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Lis-Cieplak A, Trześniowska K, Stolarczyk K, Stolarczyk EU. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids as Hazardous Toxins in Natural Products: Current Analytical Methods and Latest Legal Regulations. Molecules 2024; 29:3269. [PMID: 39064851 PMCID: PMC11279032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic compounds that occur naturally in certain plants, however, there are many secondary pathways causing PA contamination of other plants, including medicinal herbs and plant-based food products, which pose a risk of human intoxication. It is proven that chronic exposure to PAs causes serious adverse health consequences resulting from their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This review briefly presents PA occurrence, structures, chemistry, and toxicity, as well as a set of analytical methods. Recently developed sensitive electrochemical and chromatographic methods for the determination of PAs in honey, teas, herbs, and spices were summarized. The main strategies for improving the analytical efficiency of PA determination are related to the use of mass spectrometric (MS) detection; therefore, this review focuses on advances in MS-based methods. Raising awareness of the potential health risks associated with the presence of PAs in food and herbal medicines requires ongoing research in this area, including the development of sensitive methods for PA determination and rigorous legal regulations of PA intake from herbal products. The maximum levels of PAs in certain products are regulated by the European Commission; however, the precise knowledge about which products contain trace but significant amounts of these alkaloids is still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lis-Cieplak
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Trześniowska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
| | | | - Elżbieta U. Stolarczyk
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
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2
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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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3
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Einsiedler M, Lamm K, Ohlrogge JF, Schuler S, Richter IJ, Lübken T, Gulder TAM. Product Selectivity in Baeyer-Villiger Monooxygenase-Catalyzed Bacterial Alkaloid Core Structure Maturation. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:16203-16212. [PMID: 38829274 PMCID: PMC11177316 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c04115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Baeyer-Villiger monooxygenases (BVMOs) play crucial roles in the core-structure modification of natural products. They catalyze lactone formation by selective oxygen insertion into a carbon-carbon bond adjacent to a carbonyl group (Baeyer-Villiger oxidation, BVO). The homologous bacterial BVMOs, BraC and PxaB, thereby process bicyclic dihydroindolizinone substrates originating from a bimodular nonribosomal peptide synthetase (BraB or PxaA). While both enzymes initially catalyze the formation of oxazepine-dione intermediates following the identical mechanism, the final natural product spectrum diverges. For the pathway involving BraC, the exclusive formation of lipocyclocarbamates, the brabantamides, was reported. The pathway utilizing PxaB solely produces pyrrolizidine alkaloids, the pyrrolizixenamides. Surprisingly, replacing pxaB within the pyrrolizixenamide biosynthetic pathway by braC does not change the product spectrum to brabantamides. Factors controlling this product selectivity have remained elusive. In this study, we set out to solve this puzzle by combining the total synthesis of crucial pathway intermediates and anticipated products with in-depth functional in vitro studies on both recombinant BVMOs. This work shows that the joint oxazepine-dione intermediate initially formed by both BVMOs leads to pyrrolizixenamides upon nonenzymatic hydrolysis, decarboxylative ring contraction, and dehydration. Brabantamide biosynthesis is enzyme-controlled, with BraC efficiently transforming all the accepted substrates into its cognate final product scaffold. PxaB, in contrast, shows only considerable activity toward brabantamide formation for the substrate analog with a natural brabantamide-type side chain structure, revealing substrate-controlled product selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Einsiedler
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department
of Natural Product Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at
Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Katharina Lamm
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonas F. Ohlrogge
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department
of Natural Product Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at
Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Sebastian Schuler
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Ivana J. Richter
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tilo Lübken
- Chair
of Organic Chemistry I, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße 66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
| | - Tobias A. M. Gulder
- Helmholtz
Institute for Pharmaceutical Research Saarland (HIPS), Department
of Natural Product Biotechnology, Helmholtz
Centre for Infection Research (HZI) and Department of Pharmacy at
Saarland University, Campus E8.1, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
- Chair
of Technical Biochemistry, Technische Universität
Dresden, Bergstraße
66, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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4
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Garcia MB, Singh M, Miller E, Neuenswander S, Douglas J, Boskovic Z. Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer State Addition to Electron-Poor Olefins. J Org Chem 2024; 89:3058-3064. [PMID: 38354334 PMCID: PMC11006016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
When electron-rich arylpyrrolinium salts are irradiated with ultraviolet light in the presence of Michael acceptors, the pyrrolinyl and aryl fragments add to the activated and polarized double bond in a regioselective manner, forming two C-C bonds and fragmenting the substrate. In this paper, we present a model for this intriguing reaction, supported by spectroscopy and computational analyses, and provide evidence for rectifying previously misassigned structures. We postulate that the photochemical reaction is inefficient because the reaction between the twisted intramolecular charge-transfer state and the olefin competes with fluorescence from this state upon photon absorption. We also discuss the practical advantages of performing this photochemical reaction in a continuous flow setup. Additionally, we explore several subsequent reactions that allow us to further modify the products of the photochemical step, ultimately leading to the creation of new chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Bahena Garcia
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Elizabeth Miller
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Sarah Neuenswander
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Justin Douglas
- Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Zarko Boskovic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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5
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Wang S, Wu K, Tang YJ, Deng H. Dehydroamino acid residues in bioactive natural products. Nat Prod Rep 2024; 41:273-297. [PMID: 37942836 PMCID: PMC10880069 DOI: 10.1039/d3np00041a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2000 to up to 2023α,β-Dehydroamino acids (dhAAs) are unsaturated nonproteinogenic amino acids found in a wide array of naturally occurring peptidyl metabolites, predominantly those from bacteria. Other organisms, such as fungi, higher plants and marine invertebrates, have also been found to produce dhAA-containing peptides. The α,β-unsaturation in dhAAs has profound effects on the properties of these molecules. They display significant synthetic flexibility, readily undergoing reactions such as Michael additions, transition-metal-catalysed cross-couplings, and cycloadditions. These residues in peptides/proteins also exhibit great potential in bioorthogonal applications using click chemistry. Peptides containing contiguous dhAA residues have been extensively investigated in the field of foldamers, self-assembling supermolecules that mimic biomacromolecules such as proteins to fold into well-defined conformations. dhAA residues in these peptidyl materials tend to form a 2.05-helix. As a result, stretches of dhAA residues arrange in an extended conformation. In particular, peptidyl foldamers containing β-enamino acid units display interesting conformational, electronic, and supramolecular aggregation properties that can be modulated by light-dependent E-Z isomerization. Among approximately 40 dhAAs found in the natural product inventory, dehydroalanine (Dha) and dehydrobutyrine (Dhb) are the most abundant. Dha is the simplest dehydro-α-amino acid, or α-dhAA, without any geometrical isomers, while its re-arranged isomer, 3-aminoacrylic acid (Aaa or ΔβAla), is the simplest dehydro-β-amino acid, or β-enamino acid, and displays E/Z isomerism. Dhb is the simplest α-dhAA that exhibits E/Z isomerism. The Z-isomer of Dhb (Z-Dhb) is sterically favourable and is present in the majority of naturally occurring peptides containing Dhb residues. Dha and Z-Dhb motifs are commonly found in ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs). In the last decade, the formation of Dha and Dhb motifs in RiPPs has been extensively investigated, which will be briefly discussed in this review. The formation of other dhAA residues in natural products (NPs) is, however, less understood. In this review, we will discuss recent advances in the biosynthesis of peptidyl NPs containing unusual dhAA residues and cryptic dhAA residues. The proposed biosynthetic pathways of these natural products will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Kewen Wu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
| | - Ya-Jie Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Hai Deng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen AB24 3UE, UK.
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6
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Park S, Myeong IS, Ham WH. Recent advances in the total synthesis of polyhydroxylated alkaloids via chiral oxazines. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:894-926. [PMID: 38230703 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob01624b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
This review summarizes recently established methodologies developed for the enantioselective and diastereoselective synthesis of chiral 1,3-oxazines. These compounds are of interest as advanced synthetic intermediates in the total synthesis of structurally complex and biologically active polyhydroxylated alkaloids such as (+)-1-deoxynojirimycin, (-)-anisomycin, (+)-castanospermine, (+)-casuarine, (-)-conduramine F-1, (-)-sphingofungin B, Neu5Ac methyl ester, and other natural products. The devised synthetic approach aims to offer a direct, efficient, and adaptable method for obtaining both pure enantiomers and pure diastereomers. It revolves around utilizing chiral building blocks like syn,syn-, syn,syn,anti-, syn,anti-, syn,anti,syn-, anti,syn-, anti,syn,syn-, and anti,syn,anti-oxazines. By integrating oxazine chemistry with established and innovative transformations, this approach enabled the synthesis of 30 polyhydroxylated amines across various studies conducted between 2007 and 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seokhwi Park
- YS Life Science Co., Ltd, 207, Sujeong-ro, Jangan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18581, Republic of Korea.
| | - In-Soo Myeong
- College of Pharmacy, Daegu Catholic University, 13-13, Hayang-ro, Hayang-eup, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongsangbuk-do, 38430, Republic of Korea.
| | - Won-Hun Ham
- YS Life Science Co., Ltd, 207, Sujeong-ro, Jangan-myeon, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18581, Republic of Korea.
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16419, Republic of Korea
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7
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Chao TH, Wu X, Renata H. One-pot chemoenzymatic syntheses of non-canonical amino acids. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 2024; 51:kuae005. [PMID: 38271597 PMCID: PMC10853765 DOI: 10.1093/jimb/kuae005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Despite their prevalent use in drug discovery and protein biochemistry, non-canonical amino acids are still challenging to synthesize through purely chemical means. In recent years, biocatalysis has emerged as a transformative paradigm for small-molecule synthesis. One strategy to further empower biocatalysis is to use it in combination with modern chemical reactions and take advantage of the strengths of each method to enable access to challenging structural motifs that were previously unattainable using each method alone. In this Mini-Review, we highlight several recent case studies that feature the synergistic use of chemical and enzymatic transformations in one pot to synthesize novel non-canonical amino acids. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY This Mini-Review highlights several recent case studies that feature the synergistic use of chemical and enzymatic transformations in one pot to synthesize novel non-canonical amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Han Chao
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Xiangyu Wu
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Hans Renata
- Department of Chemistry, BioScience Research Collaborative, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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8
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Okladnikov IV, Aksenova SA, Ioffe SL, Sukhorukov AY. Catalytic Reductive Recyclization of Functionalized Isoxazoline N-Oxides to Pyrrolizidine-3-ones. J Org Chem 2024; 89:379-394. [PMID: 38096381 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.3c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine is among the saturated N-heterocyclic scaffolds most frequently found in natural products and pharmaceutically relevant substances. Herein, a strategy for the synthesis of polysubstituted pyrrolizidine-3-ones by catalytic reductive domino-type recyclization of properly functionalized isoxazoline N-oxides was developed. The process is diastereoselective, and one diastereomer (out of four possible ones) is predominant in many of the studied cases. Using the developed method, modifications of potent GSK's PDE4 inhibitor and MSD's potent hNK1 antagonist were prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilya V Okladnikov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology of Russia, Miusskaya sq., 9, 125047 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana A Aksenova
- A. N. Nesmeyanov Institute of Organoelement Compounds, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilova str. 28, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology (National Research University), Institutskiy per. 9, Dolgoprudny, 141700 Moscow Region, Russian Federation
| | - Sema L Ioffe
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Yu Sukhorukov
- N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect, 47, 119991 Moscow, Russian Federation
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Jayawickreme K, Świstak D, Ozimek E, Reszczyńska E, Rysiak A, Makuch-Kocka A, Hanaka A. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids-Pros and Cons for Pharmaceutical and Medical Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16972. [PMID: 38069294 PMCID: PMC10706944 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Heterocyclic organic compounds named pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) belong to a group of alkaloids and are synthesized by either plants or microorganisms. Therefore, they are naturally occurring secondary metabolites. They are found in species applied in the pharmaceutical and food industries, thus a thorough knowledge of their pharmacological properties and toxicology to humans is of great importance for their further safe employment. This review is original because it synthesizes knowledge of plant and microbial PAs, which is unusual in the scientific literature. We have focused on the Boraginaceae family, which is unique due to the exceptional richness and diversity of its PAs in plant species. We have also presented the microbial sources of PAs, both from fungi and bacteria. The structure and metabolism of PAs have been discussed. Our main aim was to summarize the effects of PAs on humans, including both negative, toxic ones, mainly concerning hepatotoxicity and carcinogenicity, as well as potentially positive ones for pharmacological and medical applications. We have collected the results of studies on the anticancer activity of PAs from plant and microbial sources (mainly Streptomyces strains) and on the antimicrobial activity of PAs on different strains of microorganisms (bacteria and fungi). Finally, we have suggested potential applications and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kavindi Jayawickreme
- Student Scientific Club of Phytochemists, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Świstak
- Student Scientific Club of Phytochemists, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewa Ozimek
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Emilia Reszczyńska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki St. 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Rysiak
- Department of Botany, Mycology, and Ecology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Makuch-Kocka
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical University of Lublin, Radziwiłłowska St. 11, 20-080 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Hanaka
- Department of Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka St. 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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10
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Tang L, Xiao Y, Wu F, Zhou JL, Xu TT, Feng JJ. Silver-Catalyzed Dearomative [2π+2σ] Cycloadditions of Indoles with Bicyclobutanes: Access to Indoline Fused Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202310066. [PMID: 37822277 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202310066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Bicyclo[2.1.1]hexanes (BCHs) are becoming ever more important in drug design and development as bridged scaffolds that provide underexplored chemical space, but are difficult to access. Here a silver-catalyzed dearomative [2π+2σ] cycloaddition strategy for the synthesis of indoline fused BCHs from N-unprotected indoles and bicyclobutane precursors is described. The strain-release dearomative cycloaddition operates under mild conditions, tolerating a wide range of functional groups. It is capable of forming BCHs with up to four contiguous quaternary carbon centers, achieving yields of up to 99 %. In addition, a scale-up experiment and the synthetic transformations of the cycloadducts further highlighted the synthetic utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Yuanjiu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jin-Lan Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Tong-Tong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Jun Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, Advanced Catalytic Engineering Research Center of the Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, Hunan, 410082, P. R. China
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11
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Pan Y, Ma J, Zhao H, Fu PP, Lin G. Hepatotoxicity screening and ranking of structurally different pyrrolizidine alkaloids in zebrafish. Food Chem Toxicol 2023:113903. [PMID: 37390955 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are phytotoxins distributed in ∼6000 plant species. PA-contaminated/containing foodstuffs/herbs/supplements pose a potential threat to human health. Various regulatory authorities established different PA margins of exposure assuming an equal hepatotoxic potency of structurally diverse PAs, although they exhibit different toxic potencies. Therefore, understanding hepatotoxic potencies of different PAs would facilitate a more appropriate risk assessment of PA exposure. In this study, a zebrafish model, which mimics physiological processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, was selected to evaluate acute hepatotoxic potency of different PAs (7 PAs and 2 PA N-oxides) and explore possible physiological pathways involved in PA-induced hepatotoxicity. After 6 h oral administration, PAs caused distinct structure-dependent hepatotoxicity with a series of biochemical and histological changes in zebrafish. Based on the measured toxicological endpoints, the relative toxic potency order of different PAs was derived as lasiocarpine ∼ retrorsine > monocrotaline > riddelliine > clivorine > heliotrine > retrorsine N-oxide ∼ riddelliine N-oxide≫>platyphyline. Further, compared to control group, different upregulation/downregulation of mRNA expression in PA-treated groups indicated that inflammation, apoptosis, and steatosis were involved in PA-induced hepatotoxicity in zebrafish. These findings demonstrate that zebrafish model is useful for screening and ranking hepatotoxicity of PAs with diverse structures, which would facilitate the more accurate risk assessment of PA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueyang Pan
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; School of Chinese Materia Medica, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
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12
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Xiao L, Hu L, Chu H, Chen L, Yan J, Wang W, Yang X, Zhu Q, Du F, Song Y, Chen P, Hou X, Yang L. Retrorsine Cooperates with Gut Microbiota to Promote Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome by Disrupting the Gut Barrier. J Clin Transl Hepatol 2022; 10:1086-1098. [PMID: 36381109 PMCID: PMC9634772 DOI: 10.14218/jcth.2021.00398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is a life-threatening syndrome, and a cause is exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA)-containing products. It is well-established that retrorsine (RTS), a representative Pas, insults hepatic sinusoidal endothelial cells and ensues congestion of hepatic sinusoids. However, little known about the impact of Pas on gut microbiota and intestinal barrier and inflammation in HSOS. METHODS Mice were gavaged with or without nonabsorbable antibiotics (ABX), followed by a single dose of RTS. The gut microbiota was examined by 16S rDNA sequencing. RESULTS ABX pretreatment significantly reversed RTS-induced liver damage. RTS altered gut microbiota composition, increasing Gram-negative bacteria and resulting in a sharp elevation of circulating lipopolysaccharides (LPS) in HSOS mice. Gut decontamination with ABX alleviated RTS-induced intestine inflammation, protected against disruption of the intestinal epithelial barrier and gut vascular barrier (GVB), and suppressed hepatic LPS-NF-κB pathway activation in RTS-induced HSOS. Importantly, the LPS level was positively correlated with MELD score in patients with HSOS. Elevated LPS in patients with HSOS confirmed that Gram-negative bacteria were involved in the pathogenesis of HSOS. CONCLUSIONS RTS, a PA, cooperated with gut dysbiosis to cause intestinal inflammation and gut barrier compromise that increased transport of gut-derived LPS into the liver through the portal vein, which contributed to the pathology of HSOS. Modulating the gut microbiota, protecting the intestinal barrier, and suppressing intestinal inflammation with prebiotics or antibiotics might be a useful pharmacologic intervention in HSOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Xiao
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, People’s Hospital of Zhengzhou University, School of Clinical Medicine, Henan University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Lilin Hu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huikuan Chu
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Liuying Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jingjing Yan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiaoqian Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | | | - Fan Du
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yuhu Song
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | | | - Ling Yang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
- Correspondence to: Ling Yang, Division of Gastroenterology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 1277 Jiefang Avenue, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, China. ORCID: https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0751-5600. Tel: +86-27-85726678, +86-13971178791, Fax: +86-27-85726678, E-mail: , mailto:
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13
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C-6 fluorinated casuarines as highly potent and selective amyloglucosidase inhibitors: Synthesis and structure-activity relationship study. Eur J Med Chem 2022; 244:114852. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.114852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Kurimoto M, Chang T, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202205541. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michitaka Kurimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Tsung‐che Chang
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Yoshitake Nishiyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
| | - Takehiro Suzuki
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Biomolecular Characterization Unit RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science 2-1 Hirosawa Wako, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Katsunori Tanaka
- Biofunctional Synthetic Chemistry Laboratory RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research RIKEN 2-1 Hirosawa Wako-shi, Saitama 351-0198 Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering School of Materials and Chemical Technology Tokyo Institute of Technology 2-12-1 Ookayama Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552 Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Nagoya University Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601 Japan
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15
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Kobets T, Smith BPC, Williams GM. Food-Borne Chemical Carcinogens and the Evidence for Human Cancer Risk. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182828. [PMID: 36140952 PMCID: PMC9497933 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Commonly consumed foods and beverages can contain chemicals with reported carcinogenic activity in rodent models. Moreover, exposures to some of these substances have been associated with increased cancer risks in humans. Food-borne carcinogens span a range of chemical classes and can arise from natural or anthropogenic sources, as well as form endogenously. Important considerations include the mechanism(s) of action (MoA), their relevance to human biology, and the level of exposure in diet. The MoAs of carcinogens have been classified as either DNA-reactive (genotoxic), involving covalent reaction with nuclear DNA, or epigenetic, involving molecular and cellular effects other than DNA reactivity. Carcinogens are generally present in food at low levels, resulting in low daily intakes, although there are some exceptions. Carcinogens of the DNA-reactive type produce effects at lower dosages than epigenetic carcinogens. Several food-related DNA-reactive carcinogens, including aflatoxins, aristolochic acid, benzene, benzo[a]pyrene and ethylene oxide, are recognized by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) as causes of human cancer. Of the epigenetic type, the only carcinogen considered to be associated with increased cancer in humans, although not from low-level food exposure, is dioxin (TCDD). Thus, DNA-reactive carcinogens in food represent a much greater risk than epigenetic carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetyana Kobets
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-914-594-3105; Fax: +1-914-594-4163
| | - Benjamin P. C. Smith
- Future Ready Food Safety Hub, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore
| | - Gary M. Williams
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA
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16
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Kurimoto M, Chang TC, Nishiyama Y, Suzuki T, Dohmae N, Tanaka K, Yokoshima S. Anticancer Approach Inspired by the Hepatotoxic Mechanism of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids with Glycosylated Artificial Metalloenzymes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202205541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tsung-che Chang
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research JAPAN
| | | | | | - Naoshi Dohmae
- Rikagaku Kenkyujo Biomolecular Characterization Unit JAPAN
| | | | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Nagoya Daigaku Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku 464-8601 Nagoya JAPAN
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17
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Sohail M, Bilal M, Maqbool T, Rasool N, Ammar M, Mahmood S, Malik A, Zubair M, Abbas Ashraf G. Iron-catalyzed synthesis of N-heterocycles via intermolecular and intramolecular cyclization reactions: A review. ARAB J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2022.104095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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18
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Bouthillette LM, Aniebok V, Colosimo DA, Brumley D, MacMillan JB. Nonenzymatic Reactions in Natural Product Formation. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14815-14841. [PMID: 36006409 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthetic mechanisms of natural products primarily depend on systems of protein catalysts. However, within the field of biosynthesis, there are cases in which the inherent chemical reactivity of metabolic intermediates and substrates evades the involvement of enzymes. These reactions are difficult to characterize based on their reactivity and occlusion within the milieu of the cellular environment. As we continue to build a strong foundation for how microbes and higher organisms produce natural products, therein lies a need for understanding how protein independent or nonenzymatic biosynthetic steps can occur. We have classified such reactions into four categories: intramolecular, multicomponent, tailoring, and light-induced reactions. Intramolecular reactions is one of the most well studied in the context of biomimetic synthesis, consisting of cyclizations and cycloadditions due to the innate reactivity of the intermediates. There are two subclasses that make up multicomponent reactions, one being homologous multicomponent reactions which results in dimeric and pseudodimeric natural products, and the other being heterologous multicomponent reactions, where two or more precursors from independent biosynthetic pathways undergo a variety of reactions to produce the mature natural product. The third type of reaction discussed are tailoring reactions, where postmodifications occur on the natural products after the biosynthetic machinery is completed. The last category consists of light-induced reactions involving ecologically relevant UV light rather than high intensity UV irradiation that is traditionally used in synthetic chemistry. This review will cover recent nonenzymatic biosynthetic mechanisms and include sources for those reviewed previously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah M Bouthillette
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Victor Aniebok
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States
| | - Dominic A Colosimo
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - David Brumley
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
| | - John B MacMillan
- Deparment of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Boulevard, Dallas, Texas 75390 United States
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19
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GCase Enhancers: A Potential Therapeutic Option for Gaucher Disease and Other Neurological Disorders. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070823. [PMID: 35890122 PMCID: PMC9325019 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmaceutical chaperones (PCs) are small compounds able to bind and stabilize misfolded proteins, allowing them to recover their native folding and thus their biological activity. In particular, lysosomal storage disorders (LSDs), a class of metabolic disorders due to genetic mutations that result in misfolded lysosomal enzymes, can strongly benefit from the use of PCs able to facilitate their translocation to the lysosomes. This results in a recovery of their catalytic activity. No PC for the GCase enzyme (lysosomal acid-β-glucosidase, or glucocerebrosidase) has reached the market yet, despite the importance of this enzyme not only for Gaucher disease, the most common LSD, but also for neurological disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease. This review aims to describe the efforts made by the scientific community in the last 7 years (since 2015) in order to identify new PCs for the GCase enzyme, which have been mainly identified among glycomimetic-based compounds.
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20
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Stefova E, Cvetanoska M, Bogdanov J, Matevski V, Stanoeva JP. Assessment of Distribution and Diversity of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in the Most Prevalent Boraginaceae Species in Macedonia. Chem Biodivers 2022; 19:e202200066. [PMID: 35581149 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202200066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Systematic study of extraction efficiency of pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and corresponding pyrrolizidine alkaloid N-oxides (PANOs) from plant material for subsequent LC/MS analysis was carried out. The optimal extraction was achieved with methanol and one clean up step using SPE C18 column. With the optimized LC-ESI-MS/MS method using ion trap, the distribution and diversity of PAs and PANOs in plant material (leaves, flowers and stems) obtained from wild-growing E. vulgare, E. italicum, S. officinale L., C. creticum and O. heterophylla species from Macedonia was assessed. These widespread Boraginaceae species contain various PAs and PANOs and 25 of them were identified. Based on these qualitative and quantitative analyses, the profiles of 1,2-unsaturated PAs for each sample were obtained and their toxic potential was estimated. The toxic potential of O. heterophylla and C. creticum were assumed to be highest (containing up to 4753 mg/kg and 3507 mg/kg), followed by E. vulgare (up to 1340 mg/kg), S. officinale L. (up to 479 mg/kg) and E. italicum (up to 16 mg/kg). This method can be used for monitoring the inclusion of these secondary metabolites in the food chain in order to contribute in their risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Stefova
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Marinela Cvetanoska
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Jane Bogdanov
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Vlado Matevski
- Institute of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia.,Macedonian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Krste Misirkov 2, 1000, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
| | - Jasmina Petreska Stanoeva
- Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, R. N. Macedonia
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21
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Borlak J, Diener HC, Kleeberg-Hartmann J, Messlinger K, Silberstein S. Petasites for Migraine Prevention: New Data on Mode of Action, Pharmacology and Safety. A Narrative Review. Front Neurol 2022; 13:864689. [PMID: 35585841 PMCID: PMC9108977 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2022.864689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Petasins are the pharmacologically active ingredients of butterbur and of therapeutic benefit in the treatment of migraine and tension headaches. Here, we summarize the pharmacology, safety and clinical efficacy of butterbur in the prevention of migraine attacks and present new data on its mode of action. We review published literature and study reports on the safety and clinical efficacy of the butterbur root extract Petadolex® and report new findings on petasins in dampening nociception by desensitizing calcium-conducting TRP ion channels of primary sensory neurons. Importantly, butterbur diminishes the production of inflammatory mediators by inhibiting activities of cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases and phospholipase A2 and desensitizes nociception by acting on TRPA1 and TRPPV1 ion channels. It inhibits the release of calcitonin-gene related peptide (CGRP) of meningeal afferents during migraine attacks. We also evaluated the safety of a butterbur root extract in repeated dose studies for up to 6 months. A no-observable-adverse-effect-level at 15-fold of the maximal clinical dose (3 mg/kg/day MCD) was established for rats. At supratherapeutic doses, i.e., 45–90-fold MCD, we observed bile duct hyperplasia, and mechanistic studies revealed regulations of solute carriers to likely account for bile duct proliferations. Additionally, liver function tests were performed in cultures of primary human hepatocytes and did not evidence hepatotoxicity at therapeutic butterbur level and with migraine co-medications. Lastly, in randomized, double-blinded and placebo-controlled trials with Petadolex® migraine attack frequency was reduced significantly at 150 mg/day, and no relevant abnormal liver function was reported. Together, butterbur is effective in the prevention of migraine attacks by blocking CGRP signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jürgen Borlak
- Centre for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- *Correspondence: Jürgen Borlak
| | - Hans-Christoph Diener
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology (IMIBE), University Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | | | - Karl Messlinger
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephen Silberstein
- Jefferson Headache Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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22
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Zhang R, Yan X, Yin S, Wang W, Zhu W, Fu P. Discovery of New Bohemamines and Synthesis of
Methylene‐Bridged
Chimeric Derivatives through Natural Product Chimera Strategy. CHINESE J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202200034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rongxin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Xiaotang Yan
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Shupeng Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Weihong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
| | - Weiming Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao 266237 China
| | - Peng Fu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Drugs, Ministry of Education of China, School of Medicine and Pharmacy, Ocean University of China Qingdao 266003 China
- Laboratory for Marine Drugs and Bioproducts, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao) Qingdao 266237 China
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23
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He Y, Long Y, Zhang C, Ma J, Ke C, Tang C, Ye Y, Lin G. Dietary alcohol exacerbates the hepatotoxicity induced by pyrrolizidine alkaloids: Hazard from food contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 424:127706. [PMID: 34801312 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are the most common plant-derived toxins with emerging evidence to contaminate soil, water, nearby plants and derived food products. Outbreaks of human poisoning cases, due to the ingestion of PA-contaminated food, have been reported in various countries including Ethiopia. This study first investigated the contamination of PAs in retail honey in Ethiopia. A striking 77% of honey samples (27/30) were found to contain PAs with the content ranging over 1.5-323.4 μg/kg. Notably, these PAs were also found as contaminants in mead, an alcoholic beverage made from local honey, indicating the transfer of PAs from the primarily contaminated honey into mead. Further toxicological examinations revealed that long-term PA exposure caused vasculature damage, fibrosis, and steatosis in mouse livers, and co-exposure to dietary alcohol exacerbated the PA-induced chronic hepatotoxicity. Furthermore, the study revealed that moderate alcohol intake did not affect the initiation mechanism (hepatic cytochrome P450-mediated bioactivation) of PA-induced hepatotoxicity but significantly disturbed hepatic glutathione homeostasis, thereby increasing oxidative stress in mouse liver and enhancing PA-induced hepatotoxicity. Our findings exemplify the carry-over of PA contamination through the food chain. Precautionary interventions are warranted on the hazardous effects of dietary exposure to PAs, particularly with concomitant alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yun Long
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chunyuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changqiang Ke
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Chunping Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Yang Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, China Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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Mohammadi Ziarani G, Jamasbi N, Mohajer F. Recent advances on the synthesis of natural pyrrolizidine alkaloids: alexine, and its stereoisomers. NATURAL PRODUCTS AND BIOPROSPECTING 2022; 12:3. [PMID: 35129687 PMCID: PMC8821751 DOI: 10.1007/s13659-022-00324-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Natural products have attracted the interest of the scientific community due to their importance and application. Alexine is a naturally polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloid that is broadly found in plant sources and isolated from Alexa leiopetala. The biological properties such as glycosidase inhibitors, anti-virus, and anti-HIV activities, makes it interesting target for synthetical studies. This review reports different approaches and methodologies to the synthesis of alexine, and its stereoisomers as the target compounds in numerous studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghodsi Mohammadi Ziarani
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Negar Jamasbi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohajer
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Physics and Chemistry, Alzahra University, P. O. Box 1993893973, Tehran, Iran
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Aminoacyl chain translocation catalysed by a type II thioesterase domain in an unusual non-ribosomal peptide synthetase. Nat Commun 2022; 13:62. [PMID: 35013184 PMCID: PMC8748450 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPSs) assemble a diverse range of natural products with important applications in both medicine and agriculture. They consist of several multienzyme subunits that must interact with each other in a highly controlled manner to facilitate efficient chain transfer, thus ensuring biosynthetic fidelity. Several mechanisms for chain transfer are known for NRPSs, promoting structural diversity. Herein, we report the first biochemically characterized example of a type II thioesterase (TEII) domain capable of catalysing aminoacyl chain transfer between thiolation (T) domains on two separate NRPS subunits responsible for installation of a dehydrobutyrine moiety. Biochemical dissection of this process reveals the central role of the TEII-catalysed chain translocation event and expands the enzymatic scope of TEII domains beyond canonical (amino)acyl chain hydrolysis. The apparent co-evolution of the TEII domain with the NRPS subunits highlights a unique feature of this enzymatic cassette, which will undoubtedly find utility in biosynthetic engineering efforts. Non-Ribosomal Peptide Synthetases (NRPSs) are responsible for the construction of many types of natural products. Here the authors characterize a key type II thioesterase domain that sheds light on the chain translocation processes of legonmycin NRPSs.
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Choi SM, Kim KD, Park JU, Xuan Z, Kim JH. Pd-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of cyclic ketimines and trimethylenemethanes toward N-fused pyrrolidines bearing a quaternary carbon. RSC Adv 2022; 12:785-789. [PMID: 35425099 PMCID: PMC8978666 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08579d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A Pd-catalyzed [3 + 2] cycloaddition of N-sulfonyl cyclic ketimines and trimethylenemethanes (TMM) was developed that afforded N-fused pyrrolidines bearing a quaternary carbon. Under mild reaction conditions, structurally diverse N-sulfonyl cyclic imines, including sulfamate-fused aldimines, aryl- or styryl-substituted sulfamate-derived ketimines, and N-sulfonyl cyclic ketimines, were tolerated as reactants, affording N-fused pyrrolidines with high efficiency. A facile route to access N-fused pyrrolidines bearing a quaternary carbon from N-sulfonyl ketimines and commercially available trimethylenemethanes has been developed.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Seoung-Mi Choi
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Korea
| | - Kyeong Do Kim
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Korea
| | - Jong-Un Park
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Korea
| | - Zi Xuan
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Korea
| | - Ju Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry (BK21 Four), Research Institute of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, 52828, Jinju, Korea
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27
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Dagoneau D, Quinodoz P, Kolleth A, Bozoflou M, Horoz B, Catak S, Poisson PA, Lumbroso A, Sulzer-Mossé S, De Mesmaeker A. A Short and Versatile Approach for the Synthesis of Pyrrolizidinones. Helv Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/hlca.202100226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dylan Dagoneau
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Crop Protection Research, Research Chemistry Schaffhauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein SWITZERLAND
| | - Pierre Quinodoz
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Research Chemistry Stein SWITZERLAND
| | - Amandine Kolleth
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Research Chemistry Stein SWITZERLAND
| | - Mert Bozoflou
- Bogazici Universitesi Department of Chemistry Bebek 34342 Istanbul TURKEY
| | - Beyza Horoz
- Bogazici Universitesi Department of Chemistry Bebek 34342 Istanbul TURKEY
| | - Saron Catak
- Bogazici Universitesi Department of Chemistry Bebek 34342 Istanbul TURKEY
| | | | | | | | - Alain De Mesmaeker
- Syngenta Crop Protection AG Crop Protection Research, Research Chemistry Schaffhauserstrasse 101 4332 Stein SWITZERLAND
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28
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Takano H, You Y, Hayashi H, Harabuchi Y, Maeda S, Mita T. Radical Difunctionalization of Gaseous Ethylene Guided by Quantum Chemical Calculations: Selective Incorporation of Two Molecules of Ethylene. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:33846-33854. [PMID: 34926931 PMCID: PMC8675046 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene, of which about 170 million tons are produced annually worldwide, is a fundamental C2 feedstock that is widely used on an industrial scale for the synthesis of polyethylenes and polyvinylchlorides. Compared to other alkenes, however, the direct use of ethylene for the synthesis of fine chemicals such as pharmaceuticals and agrochemicals is limited, probably due to its small and gaseous character. We, herein, report a new radical difunctionalization strategy of ethylene, aided by quantum chemical calculations. Computationally proposed imidyl and sulfonyl radicals can be introduced into ethylene in the presence of an Ir photocatalyst under irradiation with blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) (λmax = 440 nm). The present reaction systems led to the selective incorporation of two molecules of ethylene into the substrate, which could be rationally explained by computational analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideaki Takano
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yong You
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Yu Harabuchi
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Satoshi Maeda
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Department
of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido
University, Kita 10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
- Research
and Services Division of Materials Data and Integrated System (MaDIS), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Mita
- Institute
for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21, Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
- JST,
ERATO Maeda Artificial Intelligence in Chemical Reaction Design and
Discovery Project, Kita
10, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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29
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He Y, Ma J, Fan X, Ding L, Ding X, Zhang QY, Lin G. The key role of gut-liver axis in pyrrolizidine alkaloid-induced hepatotoxicity and enterotoxicity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2021; 11:3820-3835. [PMID: 35024309 PMCID: PMC8727778 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2021.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 06/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are the most common phytotoxins with documented human hepatotoxicity. PAs require metabolic activation by cytochromes P450 to generate toxic intermediates which bind to proteins and form protein adducts, thereby causing cytotoxicity. This study investigated the role of the gut-liver axis in PA intoxication and the underlying mechanisms. We exposed mice to retrorsine (RTS), a representative PA, and for the first time found RTS-induced intestinal epithelium damage and disruption to intestinal barrier function. Using mice with tissue-selective ablation of P450 activity, we found that hepatic P450s, but not intestinal P450s, were essential for PA bioactivation. Besides, in RTS-exposed, bile duct-cannulated rats, we found the liver-derived reactive PA metabolites were transported by bile into the intestine to exert enterotoxicity. The impact of gut-derived pathogenic factors in RTS-induced hepatotoxicity was further studied in mice with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis. DSS treatment increased the hepatic endotoxin level and depleted hepatic reduced glutathione, thereby suppressing the PA detoxification pathway. Compared to RTS-exposed normal mice, the colitic mice displayed more severe RTS-induced hepatic vasculature damage, fibrosis, and steatosis. Overall, our findings provide the first mode-of-action evidence of PA-induced enterotoxicity and highlight the importance of gut barrier function in PA-induced liver injury.
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30
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De Angelis M, Primitivo L, Lizzio F, Agostinelli S, Sappino C, Ben Romdan I, Bonanni L, D'Annibale A, Antonioletti R, Ricelli A, Righi G. Total stereocontrolled synthesis of a novel pyrrolizidine iminosugar. Carbohydr Res 2021; 511:108484. [PMID: 34920269 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2021.108484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Herein we describe a versatile approach to the pyrrolizidine alkaloids skeleton by tailoring our original strategy already used for the pyrrolidine iminosugars synthesis. The key steps are the regio- and stereoselective azidolysis of the suitable chiral vinyl epoxide and then asymmetric dihydroxylation of the corresponding azido alcohol by using (DHQ)2AQN as the ligand. Further optimized elaborations addressed to the closure of the two rings allowed us to achieve the target iminosugar with complete stereocontrol. The wide range of pyrrolizidine iminosugars' biological properties make them a key focus of new drug research and therefore the development of synthetic strategies for obtaining them is of decisive importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina De Angelis
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ludovica Primitivo
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Lizzio
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Sonia Agostinelli
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Carla Sappino
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Ilaria Ben Romdan
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Luciano Bonanni
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea D'Annibale
- "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Antonioletti
- CNR-IBPM, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Ricelli
- CNR-IBPM, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuliana Righi
- CNR-IBPM, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Dep. Chemistry, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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31
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Abstract
In this contribution, we provide a comprehensive overview of acyclic twisted amides, covering the literature since 1993 (the year of the first recognized report on acyclic twisted amides) through June 2020. The review focuses on classes of acyclic twisted amides and their key structural properties, such as amide bond twist and nitrogen pyramidalization, which are primarily responsible for disrupting nN to π*C═O conjugation. Through discussing acyclic twisted amides in comparison with the classic bridged lactams and conformationally restricted cyclic fused amides, the reader is provided with an overview of amidic distortion that results in novel conformational features of acyclic amides that can be exploited in various fields of chemistry ranging from organic synthesis and polymers to biochemistry and structural chemistry and the current position of acyclic twisted amides in modern chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangrong Meng
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States.,College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for China National Light Industry, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Michal Szostak
- Department of Chemistry, Rutgers University, 73 Warren Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
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32
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Wang YK, Li WQ, Xia S, Guo L, Miao Y, Zhang BK. Metabolic Activation of the Toxic Natural Products From Herbal and Dietary Supplements Leading to Toxicities. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:758468. [PMID: 34744736 PMCID: PMC8564355 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.758468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, herbal and dietary supplements have been widely applied to prevent and treat various diseases. However, the potential toxicities and adverse reactions of herbal and dietary supplements have been increasingly reported, and have gradually attracted widespread attention from clinical pharmacists and physicians. Metabolic activation of specific natural products from herbal and dietary supplements is mediated by hepatic cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria, and generates chemical reactive/toxic metabolites that bind to cellular reduced glutathione or macromolecules, and form reactive metabolites-glutathione/protein/DNA adducts, and these protein/DNA adducts can result in toxicities. The present review focuses on the relation between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products, and provides updated, comprehensive and critical comment on the toxic mechanisms of reactive metabolites. The key inductive role of metabolic activation in toxicity is highlighted, and frequently toxic functional groups of toxic natural products were summarized. The biotransformation of drug cytochrome P450 or intestinal bacteria involved in metabolic activation were clarified, the reactive metabolites-protein adducts were selected as biomarkers for predicting toxicity. And finally, further perspectives between metabolic activation and toxicities of natural products from herbal and dietary supplements are discussed, to provide a reference for the reasonable and safe usage of herbal and dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wen Qun Li
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Shuang Xia
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Lin Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yan Miao
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Bi-Kui Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy, Central South University, Changsha, China
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33
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Klintworth R, Morgans GL, Scalzullo SM, de Koning CB, van Otterlo WAL, Michael JP. Silica gel and microwave-promoted synthesis of dihydropyrrolizines and tetrahydroindolizines from enaminones. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:2543-2552. [PMID: 34760023 PMCID: PMC8551872 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A wide range of N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)enaminones, prepared by the Eschenmoser sulfide contraction between N-(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)pyrrolidine-2-thione and various bromomethyl aryl and heteroaryl ketones, underwent cyclization in the presence of silica gel to give ethyl 6-(hetero)aryl-2,3-dihydro-1H-pyrrolizine-5-carboxylates within minutes upon microwave heating in xylene at 150 °C. Instead of functioning as a nucleophile, the enaminone acted as an electrophile at its carbonyl group during the cyclization. Yields of the bicyclic products were generally above 75%. The analogous microwave-assisted reaction to produce ethyl 2-aryl-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroindolizine-3-carboxylates from (E)-ethyl 2-[2-(2-oxo-2-arylethylidene)piperidin-1-yl]acetates failed in nonpolar solvents, but occurred in ethanol at lower temperature and microwave power, although requiring much longer time. A possible mechanism for the cyclization is presented, and further functionalization of the newly created pyrrole ring in the dihydropyrrolizine core is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Klintworth
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Garreth L Morgans
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Stefania M Scalzullo
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Charles B de Koning
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Willem A L van Otterlo
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer Science, Stellenbosch University, Matieland 7602, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Joseph P Michael
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, PO Wits 2050, Johannesburg, South Africa
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34
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Metabolic Toxification of 1,2-Unsaturated Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids Causes Human Hepatic Sinusoidal Obstruction Syndrome: The Update. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910419. [PMID: 34638760 PMCID: PMC8508847 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Saturated and unsaturated pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are present in more than 6000 plant species growing in countries all over the world. They have a typical heterocyclic structure in common, but differ in their potential toxicity, depending on the presence or absence of a double bond between C1 and C2. Fortunately, most plants contain saturated PAs without this double bond and are therefore not toxic for consumption by humans or animals. In a minority of plants, however, PAs with this double bond between C1 and C2 exhibit strong hepatotoxic, genotoxic, cytotoxic, neurotoxic, and tumorigenic potentials. If consumed in error and in large emouns, plants with 1,2-unsaturated PAs induce metabolic breaking-off of the double bonds of the unsaturated PAs, generating PA radicals that may trigger severe liver injury through a process involving microsomal P450 (CYP), with preference of its isoforms CYP 2A6, CYP 3A4, and CYP 3A5. This toxifying CYP-dependent conversion occurs primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum of the hepatocytes equivalent to the microsomal fraction. Toxified PAs injure the protein membranes of hepatocytes, and after passing their plasma membranes, more so the liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), leading to life-threatening hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS). This injury is easily diagnosed by blood pyrrolizidine protein adducts, which are perfect diagnostic biomarkers, supporting causality evaluation using the updated RUCAM (Roussel Uclaf Causality Assessment Method). HSOS is clinically characterized by weight gain due to fluid accumulation (ascites, pleural effusion, and edema), and may lead to acute liver failure, liver transplantation, or death. In conclusion, plant-derived PAs with a double bond between C1 and C2 are potentially hepatotoxic after metabolic removal of the double bond, and may cause PA-HSOS with a potential lethal outcome, even if PA consumption is stopped.
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35
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Saccà ML, Manici LM. Honey bee-associated bacteria as producers of bioactive compounds for protecting hives. A biosynthetic gene-based approach. Microbiol Res 2021; 252:126860. [PMID: 34521052 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2021.126860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Honey bee-associated bacteria are a source of natural compounds of interest for controlling hive decline which is threatening bee health globally. Genes involved in the biosynthesis of a series of extracellular compounds released by bacteria living on the external surface of honey bees were investigated. A biosynthetic gene-based approach was adopted by developing a battery of primers to target the genes involved in the biosynthesis of four groups of bioactive compounds (pyrrolizidine alkaloids, surfactin, 2-heptanone and helveticin J). The primers were tested on 51 bacterial isolates belonging to Bacillus thuringiensis, Acetobacteraceae bacterium, Bifidobacterium asteroides and Apilactobacillus kunkeei. The developed primers led to species-specific detection and characterization of the functional genes involved in the production of three out of four groups of compounds selected for this study. The findings suggest that microbial populations inhabiting apiaries harbor genes involved in the biosynthesis of metabolites linked to the reduction of important honey bee pathogens such as Varroa destructor, Paenibacillus larvae and Nosema ceranae. The gene-based approach adopted for evaluating the biosynthetic potential of bioactive compounds in hives is promising for investigating further compounds for low input control strategies of bee enemies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ludovica Saccà
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Luisa Maria Manici
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Center for Agriculture and Environment, Via di Corticella 133, 40128, Bologna, Italy
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36
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Kutyashev IB, Ulitko MV, Barkov AY, Zimnitskiy NS, Korotaev VY, Sosnovskikh VY. Regio- and Stereoselective 1,3-dipolar Cycloaddition of Azomethine Ylides Based on Isatins and (thia)proline to 3-nitro-2-(trifluoro(trichloro)methyl)-2H-chromenes: Synthesis and Cytotoxic Activity of 6-(trihalomethyl)-spiro[chromeno(thia)pyrrolizidine-11,3'-indolin]-2'-ones. Chem Heterocycl Compd (N Y) 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10593-021-02979-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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37
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Gaviña D, Escolano M, Torres J, Alzuet‐Piña G, Sánchez‐Roselló M, Pozo C. Organocatalytic Enantioselective Friedel‐Crafts Alkylation Reactions of Pyrroles. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Gaviña
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia E-46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia E-46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - Javier Torres
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia E-46100 Burjassot Spain
| | - Gloria Alzuet‐Piña
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry University of Valencia E-46100 Burjassot Spain
| | | | - Carlos Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry University of Valencia E-46100 Burjassot Spain
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38
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Nachtigall O, VanderWeide AI, Brennessel WW, Jones WD. First‐Row Transition Metals Complexes with Fused Oxazolidine (FOX) Ligands. Z Anorg Allg Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/zaac.202100056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Nachtigall
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 United States
| | - Andrew I. VanderWeide
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 United States
| | | | - William D. Jones
- Department of Chemistry University of Rochester Rochester New York 14627 United States
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39
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Biswas RG, Singh VK. Direct enantioselective synthesis of pyrrolizidines. Tetrahedron Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2021.152954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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40
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Reddy GS, Reddy DS, Corey EJ. Unraveling the C 2-Symmetric Azatetraquinane System. Simple, Enantioselective Syntheses. Org Lett 2021; 23:2258-2262. [PMID: 33646796 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c00387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Concise stereocontrolled synthetic routes to the C2-symmetric azatetraquinane 1 (or, also, the enantiomer) are described. The successful execution of the synthesis involved innovation in the methodology for [3+2] cycloaddition and stereochemical control.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Sudhakar Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - D Srinivas Reddy
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - E J Corey
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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41
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Klychnikov MK, Pohl R, Císařová I, Jahn U. α,γ-Dioxygenated amides via tandem Brook rearrangement/radical oxygenation reactions and their application to syntheses of γ-lactams. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:688-704. [PMID: 33777244 PMCID: PMC7961876 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolidones are common heterocyclic fragments in various biologically active compounds. Here, a two-step radical-based approach to γ-lactams bearing three to four stereocenters starting from epoxides, N-allylic silylacetamides and TEMPO is reported. The sequence starts with a new tandem nucleophilic substitution/Brook rearrangement/single electron transfer-induced radical oxygenation furnishing orthogonally protected α,γ-dioxygenated N-allylamides with wide scope, mostly good yields, and partly good diastereo- and enantioselectivity for defined combinations of chiral epoxides and chiral amides. This represents a very rare example of an oxidative geminal C-C/C-O difunctionalization next to carbonyl groups. The resulting dioxygenated allylic amides are subsequently subjected to persistent radical effect-based 5-exo-trig radical cyclization reactions providing functionalized pyrrolidones in high yields as diastereomeric mixtures. They converge to 3,4-trans-γ-lactams by base-mediated equilibration, which can be easily further diversified. Stereochemical models for both reaction types were developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail K Klychnikov
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Pohl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Císařová
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Hlavova 2030/8, 12843 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Ullrich Jahn
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Flemingovo náměstí 2, 16610 Prague 6, Czech Republic
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42
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Meninno S, Franco F, Benaglia M, Lattanzi A. Pyrazoleamides in Catalytic Asymmetric Reactions: Recent Advances. Adv Synth Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202100006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Meninno
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Francesca Franco
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano Italy
| | - Maurizio Benaglia
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Milano Via Golgi 19 20133 Milano Italy
| | - Alessandra Lattanzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Biologia “A. Zambelli” Università di Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II 132 84084 Fisciano Italy
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43
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Lewis WJM, Shaw DM, Robertson J. Synthesis of legonmycins A and B, C(7a)-hydroxylated bacterial pyrrolizidines. Beilstein J Org Chem 2021; 17:334-342. [PMID: 33828615 PMCID: PMC7871033 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.17.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A one-flask, two-step procedure from 3-amino-2-methyl-5,6,7,7a-tetrahydro-1H-pyrrolizin-1-one affords the Streptomyces secondary metabolites legonmycins A and B - three operations overall from methyl N-Boc-prolinate. The key step proceeds in each case via N,O-diacylation, then selective oxidative hydrolysis of the intermediate bicyclic pyrrole and establishes a precedent for the synthesis of related C(7a)-hydroxylated pyrrolizidines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilfred J M Lewis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
| | - David M Shaw
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals (Europe) Ltd., 86–88 Jubilee Avenue, Milton Park, Abingdon, OX14 4RW, United Kingdom
- current address: MSD UK Discovery Centre, Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Chemistry Research Laboratory, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, United Kingdom
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44
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Dikošová L, Otočková B, Malatinský T, Doháňošová J, Kopáčová M, Ďurinová A, Smutná L, Trejtnar F, Fischer R. New total synthesis and structure confirmation of putative (+)-hyacinthacine C 3 and (+)-5- epi-hyacinthacine C 3. RSC Adv 2021; 11:31621-31630. [PMID: 35496868 PMCID: PMC9041629 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06225e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique synthesis of polyhydroxylated pyrrolizidine alkaloids, namely (+)-hyacinthacine C3 and (+)-5-epi-hyacinthacine C3 is presented. The strategy relies on a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of an l-mannose derived nitrone, which owing to its great syn-stereoselectivity builds up the majority of the required stereocenters. The following key steps include Wittig olefination and iodine-mediated aminocyclisation, that provide two epimeric pyrrolizidines with the appropriate configuration. As a result, structure and steric arrangement of the first synthetically prepared (+)-hyacinthacine C3 are proved to be correct, clearly confirming the inconsistency with the stereochemistry assigned to the natural sample. With respect to the previously proven glycosidase inhibitory activities, the antiproliferative effect of (+)-hyacinthacine C3 and (+)-5-epi-hyacinthacine C3 was evaluated using several cell line models. A second total synthesis of (+)-hyacinthacine C3 is reported. As a result, structure of the first synthetically prepared alkaloid is proved to be correct, clearly confirming the inconsistency with the stereochemistry assigned to the natural sample.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Lívia Dikošová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Barbora Otočková
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Tomáš Malatinský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jana Doháňošová
- Central Laboratories, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Mária Kopáčová
- Institute of Chemistry, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 38 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Anna Ďurinová
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Smutná
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - František Trejtnar
- Charles University, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Heyrovskeho 1203, 50005 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Róbert Fischer
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Catalysis and Petrochemistry, Slovak University of Technology in Bratislava, Radlinského 9, 812 37 Bratislava, Slovak Republic
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45
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Escolano M, Torres Fernández J, Rabasa-Alcañiz F, Sánchez-Roselló M, Pozo CD. Enantioselective Synthesis of Pyrrolizidinone Scaffolds through Multiple-Relay Catalysis. Org Lett 2020; 22:9433-9438. [PMID: 33253590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c03344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A triple-tandem protocol for the synthesis of the pyrrolizidinone skeleton has been devised. It involves a cross metathesis-intramolecular aza-Michael reaction-intramolecular Michael addition tandem sequence, starting from N-pentenyl-4-oxo-2-alkenamides and conjugated ketones. In the presence of two cooperative catalysts, namely the second-generation Hoveyda-Grubbs catalyst and (R)-TRIP-derived BINOL phosphoric acid, this multiple-relay catalytic process takes place in good yields and outstanding levels of diastero- and enantioselectivity with the simultaneous generation of three contiguous stereocenters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Escolano
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Torres Fernández
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - Fernando Rabasa-Alcañiz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - María Sánchez-Roselló
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
| | - Carlos Del Pozo
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Valencia, Avda Vicente Andrés Estellés s/n, 46100 Burjassot-Valencia, Spain
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46
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He Y, Zhu L, Ma J, Wong L, Zhao Z, Ye Y, Fu PP, Lin G. Comprehensive investigation and risk study on pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in Chinese retail honey. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 267:115542. [PMID: 33254676 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are common phytotoxins. We performed the first comprehensive investigation on PA contamination in Chinese honeys. LC-MS analysis revealed that 58% of 255 honey samples purchased from 17 regions across Mainland China and Taiwan contained PAs with total content ranging over 0.2-281.1 μg/kg. Monocrotaline (from Crotalaria spp), a PA never found in honey in other regions, together with echimidine (Echium plantagineum) and lycopsamine (from Senecio spp.), were three predominant PAs in PA-contaminated Chinese honeys. Further, PAs present in honeys were found to have geographically distinct pattern, indicating possible control of such contamination in future honey production. Moreover, we proposed a new risk estimation approach, which considered both content and toxic potency of individual PAs in honeys, and found that 12% of the PA-contaminated Chinese honeys tested might pose potential health risk. This study revealed a high prevalence and potential health risk of PA contamination in Chinese honeys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yisheng He
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Jiang Ma
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Lailai Wong
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhongzhen Zhao
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yang Ye
- Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China
| | - Peter P Fu
- National Center for Toxicological Research, Jefferson, AR 72079, United States
| | - Ge Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between the Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China.
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47
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Jamshaid F, Kondakal VV, Newman CD, Dobson R, João H, Rice CR, Mwansa JM, Thapa B, Hemming K. Cyclopropenones in the synthesis of indolizidine, pyrrolo[2,1-a]isoquinoline and indolizino[8,7-b]indole alkaloids. Tetrahedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2020.131570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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48
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Vchislo NV, Verochkina EA. Recent Advances in Total Synthesis of Alkaloids from α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes. ChemistrySelect 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202002872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda V. Vchislo
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
| | - Ekaterina A. Verochkina
- A. E. Favorsky Irkutsk Institute of ChemistrySiberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences Favorsky Str., 1 Irkutsk 664033 Russia
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49
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Zimnitskiy NS, Denikaev AD, Barkov AY, Kutyashev IB, Korotaev VY, Sosnovskikh VY. Catalyst-free Tandem 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition/Aldol Condensation: Diastereoselective Construction of the Azatetraquinane Skeleton. J Org Chem 2020; 85:8683-8694. [PMID: 32517470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c01127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The one-pot regioselective and diastereoselective method for the synthesis of 5-(het)aroyl-7-(het)arylhexahydrobenzo[4,5]pentaleno[1,6a-b](thia)pyrrolizine-6,12-diones from accessible 1,5-di(het)arylpent-4-ene-1,3-diones or curcuminoids in 38-98% yield was developed. This reaction proceeds as a sequence of 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of azomethine ylide generated in situ from ninhydrin and (thia)proline at the C═C bond of corresponding enedione, followed by spontaneous intramolecular aldol condensation and leads to the formation of an azatetraquinane scaffold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolay S Zimnitskiy
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Andrey D Denikaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Alexey Y Barkov
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Igor B Kutyashev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vladislav Y Korotaev
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
| | - Vyacheslav Y Sosnovskikh
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Ural Federal University, pr. Lenina 51, 620000 Ekaterinburg, Russian Federation
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50
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Garbacz M, Stecko S. The Synthesis of Chiral Allyl Carbamates via Merger of Photoredox and Nickel Catalysis. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202000404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mateusz Garbacz
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sebastian Stecko
- Institute of Organic ChemistryPolish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52, 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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