1
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Shaw EV, Chester AM, Robertson GP, Castillo-Blas C, Bennett TD. Synthetic and analytical considerations for the preparation of amorphous metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10689-10712. [PMID: 39027308 PMCID: PMC11253190 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01433b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are hybrid porous materials presenting several tuneable properties, allowing them to be utilised for a wide range of applications. To date, focus has been on the preparation of novel crystalline MOFs for specific applications. Recently, interest in amorphous MOFs (aMOFs), defined by their lack of correlated long-range order, is growing. This is due to their potential favourable properties compared to their crystalline equivalents, including increased defect concentration, improved processability and gas separation ability. Direct synthesis of these disordered materials presents an alternative method of preparation to post-synthetic amorphisation of a crystalline framework, potentially allowing for the preparation of aMOFs with varying compositions and structures, and very different properties to crystalline MOFs. This perspective summarises current literature on directly synthesised aMOFs, and proposes methods that could be utilised to modify existing syntheses for crystalline MOFs to form their amorphous counterparts. It outlines parameters that could discourage the ordering of crystalline MOFs, before examining the potential properties that could emerge. Methodologies of structural characterisation are discussed, in addition to the necessary analyses required to define a topologically amorphous structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily V Shaw
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Ashleigh M Chester
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Georgina P Robertson
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Celia Castillo-Blas
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science & Metallurgy, University of Cambridge 27 Charles Babbage Road Cambridge UK
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2
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Yang D, Gates BC. Characterization, Structure, and Reactivity of Hydroxyl Groups on Metal-Oxide Cluster Nodes of Metal-Organic Frameworks: Structural Diversity and Keys to Reactivity and Catalysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305611. [PMID: 37660323 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Among the most stable metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are those incorporating nodes that are metal oxide clusters with frames such as Zr6 O8 . This review is a summary of the structure, bonding, and reactivity of MOF node hydroxyl groups, emphasizing those bonded to nodes containing aluminum and zirconium ions. Hydroxyl groups are often present on these nodes, sometimes balancing the charges of the metal ions. They arise during MOF syntheses in aqueous media or in post-synthesis treatments. They are identified with infrared and 1 H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies and characterized by their reactivities with polar compounds such as alcohols. Terminal OH, paired µ2 -OH, and aqua groups on nodes are catalytic sites in numerous reactions. Relatively unreactive hydroxyl groups (such as isolated µ2 -OH groups) may replace reactive groups and inhibit catalysis; some node hydroxyl groups (e.g., µ3 -OH) are mere spectators in catalysis. There are similarities between MOF node hydroxyl groups and those on the surfaces of bulk metal oxides, zeolites, and enzymes, but the comparisons are mostly inexact, and much remains to be understood about MOF node hydroxyl group chemistry. It is posited that understanding and controlling this chemistry will lead to tailored MOFs and improved adsorbents and catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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3
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Vali SA, Markeb AA, Moral-Vico J, Font X, Sánchez A. Recent Advances in the Catalytic Conversion of Methane to Methanol: From the Challenges of Traditional Catalysts to the Use of Nanomaterials and Metal-Organic Frameworks. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2754. [PMID: 37887905 PMCID: PMC10609106 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Methane and carbon dioxide are the main contributors to global warming, with the methane effect being 25 times more powerful than carbon dioxide. Although the sources of methane are diverse, it is a very volatile and explosive gas. One way to store the energy content of methane is through its conversion to methanol. Methanol is a liquid under ambient conditions, easy to transport, and, apart from its use as an energy source, it is a chemical platform that can serve as a starting material for the production of various higher-value products. Accordingly, the transformation of methane to methanol has been extensively studied in the literature, using traditional catalysts as different types of zeolites. However, in the last few years, a new generation of catalysts has emerged to carry out this transformation with higher conversion and selectivity, and more importantly, under mild temperature and pressure conditions. These new catalysts typically involve the use of a highly porous supporting material such as zeolite, or more recently, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and graphene, and metallic nanoparticles or a combination of different types of nanoparticles that are the core of the catalytic process. In this review, recent advances in the porous supports for nanoparticles used for methane oxidation to methanol under mild conditions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antoni Sánchez
- Composting Research Group (GICOM), Department of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Hayton TW, Humphrey SM, Cossairt BM, Brutchey RL. We Need to Talk about New Materials Characterization. Inorg Chem 2023; 62:13165-13167. [PMID: 37555817 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.3c02524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Trevor W Hayton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Simon M Humphrey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Texas at Austin, 105 East 24th Street, Stop A5300, Austin, Texas 78734-0165, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Richard L Brutchey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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5
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Zill JC, Thompson ES, Nestle N, Valiullin R. Kinetics of Guest-Induced Structural Transitions in Metal-Organic-Framework MIL-53(Al)-NH 2 Probed by High-Pressure Nuclear Magnetic Resonance. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:3391-3396. [PMID: 36996319 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) study of a pore opening in amino-functionalized metal-organic framework (MOF) MIL-53(Al) in response to methane pressure variation is presented. Variations of both NMR signal intensities and transversal relaxation rates for methane are found to reveal hysteretic structural transitions in the MOF material, which are smeared out over broad pressure ranges. Experiments with pressure reversals upon an incomplete adsorption/desorption gave deeper insight into the microscopic transition mechanisms. These experiments have unequivocally proven that the non-stepwise pore opening/closing transitions observed in the experiments are governed by a distribution of the opening/closing pressures over different MOF crystallites, for example, due to a distribution of the crystal sizes or shapes. The slow kinetics of the structural transitions measured in the hysteresis regime revealed a complex free energy landscape for the phase transition process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremias C Zill
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Emma S Thompson
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Nikolaus Nestle
- BASF SE, Carl-Bosch-Str. 38, 67056 Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Rustem Valiullin
- Felix Bloch Institute for Solid State Physics, Leipzig University, Linnéstr. 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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6
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Delen G, Monai M, Stančiaková K, Baumgartner B, Meirer F, Weckhuysen BM. Structure sensitivity in gas sorption and conversion on metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:129. [PMID: 36624095 PMCID: PMC9829675 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35762-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many catalytic processes depend on the sorption and conversion of gaseous molecules on the surface of (porous) functional materials. These events often preferentially occur on specific, undercoordinated, external surface sites. Here we show the combination of in situ Photo-induced Force Microscopy (PiFM) with Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations to study the site-specific sorption and conversion of formaldehyde on the external surfaces of well-defined faceted ZIF-8 microcrystals with nanoscale resolution. We observed preferential adsorption of formaldehyde on high index planes. Moreover, in situ PiFM allowed us to visualize unsaturated nanodomains within extended external crystal planes, showing enhanced sorption behavior on the nanoscale. Additionally, on defective ZIF-8 crystals, structure sensitive conversion of formaldehyde through a methoxy- and a formate mechanism mediated by Lewis acidity was found. Strikingly, sorption and conversion were influenced more by the external surface termination than by the concentration of defects. DFT calculations showed that this is due to the presence of specific atomic arrangements on high-index crystal surfaces. With this research, we showcase the high potential of in situ PiFM for structure sensitivity studies on porous functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guusje Delen
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Monai
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Katarina Stančiaková
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Baumgartner
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Florian Meirer
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- grid.5477.10000000120346234Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis, Institute for Sustainable and Circular Chemistry and Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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7
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Cavalcante LSR, Dettmann MA, Sours T, Yang D, Daemen LL, Gates BC, Kulkarni AR, Moulé AJ. Elucidating correlated defects in metal organic frameworks using theory-guided inelastic neutron scattering spectroscopy. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2023; 10:187-196. [PMID: 36330997 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00914e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metal organic frameworks (MOFs) that incorporate metal oxide cluster nodes, exemplified by UiO-66, have been widely studied, especially in terms of their deviations from the ideal, defect-free crystalline structures. Although defects such as missing linkers, missing nodes, and the presence of adventitious synthesis-derived node ligands (such as acetates and formates) have been proposed, their exact structures remain unknown. Previously, it was demonstrated that defects are correlated and span multiple unit cells. The highly specialized techniques used in these studies are not easily applicable to other MOFs. Thus, there is a need to develop new experimental and computational approaches to understand the structure and properties of defects in a wider variety of MOFs. Here, we show how low-frequency phonon modes measured by inelastic neutron scattering (INS) spectroscopy can be combined with density functional theory (DFT) simulations to provide unprecedented insights into the defect structure of UiO-66. We are able to identify and assign peaks in the fingerprint region (<100 cm-1) which correspond to phonon modes only present in certain defective topologies. Specifically, this analysis suggests that our sample of UiO-66 consists of predominantly defect-free fcu regions with smaller domains corresponding to a defective bcu topology with 4 and 2 acetate ligands bound to the Zr6O8 nodes. Importantly, the INS/DFT approach provides detailed structural insights (e.g., relative positions and numbers of acetate ligands) that are not accessible with microscopy-based techniques. The quantitative agreement between DFT simulations and the experimental INS spectrum combined with the relative simplicity of sample preparation, suggests that this methodology may become part of the standard and preferred protocol for the characterization of MOFs, and, in particular, for elucidating the structure defects in these materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas S R Cavalcante
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Makena A Dettmann
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Tyler Sours
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Luke L Daemen
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, USA
| | - Bruce C Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Ambarish R Kulkarni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
| | - Adam J Moulé
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
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8
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Frentzel-Beyme L, Kolodzeiski P, Weiß JB, Schneemann A, Henke S. Quantification of gas-accessible microporosity in metal-organic framework glasses. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7750. [PMID: 36517486 PMCID: PMC9751146 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic framework (MOF) glasses are a new class of glass materials with immense potential for applications ranging from gas separation to optics and solid electrolytes. Due to the inherent difficulty to determine the atomistic structure of amorphous glasses, the intrinsic structural porosity of MOF glasses is only poorly understood. Here, we investigate the porosity features (pore size and pore limiting diameter) of a series of prototypical MOF glass formers from the family of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIFs) and their corresponding glasses. CO2 sorption at 195 K allows quantifying the microporosity of these materials in their crystalline and glassy states, also providing excess to the micropore volume and the apparent density of the ZIF glasses. Additional hydrocarbon sorption data together with X-ray total scattering experiments prove that the porosity features of the ZIF glasses depend on the types of organic linkers. This allows formulating design principles for a targeted tuning of the intrinsic microporosity of MOF glasses. These principles are counterintuitive and contrary to those established for crystalline MOFs but show similarities to strategies previously developed for porous polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Frentzel-Beyme
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie & Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pascal Kolodzeiski
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie & Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Jan-Benedikt Weiß
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie & Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas Schneemann
- Anorganische Chemie I, Technische Universität Dresden, Bergstrasse 66, 01069, Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Henke
- Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Chemie & Chemische Biologie, Technische Universität Dortmund, Otto-Hahn Straße 6, 44227, Dortmund, Germany.
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9
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Discovering the impact of targeted defects in SP-MOF for CO2 capture from flue gas in presence of humidity through computational modelling. J CO2 UTIL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2022.102264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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10
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Laulainen JEM, Johnstone DN, Bogachev I, Longley L, Calahoo C, Wondraczek L, Keen DA, Bennett TD, Collins SM, Midgley PA. Mapping short-range order at the nanoscale in metal-organic framework and inorganic glass composites. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:16524-16535. [PMID: 36285652 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03791b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of nanoscale changes in the atomic structure of amorphous materials is a profound challenge. Established X-ray and neutron total scattering methods typically provide sufficient signal quality only over macroscopic volumes. Pair distribution function analysis using electron scattering (ePDF) in the scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM) has emerged as a method of probing nanovolumes of these materials, but inorganic glasses as well as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and many other materials containing organic components are characteristically prone to irreversible changes after limited electron beam exposures. This beam sensitivity requires 'low-dose' data acquisition to probe inorganic glasses, amorphous and glassy MOFs, and MOF composites. Here, we use STEM-ePDF applied at low electron fluences (10 e- Å-2) combined with unsupervised machine learning methods to map changes in the short-range order with ca. 5 nm spatial resolution in a composite material consisting of a zeolitic imidazolate framework glass agZIF-62 and a 0.67([Na2O]0.9[P2O5])-0.33([AlO3/2][AlF3]1.5) inorganic glass. STEM-ePDF enables separation of MOF and inorganic glass domains from atomic structure differences alone, showing abrupt changes in atomic structure at interfaces with interatomic correlation distances seen in X-ray PDF preserved at the nanoscale. These findings underline that the average bulk amorphous structure is retained at the nanoscale in the growing family of MOF glasses and composites, a previously untested assumption in PDF analyses crucial for future non-crystalline nanostructure engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonatan E M Laulainen
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Duncan N Johnstone
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Ivan Bogachev
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Louis Longley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Courtney Calahoo
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lothar Wondraczek
- Otto Schott Institute of Materials Research, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Fraunhoferstrasse 6, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
| | - Sean M Collins
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
- Bragg Centre for Materials Research, School of Chemical and Process Engineering and School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - Paul A Midgley
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge CB3 0FS, UK.
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11
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Bechis I, Sapnik AF, Tarzia A, Wolpert EH, Addicoat MA, Keen DA, Bennett TD, Jelfs KE. Modeling the Effect of Defects and Disorder in Amorphous Metal-Organic Frameworks. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2022; 34:9042-9054. [PMID: 36313398 PMCID: PMC9609304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.2c01528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Amorphous metal-organic frameworks (aMOFs) are a class of disordered framework materials with a defined local order given by the connectivity between inorganic nodes and organic linkers, but absent long-range order. The rational development of function for aMOFs is hindered by our limited understanding of the underlying structure-property relationships in these systems, a consequence of the absence of long-range order, which makes experimental characterization particularly challenging. Here, we use a versatile modeling approach to generate in silico structural models for an aMOF based on Fe trimers and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate (BTC) linkers, Fe-BTC. We build a phase space for this material that includes nine amorphous phases with different degrees of defects and local order. These models are analyzed through a combination of structural analysis, pore analysis, and pair distribution functions. Therefore, we are able to systematically explore the effects of the variation of each of these features, both in isolation and combined, for a disordered MOF system, something that would not be possible through experiment alone. We find that the degree of local order has a greater impact on structure and properties than the degree of defects. The approach presented here is versatile and allows for the study of different structural features and MOF chemistries, enabling the derivation of design rules for the rational development of aMOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Bechis
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Adam F. Sapnik
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Andrew Tarzia
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Emma H. Wolpert
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
| | - Matthew A. Addicoat
- School
of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent
University, Clifton Lane, Nottingham NG11 8NS, U.K.
| | - David A. Keen
- ISIS
Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton
Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire OX11 0QX, U.K.
| | - Thomas D. Bennett
- Department
of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University
of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, U.K.
| | - Kim E. Jelfs
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub,
White City Campus, London W12 0BZ, U.K.
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12
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Peng X, Pelz PM, Zhang Q, Chen P, Cao L, Zhang Y, Liao HG, Zheng H, Wang C, Sun SG, Scott MC. Observation of formation and local structures of metal-organic layers via complementary electron microscopy techniques. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5197. [PMID: 36057721 PMCID: PMC9440887 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32330-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic layers (MOLs) are highly attractive for application in catalysis, separation, sensing and biomedicine, owing to their tunable framework structure. However, it is challenging to obtain comprehensive information about the formation and local structures of MOLs using standard electron microscopy methods due to serious damage under electron beam irradiation. Here, we investigate the growth processes and local structures of MOLs utilizing a combination of liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy, cryogenic electron microscopy and electron ptychography. Our results show a multistep formation process, where precursor clusters first form in solution, then they are complexed with ligands to form non-crystalline solids, followed by the arrangement of the cluster-ligand complex into crystalline sheets, with additional possible growth by the addition of clusters to surface edges. Moreover, high-resolution imaging allows us to identify missing clusters, dislocations, loop and flat surface terminations and ligand connectors in the MOLs. Our observations provide insights into controllable MOL crystal morphology, defect engineering, and surface modification, thus assisting novel MOL design and synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxing Peng
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Philipp M Pelz
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Qiubo Zhang
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Peican Chen
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Cao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yaqian Zhang
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Hong-Gang Liao
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.
| | - Haimei Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Cheng Wang
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Lab of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Mary C Scott
- National Center for Electron Microscopy, Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA.
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13
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Synthesis, Attributes and Defect Control of Defect-Engineered Materials as Superior Adsorbents for Aqueous Species: A Review. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02405-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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14
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Lázaro IA, Szalad H, Valiente P, Albero J, García H, Martí-Gastaldo C. Tuning the Photocatalytic Activity of Ti-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks through Modulator Defect-Engineered Functionalization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:21007-21017. [PMID: 35482456 PMCID: PMC9100481 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c02668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering is a valuable tool to tune the photocatalytic activity of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Inducing defects through the attachment of functionalized modulators can introduce cooperative units that can tune the bandgap of the material and enhance their chemical, thermal, and photostabilities among other properties. However, the majority of defect engineering studies for photocatalytic applications are limited to Zr-based MOFs, and there is still a lack of interrelation between synthetic variables, the resultant MOF properties, and their effect on their photocatalytic performance. We report a comprehensive study on the defect engineering of the titanium heterometallic MOF MUV-10 by fluoro- and hydroxy-isophthalic acid (Iso) modulators, rationalizing the effect of the materials' properties on their photocatalytic activity for hydrogen production. The Iso-OH modified MOFs present a volcano-type profile with a 2.3-fold increase in comparison to the pristine materials, whereas the Iso-F modified samples have a gradual increase with up to a 4.2-fold enhancement. It has been demonstrated that ∼9% of Iso-OH modulator incorporation produces ∼40% defects, inducing band gap reduction and longer excited states lifetime. Similar defect percentages have been generated upon near 40% Iso-F modulator incorporation; however, negligible band gap changes and shorter excited states lifetimes were determined. The higher photocatalytic activity in Iso-F modulator derived MOF has been attributed to the effect of the divergent defect-compensation modes on the materials' photostability and to the increase in the external surface area upon introduction of Iso-F modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Abánades Lázaro
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no
2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Horatiu Szalad
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, UniversitatPolitècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Pablo Valiente
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no
2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
| | - Josep Albero
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, UniversitatPolitècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Hermenegildo García
- Instituto
Universitario de Tecnología Química CSIC-UPV, UniversitatPolitècnica de València, Av. De los Naranjos s/n, 46022 València, Spain
| | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto
de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat
de València, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no
2, 46980 Paterna, València, Spain
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15
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Sapnik AF, Bechis I, Bumstead AM, Johnson T, Chater PA, Keen DA, Jelfs KE, Bennett TD. Multivariate analysis of disorder in metal-organic frameworks. Nat Commun 2022; 13:2173. [PMID: 35449202 PMCID: PMC9023516 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29849-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The rational design of disordered frameworks is an appealing route to target functional materials. However, intentional realisation of such materials relies on our ability to readily characterise and quantify structural disorder. Here, we use multivariate analysis of pair distribution functions to fingerprint and quantify the disorder within a series of compositionally identical metal–organic frameworks, possessing different crystalline, disordered, and amorphous structures. We find this approach can provide powerful insight into the kinetics and mechanism of structural collapse that links these materials. Our methodology is also extended to a very different system, namely the melting of a zeolitic imidazolate framework, to demonstrate the potential generality of this approach across many areas of disordered structural chemistry. Structural disorder in materials is challenging to characterise. Here, the authors use multivariate analysis of atomic pair distribution functions to study structural collapse and melting of metal–organic frameworks, revealing powerful mechanistic and kinetic insight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Irene Bechis
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Alice M Bumstead
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Timothy Johnson
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blount's Court, Sonning Common, Reading, RG4 9NH, UK
| | - Philip A Chater
- Diamond Light Source Ltd, Diamond House, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0DE, UK
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Neutron and Muon Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot, Oxfordshire, OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Kim E Jelfs
- Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Molecular Sciences Research Hub, White City Campus, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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16
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Behera P, Subudhi S, Tripathy SP, Parida K. MOF derived nano-materials: A recent progress in strategic fabrication, characterization and mechanistic insight towards divergent photocatalytic applications. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2021.214392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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17
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Yao Y, Ma Z, Dou Y, Lim SY, Zou J, Stamate E, Jensen JO, Zhang W. Random Occupation of Multimetal Sites in Transition Metal-Organic Frameworks for Boosting the Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104288. [PMID: 35041236 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Developing robust oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts with excellent performance is essential for the conversion of renewable electricity to clean fuel. Herein, we present a facile concept for the synthesis of efficient high-entropy metal-organic frameworks (HEMOFs) as electrocatalysts in a one-step solvothermal synthesis. This strategy allows control of the microstructure and corresponding lattice distortion by tuning the metal ion composition. As a result, the OER activity was improved by optimizing the coordination environment of the metal catalytic center. The optimized Co-rich HEMOFs exhibited a low overpotential of 310 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 , better than a RuO2 catalyst tested under the same conditions. The finding of lattice distortion of the HEMOFs provides a new strategy for developing high-performance electrocatalysts for energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuechao Yao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Zhongtao Ma
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 310, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yibo Dou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sung Yul Lim
- Department of Chemistry and Research Institute for Basic Science, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Jizhao Zou
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Special Functional Materials & Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory for Advance Technology of Ceramics College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Eugen Stamate
- National Centre for Nano Fabrication and Characterization, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jens Oluf Jensen
- Department of Energy Conversion and Storage, Technical University of Denmark, Fysikvej 310, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Wenjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Miljøvej 113, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- Nattapol Ma
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
| | - Satoshi Horike
- Department of Synthetic Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Nishikyo-ku, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
- AIST-Kyoto University Chemical Energy Materials Open Innovation Laboratory (ChEM-OIL), National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Institute for Integrated Cell-Material Sciences, Institute for Advanced Study, Kyoto University, Yoshida-Honmachi, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, School of Molecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Rayong, 21210, Thailand
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19
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Martin C, Jonckheere D, Coutino-Gonzalez E, Smolders S, Bueken B, Marquez C, Krajnc A, Willhammar T, Kennes K, Fenwick O, Richard F, Samorì P, Mali G, Hofkens J, Roeffaers MBJ, De Vos DE. Metal-biomolecule frameworks (BioMOFs): a novel approach for "green" optoelectronic applications. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:677-680. [PMID: 34919109 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05214d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a water-stable microcrystalline bioMOF was synthesized, characterized, and loaded with silver ions or highly emissive rare earth (RE) metals such as Eu3+/Tb3+. The obtained materials were used as active layers in a proof-of-concept sustainable light-emitting device, highlighting the potential of bioMOFs in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Martin
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2404, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
- Unidad nanoCRIB, Centro Regional de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Albacete, 02071, Spain
| | - Dries Jonckheere
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Eduardo Coutino-Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A. C. Loma del Bosque 115, Colonia Lomas del Campestre, León, Guanajuato 37150, Mexico
| | - Simon Smolders
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Bart Bueken
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Carlos Marquez
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Andraž Krajnc
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Tom Willhammar
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, Svante Arrhenius väg 16C, Stockholm 106 91, Sweden
| | - Koen Kennes
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2404, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Oliver Fenwick
- Queen Mary University of London, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, UK
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Fanny Richard
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, Strasbourg 67000, France
| | - Gregor Mali
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry and Technology, National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljubljana 1001, Slovenia
| | - Johan Hofkens
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Molecular Imaging and Photonics (MIP), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2404, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Maarten B J Roeffaers
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
| | - Dirk E De Vos
- KU Leuven, Leuven Chem&Tech - Centre for Membrane Separations, Adsorption, Catalysis and Spectroscopy for Sustainable Solutions (cMACS), Celestijnenlaan 200F post box 2454, Leuven 3001, Belgium.
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20
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Fuchs A, Mannhardt P, Hirschle P, Wang H, Zaytseva I, Ji Z, Yaghi O, Wuttke S, Ploetz E. Single Crystals Heterogeneity Impacts the Intrinsic and Extrinsic Properties of Metal-Organic Frameworks. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2104530. [PMID: 34806239 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
At present, an enormous characterization gap exists between the study of the crystal structure of a material and its bulk properties. Individual particles falling within this gap cannot be fully characterized in a correlative manner by current methods. The authors address this problem by exploiting the noninvasive nature of optical microscopy and spectroscopy for the correlative analysis of metal-organic framework particles in situ. They probe the intrinsic as well as extrinsic properties in a correlated manner. The authors show that the crystal shape of MIL-88A strongly impacts its optical absorption. Furthermore, the question of how homogeneously water is distributed and adsorbed within one of the most promising materials for harvesting water from humid air, MOF-801, is addressed. The results demonstrate the considerable importance of the particle level and how it can affect the property of the material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Fuchs
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Petra Mannhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Patrick Hirschle
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Haoze Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Irina Zaytseva
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
| | - Zhe Ji
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Omar Yaghi
- Department of Chemistry, University of California-Berkeley, Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute at Berkeley, and Berkeley Global Science Institute, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
- UC Berkeley-KACST Joint Center of Excellence for Nanomaterials for Clean Energy Applications, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, Riyadh, 11442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefan Wuttke
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48013, Spain
| | - Evelyn Ploetz
- Department of Chemistry and Center for NanoScience (CeNS), LMU Munich, 81377, Munich, Germany
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21
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Xiaotong H, Wang J, Mousavi B, Klomkliang N, Chaemchuen S. Strategies for induced defects in metal-organic frameworks for enhancing adsorption and catalytic performance. Dalton Trans 2022; 51:8133-8159. [DOI: 10.1039/d2dt01030e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have emerged among porous materials. The designable structure and specific functionality make them stand out for diverse applications. In conceptual MOF, the metal ions/clusters and organic ligands...
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22
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Hobday CL, Krause S, Rogge SMJ, Evans JD, Bunzen H. Perspectives on the Influence of Crystal Size and Morphology on the Properties of Porous Framework Materials. Front Chem 2021; 9:772059. [PMID: 34858946 PMCID: PMC8631963 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.772059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization is a key aspect of materials science. Owing to the increase in quality experimental and computational tools available to researchers, it has become clear that the crystal size and morphology of porous framework materials, including metal-organic frameworks and covalent organic frameworks, play a vital role in defining the physicochemical behaviour of these materials. However, given the multiscale and multidisciplinary challenges associated with establishing how crystal size and morphology affect the structure and behaviour of a material–from local to global structural modifications and from static to dynamic effects–a comprehensive mechanistic understanding of size and morphology effects is missing. Herein, we provide our perspective on the current state-of-the-art of this topic, drawn from various complementary disciplines. From a fundamental point of view, we discuss how controlling the crystal size and morphology can alter the mechanical and adsorption properties of porous framework materials and how this can impact phase stability. Special attention is also given to the quest to develop new computational tools capable of modelling these multiscale effects. From a more applied point of view, given the recent progress in this research field, we highlight the importance of crystal size and morphology control in drug delivery. Moreover, we provide an outlook on how to advance each discussed field by size and morphology control, which would open new design opportunities for functional porous framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire L Hobday
- Centre for Science at Extreme Conditions and EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon Krause
- Nanochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sven M J Rogge
- Center for Molecular Modeling (CMM), Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jack D Evans
- Centre for Advanced Nanomaterials and Department of Chemistry, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
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23
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Pair sites on Al3O nodes of the metal-organic framework MIL-100: Cooperative roles of defect and structural vacancy sites in methanol dehydration catalysis. J Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Lv X, Huang L, Ding S, Wang J, Li L, Liang C, Li X. Mixed matrix membranes comprising dual-facilitated bio-inspired filler for enhancing CO2 separation. Sep Purif Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2021.119347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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25
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Yoon S, Talin AA, Stavila V, Mroz AM, Bennett TD, He Y, Keen DA, Hendon CH, Allendorf MD, So MC. From n- to p-Type Material: Effect of Metal Ion on Charge Transport in Metal-Organic Materials. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52055-52062. [PMID: 34061490 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c09130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
An intriguing new class of two-dimensional (2D) materials based on metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) has recently been developed that displays electrical conductivity, a rarity among these nanoporous materials. The emergence of conducting MOFs raises questions about their fundamental electronic properties, but few studies exist in this regard. Here, we present an integrated theory and experimental investigation to probe the effects of metal substitution on the charge transport properties of M-HITP, where M = Ni or Pt and HITP = 2,3,6,7,10,11-hexaiminotriphenylene. The results show that the identity of the M-HITP majority charge carrier can be changed without intentional introduction of electronically active dopants. We observe that the selection of the metal ion substantially affects charge transport. Using the known structure, Ni-HITP, we synthesized a new amorphous material, a-Pt-HITP, which although amorphous is nevertheless found to be porous upon desolvation. Importantly, this new material exhibits p-type charge transport behavior, unlike Ni-HITP, which displays n-type charge transport. These results demonstrate that both p- and n-type materials can be achieved within the same MOF topology through appropriate choice of the metal ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon Yoon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Chico, Chico, California 95973, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - A Alec Talin
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Austin M Mroz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97401, United States
| | - Thomas D Bennett
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0FS, United Kingdom
| | - Yuping He
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, United States
| | - David A Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Harwell Campus, Didcot OX11 0QX, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97401, United States
| | - Mark D Allendorf
- Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Monica C So
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University Chico, Chico, California 95973, United States
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26
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Tuttle RR, Daly RE, Rithner CD, Reynolds MM. Monitoring a MOF Catalyzed Reaction Directly in Blood Plasma. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:52006-52013. [PMID: 34280308 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c08917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we establish a method to quantitatively monitor a metal-organic framework (MOF)-catalyzed, biomedically relevant reaction directly in blood plasma, specifically, the generation of nitric oxide (NO) from the endogenous substrate S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) catalyzed by H3[(Cu4Cl)3-(BTTri)8] (CuBTTri). The reaction monitoring method uses UV-vis and 1H NMR spectroscopies along with a nitric oxide analyzer (NOA) to yield the reaction stoichiometry and catalytic rate for GSNO to NO conversion catalyzed by CuBTTri in blood plasma. The results show 100% loss of GSNO within 16 h and production of 1 equiv. of glutathione disulfide (GSSG) per 2 equiv. of GSNO. Only 78 ± 10% recovery of NO(g) was observed, indicating that blood plasma can scavenge the generated NO before it can escape the reaction vessel. Significantly, to best apply and understand reaction systems with biomedical importance, such as NO release catalyzed by CuBTTri, methods to study the reaction directly in biological solvents must be developed.
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27
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Lázaro IA, Almora-Barrios N, Tatay S, Popescu C, Martí-Gastaldo C. Linker depletion for missing cluster defects in non-UiO metal-organic frameworks. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11839-11844. [PMID: 34659723 PMCID: PMC8442692 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02408f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Defect engineering is a valuable tool to tune the properties of metal-organic frameworks. However, defect chemistry remains still predominantly limited to UiO-type MOFs. We describe the preferential formation of missing cluster defects in heterometallic titanium-organic frameworks of the MUV-10 family when synthesised in sub-stoichiometric linker conditions. Our results show the value of integrating experimental work, computational modelling and thorough characterization in rationalizing the impact of defects over the porosity and structure of this family of materials. Correlation of experiment with computational models reveals the dominance of missing cluster vacancies in the pore size distribution of defective MUV-10. These same models were used to investigate the correlation of defects by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. The diffraction at low reflection angles is dominated by diffuse scattering that is indicative of short-range order and cannot be indexed to the defective structural models generated. In addition to the low atomic scattering factor of titanium, these results confirm the need for high-resolution electron microscopy methods for modelling nanoscale disorder in titanium MOFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Abánades Lázaro
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán-2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Neyvis Almora-Barrios
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán-2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | - Sergio Tatay
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán-2 46980 Paterna Spain
| | | | - Carlos Martí-Gastaldo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia Catedrático José Beltrán-2 46980 Paterna Spain
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28
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Fabrizio K, Lazarou KA, Payne LI, Twight LP, Golledge S, Hendon CH, Brozek CK. Tunable Band Gaps in MUV-10(M): A Family of Photoredox-Active MOFs with Earth-Abundant Open Metal Sites. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:12609-12621. [PMID: 34370478 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c04808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Titanium-based metal-organic frameworks (Ti-MOFs) have attracted intense research attention because they can store charges in the form of Ti3+ and they serve as photosensitizers to cocatalysts through heterogeneous photoredox reactions at the MOF-liquid interface. Both the charge storage and charge transfer depend on the redox potentials of the MOF and the molecular substrate, but the factors controlling these energetic aspects are not well understood. Additionally, photocatalysis involving Ti-MOFs relies on cocatalysts rather than the intrinsic Ti reactivity, in part because Ti-MOFs with open metal sites are rare. Here, we report that the class of Ti-MOFs known as MUV-10 can be synthetically modified to include a range of redox-inactive ions with flexible coordination environments that control the energies of the photoactive orbitals. Lewis acidic cations installed in the MOF cluster (Cd2+, Sr2+, and Ba2+) or introduced to the pores (H+, Li+, Na+, K+) tune the electronic structure and band gaps of the MOFs. Through the use of optical redox indicators, we report the first direct measurement of the Fermi levels (redox potentials) of photoexcited MOFs in situ. Taken together, these results explain the ability of Ti-MOFs to store charges and provide design principles for achieving heterogeneous photoredox chemistry with electrostatic control.
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29
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Lázaro IA, Popescu C, Cirujano FG. Controlling the molecular diffusion in MOFs with the acidity of monocarboxylate modulators. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:11291-11299. [PMID: 34342329 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt01773j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The catalytic performance of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is related to their physicochemical properties, such as particle size, defect chemistry and porosity, which can be potentially controlled by coordination modulation. By combining PXRD, 1HNMR, FT-IR, and N2 uptake measurements we have gained insights into the control of different types of defects (missing linker or missing cluster consequence of the spatial distribution of missing linkers, and a combination of both) by the type of modulator employed. We show that the molar percent of defects, either as missing linkers or as a part of missing cluster defects, is related to the acidity of a modulator and its subsequent incorporation into the UiO-66 structure. Modulators with strong acidity and small size result in a considerable defect induction that causes an increase in the external surface area and mesopore volume, which is beneficial for the ring-opening of epoxides with amines, using UiO-66 defect-modulated MOFs as heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Abánades Lázaro
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universitat de València, Catedrático José Beltrán Martínez no 2, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
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30
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Fucci R, Vande Velde CML. Strategic design and synthesis of star-shaped organic linkers for mesoporous MOFs. Faraday Discuss 2021; 231:97-111. [PMID: 34196337 DOI: 10.1039/d1fd00026h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In the process of designing new MOFs with the aim of having a specific morphology, the shape of the linkers and the choice of coordinating metals have major importance. In this study, the aim to create novel hnb non-interpenetrating MOFs led us to choose tritopic linkers. Novel star-shaped molecules, presenting trigonal geometry and based on aromatic rings, were synthesized. For more convenient synthesis of the library, C-C coupling reactions via a direct arylation methodology were performed. This new synthetic tool, together with the idea of a molecule as a modular combination of smaller building blocks, made possible the fast, cheap and reproducible production of this class of compounds and also its scale-up. With one of the compounds, a MOF was synthesized and characterised via its specific surface area, which varies between 1681 and 3770 m2 g-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Fucci
- Intelligence in Processes, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS), Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
| | - Christophe M L Vande Velde
- Intelligence in Processes, Advanced Catalysts and Solvents (iPRACS), Faculty of Applied Engineering, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerpen, Belgium.
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31
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32
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Gutiérrez-Arzaluz L, Jia J, Gu C, Czaban-Jóźwiak J, Yin J, Shekhah O, Bakr OM, Eddaoudi M, Mohammed OF. Directional Exciton Migration in Benzoimidazole-Based Metal-Organic Frameworks. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:4917-4927. [PMID: 34008983 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly luminescent metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have recently received great attention due to their potential applications as sensors and light-emitting devices. In these MOFs, the highly ordered fluorescent organic linkers positioning prevents excited-state self-quenching and rotational motion, enhancing their light-harvesting properties. Here, the exciton migration between the organic linkers with the same chemical structure but different protonation degrees in Zr-based MOFs was explored and deciphered using ultrafast laser spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations. First, we clearly demonstrate how hydrogen-bonding interactions between free linkers and solvents affect the twisting changes, internal conversion processes, and luminescent behavior of a benzoimidazole-based linker. Second, we provide clear evidence of an ultrafast energy transfer between well-aligned adjacent linkers with different protonation states inside the MOF. These findings provide a new fundamental photophysical insight into the exciton migration dynamics between linkers with different protonation states coexisting at different locations in MOFs and serve as a benchmark for improving light-harvesting MOF architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Gutiérrez-Arzaluz
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jiangtao Jia
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Chun Gu
- Laboratory for Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Justyna Czaban-Jóźwiak
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jun Yin
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osama Shekhah
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Osman M Bakr
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Functional Materials Design, Discovery and Development Research Group, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Omar F Mohammed
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Advanced Membranes and Porous Materials Center, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- KAUST Catalysis Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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33
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Allendorf MD, Stavila V, Witman M, Brozek CK, Hendon CH. What Lies beneath a Metal-Organic Framework Crystal Structure? New Design Principles from Unexpected Behaviors. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:6705-6723. [PMID: 33904302 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The rational design principles established for metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) allow clear structure-property relationships, fueling expansive growth for energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and beyond. However, these design principles are based on the assumption of compositional and structural rigidity, as measured crystallographically. Such idealization of MOF structures overlooks subtle chemical aspects that can lead to departures from structure-based chemical intuition. In this Perspective, we identify unexpected behavior of MOFs through literature examples. Based on this analysis, we conclude that departures from ideality are not uncommon. Whereas linker topology and metal coordination geometry are useful starting points for understanding MOF properties, we anticipate that deviations from the idealized crystal representation will be necessary to explain important and unexpected behaviors. Although this realization reinforces the notion that MOFs are highly complex materials, it should also stimulate a broader reexamination of the literature to identify corollaries to existing design rules and reveal new structure-property relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Allendorf
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Vitalie Stavila
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Matthew Witman
- Chemistry, Combustion, and Materials Science Center, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Carl K Brozek
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States.,Oregon Center for Electrochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
| | - Christopher H Hendon
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry and Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403, United States
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34
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Vogel DJ, Rimsza JM, Nenoff TM. Prediction of Reactive Nitrous Acid Formation in Rare-Earth MOFs via ab initio Molecular Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:11514-11522. [PMID: 33690943 PMCID: PMC8252009 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Reactive gas formation in pores of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is a known mechanism of framework destruction; understanding those mechanisms for future durability design is key to next generation adsorbents. Herein, an extensive set of ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations are used for the first time to predict competitive adsorption of mixed acid gases (NO2 and H2 O) and the in-pore reaction mechanisms for a series of rare earth (RE)-DOBDC MOFs. Spontaneous formation of nitrous acid (HONO) is identified as a result of deprotonation of the MOF organic linker, DOBDC. The unique DOBDC coordination to the metal clusters allows for proton transfer from the linker to the NO2 without the presence of H2 O and may be a factor in DOBDC MOF durability. This is a previously unreported mechanisms of HONO formation in MOFs. With the presented methodology, prediction of future gas interactions in new nanoporous materials can be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayton J. Vogel
- Nanoscale Sciences DepartmentSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
| | - Jessica M. Rimsza
- Geochemistry DepartmentSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
| | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Material, Physical, and Chemical SciencesSandia National LaboratoriesAlbuquerqueNM87185USA
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35
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Vogel DJ, Rimsza JM, Nenoff TM. Prediction of Reactive Nitrous Acid Formation in Rare‐Earth MOFs via ab initio Molecular Dynamics. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dayton J. Vogel
- Nanoscale Sciences Department Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
| | - Jessica M. Rimsza
- Geochemistry Department Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
| | - Tina M. Nenoff
- Material, Physical, and Chemical Sciences Sandia National Laboratories Albuquerque NM 87185 USA
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36
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Yang D, Gates BC. Elucidating and Tuning Catalytic Sites on Zirconium- and Aluminum-Containing Nodes of Stable Metal-Organic Frameworks. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1982-1991. [PMID: 33843190 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusMetal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are a huge, rapidly growing class of crystalline, porous materials that consist of inorganic nodes linked by organic struts. Offering the advantages of thermal stability combined with high densities of accessible reactive sites, some MOFs are good candidate materials for applications in catalysis and separations. Such MOFs include those with nodes that are metal oxide clusters (e.g., Zr6O8, Hf6O8, and Zr12O22) and long rods (e.g., [Al(OH)]n). These nanostructured metal oxides are often compared with bulk metal oxides, but they are in essence different because their structures are not the same and because the MOFs have a high degree of uniformity, offering the prospect of a deep understanding of reactivity that is barely attainable for most bulk metal oxides because of their surface heterogeneity. This prospect is being realized as it has become evident that adventitious components on MOF node surfaces, besides the linkers, are crucial. These ligands arise from modulators, solvents, or products of solvent decomposition in MOF synthesis solutions, and because they are minor components that are often irregularly placed on defects, they may not show up in X-ray diffraction (XRD) crystal structures. Hydroxyl groups on the nodes (like those on bulk metal oxides) are regarded as native functional groups arising from solvent water, but they may barely be present initially, with common ligands instead being formate and acetate formed from modulators formic acid and acetic acid. (Formate also arises from the decomposition of dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent.) Replacement and control of the node ligands is facilitated by postsynthesis reactions (e.g., with alcohols or aqueous HCl/H2SO4 solutions) or as a result of high-temperature decomposition. In catalysis, adventitious node ligands can be (a) reaction inhibitors that block active sites on the nodes (e.g., formate blocking Zr, Hf, or Al Lewis acid sites); (b) reaction intermediates (e.g., ethoxy in ethanol dehydration); or (c) active sites themselves (e.g., terminal OH groups in tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) dehydration). Surprisingly, in view of the catalytic importance of such ligands on bulk metal oxides, their subtle chemistry on MOF nodes is only recently being determined. We describe (1) methods for identifying and quantifying node ligands (especially by IR spectroscopy and by 1H NMR spectroscopy of MOFs digested in NaOH/D2O solutions); (2) node ligand surface chemistry expressed as reaction networks; (3) catalysis, with mechanisms and energetics determined by density functional theory (DFT) and spectroscopy; and (4) MOF unzipping by reactions of linker carboxylate ligands with reactants such as alcohols that break node-linker bonds, a cause of catalyst deactivation and also an indicator of node-linker bond strength and MOF stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
- College of Chemical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Materials-Oriented Chemical Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 21000, China
| | - Bruce C. Gates
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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37
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Sapnik AF, Johnstone DN, Collins SM, Divitini G, Bumstead AM, Ashling CW, Chater PA, Keeble DS, Johnson T, Keen DA, Bennett TD. Stepwise collapse of a giant pore metal-organic framework. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:5011-5022. [PMID: 33877199 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt00881a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Defect engineering is a powerful tool that can be used to tailor the properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Here, we incorporate defects through ball milling to systematically vary the porosity of the giant pore MOF, MIL-100 (Fe). We show that milling leads to the breaking of metal-linker bonds, generating additional coordinatively unsaturated metal sites, and ultimately causes amorphisation. Pair distribution function analysis shows the hierarchical local structure is partially retained, even in the amorphised material. We find that solvents can be used to stabilise the MIL-100 (Fe) framework against collapse, which leads to a substantial retention of porosity over the non-stabilised material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam F Sapnik
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK.
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38
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Chen L, Azeem S, Ruan M, Xu W, Barck A, Kornowski A, Parak WJ, Chakraborty I. Rapid template‐guided ligand‐free synthesis of ultrasmall Pt nanoclusters with efficient hydrogen evolution reaction activity and their versatile release. NANO SELECT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lizhen Chen
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | - Shoaib Azeem
- Fachbereich Physik Philipps Universität Marburg Marburg Germany
| | - Mingbo Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Changchun P. R. China
| | - Weilin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, and Jilin Province Key Laboratory of Low Carbon Chemical Power Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Science Changchun P. R. China
| | - Almut Barck
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
| | | | - Wolfgang J. Parak
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- Fachbereich Chemie Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
- CIC Biomagune San Sebastian Spain
| | - Indranath Chakraborty
- Fachbereich Physik Center for Hybrid Nanostructures (CHyN) Universität Hamburg Hamburg Germany
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39
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Manson JL, Curley SPM, Williams RC, Walker D, Goddard PA, Ozarowski A, Johnson RD, Vibhakar AM, Villa DY, Rhodehouse ML, Birnbaum SM, Singleton J. Controlling Magnetic Anisotropy in a Zero-Dimensional S = 1 Magnet Using Isotropic Cation Substitution. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:4633-4638. [PMID: 33724822 PMCID: PMC8017523 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c12516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The [Zn1–xNix(HF2)(pyz)2]SbF6 (x = 0.2; pyz = pyrazine)
solid solution exhibits a zero-field
splitting (D) that is 22% larger [D = 16.2(2) K (11.3(2) cm–1)] than that observed
in the x = 1 material [D = 13.3(1)
K (9.2(1) cm–1)]. The substantial change in D is accomplished by an anisotropic lattice expansion in
the MN4 (M = Zn or Ni) plane, wherein the increased concentration
of isotropic Zn(II) ions induces a nonlinear variation in M-F and
M-N bond lengths. In this, we exploit the relative donor atom hardness,
where M-F and M-N form strong ionic and weak coordinate covalent bonds,
respectively, the latter being more sensitive to substitution of Ni
by the slightly larger Zn(II) ion. In this way, we are able to tune
the single-ion anisotropy of a magnetic lattice site by Zn-substitution
on nearby sites. This effect has possible applications in the field
of single-ion magnets and the design of other molecule-based magnetic
systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie L Manson
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington 99004, United States
| | | | | | - David Walker
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Paul A Goddard
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K
| | - Andrew Ozarowski
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Roger D Johnson
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Anuradha M Vibhakar
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, Oxford University, Oxford OX1 3PU, U.K
| | - Danielle Y Villa
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington 99004, United States
| | - Melissa L Rhodehouse
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry & Physics, Eastern Washington University, Cheney, Washington 99004, United States
| | - Serena M Birnbaum
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Pulsed-Field Facility, MS-E536, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - John Singleton
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Pulsed-Field Facility, MS-E536, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
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40
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Defect‐Assisted Loading and Docking Conformations of Pharmaceuticals in Metal–Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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41
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Seth S, Jhulki S. Porous flexible frameworks: origins of flexibility and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:700-727. [PMID: 34821313 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01710h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Porous crystalline frameworks including zeolites, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs) and hydrogen-bonded organic frameworks (HOFs) have attracted great research interest in recent years. In addition to their assembly in the solid-state being fundamentally interesting and aesthetically pleasing, their potential applications have now pervaded in different areas of chemistry, biology and materials science. When framework materials are endowed with 'flexibility', they exhibit some properties (e.g., stimuli-induced pore breathing and reversible phase transformations) that are distinct from their rigid counterparts. Benefiting from flexibility and porosity, these framework materials have shown promise in applications that include separation of toxic chemicals, isotopes and hydrocarbons, sensing, and targeted delivery of chemicals. While flexibility in MOFs has been widely appreciated, recent developments of COFs and HOFs have established that flexibility is not just limited to MOFs. In fact, zeolites-that are considered rigid when compared with MOFs-are also known to exhibit dynamic modes. Despite flexibility may be conceived as being detrimental to the formation and stability of periodic structures, the landscape of flexible framework structures continues to expand with discovery of new materials with promising applications. In this review, we make an account of different flexible framework materials based on their framework types with a more focus on recent examples and delve into the origin of flexibility in each case. This systematic analysis of different flexibility types based on their origins enables understanding of structure-property relationships, which should help guide future development of flexible framework materials based on appropriate monomer design and tailoring their properties by bottom-up approach. In essence, this review provides a summary of different flexibility types extant to framework materials and critical analysis of importance of flexibility in emerging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saona Seth
- Department of Applied Sciences, Tezpur University, Napaam, Assam 784028, India.
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42
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Fu Y, Kang Z, Cao W, Yin J, Tu Y, Li J, Guan H, Wang Y, Wang Q, Kong X. Defect-Assisted Loading and Docking Conformations of Pharmaceuticals in Metal-Organic Frameworks. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:7719-7727. [PMID: 33400342 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202010231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Understanding of drug-carrier interactions is essential for the design and application of metal-organic framework (MOF)-based drug-delivery systems, and such drug-carrier interactions can be fundamentally different for MOFs with or without defects. Herein, we reveal that the defects in MOFs play a key role in the loading of many pharmaceuticals with phosphate or phosphonate groups. The host-guest interaction is dominated by the Coulombic attraction between phosphate/phosphonate groups and defect sites, and it strongly enhances the loading capacity. For similar molecules without a phosphate/phosphonate group or for MOFs without defects, the loading capacity is greatly reduced. We employed solid-state NMR spectroscopy and molecular simulations to elucidate the drug-carrier interaction mechanisms. Through a synergistic combination of experimental and theoretical analyses, the docking conformations of pharmaceuticals at the defects were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Fu
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Zhengzhong Kang
- Center for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Weicheng Cao
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Jinglin Yin
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yaoquan Tu
- Department of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jianhua Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Hanxi Guan
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Yiran Wang
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Center for Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Xueqian Kong
- Center for Chemistry of High-Performance and Novel Materials, Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
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43
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Lee J, Hong S, Lee J, Kim S, Kim J, Kim M. Strategies in Metal–
Organic Framework‐based
Catalysts for the Aerobic Oxidation of Alcohols and Recent Progress. B KOREAN CHEM SOC 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/bkcs.12197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jooyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 Korea
| | - Seungpyo Hong
- Department of Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 Korea
| | - Jonghyeon Lee
- Department of Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 Korea
| | - Seongwoo Kim
- Materials Architecturing Research Center Korea Institute of Science and Technology Seoul 02792 Korea
| | - Jinho Kim
- Department of Chemistry Incheon National University Incheon 22012 Korea
| | - Min Kim
- Department of Chemistry Chungbuk National University Cheongju 28644 Korea
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44
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Terban MW, Ghose SK, Plonka AM, Troya D, Juhás P, Dinnebier RE, Mahle JJ, Gordon WO, Frenkel AI. Atomic resolution tracking of nerve-agent simulant decomposition and host metal-organic framework response in real space. Commun Chem 2021; 4:2. [PMID: 36697507 PMCID: PMC9814582 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-020-00439-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Gas capture and sequestration are valuable properties of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) driving tremendous interest in their use as filtration materials for chemical warfare agents. Recently, the Zr-based MOF UiO-67 was shown to effectively adsorb and decompose the nerve-agent simulant, dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP). Understanding mechanisms of MOF-agent interaction is challenging due to the need to distinguish between the roles of the MOF framework and its particular sites for the activation and sequestration process. Here, we demonstrate the quantitative tracking of both framework and binding component structures using in situ X-ray total scattering measurements of UiO-67 under DMMP exposure, pair distribution function analysis, and theoretical calculations. The sorption and desorption of DMMP within the pores, association with linker-deficient Zr6 cores, and decomposition to irreversibly bound methyl methylphosphonate were directly observed and analyzed with atomic resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxwell W. Terban
- grid.419552.e0000 0001 1015 6736Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Sanjit K. Ghose
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY 11973 USA
| | - Anna M. Plonka
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794 USA
| | - Diego Troya
- grid.438526.e0000 0001 0694 4940Department of Chemistry, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061 USA
| | - Pavol Juhás
- grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Computational Science Initiative, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY 11973 USA
| | - Robert E. Dinnebier
- grid.419552.e0000 0001 1015 6736Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research, Heisenbergstr. 1, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - John J. Mahle
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA
| | - Wesley O. Gordon
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Command Chemical Biological Center, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21010 USA
| | - Anatoly I. Frenkel
- grid.36425.360000 0001 2216 9681Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, NY 11794 USA ,grid.202665.50000 0001 2188 4229Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, NY 11973 USA
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45
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Morales-Vidal J, García-Muelas R, Ortuño MA. Defects as catalytic sites for the oxygen evolution reaction in Earth-abundant MOF-74 revealed by DFT. Catal Sci Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cy02163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is the bottleneck of hydrogen production via water splitting and understanding electrocatalysts at atomic level becomes paramount to enhance the efficiency of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Morales-Vidal
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Rodrigo García-Muelas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
| | - Manuel A. Ortuño
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ)
- Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
- 43007 Tarragona
- Spain
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46
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Effect of the structural disorder of T-shaped triazolyl-based coordination network compounds on the pore size and stability. MENDELEEV COMMUNICATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mencom.2021.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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47
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Reynolds E, Wolpert EH, Overy AR, Mizzi L, Simonov A, Grima JN, Kaskel S, Goodwin AL. Function from configurational degeneracy in disordered framework materials. Faraday Discuss 2021; 225:241-254. [PMID: 33089859 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00008f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We develop the concepts of combinatorial mechanics, adaptive flexibility, and error-correcting codes as applications of disordered framework materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Reynolds
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - Emma H. Wolpert
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - Alistair R. Overy
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - Luke Mizzi
- Metamaterials Unit
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida MSD 2080
- Malta
| | - Arkadiy Simonov
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - Joseph N. Grima
- Metamaterials Unit
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malta
- Msida MSD 2080
- Malta
| | - Stefan Kaskel
- Department of Chemistry
- Technische Universität Dresden
- 01062 Dresden
- Germany
| | - Andrew L. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Oxford
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
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48
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Abstract
Metal–organic frameworks host many types of compositional and structural disorder. In this Highlight article we explore cases where this disorder is correlated, rather than random.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G. Meekel
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
| | - Andrew L. Goodwin
- Department of Chemistry
- Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory
- University of Oxford
- Oxford OX1 3QR
- UK
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49
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Heinz WR, Agirrezabal-Telleria I, Junk R, Berger J, Wang J, Sharapa DI, Gil-Calvo M, Luz I, Soukri M, Studt F, Wang Y, Wöll C, Bunzen H, Drees M, Fischer RA. Thermal Defect Engineering of Precious Group Metal-Organic Frameworks: A Case Study on Ru/Rh-HKUST-1 Analogues. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:40635-40647. [PMID: 32791827 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A methodology is introduced for controlled postsynthetic thermal defect engineering (TDE) of precious group metal-organic frameworks (PGM-MOFs). The case study is based on the Ru/Rh analogues of the archetypical structure [Cu3(BTC)2] (HKUST-1; BTC = 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylate). Quantitative monitoring of the TDE process and extensive characterization of the samples employing a complementary set of analytical and spectroscopic techniques reveal that the compositionally very complex TDE-MOF materials result from the elimination and/or fragmentation of ancillary ligands and/or linkers. TDE involves the preferential secession of acetate ligands, intrinsically introduced via coordination modulation during synthesis, and the gradual decarboxylation of ligator sites of the framework linker BTC. Both processes lead to modified Ru/Rh paddlewheel nodes. These nodes exhibit a lowered average oxidation state and more accessible open metal centers, as deduced from surface-ligand IR spectroscopy using CO as a probe and supported by density functional theory (DFT)-based computations. The monometallic and the mixed-metal PGM-MOFs systematically differ in their TDE properties and, in particular in the hydride generation ability (HGA). This latter property is an important indicator for the catalytic activity of PGM-MOFs, as demonstrated by the ethylene dimerization reaction to 1-butene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner R Heinz
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Iker Agirrezabal-Telleria
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Raphael Junk
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Berger
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | | | | | - Miryam Gil-Calvo
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Engineering School of the University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Ignacio Luz
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | - Mustapha Soukri
- RTI International, 3040 E Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina 27709, United States
| | | | | | | | - Hana Bunzen
- Chair of Solid-State and Materials Chemistry, Institute of Physics, University of Augsburg, Universitätsstraße 1, 86159 Augsburg, Germany
| | - Markus Drees
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Roland A Fischer
- Department of Chemistry, Chair of Inorganic and Metal-Organic Chemistry, Technical University of Munich (TUM), Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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50
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Affiliation(s)
- David A. Keen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Didcot, Oxfordshire, UK
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