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Zhou Z, Li M, Zhang Z, Song Z, Xu J, Zhang M, Gong M. Overview of Panax ginseng and its active ingredients protective mechanism on cardiovascular diseases. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024:118506. [PMID: 38964625 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2024.118506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024]
Abstract
ETHNIC PHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine used to treat cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), and it is still widely used to improve the clinical symptoms of various CVDs. However, there is currently a lack of summary and analysis on the mechanism of Panax ginseng exerts its cardiovascular protective effects. This article provides a review of in vivo and in vitro pharmacological studies on Panax ginseng and its active ingredients in reducing CVDs damage. AIM OF THIS REVIEW This review summarized the latest literature on Panax ginseng and its active ingredients in CVDs research, aiming to have a comprehensive and in-depth understanding of the cardiovascular protection mechanism of Panax ginseng, and to provide new ideas for the treatment of CVDs, as well as to optimize the clinical application of Panax ginseng. METHODS Enrichment of pathways and biological terms using the traditional Chinese medicine molecular mechanism bioinformatics analysis tool (BATMAN-TCM). The literature search is based on electronic databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, CNKI, with a search period of 2002-2023. The search terms include Panax ginseng, Panax ginseng ingredients, ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides, ginseng glycoproteins, ginseng volatile oil, CVDs, heart, and cardiac. RESULTS 132 articles were ultimately included in the review. The ingredients in Panax ginseng that manifested cardiovascular protective effects are mainly ginsenosides (especially ginsenoside Rb1). Ginsenosides protected against CVDs such as ischemic reperfusion injury, atherosclerosis and heart failure mainly through improving energy metabolism, inhibiting hyper-autophagy, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and promoting secretion of exosomes. CONCLUSION Panax ginseng and its active ingredients have a particularly prominent effect on improving myocardial energy metabolism remodeling in protecting against CVDs. The AMPK and PPAR signaling pathways are the key targets through which Panax ginseng produces multiple mechanisms of cardiovascular protection. Extracellular vesicles and nanoparticles as carriers are potential delivery ways for optimizing the bioavailability of Panax ginseng and its active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziwei Zhou
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Meijing Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zekuan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Zhimin Song
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Jingjing Xu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing 100069, China
| | - Minyu Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing 100069, China.
| | - Muxin Gong
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Medicine Collateral Disease Theory Research, Beijing 100069, China.
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Zhang J, Duan M, Wu S, Jiang S, Hu S, Chen W, Zhang J, Quan H, Yang W, Wang C. Comprehensive pharmacological and experimental study of Ginsenoside Re as a potential therapeutic agent for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 177:116955. [PMID: 38906030 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Ginsenoside Re, a unique tetracyclic triterpenoid compound found in ginseng, has been suggested in previous reports to improve non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) by modulating lipid imbalance. This study aims to elucidate the potential mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re in treating NAFLD through a combination of bioinformatics analysis and biological experiments. METHODS Network pharmacology methods were employed to systematically depict the effective components and mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re in improving NAFLD. Molecular docking was utilized to evaluate the binding affinity of Ginsenoside Re with NAFLD-related targets and identify potential targets. NAFLD-related target genes were obtained from the GEO database for gene enrichment analysis, revealing signaling pathways, biological processes, and gene differential expression. Finally, animal experiments were conducted to verify the mechanism of action of Ginsenoside Re in NAFLD. RESULTS Network pharmacology analysis revealed that Ginsenoside Re improves NAFLD by modulating targets such as AKT1 and TLR4, findings corroborated by molecular docking, GEO database analysis, and experimental validation. Further investigation found that Ginsenoside Re ameliorates lipid metabolism disorders and inflammatory responses induced by NAFLD by modulating the PI3K/AKT and TLR4/NF-κB signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our study demonstrates the pharmacological effects of Ginsenoside Re in treating NAFLD, implicating multiple components, targets, and pathways. This provides a solid foundation for considering Ginsenoside Re as an alternative therapy for NAFLD, with promising clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinshan Zhang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Mingfei Duan
- Department of Thyroid and Breast Surgery, Zhuhai People's Hospital, Zhuhai, China
| | - Shaohong Wu
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shan Jiang
- Medical College of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Songhao Hu
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenhui Chen
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junchang Zhang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haiyan Quan
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Yanbian University, Yanji, China.
| | - Wah Yang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Cunchuan Wang
- Department of Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.
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Li J, Zhao J, Wang X, Lin Z, Lin H, Lin Z. Ginsenoside - a promising natural active ingredient with steroidal hormone activity. Food Funct 2024; 15:1825-1839. [PMID: 38315542 DOI: 10.1039/d3fo05484e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Ginsenosides are a class of natural products with hormone-like activity of triterpenoid saponins and have a variety of pharmacological activities such as anti-aging, immune regulation and cognitive improvement. With the great research interest in alternative medicine and natural products, they are gradually becoming research hotspots. Ginsenosides have a four-ring rigid steroid backbone similar to steroid hormones, and a series of experimental studies have shown that they can exhibit hormone-like activity by binding to nuclear receptors or affecting hormone levels, thereby affecting a wide range of inflammatory conditions, cancers, and menopause-related diseases. This review summarizes the mechanisms and potential health effects of ginsenosides exhibiting estrogen-like, glucocorticoid-like and androgen-like activities, providing an important reference for the exploration of safe phytohormone replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Jiarui Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Xinhe Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Zhi Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - He Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
| | - Zhe Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, China.
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Ginsenoside Re inhibits myocardial fibrosis by regulating miR-489/myd88/NF-κB pathway. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:218-227. [PMID: 36926602 PMCID: PMC10014187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2021.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Myocardial fibrosis (MF) is an advanced pathological manifestation of many cardiovascular diseases, which can induce heart failure and malignant arrhythmias. However, the current treatment of MF lacks specific drugs. Ginsenoside Re has anti-MF effect in rat, but its mechanism is still not clear. Therefore, we investigated the anti-MF effect of ginsenoside Re by constructing mouse acute myocardial infarction (AMI) model and AngⅡ induced cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) model. Methods The anti-MF effect of miR-489 was investigated by transfection of miR-489 mimic and inhibitor in CFs. Effect of ginsenoside Re on MF and its related mechanisms were investigated by ultrasonographic, ELISA, histopathologic staining, transwell test, immunofluorescence, Western blot and qPCR in the mouse model of AMI and the AngⅡ-induced CFs model. Results MiR-489 decreased the expression of α-SMA, collagenⅠ, collagen Ⅲ and myd88, and inhibited the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65 in normal CFs and CFs treated with AngⅡ. Ginsenoside Re could improve cardiac function, inhibit collagen deposition and CFs migration, promote the transcription of miR-489, and reduce the expression of myd88 and the phosphorylation of NF-κB p65. Conclusion MiR-489 can effectively inhibit the pathological process of MF, and the mechanism is at least partly related to the regulation of myd88/NF-κB pathway. Ginsenoside Re can ameliorate AMI and AngⅡ induced MF, and the mechanism is at least partially related to the regulation of miR-489/myd88/NF-κB signaling pathway. Therefore, miR-489 may be a potential target of anti-MF and ginsenoside Re may be an effective drug for the treatment of MF.
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Qu Q, Li SP, Dong Q, Du HL, Wang ZH, Ma YM, Gong XP, Ding YQ, Zhou J, Chen JY, Liu MJ, Lv WJ, Guo SN. Transcriptome profiling Revealed the potential mechanisms of Shen Lin Bai Zhu San n-butanol extract on DSS induced Colitis in Mice and LC-MS analysis. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 110:154645. [PMID: 36634382 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.154645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a chronic and recurrent inflammatory disorder in gastrointestinal tract. Shen Ling Bai Zhu San (SLBZS), which has a long history of use in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), has been widely used to treat gastrointestinal diseases. The isolated fractions of TCM have also been proved to possess an important potential for treating diseases, which are due to their effective components. PURPOSE In this study, we examined the possibility that SLBZS and its isolated active fractions may prevent DSS-induced colitis, and investigated the potential mechanisms by regulating genetic profile of colon. METHODS Colitis mice were induced by 2.5% DSS for 7 days, and then SLBZS and different SLBZS extracts were administrated to protect the mice for 7 days. Body weight, diarrhea, bleeding in stool, colon length, spleen weight, cytokines of serum and colon and pathology of colon were assessed. The level of Ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 in different SLBZS extracts and qualitative analysis of n-butanol extract of SLBZS (S-Nb) was performed by HPLC and LC-MS, respectively. And the effects of S-Nb on the transcriptome in colitis were investigated. RESULTS Our results showed that SLBZS and S-Nb significantly regained body weight, reduced DAI, splenomegaly and the length of colon and attenuated histological damage of the colon. Meanwhile, SLBZS and S-Nb markedly reduced the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 and increased the level of IL-10 in serum and colon. These effects may be associated with the high levels of Ginsenoside Rg1, Re and Rb1 and rich variety of compounds in S-Nb including 6 ginsenosides, glycyrrhizin, L-tryptophan, and so on. Transcriptome analysis revealed that S-Nb selectively regulated 103 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), 36 of which were changed in DSS-induced mice. And the genes of Per2, Per3, Npy and Serpina3m were closely related to colitis and also restored by S-Nb with different extent. Remarkably, these DEGs modulated the biological functions of colitis mice, including extracellular region, response to external stimulus, MAPK signaling pathway and arginine and proline metabolism. CONCLUSIONS These data indicated that SLBZS and S-Nb blunted DSS-induced colitis by modulating differentially expression gene profile and biological functions based on their ginsenosides and rich compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Qu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Shu-Peng Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Qi Dong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Hong-Liang Du
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Zhi-Hua Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yi-Mu Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Xiao-Pei Gong
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Yi-Qing Ding
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Jia-Yan Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Meng-Jie Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China
| | - Wei-Jie Lv
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
| | - Shi-Ning Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China; Guangdong Research Center for Veterinary Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine Engineering Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, China.
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Chen J, Huang Q, Li J, Yao Y, Sun W, Zhang Z, Qi H, Chen Z, Liu J, Zhao D, Mi J, Li X. Panax ginseng against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury: A review of preclinical evidence and potential mechanisms. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 300:115715. [PMID: 36108895 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2022.115715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (P. ginseng) is effective in the prevention and treatment of myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury. The mechanism by which P. ginseng exerts cardioprotective effects is complex. P. ginseng contains many pharmacologically active ingredients, such as molecular glycosides, polyphenols, and polysaccharides. P. ginseng and each of its active components can potentially act against myocardial I/R injury. Myocardial I/R was originally a treatment for myocardial ischemia, but it also induced irreversible damage, including oxygen-containing free radicals, calcium overload, energy metabolism disorder, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammation, microvascular injury, autophagy, and apoptosis. AIM OF THE STUDY This study aimed to clarify the protective effects of P. ginseng and its active ingredients against myocardial I/R injury, so as to provide experimental evidence and new insights for the research and application of P. ginseng in the field of myocardial I/R injury. MATERIALS AND METHODS This review was based on a search of PubMed, NCBI, Embase, and Web of Science databases from their inception to February 21, 2022, using terms such as "ginseng," "ginsenosides," and "myocardial reperfusion injury." In this review, we first summarized the active ingredients of P. ginseng, including ginsenosides, ginseng polysaccharides, and phytosterols, as well as the pathophysiological mechanisms of myocardial I/R injury. Importantly, preclinical models with myocardial I/R injury and potential mechanisms of these active ingredients of P. ginseng for the prevention and treatment of myocardial disorders were generally summarized. RESULTS P. ginseng and its active components can regulate oxidative stress related proteins, inflammatory cytokines, and apoptosis factors, while protecting the myocardium and preventing myocardial I/R injury. Therefore, P. ginseng can play a role in the prevention and treatment of myocardial I/R injury. CONCLUSIONS P. ginseng has a certain curative effect on myocardial I/R injury. It can prevent and treat myocardial I/R injury in several ways. When ginseng exerts its effects, should be based on the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and with the help of modern medicine; the clinical efficacy of P. ginseng in preventing and treating myocardial I/R injury can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Chen
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Qingxia Huang
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China; Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jing Li
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Yao Yao
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Weichen Sun
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Zepeng Zhang
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Qi
- Jilin Ginseng Academy, Key Laboratory of Active Substances and Biological Mechanisms of Ginseng Efficacy, Ministry of Education, Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Bio-Macromolecules of Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130117, Jilin, China
| | - Zhaoqiang Chen
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaqi Liu
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Daqing Zhao
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China
| | - Jia Mi
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital to Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
| | - Xiangyan Li
- Research Center of Traditional Chinese Medicine, College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, 130021, Jilin, China.
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Chen X, Ma Y, Li J, Yao L, Gui M, Lu B, Zhou X, Wang M, Fu D. The efficacy of ginseng-containing traditional Chinese medicine in patients with acute decompensated heart failure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 13:1083001. [PMID: 36703755 PMCID: PMC9871309 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1083001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of ginseng-containing traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) for acute decompensated heart failure (ADHF). Methods: Seven databases were included from establishment until 10 July 2022. Pooled data were analyzed with random-effects model. The risk of bias was measured by the risk of bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2). Modified Jadad scale score was used to assess the quality of including studies. The meta-analysis was performed with RevMan 5.3. Trial sequential analysis was assessed to avoid type I errors. We have registered our protocol in PROSPERO (CRD42021267742). Results: Twenty-eight articles were included. The results demonstrated that compared with conventional western therapy (WT), ginseng-containing TCM combined with WT further improved clinical efficacy (RR: 1.25, 95% CI: 1.20-1.29, p < 0.00001, I2 = 8%), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (MD: 5.80, 95% CI: 4.86-6.74, p < 0.00001, I2 = 89%), stroke volume (MD: 13.80, 95% CI: 12.66-14.95, p < 0.00001, I2 = 93%), 6-min walk test (MD: 53.03, 95% CI: 20.76-85.29, p = 0.001, I2 = 97%), decreased 6-month rehospitalization (RR: 0.44, 95% CI: 0.18-1.11, p = 0.08, I2 = 0%), brain natriuretic peptide (MD: 188.12, 95% CI: 248.13 to -128.11, p < 0.00001, I2 = 94%), N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (MD = -503.29; 95% CI: 753.18 to -253.40, p < 0.0001, I2 = 89%) and Minnesota living heart failure questionnaire scores (MD: 9.68, 95% CI: 13.67 to -5.70, p < 0.00001, I2 = 83%). The ROB2 assessment and modified Jaded scores showed most studies included were with some concerns. Conclusion: Compared with WT alone, ginseng-containing TCM is a possible way to benefit ADHF patients. However, limited by the quality of including trials, more high-quality studies are needed to provide reliable evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Deyu Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Yu T, Tang Y, Zhang F, Zhang L. Roles of ginsenosides in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2023; 47:1-8. [PMID: 36644389 PMCID: PMC9834008 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The herbal medication Panax ginseng Meyer has widespread use in China, Korea, and other parts of the world. The main constituents of ginseng are ginsenosides, which include over 30 different triterpene saponins. It has been found that ginsenosides and their metabolites including Rg1, compound K, Rb1, Re, Rg3, and Rg5 exert anti-inflammatory activities by binding to the glucocorticoid receptor, modulating inflammation-related signaling, including NF-κB and MAPK signaling, and reducing levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here, we review the recent literature on the molecular actions of ginsenosides in sepsis, suggesting ways in which they may be used to prevent and treat the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Yidi Tang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Fenglan Zhang
- Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Leiming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, China
- Corresponding author. Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology and Drug Evaluation (Yantai University), Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Yantai University, Yantai, 264005, China.
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Yu T, Zhang YX, Liu XJ, Chen DQ, Wang DD, Zhu GQ, Gao Q. Investigation of the pharmacological effect and mechanism of mountain-cultivated ginseng and garden ginseng in cardiovascular diseases based on network pharmacology and zebrafish experiments. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920979. [PMID: 36120313 PMCID: PMC9474728 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Mey) is a kind of perennial herb of the Panax genus in the Araliaceae family. The secondary metabolites of mountain-cultivated ginseng (MCG) and garden ginseng (GG) vary greatly due to their different growth environments. To date, the differences in their pharmacological effects on cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and their clinical applications remain unclear. To distinguish between the components of MCG and GG, ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS) was performed. Next, the relationship between the expression of metabolites and the categories of the sample were analyzed using supervised partial least squares discriminant analysis and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis. A network-based pharmacology approach was developed and applied to determine the underlying mechanism of different metabolites in CVD. In the present study, the role of MCG and GG in angiogenesis and their protective effects on damaged blood vessels in a vascular injury model of zebrafish were investigated. Using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS, 11 different metabolites between MCG and GG were identified. In addition, 149 common target genes associated with the metabolites and CVD were obtained; these targets were related to tumor protein P53, proto-oncogene tyrosine-protein kinase Src, human ubiquitin-52 amino acid fusion protein, ubiquitin-40S ribosomal protein S27a, polyubiquitin B, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3, isocitrate dehydrogenase 1, vascular endothelial growth factor A, glycose synthase kinase-3B, and coagulation factor II and were associated with the regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase-Akt signaling pathway, the tumor necrosis factor signaling pathway, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) signaling pathway, which play important roles in the curative effect in CVD treatment. Both types of ginseng can promote the growth of the subintestinal vessel plexus and protect injured intersegmental vessels through the HIF-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner. In addition, MCG has a stronger impact than GG. This is the first time metabolomics and network pharmacology methods were combined to study the difference between MCG and GG on CVDs, which provides a significant theoretical basis for the clinical treatment of CVD with two kinds of ginseng.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Yu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan-Xin Zhang
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Juan Liu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Qing Chen
- Shanghai SPH Shenxiang Health Medicine Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Dan-Dan Wang
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Qin Zhu
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
| | - Qi Gao
- Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
- SPH XingLing Sci&Tech. Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China
- *Correspondence: Qi Gao,
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Therapeutic Mechanism and Key Active Ingredients of Shenfu Injection in Sepsis: A Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Approach. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:9686149. [PMID: 36062176 PMCID: PMC9439916 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9686149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
At present, although the early treatment of sepsis is advocated, the treatment effect of sepsis is unsatisfactory, and the mortality rate remains high. Shenfu injection (SFI) has been used to treat sepsis with good clinical efficacy. Based on network pharmacology, this study adopted a new research strategy to identify the potential therapeutic targets and key active ingredients of SFI for sepsis from the perspective of the pathophysiology of sepsis. This analysis identified 28 active ingredients of SFI based on UHPLC-QQQ MS, including 18 ginsenosides and 10 aconite alkaloids. 59 targets were associated with the glycocalyx and sepsis pathways. Based on the number of targets related to the pathophysiological process of sepsis, we identified songorine, ginsenoside Rf, ginsenoside Re, and karacoline as the key active ingredients of SFI for the treatment of sepsis. According to the cluster analysis of MCODE and the validation on the GEO dataset, LGALS3, BCHE, AKT1, and IL2 were identified as the core targets. This study further explored the therapeutic mechanism and the key active ingredients of SFI in sepsis and provided candidate compounds for drug development.
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Cai J, Huang K, Han S, Chen R, Li Z, Chen Y, Chen B, Li S, Xinhua L, Yao H. A comprehensive system review of pharmacological effects and relative mechanisms of Ginsenoside Re: Recent advances and future perspectives. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 102:154119. [PMID: 35617888 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ginsenoside Re (Re) belongs to protopanaxatriol saponins and exists in Panax ginseng, Panax quinquefolium, Panax notoginseng, and other plants in the Araliaceae family. Re has recently become a research focus owing to its pharmacological activities and benefits to human bodies. PURPOSE To summarize recent findings regarding the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Re and highlight and predict the potential therapeutic effects and systematic mechanism of Re. METHODS Recent studies (2011-2021) on the pharmacological effects and mechanisms of Re were retrieved from Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Embase up to December 2021 using relevant keywords. Network pharmacology and bioinformatics analysis were used to predict the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Re against potential diseases. RESULTS Re presented a wide range of therapeutic and biological activities, including neuroprotective, cardiovascular, antidepressant, antitumorigenic, and others effects. The related pharmacological mechanisms of Re include the regulation of cholinergic and antioxidant systems in the brain; the induction of tumor cell apoptosis; the inhibition of tau protein hyperphosphorylation and oxidative stress; the activation of p38MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK signals; the improvement of lipid metabolism; and the reduction of endothelial cell dysfunction. CONCLUSION This paper summarizes comprehensively the current research progress of Re and provides new research insights into the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of Re against potential diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasong Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Kunlong Huang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shengnan Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Ruichan Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Zhijun Li
- Center of Chemistry Experiment, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
| | - Lin Xinhua
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China
| | - Hong Yao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Fujian Key Laboratory of Drug Target Discovery and Structural and Functional Research, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China; Higher Educational Key Laboratory for Nano Biomedical Technology of Fujian Province, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, 350122, China.
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Yang F, Li J, Lan Y, Lei Y, Zeng F, Huang X, Luo X, Liu R. Potential application of ginseng in sepsis. J Ginseng Res 2022; 47:353-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jgr.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Gao XY, Liu GC, Zhang JX, Wang LH, Xu C, Yan ZA, Wang A, Su YF, Lee JJ, Piao GC, Yuan HD. Pharmacological Properties of Ginsenoside Re. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:754191. [PMID: 35462899 PMCID: PMC9019721 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.754191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re is a protopanaxatriol-type saponin extracted from the berry, leaf, stem, flower bud, and root of Panax ginseng. In recent years, ginsenoside Re (Re) has been attracting attention as a dietary phytochemical. In this review, studies on Re were compiled by searching a combination of keywords, namely “pharmacology,” “pharmacokinetics,” and “toxicology,” in the Google Scholar, NCBI, PubMed, and Web of Science databases. The aim of this review was to provide an exhaustive overview of the pharmacological activities, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of Re, focusing on clinical evidence that has shown effectiveness in specific diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, nervous system diseases, inflammation, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. Re is also known to eliminate virus, enhance the immune response, improve osteoporosis, improve skin barrier function, enhance intracellular anti-oxidant actions, regulate cholesterol metabolism, alleviate allergic responses, increase sperm motility, reduce erectile dysfunction, promote cyclic growth of hair follicles, and reduce gastrointestinal motility dysfunction. Furthermore, this review provides data on pharmacokinetic parameters and toxicological factors to examine the safety profile of Re. Such data will provide a theoretical basis and reference for Re-related studies and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yan Gao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | | | | | - Ling-He Wang
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Chang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Zi-An Yan
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Ao Wang
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Yi-Fei Su
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Jung-Joon Lee
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
| | - Guang-Chun Piao
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
| | - Hai-Dan Yuan
- College of Pharmacy, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- College of Integration Science, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines of the Changbai Mountain, Ministry of Education, Yanbian University, Jilin, China
- *Correspondence: Guang-Chun Piao, ; Hai-Dan Yuan,
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Arafa ESA, Refaey MS, Abd El-Ghafar OAM, Hassanein EHM, Sayed AM. The promising therapeutic potentials of ginsenosides mediated through p38 MAPK signaling inhibition. Heliyon 2021; 7:e08354. [PMID: 34825082 PMCID: PMC8605069 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38 MAPK) is a 38kD polypeptide recognized as the target for many potential anti-inflammatory agents. Accumulating evidence indicates that p38 MAPK could perform many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Ginseng is an exceptionally valued medicinal plant of the family Araliaceae (Panax genus). Recently, several studies targeted the therapeutic effects of purified individual ginsenoside, the most significant active ingredient of ginseng, and studied its particular molecular mechanism(s) of action rather than whole-plant extracts. Interestingly, several ginsenosides: ginsenosides compound K, F1, Rb1, Rb3, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf, Rg1, Rg2, Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, Rh2, Ro, notoginsenoside R1, and protopanaxadiol have shown to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by their ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling in different cell lines and experimental animal models. Our review compiles the research findings of various ginsenosides as potent anti-inflammatory agents, highlighting the crucial role of p38 MAPK suppression in their pharmacological actions. In addition, in silico studies were conducted to explore the probable binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK. The results obtained proposed p38 MAPK involvement in the beneficial pharmacological activities of ginsenosides in different ailments. p38 MAPK plays many roles in human disease pathophysiology. Therefore, great therapeutic benefits can be attained from p38 MAPK inhibitors. Several ginsenosides showed to possess great therapeutic potentials mediated by its ability to downregulate p38 MAPK signaling. in silico studies were conducted to explore the binding of these ginsenosides to p38 MAPK and evidenced the promising their inhibitory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Shaimaa A Arafa
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Center of Medical and Bio-allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates.,Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed S Refaey
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Sadat City, Sadat City, Menoufiya, 32958, Egypt
| | - Omnia A M Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Emad H M Hassanein
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Ahmed M Sayed
- Biochemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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Wu HC, Hu QR, Luo T, Wei WC, Wu HJ, Li J, Zheng LF, Xu QY, Deng ZY, Chen F. The immunomodulatory effects of ginsenoside derivative Rh2-O on splenic lymphocytes in H22 tumor-bearing mice is partially mediated by TLR4. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108316. [PMID: 34768129 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previously, we reported the octyl ester derivative of ginsenoside Rh2 (Rh2-O) had better antitumor and immunomodulatory effects than Rh2 in H22 tumor-bearing mice. Therefore, this study further explored the effects of Rh2-O on splenic lymphocytes in H22 tumor-bearing mice and the underlying mechanism. METHODS Wild type and Tlr4-/- mice were selected to establish the H22 tumor-bearing mice model. After the treatment of Rh2-O (10 mg/kg by gavage) for 15 days, the sizes of tumor were measured. Subsequently, the splenic lymphocytes were isolated and the activities (eg. cell proliferation, cytotoxicity and cytokine secretion) were evaluated. Then, the proteins and mRNA expression levels of TRAF6 and NF-ĸB p65 in splenic lymphocytes were examined. RESULTS The results showed that Rh2-O administration enhanced the proliferative capacity and cytotoxicity of splenic lymphocytes, and the effects were Tlr4-associated. Compared to WT mice, the up-regulation of cytokines secretion (eg. IFN-γ, IL-2 and IL-4) in isolated splenic lymphocytes after Rh2-O administration was lower in Tlr4-/- mice. Moreover, the results showed Rh2-O increased the expression of TRAF6 and the level of endonuclear NF-ĸB p65, which was inhibited in Tlr4-/- mice (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Rh2-O could exert immunomodulatory effects on splenic lymphocytes with the partial participation of TLR4 in H22 tumor-bearing mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Cheng Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Qi-Rui Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Ting Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Wen-Cheng Wei
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Hui-Juan Wu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Liu-Feng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Qun-Ying Xu
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China
| | - Ze-Yuan Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330047, China
| | - Fang Chen
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330006, China.
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UHPLC-MS-Based Serum and Urine Metabolomics Reveals the Anti-Diabetic Mechanism of Ginsenoside Re in Type 2 Diabetic Rats. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26216657. [PMID: 34771066 PMCID: PMC8588396 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26216657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng was employed in the treatment of “Xiao-Ke” symptom, which nowadays known as diabetes mellitus, in traditional Chinese medicine for more than a thousand years. Ginsenoside Re was the major pharmacologic ingredient found abundantly in ginseng. However, the anti-diabetic of Ginsenoside Re and its underlying mechanism in metabolic level are still unclear. Serum and urine metabolomic method was carried out to investigate the anti-diabetic pharmacological effects and the potential mechanism of Ginsenoside Re on high-fat diet combined streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) rats based on ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole exactive orbitrap mass spectrometry (UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap/MS). Serum and urine samples were collected from the control group (CON), T2DM group, metformin (MET) treatment group, and ginsenoside Re treatment group after intervention. The biochemical parameters of serum were firstly analyzed. The endogenous metabolites in serum and urine were detected by UHPLC-MS. The potential metabolites were screened by multivariate statistical analysis and identified by accurate mass measurement, MS/MS, and metabolite databases. The anti-diabetic-related metabolites were analyzed by KEGG metabolic pathway, and its potential mechanism was discussed. The treatment of ginsenoside Re significantly reduced the blood glucose and serum lipid level improved the oxidative stress caused by T2DM. Biochemical parameters (urea nitrogen, uric acid) showed that ginsenoside Re could improve renal function in T2DM rats. Respective 2 and 6 differential metabolites were found and identified in serum and urine of ginsenoside Re compared with T2DM group and enriched in KEGG pathway. Metabolic pathways analysis indicated that the differential metabolites related to T2DM were mainly involved in arachidonic acid metabolism, Vitamin B6, steroid hormone biosynthesis, and bile secretion metabolic pathways. This study verified the anti-diabetic and anti-oxidation effects of ginsenoside Re, elaborated that ginsenoside Re has a good regulation of the metabolic disorder in T2DM rats, which could promote insulin secretion, stimulated cannabinoid type 1 receptor (CB1), and CaMKK β to activate AMPK signaling pathway, inhibited insulin resistance, and improved blood glucose uptake and diabetic nephropathy, so as to play the role of anti-diabetic.
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Madhi I, Kim JH, Shin JE, Kim Y. Ginsenoside Re exhibits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting neuroinflammation via CAMK/MAPK/NF‑κB signaling in microglia. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:698. [PMID: 34368872 PMCID: PMC8365412 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ginsenoside Re (G-Re) is a panaxatriol saponin and one of the pharmacologically active natural constituents of ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer). G-Re has antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of G-Re on neuroinflammatory responses in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated microglia and its protective effects on hippocampal neurons. Cytokine levels were measured using ELISA and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were assessed using flow cytometry and fluorescence microscopy. Protein levels of inflammatory molecules and kinase activity were assessed by western blotting. Cell viability was assessed by MTT assay; apoptosis was estimated by Annexin V apoptosis assay. The results revealed that G-Re significantly inhibited the production of IL-6, TNF-α, nitric oxide (NO) and ROS in BV2 microglial cells, and that of NO in mouse primary microglia, without affecting cell viability. G-Re also inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, and phosphorylation and degradation of IκB-α. In addition, G-Re dose-dependently suppressed LPS-mediated phosphorylation of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CAMK)2, CAMK4, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK). Moreover, the conditioned medium from LPS-stimulated microglial cells induced HT22 hippocampal neuronal cell death, whereas that from microglial cells incubated with both LPS and G-Re ameliorated HT22 cell death in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggested that G-Re suppressed the production of pro-inflammatory mediators by blocking CAMK/ERK/JNK/NF-κB signaling in microglial cells and protected hippocampal cells by reducing these inflammatory and neurotoxic factors released from microglial cells. The present findings indicated that G-Re may be a potential treatment option for neuroinflammatory disorders and could have therapeutic potential for various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iskander Madhi
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hee Kim
- Korea Nanobiotechnology Center, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Shin
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Younghee Kim
- Department of Molecular Biology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Song B, Wang XX, Yang HY, Kong LT, Sun HY. MiR-141 attenuates sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy by targeting DAPK1. Hum Exp Toxicol 2021; 40:S137-S149. [PMID: 34289745 DOI: 10.1177/09603271211033768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To discuss the possible effects of microRNA-141 (miR-141) in sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) via targeting death-associated protein kinase 1 (DAPK1). METHODS An SIC mouse model was constructed by abdominal injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and divided into control, LPS, LPS + pre-miR-141, and LPS + anti-miR-141 groups. Hemodynamic indicators and heart function indexes of mice were detected. ELISA was used to determine the serum levels of inflammatory cytokines, while TUNEL staining to observe the apoptosis of myocardial cells of mice, as well as qRT-PCR and Western blotting to clarify the expression of miR-141 and DAPK1. Lastly, in vitro experiment was also conducted on the primary neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes (NRVCMs) to validate the results. RESULTS Mice in the LPS group, as compared to the control group, had lower left ventricular ejection fraction, left ventricular fractional shortening, left ventricular systolic pressure, and ±dp/dt, but a higher left ventricular end-diastolic pressure, while the serum expression of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and cTn-T was up-regulated evidently with the increased apoptotic index of myocardial tissues. However, miR-141 and Bcl-2/Bax were down-regulated with elevated DAPK1 and cleaved caspase-3. The above changes were ameliorated in mice from the LPS + pre-miR-141 group relative to the LPS group, while those in the LPS + anti-miR-141 group were further deteriorated. In vitro experiment showed that miR-141 overexpression could reduce the apoptosis of LPS-induced NRVCMs and the levels of inflammatory cytokines with the increased cell viability. CONCLUSION MiR-141 could decrease inflammatory response and reduce myocardial cell apoptosis by targeting DAPK1, thereby playing the promising protective role in SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Song
- Department of Emergency, 519688YanTaiShan Hospital, YanTai, China
| | - Xin-Xiang Wang
- Yantai Chefoo Area Directly Subordinate Organ Hospital, Yantai, China
| | - Hai-Yan Yang
- Department of Emergency, 519688YanTaiShan Hospital, YanTai, China
| | - Ling-Ting Kong
- Department of Emergency, 519688YanTaiShan Hospital, YanTai, China
| | - Hong-Yan Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, 519688YanTaiShan Hospital, YanTai, China
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Gao C, Zhang K, Liang F, Ma W, Jiang X, Wang H, Zhan H, Sonkoly E, Hu H, Zhao Z. Inhibition of the Ras/ERK1/2 pathway contributes to the protective effect of ginsenoside Re against intimal hyperplasia. Food Funct 2021; 12:6755-6765. [PMID: 34116563 DOI: 10.1039/d1fo00015b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia is the major cause of carotid stenosis after vascular injury, which restricts the long-term efficacy of endovascular treatment and endarterectomy in preventing stenosis. Ginsenoside Re (Re) is a major active ingredient of ginseng having multifaceted pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system, and is a potential treatment for restenosis. In this study, we demonstrated that Re treatment significantly inhibited vascular injury-induced neointimal thickening, reduced the intimal area and intima/media (I/M) ratio, increased the lumen area, and inhibited pro-inflammatory cytokines. In cultured A7R5 cells, Re inhibited LPS-induced proliferation and migration as evidenced by suppressed colony formation and shortened migration distance, accompanied by the downregulated expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Re promoted VSMC apoptosis induced by balloon injury in vivo and LPS challenge in vitro. Moreover, Re inhibited autophagy in VSMCs evoked by balloon injury and LPS as supported by reduced LC3II and increased p62 expressions. Suppression of autophagy with the specific autophagy inhibitor spautin-1 efficiently inhibited LPS-induced cell proliferation and inflammation and promoted caspase-3/7 activities. Mechanistically, we found that Re attenuated Ras/ERK1/2 expression in VSMCs in vivo and in vitro. The MEK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 showed similar effects to Re on cell proliferation, migration, apoptosis, and the levels of autophagy and cytokines. In conclusion, we provided significant evidence that Re inhibited vascular injury-induced neointimal thickening probably by promoting VSMC apoptosis and inhibiting autophagy via suppression of the Ras/MEK/ERK1/2 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenying Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, China.
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Geraldi A. Advances in the Production of Minor Ginsenosides Using Microorganisms and Their Enzymes. BIO INTEGRATION 2020. [DOI: 10.15212/bioi-2020-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract Minor ginsenodes are of great interest due to their diverse pharmacological activities such as their anti-cancer, anti-diabetic, neuroprotective, immunomodulator, and anti-inflammatory effects. The miniscule amount of minor ginsenosides in ginseng plants has driven
the development of their mass production methods. Among the various production methods for minor ginsenosides, the utilization of microorganisms and their enzymes are considered as highly specific, safe, and environmentally friendly. In this review, various minor ginsenosides production strategies,
namely utilizing microorganisms and recombinant microbial enzymes, for biotransforming major ginsenosides into minor ginsenoside, as well as constructing synthetic minor ginsenosides production pathways in yeast cell factories, are described and discussed. Furthermore, the present challenges
and future research direction for producing minor ginsenosides using those approaches are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almando Geraldi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, 60115, Indonesia
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Zhang J, Wang M, Ye J, Liu J, Xu Y, Wang Z, Ye D, Zhao M, Wan J. The Anti-inflammatory Mediator Resolvin E1 Protects Mice Against Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Heart Injury. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:203. [PMID: 32256344 PMCID: PMC7094758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sepsis-induced cardiomyopathy (SIC) is a common severe complication of sepsis that contributes to mortality. SIC is closely associated with excessive inflammatory responses, failed inflammation resolution, and apoptotic damage. Resolvin E1 (RvE1), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)-derived metabolite, has been reported to exert anti-inflammatory or proresolving activity in multiple animal models of inflammatory disease. However, the therapeutic potential of RvE1 in SIC remains undetermined, which was, therefore, the aim of the present study. Methods C57BL/6J mice were randomly divided into three groups: control, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and LPS + RvE1. Echocardiography, Western blotting (WB), quantitative real-time (QRT)-PCR, histological analyses, and flow cytometry were used to evaluate cardiac function, myocardial inflammation, and the underlying mechanisms. Results The RvE1-injected group showed improved left ventricular (LV) function and reduced serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and creatine kinase myocardial bound (CK-MB) levels. Compared to LPS treatment alone, RvE1 treatment inhibited the infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages into the heart and spleen and suppressed the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1, in the heart. We also observed that the activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB signaling pathways was blocked by RvE1 treatment, and this inhibition contributed to the improvement in the inflammatory response induced by LPS. RvE1 inhibited LPS-induced M1 macrophage polarization and promoted macrophage polarization toward the M2-like phenotype in both the heart and spleen. In addition, LPS administration dysregulated cyclooxygenase (COX) and lipoxygenase (LOX) in the heart, which were rectified by RvE1 treatment. RvE1 also reduced myocardial apoptosis rate in response to LPS-induced heart injury. Conclusion RvE1 protects the heart against SIC possibly through the inhibition of the MAPK and NF-κB inflammatory signaling pathways, modulation of macrophage polarization, and reduction in myocardial apoptosis. RvE1 may be a novel lipid mediator for the treatment of SIC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jishou Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Menglong Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianfang Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Di Ye
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jun Wan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Cardiovascular Research Institute, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China.,Hubei Key Laboratory of Cardiology, Wuhan, China
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22
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Xu LJ, Chen RC, Ma XY, Zhu Y, Sun GB, Sun XB. Scutellarin protects against myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2020; 68:153169. [PMID: 31999976 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2020.153169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Activation of NLRP3 inflammasome plays a key role in cardiac dysfunction for acute myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. Scutellarin (Scu) is a flavonoid purified from Erigeron breviscapus. Whether Scu has any influence on the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome in cardiomyocytes remains unknown. PURPOSE We aimed to examine the therapeutic effect of Scu on cardiomyocyte ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury and its effect on NLRP3 inflammasome in rats with acute myocardial I/R injury and anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R)-induced H9c2 injuries. METHODS Heart injuries were induced through 30 min of ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. Scu was intraperitoneally administered 15 min before vascular ligation. Effects of Scu on cardiac injury were detected by echocardiograms, TTC staining, and histological and immunohistochemical analyses. The effects of Scu on biochemical parameters were analyzed. H9c2 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of Scu for 6 h before A/R exposure. Afterward, cell viability, LDH release, and Hoechst 33342 and peromide iodine double staining were determined. Western blot analyses of proteins, including those involved in autophagy, NLRP3, mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1), and Akt signaling, were conducted. RESULTS In vivo study revealed that Scu improved diastolic dysfunction, ameliorated myocardium structure abnormality, inhibited myocyte apoptosis and inflammatory response, and promoted autophagy. Scu reduced NLRP3 inflammasome activation, inhibited mTORC1 activity, and increased Akt phosphorylation. In vitro investigation showed the same results. The Scu-mediated NLRP3 inflammasome and mTORC1 inhibition and cardioprotection were abolished through the genetic silencing of Akt by siRNA. CONCLUSIONS The cardioprotective effect of Scu was achieved through its anti-inflammatory effect. It suppressed the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, inflammasome restriction by Scu was dependent on Akt activation and mTORC1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jiao Xu
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China.; Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Rong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China.; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China..
| | - Xiao-Yu Ma
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Yue Zhu
- School of Life and Environment Sciences, Harbin University of Commerce, Harbin 150076, China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China.; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China..
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China.; Zhongguancun Open Laboratory of the Research and Development of Natural Medicine and Health Products, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, No. 151, Malianwa North Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100094, China..
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23
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Phytochemicals as potential IKK-β inhibitor for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in plant preservation: terpenoids, alkaloids, and quinones. Inflammopharmacology 2019; 28:83-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s10787-019-00640-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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24
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Li KK, Yan XM, Li ZN, Yan Q, Gong XJ. Synthesis and antitumor activity of three novel ginsenoside M1 derivatives with 3'-ester modifications. Bioorg Chem 2019; 90:103061. [PMID: 31216505 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2019.103061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Ginsenoside M1 (M1) was considered to be the main antitumor component of ginsenoside metabolites in the body. In order to enhance its potency on antitumor effect, three novel M1 3'-ester derivatives (1c, 2c, 3c) were synthesized and evaluated. The yield of these derivatives was between 41% and 69%. Compared with M1, 2c and 3c can improve the efficacy of the inhibition on breast cancer MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 cells, especially for MCF-7 (fold: 0.7-4.2, p < 0.0001). Further study suggested that 2c and 3c may cause cell autophagy and promote apoptosis in MCF-7 cells. The results indicated the 3'-ester modified M1 derivatives 2c and 3c possess higher abilities of inhibition growth towards triple-positive breast cancer and provided a new source for synthesis of potential anti-breast cancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke-Ke Li
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China
| | - Xiao-Mei Yan
- College of Laboratory Medicine, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Zheng-Ning Li
- College of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Dalian University, Dalian 116622, China
| | - Qiu Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiao-Jie Gong
- College of Life Science, Dalian Minzu University, Dalian 116600, China.
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25
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Zhang HJ, Chen RC, Sun GB, Yang LP, Zhu YD, Xu XD, Sun XB. Protective effects of total flavonoids from Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze on myocardial injury in vivo and in vitro via regulation of Akt/Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 40:88-97. [PMID: 29496179 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 01/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinopodium chinense (Benth.) O. Ktze is a traditional Chinese herbal medicine, which comprises the plant's total flavonoids. TFCC plays an important role in the treatment of cardiovascular disease. PURPOSE The aim of the study was to study the protective effects and possible mechanism of TFCC against isoproterenol (ISO)-mediated myocardial injury in vivo and anoxia/reoxygenation (A/R)-induced H9c2 cell injury in vitro. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were intragastrically pretreated with TFCC for 15 days. After 2 h of TFCC administration on days 14 and 15, a myocardial injury model was established with intragastric administration of 120 mg/kg of ISO daily for 2 days. The experiment was stopped 12 h after the last administration of the drugs. ECG recordings were taken after the treatment. Serum samples were assayed to determine the serum cardiac enzymes (e.g., creatine kinase, aspartate aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase). The left ventricle was excised for histopathological examination, and myocardial homogenates were prepared to detection catalase, glutathione peroxidase, and superoxide dismutase. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), heme oxygenase-1(HO-1),and peroxidase were detected by the corresponding ELISA kits. H9c2 cells were pretreated with different concentrations of TFCC for 12 h before A/R exposure. Afterward, cell viability, LDH release, hoechst 33,342, and peromide iodine (PI) double staining, JC-1 staining, and ROS examination were determined. Western blot analyses of B-cell lymphoma-2, Bcl-2associated X protein, cleaved cysteinylaspartate specific protease-3 and-9, nuclear factor 2(Nrf2), HO-1 and serine/threonine protein kinase (AKT), and P-AKT were conducted. RESULTS The pretreatment of TFCC (10, 20, and 40 mg/kg) daily for 15 days prevented ISO-induced myocardial damage, including the decrease in serum cardiac enzymes and cardiomyocyte apoptotic index and improvement in the heart rate and vacuolation. TFCC also improved the free radical scavenging and antioxidant potential, thereby suggesting that one possible mechanism of TFCC-induced cardio protection is mediated by blocking the oxidative stress. To clarify these mechanisms, we performed the in vitro study by A/R-induced cytotoxicity model in H9c2 cells. TFCC pretreatment prevented apoptosis, increased the expression of HO-1, and enhanced the nuclear translocation of Nrf2. TFCC also activated phosphorylation of AKT, whereas the addition of LY294002, which is the pharmacologic inhibitor of PI3K, blocked the TFCC-induced Nrf2/HO-1 activation and cytoprotective effect. CONCLUSIONS TFCC protects against myocardial injury and enhances cellular antioxidant defense capacity by inducing the phosphorylation of AKT, which subsequently activated the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Jing Zhang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Rong-Chang Chen
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Gui-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Long-Po Yang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yin-di Zhu
- Academy of Chinese Materia Medica, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Xu-Dong Xu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Sun
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Resources Utilization of Chinese Herbal Medicine, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Innovative Drug Discovery of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Natural Medicine) and Translational Medicine, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Efficacy Evaluation of Chinese Medicine against Glyeolipid Metabolism Disorder Disease, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100193, China.
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26
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Qi HY, Li L, Ma H. Cellular stress response mechanisms as therapeutic targets of ginsenosides. Med Res Rev 2017; 38:625-654. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong-yi Qi
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Li Li
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
| | - Hui Ma
- College of Chinese Medicine; Southwest University; Chongqing P.R. China
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