 13:4670-4696. [PMID: 35655870 PMCID: PMC9067625 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc00737a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Parahydrogen-induced polarisation (PHIP) is a nuclear spin hyperpolarisation technique employed to enhance NMR signals for a wide range of molecules. This is achieved by exploiting the chemical reactions of parahydrogen (para-H2), the spin-0 isomer of H2. These reactions break the molecular symmetry of para-H2 in a way that can produce dramatically enhanced NMR signals for reaction products, and are usually catalysed by a transition metal complex. In this review, we discuss recent advances in novel homogeneous catalysts that can produce hyperpolarised products upon reaction with para-H2. We also discuss hyperpolarisation attained in reversible reactions (termed signal amplification by reversible exchange, SABRE) and focus on catalyst developments in recent years that have allowed hyperpolarisation of a wider range of target molecules. In particular, recent examples of novel ruthenium catalysts for trans and geminal hydrogenation, metal-free catalysts, iridium sulfoxide-containing SABRE systems, and cobalt complexes for PHIP and SABRE are reviewed. Advances in this catalysis have expanded the types of molecules amenable to hyperpolarisation using PHIP and SABRE, and their applications in NMR reaction monitoring, mechanistic elucidation, biomedical imaging, and many other areas, are increasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Faculty of Chemistry, Weizmann Institute of Science Rehovot 7610001 Israel
| | - Vladimir V Zhivonitko
- NMR Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu P.O. Box 3000 Oulu 90014 Finland
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11
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Rayner PJ, Fekete M, Gater CA, Ahwal F, Turner N, Kennerley AJ, Duckett SB. Real-Time High-Sensitivity Reaction Monitoring of Important Nitrogen-Cycle Synthons by 15N Hyperpolarized Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8756-8769. [PMID: 35508182 PMCID: PMC9121385 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c02619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Here, we show how
signal amplification by reversible exchange hyperpolarization
of a range of 15N-containing synthons can be used to enable
studies of their reactivity by 15N nuclear magnetic resonance
(NO2– (28% polarization), ND3 (3%), PhCH2NH2 (5%), NaN3 (3%),
and NO3– (0.1%)). A range of iridium-based
spin-polarization transfer catalysts are used, which for NO2– work optimally as an amino-derived carbene-containing
complex with a DMAP-d2 coligand. We harness
long 15N spin-order lifetimes to probe in situ reactivity
out to 3 × T1. In the case of NO2– (T1 17.7 s
at 9.4 T), we monitor PhNH2 diazotization in acidic solution.
The resulting diazonium salt (15N-T1 38 s) forms within 30 s, and its subsequent reaction with
NaN3 leads to the detection of hyperpolarized PhN3 (T1 192 s) in a second step via the
formation of an identified cyclic pentazole intermediate. The role
of PhN3 and NaN3 in copper-free click chemistry
is exemplified for hyperpolarized triazole (T1 < 10 s) formation when they react with a strained alkyne.
We also demonstrate simple routes to hyperpolarized N2 in
addition to showing how utilization of 15N-polarized PhCH2NH2 enables the probing of amidation, sulfonamidation,
and imine formation. Hyperpolarized ND3 is used to probe
imine and ND4+ (T1 33.6 s) formation. Furthermore, for NO2–, we also demonstrate how the 15N-magnetic resonance imaging
monitoring of biphasic catalysis confirms the successful preparation
of an aqueous bolus of hyperpolarized 15NO2– in seconds with 8% polarization. Hence, we create
a versatile tool to probe organic transformations that has significant
relevance for the synthesis of future hyperpolarized pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Callum A Gater
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Fadi Ahwal
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Norman Turner
- Department of Engineering and Technology, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, West Yorkshire HD1 3DH, U.K
| | - Aneurin J Kennerley
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, U.K
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12
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Buntkowsky G, Theiss F, Lins J, Miloslavina YA, Wienands L, Kiryutin A, Yurkovskaya A. Recent advances in the application of parahydrogen in catalysis and biochemistry. RSC Adv 2022; 12:12477-12506. [PMID: 35480380 PMCID: PMC9039419 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra01346k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) are analytical and diagnostic tools that are essential for a very broad field of applications, ranging from chemical analytics, to non-destructive testing of materials and the investigation of molecular dynamics, to in vivo medical diagnostics and drug research. One of the major challenges in their application to many problems is the inherent low sensitivity of magnetic resonance, which results from the small energy-differences of the nuclear spin-states. At thermal equilibrium at room temperature the normalized population difference of the spin-states, called the Boltzmann polarization, is only on the order of 10-5. Parahydrogen induced polarization (PHIP) is an efficient and cost-effective hyperpolarization method, which has widespread applications in Chemistry, Physics, Biochemistry, Biophysics, and Medical Imaging. PHIP creates its signal-enhancements by means of a reversible (SABRE) or irreversible (classic PHIP) chemical reaction between the parahydrogen, a catalyst, and a substrate. Here, we first give a short overview about parahydrogen-based hyperpolarization techniques and then review the current literature on method developments and applications of various flavors of the PHIP experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Franziska Theiss
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Jonas Lins
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Yuliya A Miloslavina
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laura Wienands
- Eduard-Zintl-Institut für Anorganische und Physikalische Chemie, Technische Universität Darmstadt Alarich-Weiss-Str. 8 D-64287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
| | - Alexandra Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science Novosibirsk 630090 Russia
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13
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Eriksson SL, Lindale JR, Li X, Warren WS. Improving SABRE hyperpolarization with highly nonintuitive pulse sequences: Moving beyond avoided crossings to describe dynamics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabl3708. [PMID: 35294248 PMCID: PMC8926330 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abl3708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) creates "hyperpolarization" (large spin magnetization) using a transition metal catalyst and parahydrogen, addressing the sensitivity limitations of magnetic resonance. SABRE and its heteronuclear variant X-SABRE are simple, fast, and general, but to date have not produced polarization levels as large as more established methods. We show here that the commonly used theoretical framework for these applications, which focuses on avoided crossings (also called level anticrossings or LACs), steer current SABRE and X-SABRE experiments away from optimal solutions. Accurate simulations show astonishingly rich and unexpected dynamics in SABRE/X-SABRE, which we explain with a combination of perturbation theory and average Hamiltonian approaches. This theoretical picture predicts simple pulse sequences with field values far from LACs (both instantaneously and on average) using different terms in the effective Hamiltonian to strategically control evolution and improve polarization transfer. Substantial signal enhancements under such highly nonintuitive conditions are verified experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon L. Eriksson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Xiaoqing Li
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Physics, Chemistry, Biomedical Engineering, and Radiology, Duke University, Durham, NC 27704, USA
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14
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Fear EJ, Kennerley AJ, Rayner PJ, Norcott P, Roy SS, Duckett SB. SABRE hyperpolarized anticancer agents for use in
1
H MRI. Magn Reson Med 2022; 88:11-27. [PMID: 35253267 PMCID: PMC9310590 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.29166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Enabling drug tracking (distribution/specific pathways) with magnetic resonance spectroscopy requires manipulation (via hyperpolarization) of spin state populations and targets with sufficiently long magnetic lifetimes to give the largest possible window of observation. Here, we demonstrate how the proton resonances of a group of thienopyridazines (with known anticancer properties), can be amplified using the para‐hydrogen (p‐H2) based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) hyperpolarization technique. Methods Thienopyridazine isomers, including a 2H version, were synthesized in house. Iridium‐based catalysts dissolved in a methanol‐d4 solvent facilitated polarization transfer from p‐H2 gas to the target thienopyridazines. Subsequent SABRE 1H responses of hyperpolarized thienopyridazines were completed (400 MHz NMR). Pseudo‐singlet state approaches were deployed to extend magnetic state lifetimes. Proof of principle spectral‐spatial images were acquired across a range of field strengths (7T‐9.4T MRI). Results 1H‐NMR signal enhancements of −10,130‐fold at 9.4T (~33% polarization) were achieved on thieno[2,3‐d]pyridazine (T[2,3‐d]P), using SABRE under optimal mixing/field transfer conditions. 1H T1 lifetimes for the thienopyridazines were ~18‐50 s. Long‐lived state approaches extended the magnetic lifetime of target proton sites in T[2,3‐d]P from an average of 25‐40 seconds. Enhanced in vitro imaging (spatial and chemical shift based) of target T[2,3‐d]P was demonstrated. Conclusion Here, we demonstrate the power of SABRE to deliver a fast and cost‐effective route to hyperpolarization of important chemical motifs of anticancer agents. The SABRE approach outlined here lays the foundations for realizing continuous flow, hyperpolarized tracking of drug delivery/pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aneurin J. Kennerley
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Peter J. Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
| | - Philip Norcott
- Research School of Chemistry Australian National University Canberra Australia
| | - Soumya S. Roy
- School of Chemistry University of Southampton Southampton United Kingdom
- Defence Science and Technology Laboratory (DSTL) Salisbury United Kingdom
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York York United Kingdom
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15
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Pravdivtsev AN, Kempf N, Plaumann M, Bernarding J, Scheffler K, Hövener JB, Buckenmaier K. Coherent Evolution of Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange in Two Alternating Fields (alt-SABRE). Chemphyschem 2021; 22:2381-2386. [PMID: 34546634 PMCID: PMC9292956 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parahydrogen (pH2) is a convenient and cost‐efficient source of spin order to enhance the magnetic resonance signal. Previous work showed that transient interaction of pH2 with a metal organic complex in a signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) experiment enabled more than 10 % polarization for some 15N molecules. Here, we analyzed a variant of SABRE, consisting of a magnetic field alternating between a low field of ∼1 μT, where polarization transfer is expected to take place, and a higher field >50 μT (alt‐SABRE). These magnetic fields affected the amplitude and frequency of polarization transfer. Deviation of a lower magnetic field from a “perfect” condition of level anti‐crossing increases the frequency of polarization transfer that can be exploited for polarization of short‐lived transient SABRE complexes. Moreover, the coherences responsible for polarization transfer at a lower field persisted during magnetic field variation and continued their spin evolution at higher field with a frequency of 2.5 kHz at 54 μT. The latter should be taken into consideration for an efficient alt‐SABRE. Theoretical and experimental findings were exemplified with Iridium N‐heterocyclic carbene SABRE complex and 15N‐acetonitrole, where a 30 % higher 15N polarization with alt‐SABRE compared to common SABRE was reached.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24114, Kiel, Germany
| | - Nicolas Kempf
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Building 02, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Bernarding
- Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University, Building 02, Leipziger Str. 44, 39120, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Scheffler
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Kiel, Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24114, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Buckenmaier
- High-Field Magnetic Resonance Center, Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Max-Planck-Ring 11, 72076, Tübingen, Germany
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16
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Rayner PJ, Burns MJ, Fear EJ, Duckett SB. Steric and electronic effects on the 1 H hyperpolarisation of substituted pyridazines by signal amplification by reversible exchange. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:1187-1198. [PMID: 33729592 PMCID: PMC8650576 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Utility of the pyridazine motif is growing in popularity as pharmaceutical and agrochemical agents. The detection and structural characterisation of such materials is therefore imperative for the successful development of new products. Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) offers a route to dramatically improve the sensitivity of magnetic resonance methods, and we apply it here to the rapid and cost-effective hyperpolarisation of substituted pyridazines. The 33 substrates investigated cover a range of steric and electronic properties and their capacity to perform highly effective SABRE is assessed. We find the method to be tolerant to a broad range of electron donating and withdrawing groups; however, good sensitivity is evident when steric bulk is added to the 3- and 6-positions of the pyridazine ring. We optimise the method by reference to a disubstituted ester that yields signal gains of >9000-fold at 9.4 T (>28% spin polarisation).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Michael J. Burns
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Elizabeth J. Fear
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of ChemistryUniversity of YorkYorkUK
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17
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Blanchard JW, Ripka B, Suslick BA, Gelevski D, Wu T, Münnemann K, Barskiy DA, Budker D. Towards large-scale steady-state enhanced nuclear magnetization with in situ detection. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:1208-1215. [PMID: 33826170 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) boosts NMR signals of various nuclei enabling new applications spanning from magnetic resonance imaging to analytical chemistry and fundamental physics. SABRE is especially well positioned for continuous generation of enhanced magnetization on a large scale; however, several challenges need to be addressed for accomplishing this goal. Specifically, SABRE requires (i) a specialized catalyst capable of reversible H2 activation and (ii) physical transfer of the sample from the point of magnetization generation to the point of detection (e.g., a high-field or a benchtop nuclear magnetic resonance [NMR] spectrometer). Moreover, (iii) continuous parahydrogen bubbling accelerates solvent (e.g., methanol) evaporation, thereby limiting the experimental window to tens of minutes per sample. In this work, we demonstrate a strategy to rapidly generate the best-to-date precatalyst (a compound that is chemically modified in the course of the reaction to yield the catalyst) for SABRE, [Ir(IMes)(COD)Cl] (IMes = 1,3-bis-[2,4,6-trimethylphenyl]-imidazol-2-ylidene; COD = cyclooctadiene) via a highly accessible synthesis. Second, we measure hyperpolarized samples using a home-built zero-field NMR spectrometer and study the field dependence of hyperpolarization directly in the detection apparatus, eliminating the need to physically move the sample during the experiment. Finally, we prolong the measurement time and reduce evaporation by presaturating parahydrogen with the solvent vapor before bubbling into the sample. These advancements extend opportunities for exploring SABRE hyperpolarization by researchers from various fields and pave the way to producing large quantities of hyperpolarized material for long-lasting detection of SABRE-derived nuclear magnetization.
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Affiliation(s)
- John W Blanchard
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Mainz, Germany
- NVision Imaging Technologies GmbH, Ulm, Germany
| | - Barbara Ripka
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, USA
| | - Dario Gelevski
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Teng Wu
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Kerstin Münnemann
- Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Process Engineering, Technical University of Kaiserslautern, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
| | - Dmitry Budker
- Helmholtz Institute Mainz, GSI Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion Research GmbH, Mainz, Germany
- Institute of Physics, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany
- Department of Physics, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA
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18
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Kiryutin AS, Yurkovskaya AV, Petrov PA, Ivanov KL. Simultaneous 15 N polarization of several biocompatible substrates in ethanol-water mixtures by signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) method. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2021; 59:1216-1224. [PMID: 34085303 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a popular method for generating strong signal enhancements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). In SABRE experiments, the source of polarization is provided by the nonthermal spin order of parahydrogen (pH2 , the H2 molecule in its nuclear singlet spin state). Polarization formation requires that both pH2 and a substrate molecule bind to an Ir-based complex where polarization transfer occurs. Subsequently, the complex dissociates and free polarized substrate molecules are formed. In this work, we present approaches towards biocompatible SABRE, meaning that several small biomolecules are simultaneously polarized by using the SABRE method in water-ethanol solutions at room temperature. We are able to demonstrate significant 15 N-NMR signal enhancements in water-ethanol solutions for biomolecules like nicotinamide, metronidazole, adenosine-5'-monophosphate, and 4-methylimidazole and found that the first three substrates are polarized at the same level as a well-known pyridine. We show that simultaneous polarization of several molecules is indeed feasible when the reactions are carried out at an ultralow field of about 400-500 nT. The achieved enhancements are between 100-fold and 15,000-fold. The resulting 15 N polarization (maximal value about 4% achieved for metronidazole and pyridine at 45°C) strongly depends on the sample temperature, pH2 bubbling pressure, and pH2 flow. One more parameter, which is important for optimizing the enhancement, is the solvent pH. Hence, this study presents a step in developing biocompatible SABRE polarization and gives a clue on how such SABRE experiments should be optimized to achieve the highest NMR signal enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Pavel A Petrov
- Nikolaev Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
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19
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Pravdivtsev AN, Buntkowsky G, Duckett SB, Koptyug IV, Hövener J. Parahydrogen-Induced Polarization of Amino Acids. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:23496-23507. [PMID: 33635601 PMCID: PMC8596608 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) has become a universal method for biochemical and biomedical studies, including metabolomics, proteomics, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). By increasing the signal of selected molecules, the hyperpolarization of nuclear spin has expanded the reach of NMR and MRI even further (e.g. hyperpolarized solid-state NMR and metabolic imaging in vivo). Parahydrogen (pH2 ) offers a fast and cost-efficient way to achieve hyperpolarization, and the last decade has seen extensive advances, including the synthesis of new tracers, catalysts, and transfer methods. The portfolio of hyperpolarized molecules now includes amino acids, which are of great interest for many applications. Here, we provide an overview of the current literature and developments in the hyperpolarization of amino acids and peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical ImagingMolecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)Department of Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH)Kiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424118KielGermany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Technical University DarmstadtEduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical ChemistryAlarich-Weiss-Strasse 864287DarmstadtGermany
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM)Department of ChemistryUniversity of York, HeslingtonYorkYO10 5NYUK
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography CenterSB RAS3A Institutskaya st.630090NovosibirskRussia
- Novosibirsk State University2 Pirogova st.630090NovosibirskRussia
| | - Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical ImagingMolecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)Department of Radiology and NeuroradiologyUniversity Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH)Kiel UniversityAm Botanischen Garten 1424118KielGermany
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20
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Pravdivtsev AN, Buntkowsky G, Duckett SB, Koptyug IV, Hövener J. Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Polarisation von Aminosäuren. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202100109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Kiel University Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Technical University Darmstadt Eduard-Zintl-Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Alarich-Weiss-Straße 8 64287 Darmstadt Deutschland
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Department Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) Department of Chemistry University of York, Heslington York YO10 5NY Vereinigtes Königreich
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 3A Institutskaya st. 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Novosibirsk State University 2 Pirogova st. 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Jan‐Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC) Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH) Kiel University Am Botanischen Garten 14 24118 Kiel Deutschland
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21
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Lin K, TomHon P, Lehmkuhl S, Laasner R, Theis T, Blum V. Density Functional Theory Study of Reaction Equilibria in Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1947-1957. [PMID: 34549869 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
An in-depth theoretical analysis of key chemical equilibria in Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is provided, employing density functional theory calculations to characterize the likely reaction network. For all reactions in the network, the potential energy surface is probed to identify minimum energy pathways. Energy barriers and transition states are calculated, and harmonic transition state theory is applied to calculate exchange rates that approximate experimental values. The reaction network energy surface can be modulated by chemical potentials that account for the dependence on concentration, temperature, and partial pressure of molecular constituents (hydrogen, methanol, pyridine) supplied to the experiment under equilibrium conditions. We show that, under typical experimental conditions, the Gibbs free energies of the two key states involved in pyridine-hydrogen exchange at the common Ir-IMes catalyst system in methanol are essentially the same, i. e., nearly optimal for SABRE. We also show that a methanol-containing intermediate is plausible as a transient species in the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailai Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Patrick TomHon
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Sören Lehmkuhl
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Raul Laasner
- Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.,Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, UNC, Chapel Hill, and NC State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA.,Department of Physics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27606, USA
| | - Volker Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.,Thomas Lord Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
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22
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Kiryutin AS, Yurkovskaya AV, Ivanov KL. 15 N SABRE Hyperpolarization of Metronidazole at Natural Isotope Abundance. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1470-1477. [PMID: 34009704 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202100315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is gaining increased attention as a tool to enhance weak Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals. In SABRE, spin order is transferred from parahydrogen (H2 in its nuclear singlet spin state) to a substrate molecule in a transient Ir-based complex. In recent years, SABRE polarization of biologically active substrates has been demonstrated, notably of metronidazole - an antibiotic and antiprotozoal drug. In this work, we study 15 N SABRE polarization of metronidazole at natural isotope abundance. We are able to demonstrate significant 15 N polarization reaching 15 %, which corresponds to a signal enhancement of 46,000 at 9.4 T for the nitrogen atom with lone electron pair. Additionally, the other two N-atoms can be polarized, although less efficiently. We present a detailed study of the field dependence of polarization and explain the maxima in the field dependence using the concept of coherent polarization transfer at level anti-crossings in the SABRE complex. A study of spin relaxation phenomena presented here enables optimization of the magnetic field for efficient storage of non-thermal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey S Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Alexandra V Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Institutskaya str. 3a, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia.,Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova str. 1, Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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23
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Spiridonov KA, Kozinenko VP, Nikovsky IA, Pavlov AA, Vol'khina TN, Nelyubina YV, Kiryutin AS, Yurkovskaya AV, Polezhaev AA, Novikov VV, Ivanov KL. Phosphite-containing iridium polarization transfer catalysts for NMR signal amplification by reversible exchange. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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24
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Sellies L, Aspers R, Tessari M. Determination of hydrogen exchange and relaxation parameters in PHIP complexes at micromolar concentrations. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:331-340. [PMID: 37904761 PMCID: PMC10539837 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-331-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Non-hydrogenative para-hydrogen-induced polarization (PHIP) is a fast, efficient and relatively inexpensive approach to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals of small molecules in solution. The efficiency of this technique depends on the interplay of NMR relaxation and kinetic processes, which, at high concentrations, can be characterized by selective inversion experiments. However, in the case of dilute solutions this approach is clearly not viable. Here, we present alternative PHIP-based NMR experiments to determine hydrogen and hydride relaxation parameters as well as the rate constants for para-hydrogen association with and dissociation from asymmetric PHIP complexes at micromolar concentrations. Access to these parameters is necessary to understand and improve the PHIP enhancements of (dilute) substrates present in, for instance, biofluids and natural extracts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisanne Sellies
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
6525AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Ruud L. E. G. Aspers
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
6525AJ, the Netherlands
| | - Marco Tessari
- Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen,
6525AJ, the Netherlands
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25
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Rayner PJ, Gillions JP, Hannibal VD, John RO, Duckett SB. Hyperpolarisation of weakly binding N-heterocycles using signal amplification by reversible exchange. Chem Sci 2021; 12:5910-5917. [PMID: 34168816 PMCID: PMC8179664 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06907h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is a catalytic method for improving the detection of molecules by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. It achieves this by simultaneously binding the target substrate (sub) and para-hydrogen to a metal centre. To date, sterically large substrates are relatively inaccessible to SABRE due to their weak binding leading to catalyst destabilisation. We overcome this problem here through a simple co-ligand strategy that allows the hyperpolarisation of a range of weakly binding and sterically encumbered N-heterocycles. The resulting 1H NMR signal size is increased by up to 1400 times relative to their more usual Boltzmann controlled levels at 400 MHz. Hence, a significant reduction in scan time is achieved. The SABRE catalyst in these systems takes the form [IrX(H)2(NHC)(sulfoxide)(sub)] where X = Cl, Br or I. These complexes are shown to undergo very rapid ligand exchange and lower temperatures dramatically improve the efficiency of these SABRE catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Joseph P Gillions
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Valentin D Hannibal
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Richard O John
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York Heslington York YO10 5DD UK
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26
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Tickner BJ, Borozdina Y, Duckett SB, Angelovski G. Exploring the hyperpolarisation of EGTA-based ligands using SABRE. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:2448-2461. [PMID: 33507194 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03839c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The design of molecules whose magnetic resonance (MR) signals report on their biological environment is receiving attention as a route to non-invasive functional MR. Hyperpolarisation techniques improve the sensitivity of MR and enable real time low concentration MR imaging, allowing for the development of novel functional imaging methodologies. In this work, we report on the synthesis of a series of EGTA-derived molecules (EGTA - ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid), whose core structures are known to bind biologically relevant metal ions in vivo, in addition to pyridyl rings that allow reversible ligation to an iridium dihydride complex. Consequently, they are amenable to hyperpolarisation through the parahydrogen-based signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) process. We investigate how the proximity of EGTA and pyridine units, and the identity of the linker group, affect the SABRE hyperpolarisation attained for each agent. We also describe the effect of catalyst identity and co-ligand presence on these measurements and can achieve 1H NMR signal enhancements of up to 160-fold. We rationalise these results to suggest the design elements needed for probes amenable to SABRE hyperpolarisation whose MR signals might in the future report on the presence of metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5NY, UK.
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27
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Bussandri S, Buljubasich L, Acosta RH. Diffusion measurements with continuous hydrogenation in PHIP. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2020; 320:106833. [PMID: 33032245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2020.106833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
DOSY is a powerful spectroscopic NMR technique that resolves components in mixtures through the evaluation of different diffusion coefficients. The application of DOSY to dilute mixtures is hampered by the low signal to noise ratios (SNR), leading to long acquisition times. The use of PHIP may resolve this issue as long as reproducible signals are obtained in order to perform 2D experiments. Here we show that the use of hollow membranes and adequate gas flow produce constant polarization for a time-span that enables the acquisition of 2D experiments. A pressure gradient is evidenced by the presence of convection, which is accounted for by using a DPGSE sequence. The influence of J-coupling evolution during the sequence is studied both numerically and experimentally, to determine the optimum echo-time. The applicability of the method for samples with poor SNR is explored by setting the reaction rate to achieve a low intensity of polarized signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bussandri
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - L Buljubasich
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina.
| | - R H Acosta
- Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Facultad de Matemática, Astronomía, Física y Computación, Córdoba, Argentina; CONICET, Instituto de Física Enrique Gaviola (IFEG), Córdoba, Argentina
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28
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Knecht S, Barskiy DA, Buntkowsky G, Ivanov KL. Theoretical description of hyperpolarization formation in the SABRE-relay method. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:164106. [PMID: 33138423 DOI: 10.1063/5.0023308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) has become a widely used method for hyper-polarizing nuclear spins, thereby enhancing their Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals by orders of magnitude. In SABRE experiments, the non-equilibrium spin order is transferred from parahydrogen to a substrate in a transient organometallic complex. The applicability of SABRE is expanded by the methodology of SABRE-relay in which polarization can be relayed to a second substrate either by direct chemical exchange of hyperpolarized nuclei or by polarization transfer between two substrates in a second organometallic complex. To understand the mechanism of the polarization transfer and study the transfer efficiency, we propose a theoretical approach to SABRE-relay, which can treat both spin dynamics and chemical kinetics as well as the interplay between them. The approach is based on a set of equations for the spin density matrices of the spin systems involved (i.e., SABRE substrates and complexes), which can be solved numerically. Using this method, we perform a detailed study of polarization formation and analyze in detail the dependence of the attainable polarization level on various chemical kinetic and spin dynamic parameters. We foresee the applications of the present approach for optimizing SABRE-relay experiments with the ultimate goal of achieving maximal NMR signal enhancements for substrates of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Danila A Barskiy
- University of California at Berkeley, College of Chemistry and QB3, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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29
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Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Fekete M, Duckett SB, Theis T, Joalland B, Chekmenev EY. Parawasserstoff‐induzierte Hyperpolarisation von Gasen. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V. Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Igor V. Koptyug
- International Tomography Center SB RAS 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
- Department of Natural Sciences Novosibirsk State University Pirogova St. 2 630090 Novosibirsk Russland
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York Heslington York YO10 5NY UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) University of York Heslington York YO10 5NY UK
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) Wayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202 USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI) Wayne State University Detroit Michigan 48202 USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS) Leninskiy Prospekt 14 Moscow 119991 Russland
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30
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Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Fekete M, Duckett SB, Theis T, Joalland B, Chekmenev EY. Parahydrogen-Induced Hyperpolarization of Gases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:17788-17797. [PMID: 31972061 PMCID: PMC7453723 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Imaging of gases is a major challenge for any modality including MRI. NMR and MRI signals are directly proportional to the nuclear spin density and the degree of alignment of nuclear spins with applied static magnetic field, which is called nuclear spin polarization. The level of nuclear spin polarization is typically very low, i.e., one hundred thousandth of the potential maximum at 1.5 T and a physiologically relevant temperature. As a result, MRI typically focusses on imaging highly concentrated tissue water. Hyperpolarization methods transiently increase nuclear spin polarizations up to unity, yielding corresponding gains in MRI signal level of several orders of magnitude that enable the 3D imaging of dilute biomolecules including gases. Parahydrogen-induced polarization is a fast, highly scalable, and low-cost hyperpolarization technique. The focus of this Minireview is to highlight selected advances in the field of parahydrogen-induced polarization for the production of hyperpolarized compounds, which can be potentially employed as inhalable contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova St. 2, 630090, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Center for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM), University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, 27695-8204, USA
| | - Baptiste Joalland
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan, 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Leninskiy Prospekt 14, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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31
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Colell JFP, Logan AWJ, Zhou Z, Lindale JR, Laasner R, Shchepin RV, Chekmenev EY, Blum V, Warren WS, Malcolmson SJ, Theis T. Rational ligand choice extends the SABRE substrate scope. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9336-9339. [PMID: 32671356 PMCID: PMC7443256 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc01330g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Here we report on chelating ligands for Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) catalysts that permit hyperpolarisation on otherwise sterically hindered substrates. We demonstrate 1H enhancements of ∼100-fold over 8.5 T thermal for 2-substituted pyridines, and smaller, yet significant enhancements for provitamin B6 and caffeine. We also show 15N-enhancements of ∼1000-fold and 19F-enhancements of 30-fold.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Zijian Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | | | - Raul Laasner
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Roman V. Shchepin
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Health Sciences, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, USA
| | - Eduard Y. Chekmenev
- Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninskiy Prospekt 14, 119991 Moscow, Russia
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (IBio), Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Volker Blum
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - Warren S. Warren
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Departments of Physics, Radiology and Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC 27707, USA
| | | | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC 27695
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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32
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Birchall JR, Kabir MSH, Salnikov OG, Chukanov NV, Svyatova A, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Gelovani JG, Goodson BM, Pham W, Chekmenev EY. Quantifying the effects of quadrupolar sinks via 15N relaxation dynamics in metronidazoles hyperpolarized via SABRE-SHEATH. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:9098-9101. [PMID: 32661534 PMCID: PMC7441520 DOI: 10.1039/d0cc03994b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
15N spin-lattice relaxation dynamics in metronidazole-15N3 and metronidazole-15N2 isotopologues are studied for rational design of 15N-enriched biomolecules for signal amplification by reversible exchange in microtesla fields. 15N relaxation dynamics mapping reveals the deleterious effects of interactions with the polarization transfer catalyst and a quadrupolar 14N nucleus within the spin-relayed 15N-15N network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan R Birchall
- Department of Chemistry, Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA.
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33
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Lehmkuhl S, Suefke M, Kentner A, Yen YF, Blümich B, Rosen MS, Appelt S, Theis T. SABRE polarized low field rare-spin spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:184202. [PMID: 32414242 DOI: 10.1063/5.0002412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
High-field nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is an indispensable technique for identification and characterization of chemicals and biomolecular structures. In the vast majority of NMR experiments, nuclear spin polarization arises from thermalization in multi-Tesla magnetic fields produced by superconducting magnets. In contrast, NMR instruments operating at low magnetic fields are emerging as a compact, inexpensive, and highly accessible alternative but suffer from low thermal polarization at a low field strength and consequently a low signal. However, certain hyperpolarization techniques create high polarization levels on target molecules independent of magnetic fields, giving low-field NMR a significant sensitivity boost. In this study, SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) was combined with high homogeneity electromagnets operating at mT fields, enabling high resolution 1H, 13C, 15N, and 19F spectra to be detected with a single scan at magnetic fields between 1 mT and 10 mT. Chemical specificity is attained at mT magnetic fields with complex, highly resolved spectra. Most spectra are in the strong coupling regime where J-couplings are on the order of chemical shift differences. The spectra and the hyperpolarization spin dynamics are simulated with SPINACH. The simulations start from the parahydrogen singlet in the bound complex and include both chemical exchange and spin evolution at these mT fields. The simulations qualitatively match the experimental spectra and are used to identify the spin order terms formed during mT SABRE. The combination of low field NMR instruments with SABRE polarization results in sensitive measurements, even for rare spins with low gyromagnetic ratios at low magnetic fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Lehmkuhl
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
| | - Martin Suefke
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Arne Kentner
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Yi-Fen Yen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Bernhard Blümich
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Matthew S Rosen
- Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02129, USA
| | - Stephan Appelt
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Thomas Theis
- Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University, 851 Main Campus Dr, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, USA
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34
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Fekete M, Roy SS, Duckett SB. A role for low concentration reaction intermediates in the signal amplification by reversible exchange process revealed by theory and experiment. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5033-5037. [PMID: 32073077 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06386b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
A route to monitor the involvement of less abundant species during the catalytic transfer of hyperpolarisation from parahydrogen into a substrate is detailed. It involves probing how the degree of hyperpolarisation transfer catalysis is affected by the magnetic field experienced by the catalyst during this process as a function of temperature. The resulting data allow the ready differentiation of the roles played by hard to detect and highly reactive complexes, such as [Ir(H)2(NHC)(substrate)2(methanol)]Cl, from dominant species such as [Ir(H)2(NHC)(substrate)3]Cl. The difference in behaviour results from changes in the interligand spin-spin coupling network within the active SABRE catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NY, UK.
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35
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Tickner BJ, Semenova O, Iali W, Rayner PJ, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Optimisation of pyruvate hyperpolarisation using SABRE by tuning the active magnetisation transfer catalyst. Catal Sci Technol 2020; 10:1343-1355. [PMID: 32647563 PMCID: PMC7315823 DOI: 10.1039/c9cy02498k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarisation techniques such as signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) can deliver NMR signals several orders of magnitude larger than those derived under Boltzmann conditions. SABRE is able to catalytically transfer latent magnetisation from para-hydrogen to a substrate in reversible exchange via temporary associations with an iridium complex. SABRE has recently been applied to the hyperpolarisation of pyruvate, a substrate often used in many in vivo MRI studies. In this work, we seek to optimise the pyruvate-13C2 signal gains delivered through SABRE by fine tuning the properties of the active polarisation transfer catalyst. We present a detailed study of the effects of varying the carbene and sulfoxide ligands on the formation and behaviour of the active [Ir(H)2(η2-pyruvate)(sulfoxide)(NHC)] catalyst to produce a rationale for achieving high pyruvate signal gains in a cheap and refreshable manner. This optimisation approach allows us to achieve signal enhancements of 2140 and 2125-fold for the 1-13C and 2-13C sites respectively of sodium pyruvate-1,2-[13C2].
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Affiliation(s)
- Ben J Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Olga Semenova
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5NY , UK .
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarization in Magnetic Resonance (CHyM) , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5NY , UK .
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Rayner PJ, Richardson PM, Duckett SB. The Detection and Reactivity of Silanols and Silanes Using Hyperpolarized 29 Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:2710-2714. [PMID: 31833623 PMCID: PMC7027454 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201915098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Silanols and silanes are key precursors and intermediates for the synthesis of silicon-based materials. While their characterization and quantification by 29 Si NMR spectroscopy has received significant attention, it is a technique that is limited by the low natural abundance of 29 Si and its low sensitivity. Here, we describe a method using p-H2 to hyperpolarize 29 Si. The observed signal enhancements, approaching 3000-fold at 11.7 T, would take many days of measurement for comparable results under Boltzmann conditions. The resulting signals were exploited to monitor the rapid reaction of tris(tert-butoxy)silanol with triflic anhydride in a T1 -corrected process that allows for rapid quantification. These results demonstrate a novel route to quantify dynamic processes and intermediates in the synthesis of silicon materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rayner
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of YorkHeslingtonYO10 5DDUK
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Rayner PJ, Richardson PM, Duckett SB. The Detection and Reactivity of Silanols and Silanes Using Hyperpolarized
29
Si Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201915098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Rayner
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Peter M. Richardson
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
| | - Simon B. Duckett
- Centre of Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic ResonanceDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of York Heslington YO10 5DD UK
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38
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Pravdivtsev AN, Hövener JB. Coherent polarization transfer in chemically exchanging systems. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:8963-8972. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Simulation of the interplay of coherent polarization transfer and chemical exchange described by superoperators and Monte Carlo simulations alike.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N. Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology
- University Medical Center Kiel
- Kiel University
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging
- Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC)
- Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology
- University Medical Center Kiel
- Kiel University
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39
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Hadjiali S, Bergmann M, Kiryutin A, Knecht S, Sauer G, Plaumann M, Limbach HH, Plenio H, Buntkowsky G. The application of novel Ir-NHC polarization transfer complexes by SABRE. J Chem Phys 2019; 151:244201. [PMID: 31893872 DOI: 10.1063/1.5128091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the hyperpolarization method Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) has developed into a powerful technique to enhance Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) signals of organic substrates in solution (mostly via binding to the nitrogen lone pair of N-heterocyclic compounds) by several orders of magnitude. In order to establish the application and development of SABRE as a hyperpolarization method for medical imaging, the separation of the Ir-N-Heterocyclic Carbene (Ir-NHC) complex, which facilitates the hyperpolarization of the substrates in solution, is indispensable. Here, we report for the first time the use of novel Ir-NHC complexes with a polymer unit substitution in the backbone of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes (NHC) for SABRE hyperpolarization, which permits the removal of the complexes from solution after the hyperpolarization of a target substrate has been generated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hadjiali
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Marvin Bergmann
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Alexey Kiryutin
- International Tomography Center, Institutskaya 3A, Novosibirsk and Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Stephan Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Grit Sauer
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Markus Plaumann
- Medical Faculty, Institute for Biometrics and Medical Informatics, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, 39120 Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hans-Heinrich Limbach
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Herbert Plenio
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
| | - Gerd Buntkowsky
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany
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Appelt S, Kentner A, Lehmkuhl S, Blümich B. From LASER physics to the para-hydrogen pumped RASER. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:1-32. [PMID: 31779878 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The properties of the LASER with respect to self-organization are compared with the key features of the p-H2 pumped RASER. According to LASER theory the equations of motion for the LASER can be derived from the enslaving principle, i.e. the slowest-changing order parameter (the light field in the resonator) enslaves the rapidly relaxing atomic degrees of freedom. Likewise, it is shown here that the equations of motion for the p-H2 pumped RASER result from a set of order parameters, where the transverse magnetization of the RASER-active spin states enslaves the electromagnetic modes. The consequences are striking for nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, since long-lasting multi-mode RASER oscillations enable unprecedented spectroscopic resolution down to the micro-Hertz regime. Based on the theory for multi-mode RASER operation we analyze the conditions that reveal either the collapse of the entire NMR spectrum, the occurrence of self-organized frequency-combs, or RASER spectra which reflect the J-coupled network of the molecule. Certain RASER experiments involving the protons of 15N pyridine or 3-picoline molecules pumped with p-H2 via SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) show either a single RASER oscillation in the time domain, giant RASER pulses or a complex RASER beat pattern. The corresponding 1H spectra consist of one narrow line, equidistant narrow lines (frequency-comb), or highly resolved lines reporting NMR properties, respectively. Numerous applications in the areas of material sciences, fundamental physics and medicine involving high precision sensors for magnetic fields, rotational motions or molecular structures become feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Appelt
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics - Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany.
| | - A Kentner
- Central Institute for Engineering, Electronics and Analytics - Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, D-52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - S Lehmkuhl
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - B Blümich
- Institut für Technische und Makromolekulare Chemie, RWTH Aachen University, D-52056 Aachen, Germany
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41
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Barskiy DA, Knecht S, Yurkovskaya AV, Ivanov KL. SABRE: Chemical kinetics and spin dynamics of the formation of hyperpolarization. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 114-115:33-70. [PMID: 31779885 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the physical principles of the SABRE (Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange) method. SABRE is a promising hyperpolarization technique that enhances NMR signals by transferring spin order from parahydrogen (an isomer of the H2 molecule that is in a singlet nuclear spin state) to a substrate that is to be polarized. Spin order transfer takes place in a transient organometallic complex which binds both parahydrogen and substrate molecules; after dissociation of the SABRE complex, free hyperpolarized substrate molecules are accumulated in solution. An advantage of this method is that the substrate is not modified chemically, and its polarization can be regenerated multiple times by bubbling fresh parahydrogen through the solution. Thus, SABRE requires two key ingredients: (i) polarization transfer and (ii) chemical exchange of both parahydrogen and substrate. While there are several excellent reviews on applications of SABRE, the background of the method is discussed less frequently. In this review we aim to explain in detail how SABRE hyperpolarization is formed, focusing on key aspects of both spin dynamics and chemical kinetics, as well as on the interplay between them. Hence, we first cover the known spin order transfer methods applicable to SABRE - cross-relaxation, coherent spin mixing at avoided level crossings, and coherence transfer - and discuss their practical implementation for obtaining SABRE polarization in the most efficient way. Second, we introduce and explain the principle of SABRE hyperpolarization techniques that operate at ultralow (<1 μT), at low (1μT to 0.1 T) and at high (>0.1 T) magnetic fields. Finally, chemical aspects of SABRE are discussed in detail, including chemical systems that are amenable to SABRE and the exchange processes that are required for polarization formation. A theoretical treatment of the spin dynamics and their interplay with chemical kinetics is also presented. This review outlines known aspects of SABRE and provides guidelines for the design of new SABRE experiments, with the goal of solving practical problems of enhancing weak NMR signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danila A Barskiy
- Department of Chemistry, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Stephan Knecht
- Eduard-Zintl Institute for Inorganic and Physical Chemistry, TU Darmstadt, Darmstadt 64287, Germany; Department of Radiology, Medical Physics, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alexandra V Yurkovskaya
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Konstantin L Ivanov
- International Tomography Center, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Science, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia.
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Rayner PJ, Tickner BJ, Iali W, Fekete M, Robinson AD, Duckett SB. Relayed hyperpolarization from para-hydrogen improves the NMR detectability of alcohols. Chem Sci 2019; 10:7709-7717. [PMID: 31588319 PMCID: PMC6764278 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc02765c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of alcohols by magnetic resonance techniques is important for their characterization and the monitoring of chemical change. Hyperpolarization processes can make previously inpractical measurements, such as the determination of low concentration intermediates, possible. Here, we investigate the SABRE-Relay method in order to define its key characteristics and improve the resulting 1H NMR signal gains which subsequently approach 103 per proton. We identify optimal amine proton transfer agents for SABRE-Relay and show how catalyst structure influences the outcome. The breadth of the method is revealed by expansion to more complex alcohols and the polarization of heteronuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Ben J Tickner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Marianna Fekete
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Alastair D Robinson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , Heslington , YO10 5DD , UK .
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Stanbury EV, Richardson PM, Duckett SB. Understanding substrate substituent effects to improve catalytic efficiency in the SABRE hyperpolarisation process. Catal Sci Technol 2019; 9:3914-3922. [PMID: 31814960 PMCID: PMC6836623 DOI: 10.1039/c9cy00396g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The use of parahydrogen based hyperpolarisation in NMR is becoming more widespread due to the rapidly expanding range of suitable target molecules and low-cost of parahydrogen production. Hyperpolarisation via SABRE catalysis employs a metal complex to transfer polarisation from parahydrogen into a substrate whilst they are bound. In this paper we present a quantitative study of substrate-iridium ligation effects by reference to the substrates 4-chloropyridine (A), 4-pyridinecarboxaldehyde methyl hemiacetal (B), 4-methylpyridine (C) and 4-methoxypyridine (D), and evaluate the role they play in the SABRE catalysis. Substrates whose substituents enable stronger associations yield slower substrate dissociation rates (k d). A series of variable temperature studies link these exchange rates to optimal SABRE performance and reveal the critical impact of NMR relaxation times (T 1). Longer catalyst residence times are shown to result in shorter substrate T 1 values in solution as binding to iridium promotes relaxation thereby not only reducing SABRE efficiency but decreasing the overall level of achieved hyperpolarisation. Based on these data, a route to achieve more optimal SABRE performance is defined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma V Stanbury
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
| | - Peter M Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance , Department of Chemistry , University of York , York , YO10 5NY UK .
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Svyatova A, Skovpin IV, Chukanov NV, Kovtunov KV, Chekmenev EY, Pravdivtsev AN, Hövener JB, Koptyug IV. 15 N MRI of SLIC-SABRE Hyperpolarized 15 N-Labelled Pyridine and Nicotinamide. Chemistry 2019; 25:8465-8470. [PMID: 30950529 PMCID: PMC6679352 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201900430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is a powerful non-invasive diagnostic method extensively used in biomedical studies. A significant limitation of MRI is its relatively low signal-to-noise ratio, which can be increased by hyperpolarizing nuclear spins. One promising method is Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE), which employs parahydrogen as a source of hyperpolarization. Recent studies demonstrated the feasibility to improve MRI sensitivity with this hyperpolarization technique. Hyperpolarized 15 N nuclei in biomolecules can potentially retain their spin alignment for tens of minutes, providing an extended time window for the utilization of the hyperpolarized compounds. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that radio-frequency-based SABRE hyperpolarization techniques can be used to obtain 15 N MRI of biomolecule 1-15 N-nicotinamide. Two image acquisition strategies were utilized and compared: Single Point Imaging (SPI) and Fast Low Angle SHot (FLASH). These methods demonstrated opportunities of high-field SABRE for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Svyatova
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Ivan V Skovpin
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Nikita V Chukanov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Integrative Biosciences (Ibio), Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), 14 Leninskiy Prospekt, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center, SB RAS, 3A Institutskaya st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, 2 Pirogova st., Novosibirsk, 630090, Russia
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45
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Pravdivtsev AN, Hövener JB. Simulating Non-linear Chemical and Physical (CAP) Dynamics of Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE). Chemistry 2019; 25:7659-7668. [PMID: 30689237 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The hyperpolarization of nuclear spins by using parahydrogen (pH2 ) is a fascinating technique that allows spin polarization and thus the magnetic resonance signal to be increased by several orders of magnitude. Entirely new applications have become available. Signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) is a relatively new method that is based on the reversible exchange of a substrate, catalyst and parahydrogen. SABRE is particularly interesting for in vivo medical and industrial applications, such as fast and low-cost trace analysis or continuous signal enhancement. Ever since its discovery, many attempts have been made to model and understand SABRE, with various degrees of simplifications. In this work, we reduced the simplifications further, taking into account non-linear chemical and physical (CAP) dynamics of several multi-spin systems. A master equation was derived and realized using the MOIN open-source software. The effects of different parameters (exchange rates, concentrations, spin-spin couplings) on relaxation and the polarization level have been evaluated and the results provide interesting insights into the mechanism of SABRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University, Am Botanischen Garten 14, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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46
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Bordonali L, Nordin N, Fuhrer E, MacKinnon N, Korvink JG. Parahydrogen based NMR hyperpolarisation goes micro: an alveolus for small molecule chemosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:503-512. [PMID: 30627714 PMCID: PMC6369676 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc01259h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures, commonly encountered in metabolomics and food analytics, are now routinely measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Since many samples must be measured, one-dimensional proton (1D 1H) spectroscopy is the experiment of choice. A common challenge in complex mixture 1H NMR spectroscopy is spectral crowding, which limits the assignment of molecular components to those molecules in relatively high abundance. This limitation is exacerbated when the sample quantity itself is limited and concentrations are reduced even further during sample preparation for routine measurement. To address these challenges, we report a novel microfluidic NMR platform integrating signal enhancement via parahydrogen induced hyperpolarisation. The platform simultaneously addresses the challenges of handling small sample quantities through microfluidics, the associated decrease in signal given the reduced sample quantity by Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE), and overcoming spectral crowding by taking advantage of the chemosensing aspect of the SABRE effect. SABRE at the microscale is enabled by an integrated PDMS membrane alveolus, which provides bubble-free hydrogen gas contact with the sample solution. With this platform, we demonstrate high field NMR chemosensing of microliter sample volumes, nanoliter detection volumes, and micromolar concentrations corresponding to picomole molecular sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Bordonali
- Institute for Microtechnology, Karlsruhe Institute for Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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47
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Pravdivtsev AN, Skovpin IV, Svyatova AI, Chukanov NV, Kovtunova LM, Bukhtiyarov VI, Chekmenev EY, Kovtunov KV, Koptyug IV, Hövener JB. Chemical Exchange Reaction Effect on Polarization Transfer Efficiency in SLIC-SABRE. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9107-9114. [PMID: 30295488 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Signal Amplification By Reversible Exchange (SABRE) is a new and rapidly developing hyperpolarization technique. The recent discovery of Spin-Lock Induced Crossing SABRE (SLIC-SABRE) showed that high field hyperpolarization transfer techniques developed so far were optimized for singlet spin order that does not coincide with the experimentally produced spin state. Here, we investigated the SLIC-SABRE approach and the most advanced quantitative theoretical SABRE model to date. Our goal is to achieve the highest possible polarization with SLIC-SABRE at high field using the standard SABRE system, IrIMes catalyst with pyridine. We demonstrated the accuracy of the SABRE model describing the effects of various physical parameters such as the amplitude and frequency of the radio frequency field, and the effects of chemical parameters such as the exchange rate constants. By fitting the model to the experimental data, the effective life time of the SABRE complex was estimated, as well as the entropy and enthalpy of the complex-dissociation reaction. We show, for the first time, that this SLIC-SABRE model can be useful for the evaluation of the chemical exchange parameters that are very important for the production of highly polarized contrast agents via SABRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey N Pravdivtsev
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology , University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University , Am Botanischen Garten 14 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
| | - Ivan V Skovpin
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , Institutskaya st. 3 A , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Alexandra I Svyatova
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , Institutskaya st. 3 A , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Nikita V Chukanov
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , Institutskaya st. 3 A , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Larisa M Kovtunova
- Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Valerii I Bukhtiyarov
- Boreskov Institute of Catalysis , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , 5 Acad. Lavrentiev Ave. , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Eduard Y Chekmenev
- Department of Chemistry , Wayne State University, Karmanos Cancer Institute (KCI), Integrative Biosciences (Ibio) , Detroit , Michigan 48202 , United States.,Russian Academy of Sciences , Leninskiy Prospekt 14 , 119991 Moscow , Russia
| | - Kirill V Kovtunov
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , Institutskaya st. 3 A , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Igor V Koptyug
- International Tomography Center , Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of the Sciences , Institutskaya st. 3 A , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia.,Novosibirsk State University , Pirogova st. 2 , 630090 Novosibirsk , Russia
| | - Jan-Bernd Hövener
- Section for Biomedical Imaging, Molecular Imaging North Competence Center (MOIN CC), Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology , University Medical Center Schleswig-Holstein (UKSH), Kiel University , Am Botanischen Garten 14 , 24118 Kiel , Germany
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Richardson PM, John RO, Parrott AJ, Rayner PJ, Iali W, Nordon A, Halse ME, Duckett SB. Quantification of hyperpolarisation efficiency in SABRE and SABRE-Relay enhanced NMR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:26362-26371. [PMID: 30303501 PMCID: PMC6202922 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp05473h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
para-Hydrogen (p-H2) induced polarisation (PHIP) is an increasingly popular method for sensitivity enhancement in NMR spectroscopy. Its growing popularity is due in part to the introduction of the signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) method that generates renewable hyperpolarisation in target analytes in seconds. A key benefit of PHIP and SABRE is that p-H2 can be relatively easily and cheaply produced, with costs increasing with the desired level of p-H2 purity. In this work, the efficiency of the SABRE polarisation transfer is explored by measuring the level of analyte hyperpolarisation as a function of the level of p-H2 enrichment. A linear relationship was found between p-H2 enrichment and analyte 1H hyperpolarisation for a range of molecules, polarisation transfer catalysts, NMR detection fields and for both the SABRE and SABRE-Relay transfer mechanisms over the range 29-99% p-H2 purity. The gradient of these linear relationships were related to a simple theoretical model to define an overall efficiency parameter, E, that quantifies the net fraction of the available p-H2 polarisation that is transferred to the target analyte. We find that the efficiency of SABRE is independent of the NMR detection field and exceeds E = 20% for methyl-4,6-d2-nicotinate when using a previously optimised catalyst system. For the SABRE-Relay transfer mechanism, efficiencies of up to E = 1% were found for 1H polarisation of 1-propanol, when ammonia was used as the polarisation carrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M Richardson
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Richard O John
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Andrew J Parrott
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Alison Nordon
- WestCHEM, Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry and CPACT, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Meghan E Halse
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, UK.
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Rayner PJ, Norcott P, Appleby KM, Iali W, John RO, Hart SJ, Whitwood AC, Duckett SB. Fine-tuning the efficiency of para-hydrogen-induced hyperpolarization by rational N-heterocyclic carbene design. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4251. [PMID: 30315170 PMCID: PMC6185983 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-06766-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Iridium N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) complexes catalyse the para-hydrogen-induced hyperpolarization process, Signal Amplification by Reversible Exchange (SABRE). This process transfers the latent magnetism of para-hydrogen into a substrate, without changing its chemical identity, to dramatically improve its nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) detectability. By synthesizing and examining over 30 NHC containing complexes, here we rationalize the key characteristics of efficient SABRE catalysis prior to using appropriate catalyst-substrate combinations to quantify the substrate's NMR detectability. These optimizations deliver polarizations of 63% for 1H nuclei in methyl 4,6-d2-nicotinate, 25% for 13C nuclei in a 13C2-diphenylpyridazine and 43% for the 15N nucleus of pyridine-15N. These high detectability levels compare favourably with the 0.0005% 1H value harnessed by a routine 1.5 T clinical MRI system. As signal strength scales with the square of the number of observations, these low cost innovations offer remarkable improvements in detectability threshold that offer routes to significantly reduce measurement time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter J Rayner
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Philip Norcott
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Kate M Appleby
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Wissam Iali
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Richard O John
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Sam J Hart
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Centre for Hyperpolarisation in Magnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, YO10 5NY, UK.
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Olaru AM, Burt A, Rayner PJ, Hart SJ, Whitwood AC, Green GGR, Duckett SB. Using signal amplification by reversible exchange (SABRE) to hyperpolarise 119Sn and 29Si NMR nuclei. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 52:14482-14485. [PMID: 27904890 PMCID: PMC5436037 DOI: 10.1039/c6cc07109k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The hyperpolarisation of the 119Sn and 29Si nuclei in 5-(tributylstannyl)pyrimidine (ASn) and 5-(trimethylsilyl)pyrimidine (BSi) is achieved through their reaction with [IrCl(COD)(IMes)] (1a) or [IrCl(COD)(SIMes)] (1b) and parahydrogen via the SABRE process.
The hyperpolarisation of the 119Sn and 29Si nuclei in 5-(tributylstannyl)pyrimidine (ASn) and 5-(trimethylsilyl)pyrimidine (BSi) is achieved through their reaction with [IrCl(COD)(IMes)] (1a) or [IrCl(COD)(SIMes)] (1b) and parahydrogen via the SABRE process. 1a exhibits superior activity in both cases. The two inequivalent pyrimidine proton environments of ASn readily yielded signal enhancements totalling ∼2300-fold in its 1H NMR spectrum at a field strength of 9.4 T, with the corresponding 119Sn signal being 700 times stronger than normal. In contrast, BSi produced analogous 1H signal gains of ∼2400-fold and a 29Si signal that could be detected with a signal to noise ratio of 200 in a single scan. These sensitivity improvements allow NMR detection within seconds using micromole amounts of substrate and illustrate the analytical potential of this approach for high-sensitivity screening. Furthermore, after extended reaction times, a series of novel iridium trimers of general form [Ir(H)2Cl(NHC)(μ-pyrimidine-κN:κN′)]3 precipitate from these solutions whose identity was confirmed crystallographically for BSi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Olaru
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Alister Burt
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Peter J Rayner
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Sam J Hart
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Adrian C Whitwood
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Gary G R Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
| | - Simon B Duckett
- Department of Chemistry, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK.
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