1
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Escomel L, Martins FF, Vendier L, Coffinet A, Queyriaux N, Krewald V, Simonneau A. Coordination of Al(C 6F 5) 3 vs. B(C 6F 5) 3 on group 6 end-on dinitrogen complexes: chemical and structural divergences. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11321-11336. [PMID: 39055009 PMCID: PMC11268509 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02713b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The coordination of the Lewis superacid tris(pentafluorophenyl)alane (AlCF) to phosphine-supported, group 6 bis(dinitrogen) complexes [ML2(N2)2] is explored, with M = Cr, Mo or W and L = dppe (1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane), depe (1,2-bis(diethylphosphino)ethane), dmpe (1,2-bis(dimethylphosphino)ethane) or 2 × PMe2Ph. Akin to tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane (BCF), AlCF can form 1 : 1 adducts by coordination to one distal nitrogen of general formula trans-[ML2(N2){(μ-η1:η1-N2)Al(C6F5)3}]. The boron and aluminium adducts are structurally similar, showing a comparable level of N2 push-pull activation. A notable exception is a bent (BCF adducts) vs. linear (AlCF adducts) M-N-N-LA motif (LA = Lewis acid), explained computationally as the result of steric repulsion. A striking difference arose when the formation of two-fold adducts was conducted. While in the case of BCF the 2 : 1 Lewis pairs could be observed in equilibrium with the 1 : 1 adduct and free borane but resisted isolation, AlCF forms robust 2 : 1 adducts trans-[ML2{(μ-η1:η1-N2)Al(C6F5)3}2] that isomerise into a more stable cis configuration. These compounds could be isolated and structurally characterized, and represent the first examples of trinuclear heterometallic complexes formed by Lewis acid-base interaction exhibiting p and d elements. Calculations also demonstrate that from the bare complex to the two-fold aluminium adduct, substantial decrease of the HOMO-LUMO gap is observed, and, unlike the trans adducts (1 : 1 and 1 : 2) for which the HOMO was computed to be a pure d orbital, the one of the cis-trinuclear compounds mixes a d orbital with a π* one of each N2 ligands. This may translate into a more favourable electrophilic attack on the N2 ligands instead of the metal centre, while a stabilized N2-centered LUMO should ease electron transfer, suggesting Lewis acids could be co-activators for electro-catalysed N2 reduction. Experimental UV-vis spectra for the tungsten family of compounds were compared with TD-DFT calculations (CAM-B3LYP/def2-TZVP), allowing to assign the low extinction bands found in the visible spectrum to unusual low-lying MLCT involving N2-centered orbitals. As significant red-shifts are observed upon LA coordination, this could have important implications for the development of visible light-driven nitrogen fixation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léon Escomel
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Frederico F Martins
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 6 4287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Laure Vendier
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Anaïs Coffinet
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Nicolas Queyriaux
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Vera Krewald
- Department of Chemistry, Quantum Chemistry, TU Darmstadt Peter-Grünberg-Str. 4, 6 4287 Darmstadt Germany
| | - Antoine Simonneau
- LCC-CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNRS UPS 205 Route de Narbonne, BP44099 F-31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
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2
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Schlögl J, Goldammer O, Bader J, Emmerling F, Riedel S. Introducing AFS ([Al(SO 3F) 3] x) - a thermally stable, readily available, and catalytically active solid Lewis superacid. Chem Sci 2024; 15:8038-8044. [PMID: 38817578 PMCID: PMC11134397 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01753f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Common Lewis superacids often suffer from low thermal stability or complicated synthetic protocols, requiring multi-step procedures and expensive starting materials. This prevents their large-scale application. Herein, the easy and comparably cheap synthesis of high-purity aluminium tris(fluorosulfate) ([Al(SO3F)3]x, AFS) is presented. All starting materials are commercially available and no work-up is required. The superacidity of this thermally stable, polymeric Lewis acid is demonstrated using both theoretical and experimental methods. Furthermore, its synthetic and catalytic applicability, e.g. in bond heterolysis reactions and C-F bond activations, is shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Schlögl
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ole Goldammer
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Julia Bader
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Franziska Emmerling
- Department Materials Chemistry, Federal Institute for Material Research and Testing Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11 12489 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich Biologie, Chemie, Pharmazie, Institut für Chemie und Biochemie - Anorganische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin Fabeckstraße 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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3
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Timoshkin AY. The Field of Main Group Lewis Acids and Lewis Superacids: Important Basics and Recent Developments. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302457. [PMID: 37752859 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
New developments in the field of Lewis acidity are highlighted, with the focus of novel Lewis acids and Lewis superacids of group 2, 13, 14, and 15 elements. Several important basics, illustrated by modern examples (classification of Donor-Acceptor (DA) complexes, amphoteric nature of any compound in terms of DA interactions, reorganization energies of main group Lewis acids and the role of the energies of frontier orbitals) are presented and discussed. It is emphasized that the Lewis acidity phenomena are general and play vital role in different areas of chemistry: from weak "atomophilic" interactions to the complexes of Lewis superacids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Y Timoshkin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg State University, 199034, Universitetskaya emb. 7/9, St. Petersburg, Russia
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4
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Bohlen JL, Endres L, Drescher R, Radacki K, Dietz M, Krummenacher I, Braunschweig H. Boroles from alumoles: accessing boroles with alkyl-substituted backbones via transtrielation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:9010-9015. [PMID: 37655034 PMCID: PMC10466280 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc02668j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The alumole Cp3tAlC4Et4 (Cp3t = 1,2,4-tris(tert-butyl)cyclopentadienyl) is reported to be capable of transferring its butadiene moiety to aryl(dihalo)boranes to generate boroles through aluminum-boron exchange. The products feature a rare alkyl-substituted backbone, which, as shown in other examples, often leads to dimerization due to insufficient steric protection of the antiaromatic borole ring. Sterically crowded aryl groups bound to the boron atom are shown to prevent dimerization, allowing access to the first monomeric derivatives of this type. Results from UV-vis spectroscopy, electrochemistry, and DFT calculations reveal that the alkyl substituents cause remarkable modifications in the optical and electronic properties of the boroles compared to their perarylated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josina L Bohlen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Lukas Endres
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Regina Drescher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Krzysztof Radacki
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Maximilian Dietz
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Ivo Krummenacher
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
| | - Holger Braunschweig
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
- Institute for Sustainable Chemistry & Catalysis with Boron, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg Am Hubland 97074 Würzburg Germany
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5
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Willcox DR, Thomas SP. Group 13 exchange and transborylation in catalysis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2023; 19:325-348. [PMID: 36998308 PMCID: PMC10043741 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.19.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Catalysis is dominated by the use of rare and potentially toxic transition metals. The main group offers a potentially sustainable alternative for catalysis, due to the generally higher abundance and lower toxicity of these elements. Group 13 elements have a rich catalogue of stoichiometric addition reactions to unsaturated bonds but cannot undergo the redox chemistry which underpins transition-metal catalysis. Group 13 exchange reactions transfer one or more groups from one group 13 element to another, through σ-bond metathesis; where boron is both of the group 13 elements, this is termed transborylation. These redox-neutral processes are increasingly being used to render traditionally stoichiometric group 13-mediated processes catalytic and develop new catalytic processes, examples of which are the focus of this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic R Willcox
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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6
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Park JY, Ko JH, Lee HJ, Park JH, Lee J, Sa S, Shin EJ, Lee BY. Up-Scale Synthesis of p-(CH 2=CH)C 6H 4CH 2CH 2CH 2Cl and p-ClC 6H 4SiR 3 by CuCN-Catalyzed Coupling Reactions of Grignard Reagents with Organic Halides. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:46849-46858. [PMID: 36570214 PMCID: PMC9773938 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Grignard reagents featuring carbanion characteristics are mostly unreactive toward alkyl halides and require a catalyst for the coupling reaction. With the need to prepare p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2Cl on a large scale, the coupling reaction of p-(CH2=CH)C6H4MgCl with BrCH2CH2CH2Cl was attempted to screen the catalysts, and CuCN was determined to be the best catalyst affording the desired compound in 80% yield with no formation of Wurtz coupling side product CH2=CHC6H4-C6H4CH=CH2. The p-(CH2=CH)C6H4Cu(CN)MgCl species was proposed as an intermediate based on the X-ray structure of PhCu(CN)Mg(THF)4Cl. p-ClC6H4MgCl did not react with sterically encumbered R3SiCl (R = n-Bu or n-octyl). However, the reaction took place with the addition of 3 mol % CuCN catalyst, affording the desired compound p-ClC6H4SiR3. The structures of p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2MgCl and p-ClC6H4MgCl were also elucidated, which existed as an aggregate with MgCl2, suggesting that some portion of the Grignard reagents were possibly lost in the coupling reaction due to coprecipitation with the byproduct MgCl2. R3SiCl (R = n-Bu or n-octyl) was also prepared easily and economically with no formation of R4Si when SiCl4 was reacted with 4 equiv of RMgCl. Using the developed syntheses, [p-(CH2=CH)C6H4CH2CH2CH2]2Zn and iPrN[P(C6H4-p-SiR3)2]2, which are potentially useful compounds for the production of PS-block-PO-block-PS and 1-octene, respectively, were efficiently synthesized with substantial cost reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Park
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeong Ko
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department
of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju61186, South Korea
| | | | | | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department
of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou
University, Suwon16499, South Korea
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7
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Hoffmann KF, Wiesner A, Steinhauer S, Riedel S. Insights on the Lewis Superacid Al(OTeF 5 ) 3 : Solvent Adducts, Characterization and Properties. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201958. [PMID: 35901430 PMCID: PMC9804164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Preparation and characterization of the dimeric Lewis superacid [Al(OTeF5 )3 ]2 and various solvent adducts is presented. The latter range from thermally stable adducts to highly reactive, weakly bound species. DFT calculations on the ligand affinity of these Lewis acids were performed in order to rank their remaining Lewis acidity. An experimental proof of the Lewis acidity is provided by the reaction of solvent-adducts of Al(OTeF5 )3 with [PPh4 ][SbF6 ] and OPEt3 , respectively. Furthermore, their reactivity towards chloride and pentafluoroorthotellurate salts as well as (CH3 )3 SiCl and (CH3 )3 SiF is shown. This includes the formation of the dianion [Al(OTeF5 )5 ]2- .
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt F. Hoffmann
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Anja Wiesner
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Simon Steinhauer
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Fachbereich für BiologieChemiePharmazieInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie – Anorganische ChemieFabeckstraße 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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8
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Baek JW, Ko JH, Park JH, Park JY, Lee HJ, Seo YH, Lee J, Lee BY. α-Olefin Trimerization for Lubricant Base Oils with Modified Chevron–Phillips Ethylene Trimerization Catalysts. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Won Baek
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeong Ko
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyeong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Ju Yong Park
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Yeong Hyun Seo
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
| | - Junseong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, South Korea
| | - Bun Yeoul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon 16499, South Korea
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9
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Synthesis of high molecular weight polyisobutylene with Al(C6F5)3-based initiating systems under mild conditions. POLYMER 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2022.124539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Chen Y, Chen Z, Jiang L, Li J, Zhao Y, Zhu H, Roesky HW. One- and Two-Electron Transfer Oxidation of 1,4-Disilabenzene with Formation of Stable Radical Cations and Dications. Chemistry 2021; 28:e202103715. [PMID: 34837718 PMCID: PMC9299862 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202103715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Electron‐transferable oxidants such as B(C6F5)3/nBuLi, B(C6F5)3/LiB(C6F5)4, B(C6F5)3/LiHBEt3, Al(C6F5)3/(o‐RC6H4)AlH2 (R=N(CMe2CH2)2CH2), B(C6F5)3/AlEt3, Al(C6F5)3, Al(C6F5)3/nBuLi, Al(C6F5)3/AlMe3, (CuC6F5)4, and Ag2SO4, respectively were employed for reactions with (L)2Si2C4(SiMe3)2(C2SiMe3)2 (L=PhC(NtBu)2, 1). The stable radical cation [1]+. was formed and paired with the anions [nBuB(C6F5)3]− (in 2), [B(C6F5)4]− (in 3), [HB(C6F5)3]− (in 4), [EtB(C6F5)3]− (in 5), {[(C6F5)3Al]2(μ‐F)]− (in 6), [nBuAl(C6F5)3]− (in 7), and [Cu(C6F5)2]− (in 8), respectively. The stable dication [1]2+ was also generated with the anions [EtB(C6F5)3]− (9) and [MeAl(C6F5)3]− (10), respectively. In addition, the neutral compound [(L)2Si2C4(SiMe3)2(C2SiMe3)2][μ‐O2S(O)2] (11) was obtained. Compounds 2–11 are characterized by UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, X‐ray crystallography, and elemental analysis. Compounds 2–8 are analyzed by EPR spectroscopy and compounds 9–11 by NMR spectroscopy. The structure features are discussed on the central Si2C4‐rings of 1, [1]+., [1]2+, and 11, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zhikang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Liuyin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Yiling Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Georg-August-Universität, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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11
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Pollard VA, Kennedy AR, McLellan R, Ross D, Tuttle T, Mulvey RE. Structurally Defined Ring‐Opening and Insertion of Pinacolborane into Aluminium‐Nitrogen Bonds of Sterically Demanding Dialkylaluminium Amides. Eur J Inorg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria A. Pollard
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Ross McLellan
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Duncan Ross
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Tell Tuttle
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
| | - Robert E. Mulvey
- WestCHEM Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry University of Strathclyde Glasgow G1 1XL UK
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12
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Ould DMC, Carden JL, Page R, Melen RL. Synthesis and Reactivity of Fluorinated Triaryl Aluminum Complexes. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:14891-14898. [PMID: 32869993 PMCID: PMC7581293 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The addition of the Grignard 3,4,5-ArFMgBr to aluminum(III)
chloride in ether generates the novel triarylalane Al(3,4,5-ArF)3·OEt2. Attempts to synthesize
this alane via transmetalation from the parent borane with trimethylaluminum
gave a dimeric structure with bridging methyl groups, a product of
partial transmetalation. On the other hand, the novel alane Al(2,3,4-ArF)3 was synthesized from the parent borane and trimethylaluminum.
Interestingly, the solid-state structure of Al(2,3,4-ArF)3 shows an extended chain structure resulting from neighboring
Al···F contacts. Al(3,4,5-ArF)3·OEt2 was then found to be an effective catalyst
for the hydroboration of carbonyls, imines, and alkynes with pinacolborane. The addition of the Grignard 3,4,5-ArFMgBr to
aluminum(III) chloride in ether generates the novel triarylalane Al(3,4,5-ArF)3·OEt2. Attempts to synthesize
this alane via transmetalation from the parent borane with trimethylaluminum
gave a dimeric structure with bridging methyl groups; a product of
partial transmetalation. On the other hand, the novel alane Al(2,3,4-ArF)3 was synthesized from the parent borane and trimethylaluminum.
Al(3,4,5-ArF)3·OEt2 was then
found to be an effective catalyst for the hydroboration of carbonyls,
imines and alkynes with pinacolborane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darren M C Ould
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Jamie L Carden
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Rowan Page
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
| | - Rebecca L Melen
- Cardiff Catalysis Institute, School of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Main Building, Cardiff CF10 3AT, Cymru/Wales, U.K
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13
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Liu Z, Tu XS, Guo LT, Wang XC. Aluminum-catalyzed tunable halodefluorination of trifluoromethyl- and difluoroalkyl-substituted olefins. Chem Sci 2020; 11:11548-11553. [PMID: 34094400 PMCID: PMC8162833 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc03883k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we report unprecedented aluminum-catalyzed halodefluorination reactions of trifluoromethyl- and difluoroalkyl-substituted olefins with bromo- or chlorotrimethylsilane. The interesting feature of these reactions is that one, two, or three fluorine atoms can be selectively replaced with bromine or chlorine atoms by modification of the reaction conditions. The generated products can undergo a variety of subsequent transformations, thus constituting a valuable stock of building blocks for installing fluorine-containing olefin motifs in other molecules. Aluminum-catalyzed halodefluorination reactions of fluoroalkyl-substituted olefins are developed. The reactions can selectively deliver mono-, di-, or trisubstituted products.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhong Liu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xian-Shuang Tu
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Le-Tao Guo
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
| | - Xiao-Chen Wang
- State Key Laboratory and Institute of Elemento-Organic Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Nankai University 94 Weijin Road Tianjin 300071 China
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14
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Holtrop F, Jupp AR, van Leest NP, Paradiz Dominguez M, Williams RM, Brouwer AM, de Bruin B, Ehlers AW, Slootweg JC. Photoinduced and Thermal Single-Electron Transfer to Generate Radicals from Frustrated Lewis Pairs. Chemistry 2020; 26:9005-9011. [PMID: 32259331 PMCID: PMC7496419 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Archetypal phosphine/borane frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs) are famed for their ability to activate small molecules. The mechanism is generally believed to involve two-electron processes. However, the detection of radical intermediates indicates that single-electron transfer (SET) generating frustrated radical pairs could also play an important role. These highly reactive radical species typically have significantly higher energy than the FLP, which prompted this investigation into their formation. Herein, we provide evidence that the classical phosphine/borane combinations PMes3 /B(C6 F5 )3 and PtBu3 /B(C6 F5 )3 both form an electron donor-acceptor (charge-transfer) complex that undergoes visible-light-induced SET to form the corresponding highly reactive radical-ion pairs. Subsequently, we show that by tuning the properties of the Lewis acid/base pair, the energy required for SET can be reduced to become thermally accessible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flip Holtrop
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andrew R Jupp
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas P van Leest
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Maximilian Paradiz Dominguez
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - René M Williams
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Albert M Brouwer
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bas de Bruin
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Andreas W Ehlers
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemistry, Science Faculty, University of Johannesburg, PO Box 254, Auckland Park, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - J Chris Slootweg
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, PO Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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15
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Li J, Wu P, Jiang W, Li B, Wang B, Zhu H, Roesky HW. An Unusual and Facile Synthetic Route to Alumoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:10027-10031. [PMID: 32160361 PMCID: PMC7318123 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Reaction of the aluminum dialkynyl LAl(CCR)2 (L=N,N‐chelate ligand and R=organic group) with B(C6F5)3 proceeds through an intermediate with Al⋅⋅⋅η2‐C≡C side‐on coordination to form the alumoles (2, 4, 6). A distinctive reaction pattern indicates a new facile synthetic route to aluminum‐containing heterocycles. The synthetic process is described, and the characterization of compounds and computational calculations were carried out. Furthermore, alumoles 2 and 4 exhibit an aggregation‐induced emission (AIE) of the bright yellow fluorescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China.,State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Science, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350002, China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surface, National Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-Esters, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, 361005, China
| | - Herbert W Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische Chemie, Universität Göttingen, Tammannstrasse 4, 37077, Göttingen, Germany
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16
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Li J, Wu P, Jiang W, Li B, Wang B, Zhu H, Roesky HW. An Unusual and Facile Synthetic Route to Alumoles. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202000899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiancheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
- State Key Laboratory of Structural ChemistryFujian Institute of Research on the Structure of MatterChinese Academy of Science Fuzhou Fujian 350002 China
| | - Wenjun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Bin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Binju Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Hongping Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid SurfaceNational Engineering Laboratory for Green Chemical Productions of Alcohols-Ethers-EstersCollege of Chemistry and Chemical EngineeringXiamen University Xiamen Fujian 361005 China
| | - Herbert W. Roesky
- Institüt für Anorganische ChemieUniversität Göttingen Tammannstrasse 4 37077 Göttingen Germany
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17
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Tanaka R, Nakayama Y, Shiono T. Effect of Ancillary Ligands as a Part of Counteranion in Neodymium-Catalyzed Isoprene Polymerization. Organometallics 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.0c00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Tanaka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
| | - Yuushou Nakayama
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
| | - Takeshi Shiono
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Advanced Science and Engineering, Hiroshima University, 1-4-1 Kagamiyama, Higashi-hiroshima, 739-8527 Japan
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18
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Asada T, Hoshimoto Y, Ogoshi S. Rotation-Triggered Transmetalation on a Heterobimetallic Cu/Al N-Phosphine-Oxide-Substituted Imidazolylidene Complex. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:9772-9784. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Asada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoichi Hoshimoto
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Sensuke Ogoshi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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19
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Jaiswal AK, Prasad PK, Young RD. Nucleophilic Substitution of Aliphatic Fluorides via Pseudohalide Intermediates. Chemistry 2019; 25:6290-6294. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201806272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amit K. Jaiswal
- National University of SingaporeDepartment of Chemistry Singapore 117549 Singapore
| | - Pragati K. Prasad
- National University of SingaporeDepartment of Chemistry Singapore 117549 Singapore
| | - Rowan D. Young
- National University of SingaporeDepartment of Chemistry Singapore 117549 Singapore
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20
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Uhl W, Tolzmann M, Willeke K, Honacker C, Hepp A, Layh M, Würthwein E. Silicon–Halogen Bond Activation in Mixed Si/Al Compounds and an Approach to Intramolecular Stabilized Silylium Ions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Werner Uhl
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC) Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Michael Tolzmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Kira Willeke
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Christian Honacker
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Alexander Hepp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Marcus Layh
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Universität Münster Corrensstraße 30 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ernst‐Ulrich Würthwein
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut and Center for Multiscale Theory and Computation (CMTC) Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Germany
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21
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22
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Abstract
While conventional approaches to stabilizing main group radicals have involved the use of Lewis acids or bases, this tutorial review focuses on new avenues to main group radicals derived from combinations of donor and acceptor molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Toronto
- Toronto
- Canada
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23
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Liu Y, Solari E, Scopelliti R, Fadaei Tirani F, Severin K. Lewis Acid-Mediated One-Electron Reduction of Nitrous Oxide. Chemistry 2018; 24:18809-18815. [PMID: 30426605 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The one-electron reduction of nitrous oxide (N2 O) was achieved using strong Lewis acids E(C6 F5 )3 (E=B or Al) in combination with metallocenes. In the case of B(C6 F5 )3 , electron transfer to N2 O required a powerful reducing agent such as Cp*2 Co (Cp*=pentamethylcyclopentadienyl). In the presence of Al(C6 F5 )3 , on the other hand, the reactions could be performed with weaker reducing agents such as Cp*2 Fe or Cp2 Fe (Cp=cyclopentadienyl). The Lewis acid-mediated electron transfer from the metallocene to N2 O resulted in cleavage of the N-O bond, generating N2 and the oxyl radical anion [OE(C6 F5 )3 ]⋅- . The latter is highly reactive and engages in C-H activation reactions. It was possible to trap the radical by addition of the Gomberg dimer, which acts as a source of the trityl radical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yizhu Liu
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Euro Solari
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rosario Scopelliti
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Farzaneh Fadaei Tirani
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Kay Severin
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
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24
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Riddlestone IM, Keller S, Kirschenmann F, Schorpp M, Krossing I. Towards Weakly Coordinating Anions with the Extremely Electron Withdrawing Perfluoropyridinoxy Ligand –OC
5
F
4
N. Eur J Inorg Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201801136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian M. Riddlestone
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Sarah Keller
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Florian Kirschenmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Marcel Schorpp
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie Albert‐Ludwigs‐Universität Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
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25
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Greb L. Lewis Superacids: Classifications, Candidates, and Applications. Chemistry 2018; 24:17881-17896. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lutz Greb
- Anorganisch-Chemisches InstitutUniversität Heidelberg Im Neuenheimer Feld 270 Germany
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26
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Paradies
- Department of Chemistry; University of Paderborn; Warburger Strasse 100 33098 Paderborn Germany
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27
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Hong M, Chen J, Chen EYX. Polymerization of Polar Monomers Mediated by Main-Group Lewis Acid-Base Pairs. Chem Rev 2018; 118:10551-10616. [PMID: 30350583 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of new or more sustainable, active, efficient, controlled, and selective polymerization reactions or processes continues to be crucial for the synthesis of important polymers or materials with specific structures or functions. In this context, the newly emerged polymerization technique enabled by main-group Lewis pairs (LPs), termed as Lewis pair polymerization (LPP), exploits the synergy and cooperativity between the Lewis acid (LA) and Lewis base (LB) sites of LPs, which can be employed as frustrated Lewis pairs (FLPs), interacting LPs (ILPs), or classical Lewis adducts (CLAs), to effect cooperative monomer activation as well as chain initiation, propagation, termination, and transfer events. Through balancing the Lewis acidity, Lewis basicity, and steric effects of LPs, LPP has shown several unique advantages or intriguing opportunities compared to other polymerization techniques and demonstrated its broad polar monomer scope, high activity, control or livingness, and complete chemo- or regioselectivity, as well as its unique application in materials chemistry. These advances made in LPP are comprehensively reviewed, with the scope of monomers focusing on heteroatom-containing polar monomers, while the polymerizations mediated by main-group LAs and LBs separately that are most relevant to the LPP are also highlighted or updated. Examples of applying the principles of the LPP and LP chemistry as a new platform for advancing materials chemistry are highlighted, and currently unmet challenges in the field of the LPP, and thus the suggested corresponding future research directions, are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry , Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai 200032 , China
| | - Jiawei Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , 3000 Broadway , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Eugene Y-X Chen
- Department of Chemistry , Colorado State University , Fort Collins , Colorado 80523 , United States
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28
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bismuto
- School of Chemistry, Joseph
Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- School of Chemistry, Joseph
Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Thomas
- School of Chemistry, Joseph
Black Building, University of Edinburgh, David Brewster Rd., Edinburgh EH9 3FJ, United Kingdom
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29
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Pérez-Bitrián A, Baya M, Casas JM, Falvello LR, Martín A, Menjón B. (CF3)3Au as a Highly Acidic Organogold(III) Fragment. Chemistry 2017; 23:14918-14930. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Pérez-Bitrián
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Miguel Baya
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - José M. Casas
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Larry R. Falvello
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Aragón (ICMA); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Antonio Martín
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
| | - Babil Menjón
- Instituto de Síntesis Química y Catálisis Homogénea (iSQCH); CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza; C/ Pedro Cerbuna 12 50009 Zaragoza Spain
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30
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Liu L(L, Cao LL, Shao Y, Ménard G, Stephan DW. A Radical Mechanism for Frustrated Lewis Pair Reactivity. Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2017.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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31
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Liu LL, Cao LL, Shao Y, Stephan DW. Single Electron Delivery to Lewis Pairs: An Avenue to Anions by Small Molecule Activation. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:10062-10071. [PMID: 28654746 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b05120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Single electron transfer (SET) reactions are effected by the combination of a Lewis acid (e.g., E(C6F5)3 E = B or Al) with a small molecule substrate and decamethylferrocene (Cp*2Fe). Initially, the corresponding reactions of (PhS)2 and (PhTe)2 were shown to give the species [Cp*2Fe][PhSB(C6F5)3] 1 and [Cp*2Fe][(μ-PhS)(Al(C6F5)3)2] 2 and [Cp*2Fe][(μ-PhTe)(Al(C6F5)3)2] 3, respectively. Analogous reactions with di-tert-butyl peroxide yielded [Cp*2Fe][(μ-HO)(B(C6F5)3)2] 4 with isobutene while with benzoyl peroxide afforded [Cp*2Fe][PhC(O)OE(C6F5)3] (E = B 5, Al 6). Evidence for a radical pathway was provided by the reaction of Ph3SnH and p-quinone afforded [Cp*2Fe][HB(C6F5)3] 7 and [Cp*2Fe]2[(μ-O2C6H4)(E(C6F5)3)2] (E = B 8, Al 9). In addition, the reaction of TEMPO with Lewis acid and Cp*2Fe afforded [Cp*2Fe][(C5H6Me4NOE(C6F5)3] (E = B 10, Al 11). Finally, reactions with O2, Se, Te and S8 gave [Cp*2Fe]2[((C6F5)2Al(μ-O)Al(C6F5)3)2]2 12, [Cp*2Fe]2[((C6F5)2Al(μ-Se)Al(C6F5)3)2]2 13, [Cp*2Fe][(μ-Te)2(Al(C6F5)2)3] 14 and [Cp*2Fe]2[(μ-S7)B(C6F5)3)2] 15, respectively. The mechanisms of these SET reactions are discussed, and the ramifications are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Leo Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Levy L Cao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Yue Shao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Douglas W Stephan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
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32
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Bismuto A, Thomas SP, Cowley MJ. Aluminum Hydride Catalyzed Hydroboration of Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:15356-15359. [PMID: 27860199 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201609690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
An aluminum-catalyzed hydroboration of alkynes using either the commercially available aluminum hydride DIBAL-H or bench-stable Et3 Al⋅DABCO as the catalyst and H-Bpin as both the boron reagent and stoichiometric hydride source has been developed. Mechanistic studies revealed a unique mode of reactivity in which the reaction is proposed to proceed through hydroalumination and σ-bond metathesis between the resultant alkenyl aluminum species and HBpin, which acts to drive turnover of the catalytic cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bismuto
- University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburg, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Stephen P Thomas
- University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburg, EH9 3FJ, UK
| | - Michael J Cowley
- University of Edinburgh, Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road, Edinburg, EH9 3FJ, UK
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33
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Bismuto A, Thomas SP, Cowley MJ. Aluminum Hydride Catalyzed Hydroboration of Alkynes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201609690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Bismuto
- University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburg EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Stephen P. Thomas
- University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburg EH9 3FJ UK
| | - Michael J. Cowley
- University of Edinburgh; Joseph Black Building, David Brewster Road Edinburg EH9 3FJ UK
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34
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Tofan D, Gabbaï FP. Fluorinated antimony(v) derivatives: strong Lewis acidic properties and application to the complexation of formaldehyde in aqueous solutions. Chem Sci 2016; 7:6768-6778. [PMID: 28451122 PMCID: PMC5363782 DOI: 10.1039/c6sc02558g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Lewis acidic fluorinated organoantimony(v) derivatives have been combined with phosphines for the complexation and colourimetric sensing of formaldehyde in biphasic water/CH2Cl2 mixtures.
As part of our ongoing studies of water tolerant Lewis acids, we have synthesized and investigated the properties of Sb(C6F5)3(O2C6Cl4), a fluorinated stiborane whose Lewis acidity approaches that of B(C6F5)3. While chloroform solutions of this Lewis acid can be kept open to air or exposed to water for extended periods of time, this new Lewis acid reacts with PtBu3 and paraformaldehyde to form the corresponding formaldehyde adduct tBu3P–CH2–O–Sb(C6F5)3(O2C6Cl4). To test if this reactivity can also be observed with systems that combine the phosphine and the stiborane within the same molecule, we have also prepared o-C6H4(PPh2)(SbAr2(O2C6Cl4)) (Ar = Ph, C6F5). These yellow compounds, which possess an intramolecular P→Sb interaction, are remarkably inert to water but do, nonetheless, react with and accomodate formaldehyde into the P/Sb pocket. In the case of the fluorinated derivative o-C6H4(PPh2)(Sb(C6F5)2(O2C6Cl4)), formaldehyde complexation, which occurs in water/dichloromethane biphasic mixtures, is accompanied by a colourimetric turn-off response thus highlighting the potential that this chemistry holds in the domain of molecular sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Tofan
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77843 , USA .
| | - François P Gabbaï
- Department of Chemistry , Texas A&M University , College Station , TX 77843 , USA .
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35
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Chen J, Falivene L, Caporaso L, Cavallo L, Chen EYX. Selective Reduction of CO2 to CH4 by Tandem Hydrosilylation with Mixed Al/B Catalysts. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:5321-33. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b01497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
| | - Laura Falivene
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lucia Caporaso
- Dipartimento
di Chimica e Biologia, Università di Salerno, Via Papa
Paolo Giovanni II, I-84084 Fisciano, Italy
| | - Luigi Cavallo
- Physical
Sciences and Engineering Division, Kaust Catalysis Center (KCC), King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eugene Y.-X. Chen
- Department
of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523-1872, United States
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36
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Ganesamoorthy C, Matthias M, Bläser D, Wölper C, Schulz S. Lewis acid–base adducts of group 13 elements: synthesis, structure and reactivity toward benzaldehyde. Dalton Trans 2016; 45:11437-44. [DOI: 10.1039/c6dt01688j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
[LGa-M(C6F5)3] (M = B 1, Al 2, Ga 3) reacts with benzaldehyde in different ways including the formation of the zwitterionic species [LGa(C6F5){CH(Ph)(OAl(C6F5)2)}] (5).
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Ganesamoorthy
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - M. Matthias
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - D. Bläser
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - C. Wölper
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
| | - S. Schulz
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry
- University of Duisburg-Essen
- 45117 Essen
- Germany
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