1
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Ouyang L, Wang N, Irudayaraj J, Majima T. Virus on surfaces: Chemical mechanism, influence factors, disinfection strategies, and implications for virus repelling surface design. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 320:103006. [PMID: 37778249 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2023.103006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
While SARS-CoV-2 is generally under control, the question of variants and infections still persists. Fundamental information on how the virus interacts with inanimate surfaces commonly found in our daily life and when in contact with the skin will be helpful in developing strategies to inhibit the spread of the virus. Here in, a critically important review of current understanding of the interaction between virus and surface is summarized from chemistry point-of-view. The Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek and extended Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theories to model virus attachments on surfaces are introduced, along with the interaction type and strength, and quantification of each component. The virus survival and transfer are affected by a combination of biological, physical, and chemical parameters, as well as environmental parameters. The surface properties for virus and virus survival on typical surfaces such as metals, plastics, and glass are summarized. Attention is also paid to the transfer of virus to/from surfaces and skin. Typical virus disinfection strategies utilizing heat, light, chemicals, and ozone are discussed together with their disinfection mechanism. In the last section, design principles for virus repelling surface chemistry such as surperhydrophobic or surperhydrophilic surfaces are also introduced, to demonstrate how the integration of surface property control and advanced material fabrication can lead to the development of functional surfaces for mitigating the effect of viral infection upon contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Joseph Irudayaraj
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, United States
| | - Tetsuro Majima
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; The Institute of Scientific and Industrial Research (SANKEN), Osaka University, Ibaraki, Osaka 567-0047, Japan
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2
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Addison-Smith I, Guzman HV, Cooper CD. Accurate Boundary Integral Formulations for the Calculation of Electrostatic Forces with an Implicit-Solvent Model. J Chem Theory Comput 2023; 19:2996-3006. [PMID: 37104704 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
An accurate force calculation with the Poisson-Boltzmann equation is challenging, as it requires the electric field on the molecular surface. Here we present a calculation of the electric field on the solute-solvent interface that is exact for piecewise linear variations of the potential and analyze four different alternatives to compute the force using a boundary element method. We performed a verification exercise for two cases: the isolated and two interacting molecules. Our results suggest that the boundary element method outperforms the finite difference method, as the latter needs a much finer mesh than in solvation energy calculations to get acceptable accuracy in the force, whereas the same surface mesh as in a standard energy calculation is appropriate for the boundary element method. Among the four evaluated alternatives of force calculation, we saw that the most accurate one is based on the Maxwell stress tensor. However, for a realistic application, like the barnase-barstar complex, the approach based on variations of the energy functional, which is less accurate, gives equivalent results. This analysis is useful toward using the Poisson-Boltzmann equation for force calculations in applications where high accuracy is key, for example, to feed molecular dynamics models or to enable the study of the interaction between large molecular structures, like viruses adsorbed onto substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Addison-Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Horacio V Guzman
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher D Cooper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Científico Tecnológico de Valparaíso, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
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3
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Heldt CL, Areo O, Joshi PU, Mi X, Ivanova Y, Berrill A. Empty and Full AAV Capsid Charge and Hydrophobicity Differences Measured with Single-Particle AFM. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5641-5648. [PMID: 37040364 PMCID: PMC10135413 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Adeno-associated virus (AAV) is showing promise as a therapy for diseases that contain a single-gene deletion or mutation. One major scale-up challenge is the removal of empty or non-gene of interest containing AAV capsids. Analytically, the empty capsids can be separated from full capsids using anion exchange chromatography. However, when scaled up to manufacturing, the minute changes in conductivity are difficult to consistently obtain. To better understand the differences in the empty and full AAV capsids, we have developed a single-particle atomic force microscopy (AFM) method to measure the differences in the charge and hydrophobicity of AAV capsids at the single-particle level. The atomic force microscope tip was functionalized with either a charged or a hydrophobic molecule, and the adhesion force between the functionalized atomic force microscope tip and the virus was measured. We measured a change in the charge and hydrophobicity between empty and full AAV2 and AAV8 capsids. The charge and hydrophobicity differences between AAV2 and AAV8 are related to the distribution of charge on the surface and not the total charge. We propose that the presence of nucleic acids inside the capsid causes minor but measurable changes in the capsid structure that lead to measurable surface changes in charge and hydrophobicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caryn L. Heldt
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Oluwatoyin Areo
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Pratik U. Joshi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
- Health
Research Institute, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United
States
| | - Xue Mi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Michigan Technological
University, Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Yulia Ivanova
- Gene
Therapy Process Development, Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | - Alex Berrill
- Gene
Therapy Process Development, Bioprocess Research and Development, Biotherapeutics Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pfizer, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
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4
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Meena JS, Choi SB, Jung SB, Kim JW. Electronic textiles: New age of wearable technology for healthcare and fitness solutions. Mater Today Bio 2023; 19:100565. [PMID: 36816602 PMCID: PMC9932217 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sedentary lifestyles and evolving work environments have created challenges for global health and cause huge burdens on healthcare and fitness systems. Physical immobility and functional losses due to aging are two main reasons for noncommunicable disease mortality. Smart electronic textiles (e-textiles) have attracted considerable attention because of their potential uses in health monitoring, rehabilitation, and training assessment applications. Interactive textiles integrated with electronic devices and algorithms can be used to gather, process, and digitize data on human body motion in real time for purposes such as electrotherapy, improving blood circulation, and promoting wound healing. This review summarizes research advances on e-textiles designed for wearable healthcare and fitness systems. The significance of e-textiles, key applications, and future demand expectations are addressed in this review. Various health conditions and fitness problems and possible solutions involving the use of multifunctional interactive garments are discussed. A brief discussion of essential materials and basic procedures used to fabricate wearable e-textiles are included. Finally, the current challenges, possible solutions, opportunities, and future perspectives in the area of smart textiles are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagan Singh Meena
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Core Research Institute, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Su Bin Choi
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Boo Jung
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Woong Kim
- Department of Smart Fab Technology, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Republic of Korea
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5
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Muhren HJ, van der Schoot P. Electrostatic Theory of the Acidity of the Solution in the Lumina of Viruses and Virus-Like Particles. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2160-2168. [PMID: 36881522 PMCID: PMC10026070 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c08604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, Maassen et al. measured an appreciable pH difference between the bulk solution and the solution in the lumen of virus-like particles, self-assembled in an aqueous buffer solution containing the coat proteins of a simple plant virus and polyanions (Maassen, S. J.; et al. Small 2018, 14, 1802081). They attribute this to the Donnan effect, caused by an imbalance between the number of negative charges on the encapsulated polyelectrolyte molecules and the number of positive charges on the RNA binding domains of the coat proteins that make up the virus shell or capsid. By applying Poisson-Boltzmann theory, we confirm this conclusion and show that simple Donnan theory is accurate even for the smallest of viruses and virus-like particles. This, in part, is due to the additional screening caused by the presence of a large number of immobile charges in the cavity of the shell. The presence of a net charge on the outer surface of the capsid we find in practice to not have a large effect on the pH shift. Hence, Donnan theory can indeed be applied to connect the local pH and the amount of encapsulated material. The large shifts up to a full pH unit that we predict must have consequences for applications of virus capsids as nanocontainers in bionanotechnology and artificial cell organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- H J Muhren
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Department of Applied Physics and Science Education, Eindhoven University of Technology, Postbus 513, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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6
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Xu M, Ma R, Zhang C, Huang X, Gao X, Lv R, Chen X. Inactivation of Lactobacillus Bacteriophages by Dual Chemical Treatments. Pol J Microbiol 2023; 72:21-28. [PMID: 36929891 DOI: 10.33073/pjm-2023-004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Phage contamination is one of the significant problems in the food fermentation industry, which eventually causes economic losses to the industry. Here, we investigated the viability of Lactobacillus plantarum phage P1 and P2 using various biocides treatments (ethanol, isopropanol, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid). Results indicated that phage P1 and P2 could be completely inactivated by treatment with 75% ethanol for 5 min, followed by 400 ppm of sodium hypochlorite treatment for 5 min. Phage P2 could be completely inactivated in the reverse sequence, while 800 ppm of sodium hypochlorite was required to achieve a similar effect for phage P1. Moreover, 100% isopropanol could increase the inactivating effect of 75% ethanol. This study may provide basic information on using multiple antimicrobials for phage control in laboratories and food plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Xu
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Ma
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Can Zhang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xuecheng Huang
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xin Gao
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Ruirui Lv
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
| | - Xia Chen
- 1Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology and Engineering, Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 2Key Laboratory of Dairy Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
- 3Collaborative Innovative Center of Ministry of Education for Lactic Acid Bacteria and Fermented Dairy Products, Inner Mongolia Agricultural University, Hohhot, P.R. China
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7
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Surface characterization of alkane viral anchoring films prepared by titanate-assisted organosilanization. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2023; 222:113136. [PMID: 36641873 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2023.113136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies of virus adsorption on surfaces with optimized properties have attracted a lot of interest, mainly due to the influence of the surface in the retention, orientation and stability of the viral capsids. Besides, viruses in whole or in parts can be used as cages or vectors in different areas, such as biomedicine and materials science. A key requirement for virus nanocage application is their physical properties, i.e. their mechanical response and the distribution of surface charge, which determine virus-substrate interactions and stability. In the present work we show two examples of viruses exhibiting strong surface interactions on homogeneous hydrophobic surfaces. The surfaces were prepared by titanate assisted organosilanization, a sol-gel spin coating process, followed by a mild annealing step. We show by surface and interface spectroscopies that the process allows trapping triethoxy-octylsilane (OCTS) molecules, exhibiting a hydrophobic alkane rich surface finishing. Furthermore, the surfaces remain flat and behave as more efficient sorptive surfaces for virus particles than mica or graphite (HOPG). Also, we determine by atomic force microscopy (AFM) the mechanical properties of two types of viruses (human adenovirus and reovirus) and compare the results obtained on the OCTS functionalized surfaces with those obtained on mica and HOPG. Finally, the TIPT+OCTS surfaces were validated as platforms for the morphological and mechanical characterization of virus particles by using adenovirus as initial model and using HOPG and mica as standard control surfaces. Then, the same characteristics were determined on reovirus using TIPT+OCTS and HOPG, as an original contribution to the catalogue of physical properties of viral particles.
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8
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Nature-Inspired Surface Structures Design for Antimicrobial Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24021348. [PMID: 36674860 PMCID: PMC9865960 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24021348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface contamination by microorganisms such as viruses and bacteria may simultaneously aggravate the biofouling of surfaces and infection of wounds and promote cross-species transmission and the rapid evolution of microbes in emerging diseases. In addition, natural surface structures with unique anti-biofouling properties may be used as guide templates for the development of functional antimicrobial surfaces. Further, these structure-related antimicrobial surfaces can be categorized into microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces. This review introduces the recent advances in the development of microbicidal and anti-biofouling surfaces inspired by natural structures and discusses the related antimicrobial mechanisms, surface topography design, material application, manufacturing techniques, and antimicrobial efficiencies.
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9
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Hackl T, Schitter G, Mesquida P. AC Kelvin Probe Force Microscopy Enables Charge Mapping in Water. ACS NANO 2022; 16:17982-17990. [PMID: 36215653 PMCID: PMC9706780 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mapping charged chemical groups at the solid-liquid interface is important in many areas, ranging from colloidal systems to biomolecular interactions. However, classical methods to measure surface charges either lack spatial resolution or─like Kelvin-probe force microscopy (KPFM)─cannot be applied in aqueous solutions because a DC bias voltage is used. Here, we show that using AC Kelvin probe force microscopy (AC-KPFM), in which the DC bias is replaced with an AC voltage of sufficiently high frequency, the surface potential of spatially fixated, charged surface groups can be mapped in aqueous solution. We demonstrate this with micropatterned, functionalized alkanethiol layers which expose ionized amino- and carboxy-groups. These groups are representative of the charged groups of most biomolecules such as proteins. By adjusting the pH of the solution, the charge of the groups was reversibly altered, demonstrating the electrostatic nature of the measured signal. The influence of the electric double layer (EDL) on the measurement is discussed, and we, furthermore, show how charged, micropatterned layers can be used to spatially direct the deposition of nanoparticles of opposite charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hackl
- Automation
and Control Institute (ACIN), TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Georg Schitter
- Automation
and Control Institute (ACIN), TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick Mesquida
- Automation
and Control Institute (ACIN), TU Wien, Gusshausstrasse 27-29, A-1040Vienna, Austria
- Department
of Physics, King’s College London, Strand, LondonWC2R 2LS, United Kingdom
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10
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Cooper CD, Addison-Smith I, Guzman HV. Quantitative electrostatic force tomography for virus capsids in interaction with an approaching nanoscale probe. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12232-12237. [PMID: 35975473 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr02526d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electrostatic interactions are crucial for the assembly, disassembly and stability of proteinaceous viral capsids. Moreover, at the molecular scale, elucidating the organization and structure of the capsid proteins in response to an approaching nanoprobe is a major challenge in biomacromolecular research. Here, we report on a generalized electrostatic model, based on the Poisson-Boltzmann equation, that quantifies the subnanometric electrostatic interactions between an AFM tip and a proteinaceous capsid from molecular snapshots. This allows us to describe the contributions of specific amino acids and atoms to the interaction force. We show validation results in terms of total electrostatic forces with previous semi-empirical generalized models at available length scales (d > 1 nm). Then, we studied the interaction of the Zika capsid with conical and spherical AFM tips in a tomography-type analysis to identify the most important residues and atoms, showing the localized nature of the interaction. This method can be employed for the interpretation of force microscopy experiments in fundamental virological characterization and in diverse nanomedicine applications, where specific regions of the protein cages are aimed to electrostatically interact with molecular sized functionalized inhibitors, or tailoring protein-cage functional properties for nucleic acid delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cooper
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Científico Tecnológico de Valparaíso (CCTVal), 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Ian Addison-Smith
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, 2390123 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Horacio V Guzman
- Department of Theoretical Physics, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
- Departamento de Física Teórica de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
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11
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Caniglia G, Tezcan G, Meloni GN, Unwin PR, Kranz C. Probing and Visualizing Interfacial Charge at Surfaces in Aqueous Solution. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2022; 15:247-267. [PMID: 35259914 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-121521-122615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface charge density and distribution play an important role in almost all interfacial processes, influencing, for example, adsorption, colloidal stability, functional material activity, electrochemical processes, corrosion, nanoparticle toxicity, and cellular processes such as signaling, absorption, and adhesion. Understanding the heterogeneity in, and distribution of, surface and interfacial charge is key to elucidating the mechanisms underlying reactivity, the stability of materials, and biophysical processes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning ion conductance microscopy (SICM) are highly suitable for probing the material/electrolyte interface at the nanoscale through recent advances in probe design, significant instrumental (hardware and software) developments, and the evolution of multifunctional imaging protocols. Here, we assess the capability of AFM and SICM for surface charge mapping, covering the basic underpinning principles alongside experimental considerations. We illustrate and compare the use of AFM and SICM for visualizing surface and interfacial charge with examples from materials science, geochemistry, and the life sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giada Caniglia
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
| | - Gözde Tezcan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Gabriel N Meloni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Patrick R Unwin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry, United Kingdom;
| | - Christine Kranz
- Institute of Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany;
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12
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Monitoring SARS-CoV-2 Surrogate TGEV Individual Virions Structure Survival under Harsh Physicochemical Environments. Cells 2022; 11:cells11111759. [PMID: 35681454 PMCID: PMC9179875 DOI: 10.3390/cells11111759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective airborne transmission of coronaviruses via liquid microdroplets requires a virion structure that must withstand harsh environmental conditions. Due to the demanding biosafety requirements for the study of human respiratory viruses, it is important to develop surrogate models to facilitate their investigation. Here we explore the mechanical properties and nanostructure of transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV) virions in liquid milieu and their response to different chemical agents commonly used as biocides. Our data provide two-fold results on virus stability: First, while particles with larger size and lower packing fraction kept their morphology intact after successive mechanical aggressions, smaller viruses with higher packing fraction showed conspicuous evidence of structural damage and content release. Second, monitoring the structure of single TGEV particles in the presence of detergent and alcohol in real time revealed the stages of gradual degradation of the virus structure in situ. These data suggest that detergent is three orders of magnitude more efficient than alcohol in destabilizing TGEV virus particles, paving the way for optimizing hygienic protocols for viruses with similar structure, such as SARS-CoV-2.
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13
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Brackley CA, Lips A, Morozov A, Poon WCK, Marenduzzo D. Mechanisms for destabilisation of RNA viruses at air-water and liquid-liquid interfaces. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6812. [PMID: 34819516 PMCID: PMC8613244 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27052-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the interactions between viruses and surfaces or interfaces is important, as they provide the principles underpinning the cleaning and disinfection of contaminated surfaces. Yet, the physics of such interactions is currently poorly understood. For instance, there are longstanding experimental observations suggesting that the presence of air-water interfaces can generically inactivate and kill viruses, yet the mechanism underlying this phenomenon remains unknown. Here we use theory and simulations to show that electrostatics may provide one such mechanism, and that this is very general. Thus, we predict that the electrostatic free energy of an RNA virus should increase by several thousands of kBT as the virion breaches an air-water interface. We also show that the fate of a virus approaching a generic liquid-liquid interface depends strongly on the detailed balance between interfacial and electrostatic forces, which can be tuned, for instance, by choosing different media to contact a virus-laden respiratory droplet. Tunability arises because both the electrostatic and interfacial forces scale similarly with viral size. We propose that these results can be used to design effective strategies for surface disinfection. We know that air-water interfaces can generically inactivate viruses, but the mechanisms behind this observation are unclear. Here the authors use simulations to uncover those mechanisms and find that the electrostatic repulsive free energy of an RNA virus increases by several thousands of kBT as it approaches an air-water interface, providing a mechanism for viral destabilization which may induce inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Brackley
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - A Lips
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - A Morozov
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - W C K Poon
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK
| | - D Marenduzzo
- SUPA, School of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Edinburgh, Peter Guthrie Tait Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3FD, Scotland, UK.
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14
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Wang N, Ferhan AR, Yoon BK, Jackman JA, Cho NJ, Majima T. Chemical design principles of next-generation antiviral surface coatings. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:9741-9765. [PMID: 34259262 DOI: 10.1039/d1cs00317h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has accelerated efforts to develop high-performance antiviral surface coatings while highlighting the need to build a strong mechanistic understanding of the chemical design principles that underpin antiviral surface coatings. Herein, we critically summarize the latest efforts to develop antiviral surface coatings that exhibit virus-inactivating functions through disrupting lipid envelopes or protein capsids. Particular attention is focused on how cutting-edge advances in material science are being applied to engineer antiviral surface coatings with tailored molecular-level properties to inhibit membrane-enveloped and non-enveloped viruses. Key topics covered include surfaces functionalized with organic and inorganic compounds and nanoparticles to inhibit viruses, and self-cleaning surfaces that incorporate photocatalysts and triplet photosensitizers. Application examples to stop COVID-19 are also introduced and demonstrate how the integration of chemical design principles and advanced material fabrication strategies are leading to next-generation surface coatings that can help thwart viral pandemics and other infectious disease threats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry & Materia Medica, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China.
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15
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Abdelwahab SF, Mohamed MK, Ali WY, Ali AS. Role of polymeric materials in preventing COVID-19 infection. Arch Virol 2021; 166:2487-2493. [PMID: 34231028 PMCID: PMC8260016 DOI: 10.1007/s00705-021-05151-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The safety of personal protective equipment (PPE) is very important, and so is the choice of materials used. The ability of electrostatic charges (ESCs) generated from the friction of engineered materials to attract or repel viruses has a significant impact on their applications. This study examined the ESCs generated on the surface of PPE used by healthcare workers to enhance their potential effectiveness in protecting the wearer from viruses. This is a crucial consideration for the newly emerged severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has a negative charge. The magnitudes and signs of generated ESCs on the surfaces of the PPE were determined experimentally using an Ultra Stable Surface DC Voltmeter. The high negative ESCs acquired by the polyethylene disposable cap and facemask are expected to repel negatively charged viruses and prevent them from adhering to the outer layer of the material. Also, the choice of polypropylene for facemasks and gowns is excellent because it is an aggressively negatively charged material in the triboelectric series. This property guarantees that facemasks and gowns can repel viruses from the wearer. However, the positive ESCs generated on latex glove surfaces are of great concern because they can attract negatively charged viruses and create a source of infection. In conclusion, it is necessary to ensure that PPE be made of materials whose surfaces develop a negative ESC to repel viruses, as well as to select polyethylene gloves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed F Abdelwahab
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Taif College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Al-Haweiah, P.O. Box 11099, Taif, 21944, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mostafa K Mohamed
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Waheed Y Ali
- Department of Production Engineering and Mechanical Design, Faculty of Engineering, Minia University, Minia, 61511, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Ali
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal University, Suez, 41522, Egypt
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16
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Simon M, Veit M, Osterrieder K, Gradzielski M. Surfactants - Compounds for inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 and other enveloped viruses. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 55:101479. [PMID: 34149296 PMCID: PMC8196227 DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2021.101479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We provide here a general view on the interactions of surfactants with viruses, with a particular emphasis on how such interactions can be controlled and employed for inhibiting the infectivity of enveloped viruses, including coronaviruses. The aim is to provide to interested scientists from different fields, including chemistry, physics, biochemistry, and medicine, an overview of the basic properties of surfactants and (corona)viruses, which are relevant to understanding the interactions between the two. Various types of interactions between surfactant and virus are important, and they act on different components of a virus such as the lipid envelope, membrane (envelope) proteins and nucleocapsid proteins. Accordingly, this cannot be a detailed account of all relevant aspects but instead a summary that bridges between the different disciplines. We describe concepts and cover a selection of the relevant literature as an incentive for diving deeper into the relevant material. Our focus is on more recent developments around the COVID-19 pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2, applications of surfactants against the virus, and on the potential future use of surfactants for pandemic relief. We also cover the most important aspects of the historical development of using surfactants in combatting virus infections. We conclude that surfactants are already playing very important roles in various directions of defence against viruses, either directly, as in disinfection, or as carrier components of drug delivery systems for prophylaxis or treatment. By designing tailor-made surfactants, and consequently, advanced formulations, one can expect more and more effective use of surfactants, either directly as antiviral compounds or as part of more complex formulations.
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Key Words
- AFM, atomic force microscopy
- BVDV, Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
- C12E8, dodecyloctaglycol
- CPyC, cetylpyridinium chloride
- DSPC, 1,2-distearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- Disinfection
- Enveloped viruses
- Flu, influenza virus
- HIV, human immunodeficiency virus
- HSV, herpes simplex virus
- ITC, isothermal titration calorimetry
- Ld, liquid-disordered
- Lipid bilayers
- Lo, liquid-ordered
- PA, phosphatidic acid (anionic)
- PC, phosphatidylcholine (zwitterionic)
- PE, phosphatidylethanolamine (zwitterionic)
- PI, phosphatidylinositol (anionic)
- POPC, 1-Palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine
- PS, phosphatidylserine (anionic)
- QUAT, quaternary alkyl ammonium
- RNP, ribonucleoprotein particle
- SAXS, small-angle X-ray scattering
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulphate
- Surfactant
- TBP, tri-n-butyl phosphate
- TEM, transmission electron microscopy
- Virus inactivation
- cac, critical aggregate concentration
- cmc, critical micelle concentration
- p, packing parameter
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Simon
- Dept. of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnolgy Inst. (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, IL 3200003, Israel
| | - Michael Veit
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Klaus Osterrieder
- Institut für Virologie, Fachbereich Veterinärmedizin, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag-Straße 7-13, 14163 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Michael Gradzielski
- Stranski-Laboratorium für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Institut für Chemie, Straße des 17. Juni 124, Sekr. TC7, Technische Universität Berlin, D-10623 Berlin, Germany
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17
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Javidpour L, BoŽič A, Naji A, Podgornik R. Electrostatic interactions between the SARS-CoV-2 virus and a charged electret fibre. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:4296-4303. [PMID: 33908595 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm00232e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
While almost any kind of face mask offers some protection against particles and pathogens of different sizes, the most efficient ones make use of a layered structure where one or more layers are electrically charged. These electret layers are essential for the efficient filtration of difficult-to-capture small particles, yet the exact nature of electrostatic capture with respect to the charge on both the particles and the electret fibres as well as the effect of the immediate environment remain unclear. Here, we explore in detail the electrostatic interactions between the surface of a single charged electret fibre and a model of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Using Poisson-Boltzmann electrostatics coupled to a detailed spike protein charge regulation model, we show how pH and salt concentration drastically change both the scale and the sign of the interaction. Furthermore, the configuration of the few spike proteins closest to the electret fibre turns out to be as important for the strength of the interaction as their total number on the virus envelope, a direct consequence of spike protein charge regulation. The results of our work elucidate the details of virus electrostatics and contribute to the general understanding of efficient virus filtration mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leili Javidpour
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran
| | - AnŽe BoŽič
- Department of Theoretical Physics, JoŽef Stefan Institute, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ali Naji
- School of Physics, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran and School of Nano Science, Institute for Research in Fundamental Sciences (IPM), Tehran, 19395-5531, Iran
| | - Rudolf Podgornik
- School of Physical Sciences and Kavli Institute for Theoretical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China and Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China. and Wenzhou Institute of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325000, China
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18
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Si XA, Talaat M, Su WC, Xi J. Inhalation dosimetry of nasally inhaled respiratory aerosols in the human respiratory tract with locally remodeled conducting lungs. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:143-159. [PMID: 33870835 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1912860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Respiratory diseases are often accompanied by alterations to airway morphology. However, inhalation dosimetry data in remodeled airways are scarce due to the challenges in reconstructing diseased respiratory morphologies. This study aims to study the airway remodeling effects on the inhalation dosimetry of nasally inhaled nanoparticles in a nose-lung geometry that extends to G9 (ninth generation).Materials and methods: Statistical shape modeling was used to develop four diseased lung models with varying levels of bronchiolar dilation/constriction in the left-lower (LL) lobe (i.e. M1-M4). Respiratory airflow and particle deposition were simulated using a low Reynolds number k-ω turbulence model and a Lagrangian tracking approach.Results: Significant discrepancies were observed in the flow partitions between the left and right lungs, as well as between the lower and upper lobes of the left lung, which changed by 10-fold between the most dilated and constricted models.Much lower doses were predicted on the surface of the constricted LL bronchioles G4-G9, as well as into the peripheral airways beyond G9 of the LL lung. However, the LL lobar remodeling had little effect on the dosimetry in the nasopharynx, as well as on the total dosimetry in the nose-lung geometry (up to G9).Conclusion: It is suggested that airway remodeling may pose a higher viral infection risk to the host by redistributing the inhaled viruses to healthy lung lobes. Airway remodeling effects should also be considered in the treatment planning of inhalation therapies, not only because of the dosimetry variation from altered lung morphology but also its evolution as the disease progresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuhua April Si
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Mohamed Talaat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
| | - Wei-Chung Su
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental Science, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, USA
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19
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Castaño N, Cordts SC, Kurosu Jalil M, Zhang KS, Koppaka S, Bick AD, Paul R, Tang SKY. Fomite Transmission, Physicochemical Origin of Virus-Surface Interactions, and Disinfection Strategies for Enveloped Viruses with Applications to SARS-CoV-2. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:6509-6527. [PMID: 33748563 PMCID: PMC7944398 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Inanimate objects or surfaces contaminated with infectious agents, referred to as fomites, play an important role in the spread of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2, the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The long persistence of viruses (hours to days) on surfaces calls for an urgent need for effective surface disinfection strategies to intercept virus transmission and the spread of diseases. Elucidating the physicochemical processes and surface science underlying the adsorption and transfer of virus between surfaces, as well as their inactivation, is important for understanding how diseases are transmitted and for developing effective intervention strategies. This review summarizes the current knowledge and underlying physicochemical processes of virus transmission, in particular via fomites, and common disinfection approaches. Gaps in knowledge and the areas in need of further research are also identified. The review focuses on SARS-CoV-2, but discussion of related viruses is included to provide a more comprehensive review given that much remains unknown about SARS-CoV-2. Our aim is that this review will provide a broad survey of the issues involved in fomite transmission and intervention to a wide range of readers to better enable them to take on the open research challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Castaño
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Seth C. Cordts
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Myra Kurosu Jalil
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Kevin S. Zhang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Saisneha Koppaka
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alison D. Bick
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Rajorshi Paul
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Sindy K. Y. Tang
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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20
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Mahanta U, Khandelwal M, Deshpande AS. Antimicrobial surfaces: a review of synthetic approaches, applicability and outlook. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:17915-17941. [PMID: 34393268 PMCID: PMC8354584 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/29/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The rapid spread of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and viruses can be extremely detrimental and can lead to seasonal epidemics or even pandemic situations. In addition, these microorganisms may bring about fouling of food and essential materials resulting in substantial economic losses. Typically, the microorganisms get transmitted by their attachment and growth on various household and high contact surfaces such as doors, switches, currency. To prevent the rapid spread of microorganisms, it is essential to understand the interaction between various microbes and surfaces which result in their attachment and growth. Such understanding is crucial in the development of antimicrobial surfaces. Here, we have reviewed different approaches to make antimicrobial surfaces and correlated surface properties with antimicrobial activities. This review concentrates on physical and chemical modification of the surfaces to modulate wettability, surface topography, and surface charge to inhibit microbial adhesion, growth, and proliferation. Based on these aspects, antimicrobial surfaces are classified into patterned surfaces, functionalized surfaces, superwettable surfaces, and smart surfaces. We have critically discussed the important findings from systems of developing antimicrobial surfaces along with the limitations of the current research and the gap that needs to be bridged before these approaches are put into practice. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10853-021-06404-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urbashi Mahanta
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Mudrika Khandelwal
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
| | - Atul Suresh Deshpande
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, 502285 Telangana India
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21
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Li L, Steinmetz NF, Eppell SJ, Zypman FR. Charge Calibration Standard for Atomic Force Microscope Tips in Liquids. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:13621-13632. [PMID: 33155810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
An electric charge standard with nanoscale resolution is created using the known charge distribution of a single tobacco mosaic virus coat protein combined with the known packing of these proteins in the virus capsid. This advances the ability to measure charge on nanometric samples. Experimental atomic force microscope (AFM) force-distance curves are collected under aqueous conditions with controlled pH and ion concentration. A mathematical model that considers a polarizable dielectric tip immersed in an electrolyte is used to obtain charge density from the AFM measurements. Interactions between the tip and the sample are modeled using theory that includes monopolar electrostatic interactions, dipolar interactions, screening from both the dielectric nature of ambient water and solvated ions as described by the linear Poisson-Boltzmann equation, and hard-core repulsion. It is found that the tip charge density changes on a timescale of hours requiring recalibration of the tip for experiments lasting more than an hour. As an example of how a charge-calibrated tip may be used, the surface charge densities on 20 individual carboxylate-modified polystyrene (PS) beads are measured. The average of these AFM-measured bead charge densities is compared with the value obtained from conventional titration combined with electron microscopy. The two values are found to agree within 20%. While the comparison demonstrates similarity of the two charge measurements, hypotheses are put forward as to why the two techniques might be expected not to provide identical mean charge densities. The considerations used to build these hypotheses thus underscore the relevance of the method performed here if charge information is required on individual nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Nicole F Steinmetz
- Departments of NanoEngineering, Bioengineering, and Radiology, Moores Cancer Center, Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California-San Diego, La Jolla, California 92039, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fredy R Zypman
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, Manhattan, New York 10033, United States
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22
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Moreira RA, Chwastyk M, Baker JL, Guzman HV, Poma AB. Quantitative determination of mechanical stability in the novel coronavirus spike protein. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:16409-16413. [PMID: 32725017 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03969a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
We report on the novel observation about the gain in nanomechanical stability of the SARS-CoV-2 (CoV2) spike (S) protein in comparison with SARS-CoV from 2002 (CoV1). Our findings have several biological implications in the subfamily of coronaviruses, as they suggest that the receptor binding domain (RBD) (∼200 amino acids) plays a fundamental role as a damping element of the massive viral particle's motion prior to cell-recognition, while also facilitating viral attachment, fusion and entry. The mechanical stability via pulling of the RBD is 250 pN and 200 pN for CoV2 and CoV1 respectively, and the additional stability observed for CoV2 (∼50 pN) might play a role in the increasing spread of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Moreira
- Biosystems and Soft Matter divison, Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5B, 02-106 Warsaw, Poland.
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23
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Sae-Ueng U, Bhunchoth A, Phironrit N, Treetong A, Sapcharoenkun C, Chatchawankanphanich O, Leartsakulpanich U, Chitnumsub P. C22 podovirus infectivity is associated with intermediate stiffness. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12604. [PMID: 32724109 PMCID: PMC7387534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacteriophages have potential for use as biological control agents (biocontrols) of pathogenic bacteria, but their low stability is limiting for their utilization as biocontrols. Understanding of the conditions conducive to storage of phages in which infectivity is maintained over long periods will be useful for their application as biocontrols. We employed a nanomechanical approach to study how external environmental factors affect surface properties and infectivity of the podovirus C22 phage, a candidate for biocontrol of Ralstonia solanacearum, the agent of bacterial wilt in crops. We performed atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nano-indentation on the C22 phage in buffers with varying pH and ionic strength. The infectivity data from plaque assay in the same conditions revealed that an intermediate range of stiffness was associated with phage titer that remained consistently high, even after prolonged storage up to 182 days. The data are consistent with the model that C22 phage must adopt a metastable state for maximal infectivity, and external factors that alter the stiffness of the phage capsid lead to perturbation of this infective state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Udom Sae-Ueng
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand.
| | - Anjana Bhunchoth
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Namthip Phironrit
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Alongkot Treetong
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Chaweewan Sapcharoenkun
- National Nanotechnology Center (NANOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 111 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Orawan Chatchawankanphanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Ubolsree Leartsakulpanich
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
| | - Penchit Chitnumsub
- National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Technology Development Agency (NSTDA), 113 Thailand Science Park, Phahonyothin Road, Khlong Nueng, Khlong Luang, Pathum Thani, 12120, Thailand
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24
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Li L, Eppell SJ, Zypman FR. Method to Quantify Nanoscale Surface Charge in Liquid with Atomic Force Microscopy. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:4123-4134. [PMID: 32208713 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A theory is presented to obtain surface charge density on nanoscale objects from data in the snap-to-contact portion of an atomic force microscope force-separation curve. The mathematical model takes into account the tip's dielectric constant using the Self-Consistent Sum of Dipoles theory which includes the charge-charge interaction and the charge-dipole interaction with electrolyte-induced exponentially decaying screening, Debye and London dipolar force, and fluid viscosity including confined fluid layers to account for energy dissipation. Using previously published experimental data, the mathematical model is applied to measure the surface charge density on an individual nanoscale amine-modified polystyrene bead immobilized on the basal plane of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite in buffered aqueous solution. Within the experimental uncertainty, the magnitude of the charge density on a single bead obtained using the new method falls within the distribution of values determined by the manufacturer using titration and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Steven J Eppell
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, United States
| | - Fredy R Zypman
- Department of Physics, Yeshiva University, 2495 Amsterdam Avenue, Manhattan, New York 10033, United States
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25
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Colla T, Bakhshandeh A, Levin Y. Osmotic stress and pore nucleation in charged biological nanoshells and capsids. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:2390-2405. [PMID: 32067009 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02532d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A model system is proposed to investigate the chemical equilibrium and mechanical stability of biological spherical-like nanoshells in contact with an aqueous solution with added dissociated electrolyte of a given concentration. The ionic chemical equilibrium across the permeable shell is investigated in the framework of an accurate Density Functional Theory (DFT) that incorporates electrostatic and hardcore correlations beyond the traditional mean-field (e.g., Poisson-Boltzmann) limit. The accuracy of the theory is tested by a direct comparison with Monte Carlo (MC) simulations. A simple analytical expression is then deduced which clearly highlights the entropic, electrostatic, and self-energy contributions to the osmotic stress over the shell in terms of the calculated ionic profiles. By invoking a continuum mean-field elastic approach to account for the shell surface stress upon osmotic stretching, the mechanical equilibrium properties of the shell under a wide variety of ionic strengths and surface charges are investigated. The model is further coupled to a continuum mechanical approach similar in structure to a Classical Nucleation Theory (CNT) to address the question of mechanical stability of the shells against a pore nucleation. This allows us to construct a phase diagram which delimits the mechanical stability of capsids for different ionic strengths and shell surface charges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Colla
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal de Ouro Preto, CEP 35400-000, Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
| | - Amin Bakhshandeh
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Instituto de Física e Matemática, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Caixa Postal 354, CEP 96010-900 Pelotas, RS, Brazil.
| | - Yan Levin
- Instituto de Física, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Caixa Postal 15051, CEP 91501-970, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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26
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The pH-dependent electrostatic interaction of a metal nanoparticle with the MS2 virus-like particles. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.05.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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27
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Ortega-Esteban Á, Martín-González N, Moreno-Madrid F, Llauró A, Hernando-Pérez M, MartÚn CS, de Pablo PJ. Structural and Mechanical Characterization of Viruses with AFM. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1886:259-278. [PMID: 30374873 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8894-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a micro cantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In this chapter we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted for extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Ortega-Esteban
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Natália Martín-González
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Moreno-Madrid
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Llauró
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mercedes Hernando-Pérez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cármen San MartÚn
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
- Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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28
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Poveda-Cuevas S, Etchebest C, Barroso da Silva FL. Insights into the ZIKV NS1 Virology from Different Strains through a Fine Analysis of Physicochemical Properties. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:16212-16229. [PMID: 31458257 PMCID: PMC6643396 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The flavivirus genus has several organisms responsible for generating various diseases in humans. Recently, especially in tropical regions, Zika virus (ZIKV) has raised great health concerns due to the high number of cases affecting the area during the last years that has been accompanied by a rise in the cases of the Guillain-Barré syndrome and fetal and neonatal microcephaly. Diagnosis is still difficult since the clinical symptoms between ZIKV and other flaviviruses (e.g., dengue and yellow fever) are highly similar. The understanding of their common physicochemical properties that are pH-dependent and biomolecular interaction features and their differences sheds light on the relation strain-virulence and might suggest alternative strategies toward differential serological diagnostics and therapeutic intervention. Due to their immunogenicity, the primary focus of this study was on the ZIKV nonstructural proteins 1 (NS1). By means of computational studies and semiquantitative theoretical analyses, we calculated the main physicochemical properties of this protein from different strains that are directly responsible for the biomolecular interactions and, therefore, can be related to the differential infectivity of the strains. We also mapped the electrostatic differences at both the sequence and structural levels for the strains from Uganda to Brazil, which could suggest possible molecular mechanisms for the increase of the virulence of ZIKV in Brazil. Exploring the interfaces used by NS1 to self-associate in some different oligomeric states and interact with membranes and the antibody, we could map the strategy used by the ZIKV during its evolutionary process. This indicates possible molecular mechanisms that can be correlated with the different immunological responses. By comparing with the known antibody structure available for the West Nile virus, we demonstrated that this antibody would have difficulties to neutralize the NS1 from the Brazilian strain. The present study also opens up perspectives to computationally design high-specificity antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio
A. Poveda-Cuevas
- Programa
Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de
São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
| | - Catherine Etchebest
- Institut
National de la Transfusion Sanguine, Paris 75015, France
- Biologie
Intégrée du Globule Rouge, Equipe 2, Dynamique des Structures
et des Interactions Moléculaires, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale,
UMR_S 1134, Paris 75015, France
- Université
Sorbonne Paris Cité and Université Paris Diderot, 75013 Paris, France
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
| | - Fernando L. Barroso da Silva
- Programa
Interunidades em Bioinformática, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-090, Brazil
- Departamento
de Física e Química, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas
de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de
São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo 14040-903, Brazil
- University
of São Paulo and Université Sorbonne Paris Cité
Joint International Laboratory in Structural Bioinformatics
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27606, United States
- E-mail: and
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29
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Mapping heterogeneity of cellular mechanics by multi-harmonic atomic force microscopy. Nat Protoc 2018; 13:2200-2216. [DOI: 10.1038/s41596-018-0031-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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30
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Lošdorfer Božič A, Šiber A. Electrostatics-Driven Inflation of Elastic Icosahedral Shells as a Model for Swelling of Viruses. Biophys J 2018; 115:822-829. [PMID: 30139522 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
We develop a clear theoretical description of radial swelling in virus-like particles that delineates the importance of electrostatic contributions to swelling in the absence of any conformational changes. The model couples the elastic parameters of the capsid-represented as a continuous elastic shell-to the electrostatic pressure acting on it. We show that different modifications of the electrostatic interactions brought about by, for instance, changes in pH or solution ionic strength are often sufficient to achieve the experimentally observed swelling (∼10% of the capsid radius). Additionally, we derive analytical expressions for the electrostatics-driven radial swelling of virus-like particles that enable one to quickly estimate the magnitudes of physical quantities involved.
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31
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Layered Structure and Complex Mechanochemistry Underlie Strength and Versatility in a Bacterial Adhesive. mBio 2018; 9:mBio.02359-17. [PMID: 29437925 PMCID: PMC5801468 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02359-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
While designing synthetic adhesives that perform in aqueous environments has proven challenging, microorganisms commonly produce bioadhesives that efficiently attach to a variety of substrates, including wet surfaces. The aquatic bacterium Caulobacter crescentus uses a discrete polysaccharide complex, the holdfast, to strongly attach to surfaces and resist flow. The holdfast is extremely versatile and has impressive adhesive strength. Here, we used atomic force microscopy in conjunction with superresolution microscopy and enzymatic assays to unravel the complex structure of the holdfast and to characterize its chemical constituents and their role in adhesion. Our data support a model whereby the holdfast is a heterogeneous material organized as two layers: a stiffer nanoscopic core layer wrapped into a sparse, far-reaching, flexible brush layer. Moreover, we found that the elastic response of the holdfast evolves after surface contact from initially heterogeneous to more homogeneous. From a composition point of view, besides N-acetyl-d-glucosamine (NAG), the only component that had been identified to date, our data show that the holdfast contains peptides and DNA. We hypothesize that, while polypeptides are the most important components for adhesive force, the presence of DNA mainly impacts the brush layer and the strength of initial adhesion, with NAG playing a primarily structural role within the core. The unanticipated complexity of both the structure and composition of the holdfast likely underlies its versatility as a wet adhesive and its distinctive strength. Continued improvements in understanding of the mechanochemistry of this bioadhesive could provide new insights into how bacteria attach to surfaces and could inform the development of new adhesives.IMPORTANCE There is an urgent need for strong, biocompatible bioadhesives that perform underwater. To strongly adhere to surfaces and resist flow underwater, the bacterium Caulobacter crescentus produces an adhesive called the holdfast, the mechanochemistry of which remains undefined. We show that the holdfast is a layered structure with a stiff core layer and a polymeric brush layer and consists of polysaccharides, polypeptides, and DNA. The DNA appears to play a role in the structure of the brush layer and initial adhesion, the peptides in adhesive strength, and the polysaccharides in the structure of the core. The complex, multilayer organization and diverse chemistry described here underlie the distinctive adhesive properties of the holdfast and will provide important insights into the mechanisms of bacterial adhesion and bioadhesive applications.
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32
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Martín-González N, Ortega-Esteban A, Moreno-Madrid F, Llauró A, Hernando-Pérez M, de Pablo PJ. Atomic Force Microscopy of Protein Shells: Virus Capsids and Beyond. Methods Mol Biol 2018; 1665:281-296. [PMID: 28940075 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7271-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
In Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person uses a white cane. In this way AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables the manipulation of single protein cages, and the characterization a variety physicochemical properties able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In this chapter we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted to extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martín-González
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, C-3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alvaro Ortega-Esteban
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, C-3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Moreno-Madrid
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, C-3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Aida Llauró
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Mercedes Hernando-Pérez
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, C-3, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Ctra. de Colmenar Viejo, Km 15, 28049, Madrid, Spain. .,Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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33
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de Pablo PJ. Atomic force microscopy of virus shells. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2017; 73:199-208. [PMID: 28851598 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2017.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small specimens with the help of probes, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM) the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study as a blind person manages a white cane to explore the surrounding. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables the manipulation of single protein cages, and the characterization of every physico-chemical property able of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. Here we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, including imaging and spectroscopic methodologies for extracting mechanical and electrostatic properties. In addition, AFM allows discovering and testing the self-healing capabilities of protein cages because occasionally they may recover fractures induced by the AFM tip. Beyond the protein shells, AFM also is able of exploring the genome inside, obtaining, for instance, the condensation state of dsDNA and measuring its diffusion when the protein cage breaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro J de Pablo
- Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada and Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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34
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Atomic force microscopy of virus shells. Biochem Soc Trans 2017; 45:499-511. [PMID: 28408490 DOI: 10.1042/bst20160316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 02/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Microscopes are used to characterize small objects with the help of probes that interact with the specimen, such as photons and electrons in optical and electron microscopies, respectively. In atomic force microscopy (AFM), the probe is a nanometric tip located at the end of a microcantilever which palpates the specimen under study just as a blind person manages a walking stick. In this way, AFM allows obtaining nanometric resolution images of individual protein shells, such as viruses, in a liquid milieu. Beyond imaging, AFM also enables not only the manipulation of single protein cages, but also the characterization of every physicochemical property capable of inducing any measurable mechanical perturbation to the microcantilever that holds the tip. In the present revision, we start revising some recipes for adsorbing protein shells on surfaces. Then, we describe several AFM approaches to study individual protein cages, ranging from imaging to spectroscopic methodologies devoted to extracting physical information, such as mechanical and electrostatic properties. We also explain how a convenient combination of AFM and fluorescence methodologies entails monitoring genome release from individual viral shells during mechanical unpacking.
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35
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Llauró A, Luque D, Edwards E, Trus BL, Avera J, Reguera D, Douglas T, Pablo PJD, Castón JR. Cargo-shell and cargo-cargo couplings govern the mechanics of artificially loaded virus-derived cages. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:9328-36. [PMID: 27091107 PMCID: PMC4861311 DOI: 10.1039/c6nr01007e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nucleic acids are the natural cargo of viruses and key determinants that affect viral shell stability. In some cases the genome structurally reinforces the shell, whereas in others genome packaging causes internal pressure that can induce destabilization. Although it is possible to pack heterologous cargoes inside virus-derived shells, little is known about the physical determinants of these artificial nanocontainers' stability. Atomic force and three-dimensional cryo-electron microscopy provided mechanical and structural information about the physical mechanisms of viral cage stabilization beyond the mere presence/absence of cargos. We analyzed the effects of cargo-shell and cargo-cargo interactions on shell stability after encapsulating two types of proteinaceous payloads. While bound cargo to the inner capsid surface mechanically reinforced the capsid in a structural manner, unbound cargo diffusing freely within the shell cavity pressurized the cages up to ∼30 atm due to steric effects. Strong cargo-cargo coupling reduces the resilience of these nanocompartments in ∼20% when bound to the shell. Understanding the stability of artificially loaded nanocages will help to design more robust and durable molecular nanocontainers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aida Llauró
- Department of Physics of the Condensed Matter, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Daniel Luque
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Centro Nacional de Microbiología/Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28220 Majadahonda, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ethan Edwards
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Benes L Trus
- Imaging Sciences Laboratory, Center for Information Technology/National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-5624, USA
| | - John Avera
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - David Reguera
- Departament de Física Fonamental, Facultat de Física, Universitat de Barcelona, Martí i Franquès 1, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Trevor Douglas
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA
| | - Pedro J de Pablo
- Department of Physics of the Condensed Matter, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain. and Solid Condensed Matter Institute IFIMAC, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - José R Castón
- Department of Structure of Macromolecules, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología (CNB-CSIC), Darwin 3, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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36
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Multifrequency Force Microscopy of Helical Protein Assembly on a Virus. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21899. [PMID: 26915629 PMCID: PMC4768132 DOI: 10.1038/srep21899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
High-resolution microscopy techniques have been extensively used to investigate the structure of soft, biological matter at the nanoscale, from very thin membranes to small objects, like viruses. Electron microscopy techniques allow for obtaining extraordinary resolution by averaging signals from multiple identical structures. In contrast, atomic force microscopy (AFM) collects data from single entities. Here, it is possible to finely modulate the interaction with the samples, in order to be sensitive to their top surface, avoiding mechanical deformations. However, most biological surfaces are highly curved, such as fibers or tubes, and ultimate details of their surface are in the vicinity of steep height variations. This limits lateral resolution, even when sharp probes are used. We overcome this problem by using multifrequency force microscopy on a textbook example, the Tobacco Mosaic Virus (TMV). We achieved unprecedented resolution in local maps of amplitude and phase shift of the second excited mode, recorded together with sample topography. Our data, which combine multifrequency imaging and Fourier analysis, confirm the structure deduced from averaging techniques (XRD, cryoEM) for surface features of single virus particles, down to the helical pitch of the coat protein subunits, 2.3 nm. Remarkably, multifrequency AFM images do not require any image postprocessing.
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37
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Li Q, Zhang T, Pan Y, Ciacchi LC, Xu B, Wei G. AFM-based force spectroscopy for bioimaging and biosensing. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra22841g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AFM-based force spectroscopy shows wide bio-related applications especially for bioimaging and biosensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Li
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group
- Faculty of Production Engineering
- University of Bremen
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Tong Zhang
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory
- College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
- University of Georgia
- Altens
- USA
| | - Yangang Pan
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory
- College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
- University of Georgia
- Altens
- USA
| | - Lucio Colombi Ciacchi
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group
- Faculty of Production Engineering
- University of Bremen
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
| | - Bingqian Xu
- Single Molecule Study Laboratory
- College of Engineering and Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center
- University of Georgia
- Altens
- USA
| | - Gang Wei
- Hybrid Materials Interfaces Group
- Faculty of Production Engineering
- University of Bremen
- D-28359 Bremen
- Germany
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