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Gu WM, Jiang KJ, Jiao X, Gao CY, Fan XH, Yang LM, Song Y. In-Situ Cyclized Polyacrylonitrile as an Electron Selective Layer for n-i-p Perovskite Solar Cell with Enhanced Efficiency and Stability. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202403264. [PMID: 38659076 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202403264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
In situ cyclized polyacrylonitrile (CPAN) is developed to replace n-type metal oxide semiconductors (TiO2 or SnO2) as an electron selective layer (ESL) for highly efficient and stable n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The CPAN layer is fabricated via facile in situ cyclization reaction of polyacrylonitrile (PAN) coated on a conducting glass substrate. The CPAN layer is robust and insoluble in common solvents, and possesses n-type semiconductor properties with a high electron mobility of 4.13×10-3 cm2 V-1 s-1. With the CPAN as an ESL, the PSC affords a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 23.12 %, which is the highest for the n-i-p PSCs with organic ESLs. Moreover, the device with the CPAN layer holds superior operational stability, maintaining over 90 % of their initial efficiency after 500 h continuous light soaking. These results confirm that the CPAN layer would be a desirable low-cost and efficient ESL for n-i-p PSCs and other photoelectronic devices with high performance and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Min Gu
- College of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei Key Laboratory of Air Pollution Cause and Impact, Hebei University of Engineering, 056038, Handan, China
| | - Ke-Jian Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xinning Jiao
- China School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology, 100083, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Cai-Yan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Heng Fan
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Lian-Ming Yang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100190, Beijing, P. R. China
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Zang L, Zhao C, Hu X, Tao J, Chen S, Chu J. Emerging Trends in Electron Transport Layer Development for Stable and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2400807. [PMID: 38573941 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202400807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) stand at the forefront of photovoltaic research, with current efficiencies surpassing 26.1%. This review critically examines the role of electron transport materials (ETMs) in enhancing the performance and longevity of PSCs. It presents an integrated overview of recent advancements in ETMs, like TiO2, ZnO, SnO2, fullerenes, non-fullerene polymers, and small molecules. Critical challenges are regulated grain structure, defect passivation techniques, energy level alignment, and interfacial engineering. Furthermore, the review highlights innovative materials that promise to redefine charge transport in PSCs. A detailed comparison of state-of-the-art ETMs elucidates their effectiveness in different perovskite systems. This review endeavors to inform the strategic enhancement and development of n-type electron transport layers (ETLs), delineating a pathway toward the realization of PSCs with superior efficiency and stability for potential commercial deployment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Zang
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Chunhu Zhao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Carbon Neutrality and Intelligent, School of Resource & Environment, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha, 410205, China
| | - Xiaobo Hu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jiahua Tao
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing, 401120, China
| | - Shaoqiang Chen
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Junhao Chu
- Engineering Research Center for Nanophotonics and Advanced Instrument, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
- Key Laboratory of Polar Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Electronic Science, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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3
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Zinc-based metal-organic frameworks: synthesis and recent progress in biomedical application. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-022-02385-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Hanmandlu C, Singh A, Boopathi KM, Lai CS, Chu CW. Layered perovskite materials: key solutions for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells. REPORTS ON PROGRESS IN PHYSICS. PHYSICAL SOCIETY (GREAT BRITAIN) 2020; 83:086502. [PMID: 32575080 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6633/ab9f88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites having three-dimensional crystal structures are being applied successfully in various optoelectronic applications. To address their most challenging issues-instability and toxicity-without losing efficiency, lower-dimensional perovskites appear to be promising alternatives. Recently, two-dimensional (2D) perovskite solar cells have been developed exhibiting excellent photostability and moisture-stability, together with moderate device efficiency. This review summarizes the photophysical properties and operating mechanisms of 2D perovskites as well as recent advances in their applications in solar cell devices. Also presented is an agenda for the next-stage development of stable perovskite materials for solar cell applications, highlighting the issues of stability and toxicity that require further study to ensure commercialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chintam Hanmandlu
- Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chang Gung University, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Anupriya Singh
- Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Physics, National Taiwan University, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Nano Science and Technology, Taiwan International Graduate Program, Academia Sinica and National Taiwan University, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | | | - Chao-Sung Lai
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chang Gung University, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Green Technology Research Center, College of Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Nephrology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, New Taipei City 33305, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, 84 Gungjuan Road, Taishan, New Taipei City, 24301, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chih-Wei Chu
- Research Center for Applied Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Electronics Engineering, Chang Gung University, Wenhua 1st Road, Guishan District, Taoyuan City, 33302, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Kaphle A, Echeverria E, Mcllroy DN, Hari P. Enhancement in the performance of nanostructured CuO–ZnO solar cells by band alignment. RSC Adv 2020; 10:7839-7854. [PMID: 35492166 PMCID: PMC9049859 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effect of cobalt doping on band alignment and the performance of nanostructured ZnO/CuO heterojunction solar cells. ZnO nanorods and CuO nanostructures were fabricated by a low-temperature and cost-effective chemical bath deposition technique. The band offsets between Zn1−xCoxO (x = 0, 0.05, 0.10, 0.15, and 0.20) and CuO nanostructures were estimated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and it was observed that the reduction of the conduction band offset with CuO. This also results in an enhancement in the open-circuit voltage. It was demonstrated that an optimal amount of cobalt doping could effectively passivate the ZnO related defects, resulting in a suitable conduction band offset, suppressing interface recombination, and enhancing conductivity and mobility. The capacitance–voltage analysis demonstrated the effectiveness of cobalt doping on enhancing the depletion width and built-in potential. Through impedance spectroscopy analysis, it was shown that recombination resistance increased up to 10% cobalt doping, thus decreased charge recombination at the interface. Further, it was demonstrated that the insertion of a thin layer of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) between the active layer (CuO) and the gold electrode hinders the formation of a Schottky junction and improved charge extraction at the interface. The ZnO/CuO solar cells with 10% cobalt doped ZnO and 20 nm thick MoO3 buffer layer achieved the best power conversion efficiency of 2.11%. Our results demonstrate the crucial role of the band alignment on the performance of the ZnO/CuO heterojunction solar cells and could pave the way for further progress on improving conversion efficiency in oxide-based heterojunction solar cells. Nanostructured ZnO/CuO photovoltaic cell with power conversion efficiency of 2.11%.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Amrit Kaphle
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics
- University of Tulsa
- Tulsa
- USA
| | | | - David N. Mcllroy
- Department of Physics
- Oklahoma State University
- Stillwater
- USA
- Oklahoma Photovoltaic Research Institute
| | - Parameswar Hari
- Department of Physics and Engineering Physics
- University of Tulsa
- Tulsa
- USA
- Oklahoma Photovoltaic Research Institute
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Bahrani S, Hashemi SA, Mousavi SM, Azhdari R. Zinc-based metal-organic frameworks as nontoxic and biodegradable platforms for biomedical applications: review study. Drug Metab Rev 2019; 51:356-377. [PMID: 31203696 DOI: 10.1080/03602532.2019.1632887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Development of biomedical systems for controllable drug delivery systems and construction of biosensors is imperative to reduce side effects of common treatment techniques and enhance the therapeutic efficacy. To address this issue, metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) as hybrid porous polymeric structures have attracted worldwide attention due to their unprecedented opportunities in vast range of applications in diverse fields including chemistry, biological, and medicinal science as gas storage/separation, sensing, and drug delivery systems. Recently, biomedical application has become an interesting and promising issue for development and usage of multi-functional MOFs. Flexible chemical composition and versatile porous structure of MOFs enable the engineering and enhancement of their medical formulation and functionality as practical carriers for whether therapeutic or imaging agents. One important point in this domain is the efficient delivery of drugs in the body using nontoxic and biodegradable carriers. This review brings together the literatures that addressing the biomedical applications of Zinc-based MOFs (i.e. as drug delivery systems or nontoxic agent in matter of therapeutic applications) to present recent achievements in this interesting field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Bahrani
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Seyyed Alireza Hashemi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Seyyed Mojtaba Mousavi
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Rouhollah Azhdari
- Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,Faculty of Chemical, Petroleum and Gas, Semnan University , Semnan , Iran
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7
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Jung SK, Heo JH, Lee DW, Lee SH, Lee SC, Yoon W, Yun H, Kim D, Kim JH, Im SH, Kwon OP. Homochiral Asymmetric-Shaped Electron-Transporting Materials for Efficient Non-Fullerene Perovskite Solar Cells. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:224-230. [PMID: 30375174 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201802234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A design strategy is proposed for electron-transporting materials (ETMs) with homochiral asymmetric-shaped groups for highly efficient non-fullerene perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The electron transporting N,N'-bis[(R)-1-phenylethyl]naphthalene-1,4,5,8-tetracarboxylic diimide (NDI-PhE) consists of two asymmetric-shaped chiral (R)-1-phenylethyl (PhE) groups that act as solubilizing groups by reducing molecular symmetry and increasing the free volume. NDI-PhE exhibits excellent film-forming ability with high solubility in various organic solvents [about two times higher solubility than the widely used fullerene-based phenyl-C61 -butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) in o-dichlorobenzene]. NDI-PhE ETM-based inverted PSCs exhibit very high power conversion efficiencies (PCE) of up to 20.5 % with an average PCE of 18.74±0.95 %, which are higher than those of PCBM ETM-based PSCs. The high PCE of NDI-PhE ETM-based PSCs may be attributed to good film-forming abilities and to three-dimensional isotropic electron transporting capabilities. Therefore, introducing homochiral asymmetric-shaped groups onto charge-transporting materials is a good strategy for achieving high device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Kyo Jung
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyuck Heo
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Woon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Heon Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Chul Lee
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Yoon
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoseop Yun
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Energy Systems Research, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, San 94-6, Iui-dong, Yeongtong-gu, Suwonsi, 443-760, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong H Kim
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyuk Im
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, 145 Anam-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - O-Pil Kwon
- Department of Molecular Science and Technology, Ajou University, Suwon, 443-749, Republic of Korea
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8
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Kagae J, Yamanaka T, Takahashi S, Yamashita K. Modification of dry/wet hybrid fabrication method for preparing a perovskite absorption layer on a PCBM electron transport layer. RSC Adv 2018; 8:39047-39052. [PMID: 35558328 PMCID: PMC9090622 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra08022d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The fabrication method of a perovskite absorption layer on a [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) electron transport layer was investigated for application to perovskite/Si tandem photovoltaic devices. A dry/wet hybrid method that involves thermal evaporation of a PbI2 precursor followed by spin coating of an organic cation solution was found to be a useful means to form a perovskite layer without destruction of the underlying PCBM layer. To form the perovskite layer densely packed with crystals of large grain size and having smooth surface morphology, the rotational speed of the spin coating and the mixing ratio of organic cations were carefully modified. By using this modified absorption layer, a photovoltaic device fabricated under atmospheric exposure conditions showed a power conversion efficiency of ∼10.3% without any large hysteresis. These results have great importance to develop a production technology for high performance tandem solar cells. A dry/wet hybrid method was modified and improved for fabricating a high quality perovskite absorption layer on a PCBM electron transport layer.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Junta Kagae
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Takaaki Yamanaka
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
| | - Kenichi Yamashita
- Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, Kyoto Institute of Technology Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku Kyoto 606-8585 Japan
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Rajagopal A, Yao K, Jen AKY. Toward Perovskite Solar Cell Commercialization: A Perspective and Research Roadmap Based on Interfacial Engineering. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1800455. [PMID: 29883006 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201800455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
High-efficiency and low-cost perovskite solar cells (PVKSCs) are an ideal candidate for addressing the scalability challenge of solar-based renewable energy. The dynamically evolving research field of PVKSCs has made immense progress in solving inherent challenges and capitalizing on their unique structure-property-processing-performance traits. This review offers a unique outlook on the paths toward commercialization of PVKSCs from the interfacial engineering perspective, relevant to both specialists and nonspecialists in the field through a brief introduction of the background of the field, current state-of-the-art evolution, and future research prospects. The multifaceted role of interfaces in facilitating PVKSC development is explained. Beneficial impacts of diverse charge-transporting materials and interfacial modifications are summarized. In addition, the role of interfaces in improving efficiency and stability for all emerging areas of PVKSC design are also evaluated. The authors' integral contributions in this area are highlighted on all fronts. Finally, future research opportunities for interfacial material development and applications along with scalability-durability-sustainability considerations pivotal for facilitating laboratory to industry translation are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adharsh Rajagopal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Kai Yao
- Institute of Photovoltaics, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong
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10
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Zhang W, Wang Y, Li X, Song C, Wan L, Usman K, Fang J. Recent Advance in Solution-Processed Organic Interlayers for High-Performance Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1800159. [PMID: 30027048 PMCID: PMC6051387 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201800159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells (PSCs) provide great potential for fabricating high-efficiency, low-cost, large-area, and flexible photovoltaic devices. In planar PSCs, a perovskite absorber is sandwiched between hole and electron transport materials. The charge-transporting interlayers play an important role in enhancing charge extraction, transport, and collection. Organic interlayers including small molecules and polymers offer great advantages for their tunable chemical/electronic structures and low-temperature solution processibility. Here, recent progress of organic interlayers in planar heterojunction PSCs is discussed, and the effect of chemical structures on device performance is also illuminated. Finally, the main challenges in developing planar heterojunction PSCs based on organic interlayers are identified, and strategies for enhancing the device performance are also proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Ying‐Chiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Changjian Song
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Li Wan
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
| | - Khurram Usman
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
| | - Junfeng Fang
- Key Laboratory of Graphene Technologies and Applications of Zhejiang ProvinceNingbo Institute of Materials Technology and EngineeringChinese Academy of SciencesNingbo315201China
- University of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing100049China
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11
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Chang CC, Tao JH, Tsai CE, Cheng YJ, Hsu CS. Cross-linked Triarylamine-Based Hole-Transporting Layer for Solution-Processed PEDOT:PSS-Free Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21466-21471. [PMID: 29911855 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The device performance of inverted organic metallohalide perovskite solar cells (OMPSCs) is optimized via tailoring the electrode surfaces with electron- and hole-transporting materials. This work demonstrates the fabrication of PEDOT:PSS-free OMPSCs using a hole-transporting composite material consisting of bilayered vanadium oxide (VO x) and a thermally cross-linked triarylamine-based material X-DVTPD, which contributes to higher Voc and Jsc values. The hydrophobicity of X-DVTPD resulted in the formation of large perovskite crystals and enhanced the stability of OMPSCs. Integration of ionic fullerene derivative, fulleropyrrolidinium iodide, in OMPSCs as a hole-blocking interfacial layer at the interface with Ag proves effective to further boost the device efficiency to 18.08%.
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12
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Zhu Y, Deng K, Sun H, Gu B, Lu H, Cao F, Xiong J, Li L. TiO 2 Phase Junction Electron Transport Layer Boosts Efficiency of Planar Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700614. [PMID: 29593964 PMCID: PMC5867052 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In the planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the electron transport layer (ETL) plays a critical role in electron extraction and transport. Widely utilized TiO2 ETLs suffer from the low conductivity and high surface defect density. To address these problems, for the first time, two types of ETLs based on TiO2 phase junction are designed and fabricated distributed in the opposite space, namely anatase/rutile and rutile/anatase. The champion efficiency of PSCs based on phase junction ETL is over 15%, which is much higher than that of cells with single anatase (9.8%) and rutile (11.8%) TiO2 as ETL. The phase junction based PSCs also demonstrated obviously reduced hysteresis. The enhanced performance is discussed and mainly ascribed to the excellent capability of carrier extraction, defect passivation, and reduced recombination at the ETL/perovskite interface. This work opens a new phase junction ETL strategy toward interfacial energy band manipulation for improved PSC performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yayun Zhu
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Kaimo Deng
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Haoxuan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Bangkai Gu
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Hao Lu
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Fengren Cao
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
| | - Jie Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated DevicesUniversity of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu610054P. R. China
| | - Liang Li
- College of Physics, Optoelectronics and EnergyJiangsu Key Laboratory of Thin FilmsCenter for Energy Conversion Materials & Physics (CECMP)Soochow UniversitySuzhou215006P. R. China
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Xie J, Yu X, Huang J, Sun X, Zhang Y, Yang Z, Lei M, Xu L, Tang Z, Cui C, Wang P, Yang D. Self-Organized Fullerene Interfacial Layer for Efficient and Low-Temperature Processed Planar Perovskite Solar Cells with High UV-Light Stability. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2017; 4:1700018. [PMID: 28852620 PMCID: PMC5566248 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this Communication, a self-organization method of [6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid 2-((2-(dimethylamino)-ethyl) (methyl)amino)ethyl ester (PCBDAN) interlayer in between 6,6-phenyl C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) and indium tin oxide (ITO) has been proposed to improve the performance of N-I-P perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The introduction of self-organized PCBDAN interlayer can effectively reduce the work function of ITO and therefore eliminate the interface barrier between electron transport layer and electrode. It is beneficial for enhancing the charge extraction and decreasing the recombination loss at the interface. By employing this strategy, a highest power conversion efficiency of 18.1% has been obtained with almost free hysteresis. Furthermore, the N-I-P PSCs have excellent stability under UV-light soaking, which can maintain 85% of its original highest value after 240 h accelerated UV aging. This self-organization method for the formation of interlayer can not only simplify the fabrication process of low-cost PSCs, but also be compatible with the roll-to-roll device processing on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangsheng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xuegong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Jiabin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Xuan Sun
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Yunhai Zhang
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and DevicesDepartment of PhysicsZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Zhengrui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Ming Lei
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Lingbo Xu
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and DevicesDepartment of PhysicsZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Zeguo Tang
- Ritsumeikan Global Innovation Research OrganizationRitsumeikan University, NojihigashiKusatsuShiga525‐8577Japan
| | - Can Cui
- Center for Optoelectronics Materials and DevicesDepartment of PhysicsZhejiang Sci‐Tech UniversityHangzhou310018China
| | - Peng Wang
- Department of ChemistryZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
| | - Deren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Silicon Materials and School of Materials Science and EngineeringZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310027China
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14
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Li D, Sun C, Li H, Shi H, Shai X, Sun Q, Han J, Shen Y, Yip HL, Huang F, Wang M. Amino-functionalized conjugated polymer electron transport layers enhance the UV-photostability of planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4587-4594. [PMID: 28970881 PMCID: PMC5618109 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00077d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term photostability and high performance were achieved by perovskite solar cells with an amino-functionalized conjugated polymer as a new electron transport layer.
In this study, for the first time, we report a solution-processed amino-functionalized copolymer semiconductor (PFN-2TNDI) with a conjugated backbone composed of fluorine, naphthalene diimide, and thiophene spacers as the electron transporting layer (ETL) in n–i–p planar structured perovskite solar cells. Using this copolymer semiconductor in conjunction with a planar n–i–p heterojunction, we achieved an unprecedented efficiency of ∼16% under standard illumination test conditions. More importantly, the perovskite devices using this polymer ETL have shown good stability under constant ultra violet (UV) light soaking during 3000 h of accelerated tests. Various advanced spectroscopic characterizations, including ultra-fast spectroscopy, ultra-violet photoelectron spectroscopy and electronic impedance spectroscopy, elucidate that the interaction between the functional polymer ETL and the perovskite layer plays a critical role in trap passivation and thus, the device UV-photostability. We expect that these results will boost the development of low temperature solution-processed organic ETL materials, which is essential for the commercialization of high-performance and stable, flexible perovskite solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
| | - Chen Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China . ;
| | - Hao Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
| | - Hui Shi
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China . ;
| | - Xuxia Shai
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
| | - Qiang Sun
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
| | - Junbo Han
- Wuhan National High Magnetic Field Center , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , 1037 Luoyu Road , Wuhan 430074 , Hubei , China
| | - Yan Shen
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China . ;
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices , State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou , Guangdong 510640 , China . ;
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics , Huazhong University of Science and Technology , Wuhan , Hubei 430074 , China .
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15
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Zhu Z, Xu JQ, Chueh CC, Liu H, Li Z, Li X, Chen H, Jen AKY. A Low-Temperature, Solution-Processable Organic Electron-Transporting Layer Based on Planar Coronene for High-performance Conventional Perovskite Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:10786-10793. [PMID: 27862382 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201601745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A low-temperature, solution-processable organic electron-transporting material (ETM) is successfully developed for efficient conventional n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). This ETM can show a high efficiency over 17% on rigid device and 14.2% on flexible PVSC. To the best of our knowledge, this efficiency is among the highest values reported for flexible n-i-p PVSCs with negligible hysteresis thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Jing-Qi Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Zhong'an Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
| | - Hongzheng Chen
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195-2120, USA
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16
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Li P, Liang C, Zhang Y, Li F, Song Y, Shao G. Polyethyleneimine High-Energy Hydrophilic Surface Interfacial Treatment toward Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:32574-32580. [PMID: 27760287 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The interfacial contact is critical for the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), leading to dense perovskite thin films and efficient charge transport. In this contribution, an effective interfacial treatment solution using polyethyleneimine (PEI) was developed to improve the performance and stability of PSCs. Inserting PEI between the s-VOx and perovskite layers can produce a high-energy hydrophilic surface to facilitate the formation of a high-quality perovskite layer by the solution method. Accordingly, the surface coverage of perovskite film on the s-VOx layer increased from 80% to 95%, and the PCE of the device improved from 12.06% (with an average of 10.16%) to 14.4% (with an average value of 12.8%) under an irradiance of 100 mW cm-2 AM 1.5G sunlight. More importantly, the stability of PSCs was further improved after adding another PEI layer between the electron transport layer and LiF/Al layer, less than 10% decay in efficiency during a 10-days observation. Since all layers of the PSCs were fabricated at low temperature (<150 °C), these PEI-treated PSCs based on the amorphous VOx layer have the potential to contribute significantly toward the development of efficient and stable solar cells on flexible substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengwei Li
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chao Liang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yiqiang Zhang
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Fengyu Li
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Beijing 10090, P. R. China
| | - Yanlin Song
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (ICCAS), Beijing Engineering Research Centre of Nanomaterials for Green Printing Technology, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Beijing 10090, P. R. China
| | - Guosheng Shao
- State Centre for International Cooperation on Designer Low-Carbon and Environmental Material (SCICDLCEM), School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
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17
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Solution-Processable Cathode Buffer Layer for High-Performance ITO/CuSCN-based Planar Heterojunction Perovskite Solar Cell. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.09.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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18
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Zhu Z, Chueh C, Lin F, Jen AK. Enhanced Ambient Stability of Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells by Employing a Modified Fullerene Cathode Interlayer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2016; 3:1600027. [PMID: 27711269 PMCID: PMC5039977 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201600027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A novel fullerene cathode interlayer is employed to facilitate the fabrication of stable and efficient perovskite solar cells. This modified fullerene surfactant significantly increases air stability of the derived devices due to its hydrophobic characteristics to enable 80% of the initial PCE to be retained after being exposed in ambient condition with 20% relative humidity for 14 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
| | - Chu‐Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
| | - Francis Lin
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and EngineeringUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA98195‐2120USA
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19
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Zhao D, Zhu Z, Kuo MY, Chueh CC, Jen AKY. Hexaazatrinaphthylene Derivatives: Efficient Electron-Transporting Materials with Tunable Energy Levels for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:8999-9003. [PMID: 27273656 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Hexaazatrinaphthylene (HATNA) derivatives have been successfully shown to function as efficient electron-transporting materials (ETMs) for perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). The cells demonstrate a superior power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 17.6 % with negligible hysteresis. This study provides one of the first nonfullerene small-molecule-based ETMs for high-performance p-i-n PVSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongbing Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Ming-Yu Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Chu-Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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20
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Zhao D, Zhu Z, Kuo M, Chueh C, Jen AK. Hexaazatrinaphthylene Derivatives: Efficient Electron‐Transporting Materials with Tunable Energy Levels for Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dongbing Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Zonglong Zhu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Ming‐Yu Kuo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Chu‐Chen Chueh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Alex K.‐Y. Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
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21
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Werner J, Weng CH, Walter A, Fesquet L, Seif JP, De Wolf S, Niesen B, Ballif C. Efficient Monolithic Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cell with Cell Area >1 cm(2). J Phys Chem Lett 2016; 7:161-6. [PMID: 26687850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.5b02686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Monolithic perovskite/crystalline silicon tandem solar cells hold great promise for further performance improvement of well-established silicon photovoltaics; however, monolithic tandem integration is challenging, evidenced by the modest performances and small-area devices reported so far. Here we present first a low-temperature process for semitransparent perovskite solar cells, yielding efficiencies of up to 14.5%. Then, we implement this process to fabricate monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cells yielding efficiencies of up to 21.2 and 19.2% for cell areas of 0.17 and 1.22 cm(2), respectively. Both efficiencies are well above those of the involved subcells. These single-junction perovskite and tandem solar cells are hysteresis-free and demonstrate steady performance under maximum power point tracking for several minutes. Finally, we present the effects of varying the intermediate recombination layer and hole transport layer thicknesses on tandem cell photocurrent generation, experimentally and by transfer matrix simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémie Werner
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Ching-Hsun Weng
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Arnaud Walter
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Luc Fesquet
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Johannes Peter Seif
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stefaan De Wolf
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Bjoern Niesen
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- CSEM, PV-Center, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Christophe Ballif
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Institute of Microengineering (IMT), Photovoltaics and Thin-Film Electronics Laboratory, Rue de la Maladière 71b, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- CSEM, PV-Center, Jaquet-Droz 1, 2002 Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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