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Nagdalian A, Blinov A, Gvozdenko A, Golik A, Rekhman Z, Rzhepakovsky I, Kolesnikov R, Avanesyan S, Blinova A, Pirogov M, Leontev P, Askerova A, Tsykin E, Shariati MA. Effect of MnO 2 Nanoparticles Stabilized with Cocamidopropyl Betaine on Germination and Development of Pea ( Pisum sativum L.) Seedlings. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 14:959. [PMID: 38869584 PMCID: PMC11174102 DOI: 10.3390/nano14110959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to synthesize, characterize, and evaluate the effect of cocamidopropyl betaine-stabilized MnO2 nanoparticles (NPs) on the germination and development of pea seedlings. The synthesized NPs manifested as aggregates ranging from 50-600 nm, comprising spherical particles sized between 19 to 50 nm. These particles exhibited partial crystallization, indicated by peaks at 2θ = 25.37, 37.62, 41.18, 49.41, 61.45, and 65.79°, characteristic of MnO2 with a tetragonal crystal lattice with a I4/m spatial group. Quantum chemical modelling showed that the stabilization process of MnO2 NPs with cocamidopropyl betaine is energetically advantageous (∆E > 1299.000 kcal/mol) and chemically stable, as confirmed by the positive chemical hardness values (0.023 ≤ η ≤ 0.053 eV). It was revealed that the interaction between the MnO2 molecule and cocamidopropyl betaine, facilitated by a secondary amino group (NH), is the most probable scenario. This ascertain is supported by the values of the difference in total energy (∆E = 1299.519 kcal/mol) and chemical hardness (η = 0.053 eV). These findings were further confirmed using FTIR spectroscopy. The effect of MnO2 NPs at various concentrations on the germination of pea seeds was found to be nonlinear and ambiguous. The investigation revealed that MnO2 NPs at a concentration of 0.1 mg/L resulted in the highest germination energy (91.25%), germinability (95.60%), and lengths of roots and seedlings among all experimental samples. However, an increase in the concentration of preparation led to a slight growth suppression (1-10 mg/L) and the pronounced inhibition of seedling and root development (100 mg/L). The analysis of antioxidant indicators and phytochemicals in pea seedlings indicated that only 100 mg/L MnO2 NPs have a negative effect on the content of soluble sugars, chlorophyll a/b, carotenoids, and phenols. Conversely, lower concentrations showed a stimulating effect on photosynthesis indicators. Nevertheless, MnO2 NPs at all concentrations generally decreased the antioxidant potential of pea seedlings, except for the ABTS parameter. Pea seedlings showed a notable capacity to absorb Mn, reaching levels of 586.5 μg/L at 10 mg/L and 892.6 μg/L at 100 mg/L MnO2 NPs, surpassing the toxic level for peas according to scientific literature. However, the most important result was the observed growth-stimulating activity at 0.1 mg/L MnO2 NPs stabilized with cocamidopropyl betaine, suggesting a promising avenue for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Nagdalian
- Laboratory of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.A.)
| | - Andrey Blinov
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Alexey Gvozdenko
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Alexey Golik
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Zafar Rekhman
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Igor Rzhepakovsky
- Interdepartmental Scientific and Educational Laboratory of Experimental Immunomorphology, Immunopathology and Immunobiotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (I.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Roman Kolesnikov
- Scientific Department, Saints Petersburg State Agrarian University, 190005 Pushkin, Russia;
| | - Svetlana Avanesyan
- Interdepartmental Scientific and Educational Laboratory of Experimental Immunomorphology, Immunopathology and Immunobiotechnology, Faculty of Medicine and Biology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (I.R.); (S.A.)
| | - Anastasiya Blinova
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Maxim Pirogov
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Pavel Leontev
- Department of Physics and Technology of Nanostructures and Materials, Physical and Technical Faculty, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.B.); (A.G.); (A.G.); (Z.R.); (A.B.); (M.P.); (P.L.)
| | - Alina Askerova
- Laboratory of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.A.)
| | - Evgeniy Tsykin
- Laboratory of Food and Industrial Biotechnology, Faculty of Food Engineering and Biotechnology, North Caucasus Federal University, 355017 Stavropol, Russia; (A.A.)
| | - Mohammad Ali Shariati
- Semey Branch of Kazakh Research Institute of Processing and Food Industry, Almaty 050060, Kazakhstan
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2
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Möbs M, Dixon DA, de Melo GF, Vasiliu M, Graubner T, Christe KO, Kraus F. The Crucial Role of Sb 2 F 10 in the Chemical Synthesis of F 2. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202307218. [PMID: 37438320 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202307218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
The purely chemical synthesis of fluorine is a spectacular reaction which for more than a century had been believed to be impossible. In 1986, it was finally experimentally achieved, but since then this important reaction has not been further studied and its detailed mechanism had been a mystery. The known thermal stability of MnF4 casts serious doubts on the originally proposed hypothesis that MnF4 is thermodynamically unstable and decomposes spontaneously to a lower manganese fluoride and F2 . This apparent discrepancy has now been resolved experimentally and by electronic structure calculations. It is shown that the reductive elimination of F2 requires a large excess of SbF5 and occurs in the last reaction step when in the intermediate [SbF6 ][MnF2 ][Sb2 F11 ] the addition of one more SbF5 molecule to the [SbF6 ]- anion generates a second tridentate [Sb2 F11 ]- anion. The two tridentate [Sb2 F11 ]- anions then provide six fluorine bridges to the Mn atom thereby facilitating the reductive elimination of the two fluorine ligands as F2 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Möbs
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - David A Dixon
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Gabriel F de Melo
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487-0336, USA
| | - Tim Graubner
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
| | - Karl O Christe
- Loker Research Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90089, USA
| | - Florian Kraus
- Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Str. 4, 35032, Marburg, Germany
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3
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Lu Y, Tsegaw YA, Wodyński A, Li L, Beckers H, Kaupp M, Riedel S. Investigation of Molecular Iridium Fluorides IrF n (n=1-6): A Combined Matrix-Isolation and Quantum-Chemical Study. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202104005. [PMID: 35181951 PMCID: PMC9310635 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The photo-initiated defluorination of iridium hexafluoride (IrF6 ) was investigated in neon and argon matrices at 6 K, and their photoproducts are characterized by IR and UV-vis spectroscopies as well as quantum-chemical calculations. The primary photoproducts obtained after irradiation with λ=365 nm are iridium pentafluoride (IrF5 ) and iridium trifluoride (IrF3 ), while longer irradiation of the same matrix with λ=278 nm produced iridium tetrafluoride (IrF4 ) and iridium difluoride (IrF2 ) by Ir-F bond cleavage or F2 elimination. In addition, IrF5 can be reversed to IrF6 by adding a F atom when exposed to blue-light (λ=470 nm) irradiation. Laser irradiation (λ=266 nm) of IrF4 also generated IrF6 , IrF5 , IrF3 and IrF2 . Alternatively, molecular binary iridium fluorides IrFn (n=1-6) were produced by co-deposition of laser-ablated iridium atoms with elemental fluorine in excess neon and argon matrices under cryogenic conditions. Computational studies up to scalar relativistic CCSD(T)/triple-ζ level and two-component quasirelativistic DFT computations including spin-orbit coupling effects supported the formation of these products and provided detailed insights into their molecular structures by their characteristic Ir-F stretching bands. Compared to the Jahn-Teller effect, the influence of spin-orbit coupling dominates in IrF5 , leading to a triplet ground state with C4v symmetry, which was spectroscopically detected in solid argon and neon matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lu
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Yetsedaw A. Tsegaw
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Artur Wodyński
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Sekr. C7Strasse des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Lin Li
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Martin Kaupp
- Technische Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie Theoretische Chemie/Quantenchemie Sekr. C7Strasse des 17. Juni 13510623BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie-Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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4
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Huang T, Zhao L, Jiang X, Yu W, Xu B, Wang X, Schwarz WHE, Li J. Metal Oxo-Fluoride Molecules O nMF 2 (M = Mn and Fe; n = 1-4) and O 2MnF: Matrix Infrared Spectra and Quantum Chemistry. Inorg Chem 2021; 60:7687-7696. [PMID: 34029065 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c03806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
On reacting laser-ablated manganese or iron difluorides with O2 or O3 during codeposition in solid neon or argon, infrared absorptions of several new metal oxo-fluoride molecules, including OMF2, (η1-O2)MF2, (η2-O3)MF2, (η1-O2)2MF2 (M = Mn and Fe), and O2MnF, have been observed. Quantum chemical density functional and multiconfiguration wavefunction calculations have been applied to characterize these new products by their geometric and electronic structures, vibrations, charges, and bonding. The assignment of the main vibrational absorptions as dominant symmetric or antisymmetric M-F or M-O stretching modes is confirmed by oxygen isotopic shifts and quantum chemical calculations of frequencies and thermal stabilities. The tendency of Fe to form polyoxygen complexes in lower oxidation states than the preceding element Mn is affirmed experimentally and supported theoretically. The M-F stretching frequencies of the isolated metal oxo-fluorides may provide a scale for the local charge on the MF2 sites in active energy conversion systems. The study of these species provides insights for understanding the trend of oxidation state changes across the transition-metal series.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Huang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuelian Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenjie Yu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bing Xu
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - W H Eugen Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, Siegen University, Siegen 57068, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics & Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science & Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
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5
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Schmidbaur H, Schwarz WHE. Permanganyl Fluoride: A Brief History of the Molecule MnO 3 F and of Those Who Cared For It. Chemistry 2021; 27:6848-6859. [PMID: 33219726 PMCID: PMC8247864 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202004759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Permanganyl fluoride's existence at the stability threshold in the series of oxides and oxide fluorides of the late 3d transition metals is reflected by its experimentally challenging properties and by the difficulties posed in the theoretical description of its bonding characteristics. The history of this molecule is reviewed from early qualitative observations and the growing scattered information on its chemical and physical properties to the accurate determination and interpretation of its molecular structure and spectral features. The still problematic theoretical models for MnO4 - and MnO3 F are briefly presented in the broader context of the chemistry of elements in high oxidation states. Short biographies of the scientists engaged in these studies are offered. Related technetium and rhenium compounds are briefly considered for comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - W. H. Eugen Schwarz
- Department Chemie-BiologieUniversität Siegen57068SiegenGermany
- Department of ChemistryTsinghua University100084BeijingChina
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6
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Li L, Sakr AK, Schlöder T, Klein S, Beckers H, Kitsaras M, Snelling HV, Young NA, Andrae D, Riedel S. Searching for Monomeric Nickel Tetrafluoride: Unravelling Infrared Matrix Isolation Spectra of Higher Nickel Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:6391-6394. [PMID: 33300240 PMCID: PMC7986428 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Binary transition metal fluorides are textbook examples combining complex electronic features with most fundamental molecular structures. High-valent nickel fluorides are among the strongest known fluorinating and oxidizing agents, but there is a lack of experimental structural and spectroscopic investigations on molecular NiF3 or NiF4 . Apart from their demanding synthesis, also their quantum-chemical description is difficult due to their open shell nature and low-lying excited electronic states. Distorted tetrahedral NiF4 (D2d ) and trigonal planar NiF3 (D3h ) molecules were produced by thermal evaporation and laser ablation of nickel atoms in a fluorine/noble gas mixture and spectroscopically identified by a joint matrix-isolation and quantum-chemical study. Their vibrational band positions provide detailed insights into their molecular structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Ahmed K. Sakr
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of HullKingston upon HullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Karlsruher Institut für TechnologieInstitut für NanotechnologieHermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 176344Eggenstein-LeopoldshafenGermany
| | - Siri Klein
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
| | - Marios‐Petros Kitsaras
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Theoretische ChemieArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Howard V. Snelling
- Department of Physics and MathematicsUniversity of HullKingston upon HullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Nigel A. Young
- Department of Chemistry and BiochemistryUniversity of HullKingston upon HullHU6 7RXUK
| | - Dirk Andrae
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Theoretische ChemieArnimallee 2214195BerlinGermany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität BerlinInstitut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische ChemieFabeckstrasse 34/3614195BerlinGermany
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7
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Li L, Sakr AK, Schlöder T, Klein S, Beckers H, Kitsaras M, Snelling HV, Young NA, Andrae D, Riedel S. Searching for Monomeric Nickel Tetrafluoride: Unravelling Infrared Matrix Isolation Spectra of Higher Nickel Fluorides. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202015501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Li
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstrasse 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Ahmed K. Sakr
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Hull Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Tobias Schlöder
- Karlsruher Institut für Technologie Institut für Nanotechnologie Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Siri Klein
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstrasse 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Helmut Beckers
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstrasse 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Marios‐Petros Kitsaras
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Theoretische Chemie Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Howard V. Snelling
- Department of Physics and Mathematics University of Hull Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Nigel A. Young
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry University of Hull Kingston upon Hull HU6 7RX UK
| | - Dirk Andrae
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Theoretische Chemie Arnimallee 22 14195 Berlin Germany
| | - Sebastian Riedel
- Freie Universität Berlin Institut für Chemie und Biochemie—Anorganische Chemie Fabeckstrasse 34/36 14195 Berlin Germany
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8
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Wei R, Fang Z, Vasiliu M, Dixon DA, Andrews L, Gong Y. Infrared Spectroscopic and Theoretical Studies of the 3d Transition Metal Oxyfluoride Molecules. Inorg Chem 2019; 58:9796-9810. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.9b00822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wei
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zongtang Fang
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Monica Vasiliu
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - David A. Dixon
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, Alabama 35487-0336, United States
| | - Lester Andrews
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
| | - Yu Gong
- Department of Radiochemistry, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201800, China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904-4319, United States
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9
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Mullick A, Neogi S. Ultrasound assisted synthesis of Mg-Mn-Zr impregnated activated carbon for effective fluoride adsorption from water. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 50:126-137. [PMID: 30245202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High fluoride content in the natural water sources is a serious matter of concern and adsorption is recommended as one of the most convenient, affordable and widely applied defluorination technologies. In this study, a novel composite was synthesized by impregnating magnesium (Mg), manganese (Mn) and zirconium (Zr) on powdered activated carbon (AC) for effective fluoride adsorption and the synthesis was made using sonochemical method. The characterization of the prepared adsorbent AC-Mg-Mn-Zr along with individual metal composites AC-Zr, AC-Mg and AC-Mn were done by SEM, EDX, FTIR, XRD and BET analysis to understand the major functional bonds, and changes in surface chemistry after adsorption. The mechanism of the process was discussed through major reactions involved for individual metals. Due to high point of zero charge (pHPZC = 11.9), the adsorbent was able to remove more than 96% of fluoride consistently with only 1 g/L of optimum adsorbent dosage for a wide pH range (2 to 10). The maximum adsorption capacity obtained was 26.27 mg/g within an equilibrium time of 3 h. More than 96% energy saving was achieved in the sonochemical synthesis route compared to conventional precipitation method of synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Mullick
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
| | - Sudarsan Neogi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur 721302, West Bengal, India.
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