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El Bakouri O, Szczepanik DW, Jorner K, Ayub R, Bultinck P, Solà M, Ottosson H. Three-Dimensional Fully π-Conjugated Macrocycles: When 3D-Aromatic and When 2D-Aromatic-in-3D? J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:8560-8575. [PMID: 35523019 PMCID: PMC9121391 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
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Several fully π-conjugated
macrocycles with puckered or cage-type
structures were recently found to exhibit aromatic character according
to both experiments and computations. We examine their electronic
structures and put them in relation to 3D-aromatic molecules (e.g., closo-boranes) and to 2D-aromatic
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Using qualitative theory combined
with quantum chemical calculations, we find that the macrocycles explored
hitherto should be described as 2D-aromatic with three-dimensional
molecular structures (abbr. 2D-aromatic-in-3D) and not as truly 3D-aromatic.
3D-aromatic molecules have highly symmetric structures (or nearly
so), leading to (at least) triply degenerate molecular orbitals, and
for tetrahedral or octahedral molecules, an aromatic closed-shell
electronic structure with 6n + 2 electrons. Conversely,
2D-aromatic-in-3D structures exhibit aromaticity that results from
the fulfillment of Hückel’s 4n + 2
rule for each macrocyclic path, yet their π-electron counts
are coincidentally 6n + 2 numbers for macrocycles
with three tethers of equal lengths. It is notable that 2D-aromatic-in-3D
macrocyclic cages can be aromatic with tethers of different lengths, i.e., with π-electron counts different from 6n + 2, and they are related to naphthalene. Finally, we
identify tetrahedral and cubic π-conjugated molecules that fulfill
the 6n + 2 rule and exhibit significant electron
delocalization. Yet, their properties resemble those of analogous
compounds with electron counts that differ from 6n + 2. Thus, despite the fact that these molecules show substantial
π-electron delocalization, they cannot be classified as true
3D-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden.,Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, Kraków 30-387, Poland
| | - Kjell Jorner
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Rabia Ayub
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
| | - Patrick Bultinck
- Department of Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S3, Gent 9000, Belgium
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 6, Girona, Catalonia 17003, Spain
| | - Henrik Ottosson
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, Uppsala 751 20, Sweden
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2
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He X, Yu D, Wu J, Wang B, Rong C, Chattaraj PK, Liu S. Towards understanding metal aromaticity in different spin states: A density functional theory and information-theoretic approach analysis. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.138065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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3
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Solà M. Connecting and combining rules of aromaticity. Towards a unified theory of aromaticity. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-COMPUTATIONAL MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/wcms.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis and Chemistry Department Universitat de Girona Girona Spain
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4
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El Bakouri O, Postils V, Garcia-Borràs M, Duran M, Luis JM, Calvello S, Soncini A, Matito E, Feixas F, Solà M. Metal Cluster Electrides: A New Type of Molecular Electride with Delocalised Polyattractor Character. Chemistry 2018; 24:9853-9859. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Verònica Postils
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Marc Garcia-Borràs
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of California; Los Angeles CA 90095 USA
| | - Miquel Duran
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Josep M. Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Simone Calvello
- School of Chemistry; University of Melbourne; VIC 3010 Australia
| | | | - Eduard Matito
- Kimika Fakultatea; Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC); P.K. 1072 20080 Donostia Euskadi Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science; 48011 Bilbao Euskadi Spain
| | - Ferran Feixas
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química; Universitat de Girona; C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69 17003 Girona Catalonia Spain
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6
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Hou J, Liu Y, Zhang X, Duan Q, Jiang D, Qin J, Zhao R. Electric-field-induced nonlinear optical switches of all-metal spherical aromatic molecules with infrared transparency: a theoretical study. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj03878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two new all-metal spherical aromatic molecules Be6Li8 and Be6Li14 have been designed theoretically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Hou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Yajin Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Xin Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Qian Duan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Dayong Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Jieming Qin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology
- Changchun
- China
| | - Ruiqi Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering
- Henan Polytechnic University
- China
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7
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Yu D, Rong C, Lu T, Chattaraj PK, De Proft F, Liu S. Aromaticity and antiaromaticity of substituted fulvene derivatives: perspectives from the information-theoretic approach in density functional reactivity theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18635-18645. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong correlations among aromaticity descriptors and information-theoretic quantities are unveiled, providing novel insights about aromaticity and antiaromaticity from different perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Chunying Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences
- Beijing 100022
- P. R. China
| | - Pratim K. Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Shubin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
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8
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Poater J, Solà M, Viñas C, Teixidor F. Hückel's Rule of Aromaticity Categorizes Aromatic
closo
Boron Hydride Clusters. Chemistry 2016; 22:7437-43. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201600510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica and Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQCTCUB) Universitat de Barcelona Martí i Franquès 1-11 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA) Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química Universitat de Girona 17071 Girona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Clara Viñas
- Institut de Ciències dels Materials de Barcelona CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
| | - Francesc Teixidor
- Institut de Ciències dels Materials de Barcelona CSIC, Campus UAB 08193 Bellaterra Spain
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9
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El Bakouri O, Solà M, Poater J. Planar vs. three-dimensional X62−, X2Y42−, and X3Y32− (X, Y = B, Al, Ga) metal clusters: an analysis of their relative energies through the turn-upside-down approach. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:21102-10. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp01109h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Despite the fact that B and Al belong to the same group 13 elements, the B62− cluster prefers the planar D2h geometry, whereas Al62− favours the Oh structure, which is caused by orbital interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissam El Bakouri
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- 17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química
- Universitat de Girona
- 17071 Girona
- Spain
| | - Jordi Poater
- Departament de Química Inorgànica i Orgànica & Institut de Química Teòrica i Computacional (IQTCUB)
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Amsterdam Center for Multiscale Modeling
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