1
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Jin Y, Tan Y, Wu J, Ren Z. Lipid droplets: a cellular organelle vital in cancer cells. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:254. [PMID: 37474495 PMCID: PMC10359296 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01493-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid droplets (LDs) are cellular organelles comprising a core of neutral lipids (glycerides, sterols) encased within a single phospholipid membrane, responsible for storing surplus lipids and furnishing cellular energy. LDs engage in lipid synthesis, catabolism, and transport processes by interacting with other organelles (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria), and they play critical roles in regulating cellular stress and immunity. Recent research has uncovered that an elevated number of LDs is a hallmark of cancer cells, attributable to their enhanced lipid uptake and synthesis capacity, with lipids stored as LDs. Depletion of LDs in cancer cells induces apoptosis, prompting the emergence of small molecule antitumor drugs targeting LDs or key factors (e.g., FASN, SCD1) within the lipid synthesis pathway. Advancements in LD isolation and artificial synthesis have demonstrated their potential applicability in antitumor research. LDs extracted from murine adipose tissue and incubated with lipophilic antitumor drugs yield drug-coated LDs, which promote apoptosis in cancer cells. Furthermore, LDs have been employed as biological lenses to augment the resolution of subcellular structures (microfilaments, microtubules), facilitating the observation of intricate structures within thicker cells, including cancer cells. This review delineates the functional and metabolic mechanisms of LDs in cancer cells and encapsulates recent progress in LD-centered antitumor research, offering novel insights for tumor diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Yanjie Tan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Animal Resistance Biology of Shandong Province, College of Life Sciences, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, Shandong, P. R. China
| | - Jian Wu
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China
| | - Zhuqing Ren
- Key Laboratory of Agriculture Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of the Ministry of Education & Key Laboratory of Swine Genetics and Breeding of the Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Animal Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, P. R. China.
- Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Wuhan, P. R. China.
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2
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Ranote S, Musioł M, Kowalczuk M, Joshi V, Chauhan GS, Kumar R, Chauhan S, Kumar K. Functionalized Moringa oleifera Gum as pH-Responsive Nanogel for Doxorubicin Delivery: Synthesis, Kinetic Modelling and In Vitro Cytotoxicity Study. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14214697. [PMID: 36365689 PMCID: PMC9658875 DOI: 10.3390/polym14214697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Environment-responsive-cum-site-specific delivery of therapeutic drugs into tumor cells is a foremost challenge for chemotherapy. In the present work, Moringa oleifera gum-based pH-responsive nanogel (MOGN) was functionalized as a doxorubicin (DOX) carrier. It was synthesized via free radical polymerization through the γ-irradiation method using acrylamide and N,N'-MBA followed by hydrolysis, sonication, and ultracentrifugation. The swelling behavior of MOGN as a function of pH was assessed using a gravimetric method that revealed its superabsorbent nature (365.0 g/g). Furthermore, MOGN showed a very high loading efficiency (98.35 %L) of DOX by MOGN. In vitro release studies revealed that DOX release from DOX-loaded MOGN was 91.92% at pH 5.5 and 12.18% at 7.4 pH, thus favorable to the tumor environment. The drug release from nanogel followed Korsmeyer-Peppas model at pH 5.5 and 6.8 and the Higuchi model at pH 7.4. Later, the efficient DOX release at the tumor site was also investigated by cytotoxicity study using Rhabdomyosarcoma cells. Thus, the synthesized nanogel having high drug loading capacity and excellent pH-triggered disintegration and DOX release performance in a simulated tumor environment could be a promising candidate drug delivery system for the targeted and controlled release of anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita Ranote
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, SRT Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Srinagar 249199, Uttarakhand, India
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-734-801-150 (S.R.)
| | - Marta Musioł
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Marek Kowalczuk
- Centre of Polymer and Carbon Materials, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34. M. Curie-Skłodowska St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (M.K.); Tel.: +48-734-801-150 (S.R.)
| | - Veena Joshi
- Department of Chemistry, Hemvati Nandan Bahuguna Garhwal University, SRT Campus, Tehri Garhwal, Srinagar 249199, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Ghanshyam S. Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Sandeep Chauhan
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
| | - Kiran Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Himachal Pradesh University, Summer Hill, Shimla 171005, Himachal Pradesh, India
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3
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Chen Y, An Q, Teng K, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Latest development and versatile applications of highly integrating drug delivery patch. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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4
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Sonker M, Bajpai S, Khan MA, Yu X, Tiwary SK, Shreyash N. Review of Recent Advances and Their Improvement in the Effectiveness of Hydrogel-Based Targeted Drug Delivery: A Hope for Treating Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:8080-8109. [PMID: 35005919 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Using hydrogels for delivering cancer therapeutics is advantageous in pharmaceutical usage as they have an edge over traditional delivery, which is tainted due to the risk of toxicity that it imbues. Hydrogel usage leads to the development of a more controlled drug release system owing to its amenability for structural metamorphosis, its higher porosity to seat the drug molecules, and its ability to shield the drug from denaturation. The thing that makes its utility even more enhanced is that they make themselves more recognizable to the body tissues and hence can stay inside the body for a longer time, enhancing the efficiency of the delivery, which otherwise is negatively affected since the drug is identified by the human immunity as a foreign substance, and thus, an attack of the immunity begins on the drug injected. A variety of hydrogels such as thermosensitive, pH-sensitive, and magnetism-responsive hydrogels have been included and their potential usage in drug delivery has been discussed in this review that aims to present recent studies on hydrogels that respond to alterations under a variety of circumstances in "reducing" situations that mimic the microenvironment of cancerous cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muskan Sonker
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30318, United States
| | - Sushant Bajpai
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - Mohd Ashhar Khan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - Xiaojun Yu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology, Hoboken, New Jersey 07030, United States
| | - Saurabh Kr Tiwary
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
| | - Nehil Shreyash
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, Jais, Amethi 229304, India
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5
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Liang T, Wen D, Chen G, Chan A, Chen Z, Li H, Wang Z, Han X, Jiang L, Zhu JJ, Gu Z. Adipocyte-Derived Anticancer Lipid Droplets. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100629. [PMID: 33987883 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Engineering of efficient and safe materials remains a challenge for cancer therapy. Here, the lipid droplet, an organelle in adipocytes, is demonstrated to be a controllable and biocompatible vehicle to deliver anticancer drugs. It is validated that isolated lipid droplets maintain their key physiological functions to interact with other organelles and augment the therapeutic effect of cancer photodynamic therapy by encapsulation with a lipid-conjugated photosensitizer (Pyrolipid) through a variety of pathways, including generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS); lipid peroxidation; and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. As such, the IC50 value of Pyrolipid is reduced by 6.0-fold when loaded into the lipid droplet. Of note, in vivo results demonstrate that engineered lipid droplets induce significant inhibition of tumor growth with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxizi Liang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Di Wen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Guojun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Amanda Chan
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Zhaowei Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Hongjun Li
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Zejun Wang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Liping Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Gu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, California NanoSystems Institute, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Zhejiang Laboratory of Systems & Precision Medicine, Zhejiang University Medical Center, Hangzhou, 311121, China
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310016, China
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China
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6
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Zhu H, Yang H, Ma Y, Lu TJ, Xu F, Genin GM, Lin M. Spatiotemporally Controlled Photoresponsive Hydrogels: Design and Predictive Modeling from Processing through Application. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:2000639. [PMID: 32802013 PMCID: PMC7418561 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202000639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Revised: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Photoresponsive hydrogels (PRHs) are soft materials whose mechanical and chemical properties can be tuned spatially and temporally with relative ease. Both photo-crosslinkable and photodegradable hydrogels find utility in a range of biomedical applications that require tissue-like properties or programmable responses. Progress in engineering with PRHs is facilitated by the development of theoretical tools that enable optimization of their photochemistry, polymer matrices, nanofillers, and architecture. This review brings together models and design principles that enable key applications of PRHs in tissue engineering, drug delivery, and soft robotics, and highlights ongoing challenges in both modeling and application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongyuan Zhu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Haiqian Yang
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Yufei Ma
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Tian Jian Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Mechanics and Control of Mechanical StructuresNanjing University of Aeronautics and AstronauticsNanjing210016P. R. China
- MOE Key Laboratory for Multifunctional Materials and StructuresXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Feng Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
| | - Guy M. Genin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering & Materials ScienceWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
- NSF Science and Technology Center for Engineering MechanobiologyWashington University in St. LouisSt. LouisMO63130USA
| | - Min Lin
- The Key Laboratory of Biomedical Information Engineering of Ministry of EducationSchool of Life Science and TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
- Bioinspired Engineering & Biomechanics Center (BEBC)Xi'an Jiaotong UniversityXi'an710049P. R. China
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7
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Tomal W, Ortyl J. Water-Soluble Photoinitiators in Biomedical Applications. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1073. [PMID: 32392892 PMCID: PMC7285382 DOI: 10.3390/polym12051073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Light-initiated polymerization processes are currently an important tool in various industrial fields. The advancement of technology has resulted in the use of photopolymerization in various biomedical applications, such as the production of 3D hydrogel structures, the encapsulation of cells, and in drug delivery systems. The use of photopolymerization processes requires an appropriate initiating system that, in biomedical applications, must meet additional criteria such as high water solubility, non-toxicity to cells, and compatibility with visible low-power light sources. This article is a literature review on those compounds that act as photoinitiators of photopolymerization processes in biomedical applications. The division of initiators according to the method of photoinitiation was described and the related mechanisms were discussed. Examples from each group of photoinitiators are presented, and their benefits, limitations, and applications are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wiktoria Tomal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Joanna Ortyl
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Krakow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Krakow, Poland;
- Photo HiTech Ltd., Bobrzyńskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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Wang S, Xiong Y, Lalevée J, Xiao P, Liu J, Xing F. Biocompatibility and cytotoxicity of novel photoinitiator π-conjugated dithienophosphole derivatives and their triggered polymers. Toxicol In Vitro 2020; 63:104720. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2019.104720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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9
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Formulation and characterization of glibenclamide and quercetin-loaded chitosan nanogels targeting skin permeation. Ther Deliv 2019; 10:281-293. [DOI: 10.4155/tde-2019-0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Our aim was to develop and characterize a nanogel formulation containing both glibenclamide and quercetin and to explore the permeation profile of this combination. Methods: Drug-loaded nanogel was prepared by ionic gelation. In addition, optimum encapsulation efficiencies of glibenclamide and quercetin were also obtained. The average nanoparticle size at optimum conditions was determined by Zetasizer. Results: The particle size of the nanogel was found to be 370.4 ± 4.78 nm with a polydispersity index of 0.528 ± 0.04, while the λ potential was positive in a range of 17.6 to 24.8 mV. The percentage cumulative drug release also showed favorable findings. Conclusion: The chitosan nanogel could be a potential alternative for delivering glibenclamide and quercetin through skin.
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Sagbas Suner S, Ari B, Onder FC, Ozpolat B, Ay M, Sahiner N. Hyaluronic acid and hyaluronic acid: Sucrose nanogels for hydrophobic cancer drug delivery. Int J Biol Macromol 2019; 126:1150-1157. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2019.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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11
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Hydrogels and Their Applications in Targeted Drug Delivery. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24030603. [PMID: 30744011 PMCID: PMC6384686 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 66.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional drug delivery approaches are plagued by issues pertaining to systemic toxicity and repeated dosing. Hydrogels offer convenient drug delivery vehicles to ensure these disadvantages are minimized and the therapeutic benefits from the drug are optimized. With exquisitely tunable physical properties that confer them great controlled drug release features and the merits they offer for labile drug protection from degradation, hydrogels emerge as very efficient drug delivery systems. The versatility and diversity of the hydrogels extend their applications beyond targeted drug delivery also to wound dressings, contact lenses and tissue engineering to name but a few. They are 90% water, and highly porous to accommodate drugs for delivery and facilitate controlled release. Herein we discuss hydrogels and how they could be manipulated for targeted drug delivery applications. Suitable examples from the literature are provided that support the recent advancements of hydrogels in targeted drug delivery in diverse disease areas and how they could be suitably modified in very different ways for achieving significant impact in targeted drug delivery. With their enormous amenability to modification, hydrogels serve as promising delivery vehicles of therapeutic molecules in several disease conditions, including cancer and diabetes.
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12
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Niu K, Li N, Yao Y, Guo C, Ge Y, Wang J. Polypeptide Nanogels With Different Functional Cores Promote Chemotherapy of Lung Carcinoma. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:37. [PMID: 30778298 PMCID: PMC6369202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two kinds of tumor microenvironment-responsive polypeptide nanogels were developed for intracellular delivery of cytotoxics to enhance the antitumor efficacies and reduce the side effects in the chemotherapy of lung carcinoma. The sizes of both doxorubicin (DOX)-loaded nanogels methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-phenylalanine-co-L-cystine) [mPEG-P(LP-co-LC)] and methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(L-glutamic acid-co-L-cystine) [mPEG-P(LG-co-LC)] (NGP/DOX and NGG/DOX) were less than 100 nm, which was appropriate for the enhanced permeability and retention (EPR) effect. The bigger and smaller scale of nanoparticle could induce the elimination of reticuloendothelial system (RES) and decrease the in vivo circulating half-life, respectively. The loading nanogels were stable in the neutral environment while quickly degraded in the mimic intracellular microenvironment. Furthermore, the DOX-loaded reduction-responsive nanogels showed significantly higher tumor cell uptake than free DOX⋅HCl as time went on from 2 to 6 h. In addition, these DOX-loaded nanogels showed efficient antitumor effects in vivo, which was verified by the obviously increased necrosis areas in the tumor tissues. Furthermore, these DOX-loaded nanogels efficiently reduced the side effects of DOX. In conclusion, these reduction-responsive polypeptides based nanogels are suitable for the efficient therapy of lung carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Niu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yunming Yao
- Department of Abdominal Ultrasound, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunjie Guo
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanyuan Ge
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jianmeng Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Liu S, Li W, Gai S, Yang G, Zhong C, Dai Y, He F, Yang P, Suh YD. A smart tumor microenvironment responsive nanoplatform based on upconversion nanoparticles for efficient multimodal imaging guided therapy. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:951-962. [DOI: 10.1039/c8bm01243a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A smart tumor microenvironment responsive theranostic nanoplatform USPDF for UCL/CT dual-mode imaging and combination of chemotherapy and photothermal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Guixin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Chongna Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology
- Ministry of Education
- College of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
- Harbin Engineering University
- Harbin
| | - Yung Doug Suh
- Research Center for Bio Platform Technology
- Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT)
- DaeJeon 305-600
- Korea
- School of Chemical Engineering
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14
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Choi JR, Yong KW, Choi JY, Cowie AC. Recent advances in photo-crosslinkable hydrogels for biomedical applications. Biotechniques 2019; 66:40-53. [DOI: 10.2144/btn-2018-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Photo-crosslinkable hydrogels have recently attracted significant scientific interest. Their properties can be manipulated in a spatiotemporal manner through exposure to light to achieve the desirable functionality for various biomedical applications. This review article discusses the recent advances of the most common photo-crosslinkable hydrogels, including poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate, gelatin methacryloyl and methacrylated hyaluronic acid, for various biomedical applications. We first highlight the advantages of photopolymerization and discuss diverse photosensitive systems used for the synthesis of photo-crosslinkable hydrogels. We then introduce their synthesis methods and review their latest state of development in biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and regenerative medicine, drug delivery, cancer therapies and biosensing. Lastly, the existing challenges and future perspectives of engineering photo-crosslinkable hydrogels for biomedical applications are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Ru Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2054–6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
- Centre for Blood Research, Life Sciences Centre, University of British Columbia, 2350 Health Sciences Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
| | - Kar Wey Yong
- Department of Chemical & Petroleum Engineering, Schulich School of Engineering, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Jean Yu Choi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Alistair C Cowie
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dow Street, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
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Lang T, Yin Q, Li Y. Progress of Cell-Derived Biomimetic Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy. ADVANCED THERAPEUTICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/adtp.201800053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianqun Lang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Qi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
| | - Yaping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research & Center of Pharmaceutics, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica; Chinese Academy of Sciences; 501 Haike Road Shanghai 201203 China
- School of Pharmacy; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing 100049 China
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16
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Liu S, Yang J, Jia H, Zhou H, Chen J, Guo T. Virus Spike and Membrane-Lytic Mimicking Nanoparticles for High Cell Binding and Superior Endosomal Escape. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:23630-23637. [PMID: 29931973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Virus-inspired mimics for gene therapy have attracted increasing attention because viral vectors show robust efficacy owing to the highly infectious nature and efficient endosomal escape. Nonetheless, until now, synthetic materials have failed to achieve high "infectivity," and especially, the mimicking of virus spikes for "infection" is underappreciated. Herein, a virus spike mimic by a zinc (Zn) coordinative ligand that shows high affinity toward phosphate-rich cell membranes is reported. Surprisingly, this ligand also demonstrates superior functionality of destabilizing endosomes. Therefore, the Zn coordination is more likely to imitate the virus nature with high cell binding and endosomal membrane disruption. Following this, the Zn coordinative ligand is functionalized on a bioreducible cross-linked peptide with alkylation that imitates the viral lipoprotein shell. The ultimate virus-mimicking nanoparticle closely imitates the structures and functions of viruses, leading to robust transfection efficiency both in vitro and in vivo. More importantly, apart from targeting ligand- and cell-penetrating peptide, the metal coordinative ligand may provide another option to functionalize diverse biomaterials for enhanced efficacy, demonstrating its broad referential significance to pursue nonviral vectors with high performance.
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17
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Meng QF, Rao L, Zan M, Chen M, Yu GT, Wei X, Wu Z, Sun Y, Guo SS, Zhao XZ, Wang FB, Liu W. Macrophage membrane-coated iron oxide nanoparticles for enhanced photothermal tumor therapy. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:134004. [PMID: 29334363 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aaa7c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology possesses the potential to revolutionize the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. The ideal nanoparticles used for in vivo cancer therapy should have long blood circulation times and active cancer targeting. Additionally, they should be harmless and invisible to the immune system. Here, we developed a biomimetic nanoplatform with the above properties for cancer therapy. Macrophage membranes were reconstructed into vesicles and then coated onto magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs). Inherited from the Fe3O4 core and the macrophage membrane shell, the resulting Fe3O4@MM NPs exhibited good biocompatibility, immune evasion, cancer targeting and light-to-heat conversion capabilities. Due to the favorable in vitro and in vivo properties, biomimetic Fe3O4@MM NPs were further used for highly effective photothermal therapy of breast cancer in nude mice. Surface modification of synthetic nanomaterials with biomimetic cell membranes exemplifies a novel strategy for designing an ideal nanoplatform for translational medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Fang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Artificial Micro- and Nano-Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Technology, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, People's Republic of China
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18
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Abstract
Cell therapy has become a momentum-gathering treatment strategy for a variety of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, hemophilia, and cardiomyopathy. However, clinical applications of conventional cell therapies have often been compromised by rapid decline in viability and function of the transplanted cells due to host recognition and subsequent foreign body rejection. Along this line, cell engineering technologies such as cell encapsulation within microcapsules and immobilization in porous scaffolds have been implemented to address the immunosuppression concerns. As a recent emerging research topic, drawing inspiration from the ways that natural cells interact with the body has opened new avenues for cell engineering, such as direct modification of whole cells with synthetic materials and "top-down" integration of biological membranes with micro/nanomaterials, which aim to alleviate immune response while harnessing the complex biological functions of cells. In this Account, we summarize our recent contribution to the field of cell engineering methodologies, with which we have demonstrated their promising applications for cancer immunotherapy, targeted drug delivery, and blood glucose regulation. For example, inspired by the inherent ability of platelets to accumulate at wound sites and interact with circulating tumor cells, we exploited a targeted checkpoint antibody delivery strategy for treatment of postsurgical cancer recurrence and metastatic spread by covalent binding of platelets' cell surfaces with a monoclonal antibody against programmed-death ligand 1 (aPDL1). Without interfering with the platelets' surgical-site homing property, the conjugated aPDL1 could be triggered to release in the form of microparticles after in situ activation. As an extension, we then engineered the platelet membrane to cloak nanoparticles for anticancer drug delivery, mimicking the targeting capability of the source cells while possessing prolonged circulation lifetime and insignificant immunogenicity. At the same time, we also found that the subcellular compartment membrane-derived particulates exhibited high specificity toward homotypic cells, by which enhanced intracellular drug delivery was achieved. Moreover, by taking advantage of the reversible interaction between glucose-derivative-modified insulin and the red blood cell membrane, we constructed a glucose-responsive smart insulin delivery system for long-term maintenance of blood glucose levels within a normal range. Recently, by virtue of painless microneedle patches as convenient cell engineering platforms, a minimally invasive intradermal antitumor vaccine was invented by integrating whole-tumor lysis into near-infrared light-illuminated microneedle patches. The microneedle patches also showed promise in combining with conventional cell encapsulation techniques, by which an externally positioned β-cell engineering strategy was proposed for diabetes treatment. The results presented in this Account demonstrate distinct approaches to the development and application of cell engineering strategies for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaowei Chen
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Quanyin Hu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Zhen Gu
- Joint Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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19
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Ding L, Zhu X, Wang Y, Shi B, Ling X, Chen H, Nan W, Barrett A, Guo Z, Tao W, Wu J, Shi X. Intracellular Fate of Nanoparticles with Polydopamine Surface Engineering and a Novel Strategy for Exocytosis-Inhibiting, Lysosome Impairment-Based Cancer Therapy. NANO LETTERS 2017; 17:6790-6801. [PMID: 29058908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.7b03021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polydopamine (PDA) coating as a bioinspired strategy for nanoparticles (NPs) has been extensively applied in cancer theranostics. However, a cellular-level understanding of nano-biointeraction of these PDA-coated NPs (PDNPs), which drives the fate of them and acts as a critical step to determine their efficacy, still remains unknown. Herein, we utilized the representative mesoporous silica NPs (MSNs) to be coated with PDA and study their nano-bioactivities in cancer cells. HeLa cell line was utilized as a model in this study. The PDNPs were discovered to be internalized through three specific pathways, that is, Caveolae-, Arf6-dependent endocytosis, and Rab34-mediated macropinocytosis (55%, 20% and 37% of uptake inhibition by nystatin, Arf6 knockdown, and rottlerin, respectively). Autophagy-mediated accumulation of PDNPs in lysosomes was observed and the formed PDA shells shedded in the lysosomes. Almost 40% of the NPs were transported out of cells via Rab8/10- and Rab3/26-mediated exocytosis pathways at our tested level. On the basis of these results, a novel combined cancer treatment strategy was further proposed using drug-loaded MSNs-PDA by (i) utilizing naturally intracellular mechanism-controlled PDA shedding for organelle-targeted release of drugs in lysosomes to generate lysosome impairment and (ii) blocking the demonstrated exocytosis pathways for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Ding
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yiling Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Bingyang Shi
- International Joint Center for Biomedical Innovation, School of Life Sciences, Henan University , Kaifeng, Henan 475004, China
| | - Xiang Ling
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Houjie Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Wenhao Nan
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Austin Barrett
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Zilei Guo
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Wei Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jun Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University , Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xiaojun Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University , Beijing 100084, China
- Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University , Shenzhen 518055, China
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20
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Wei F, Wang Y, Luo Z, Li Y, Duan Y. New findings of silica nanoparticles induced ER autophagy in human colon cancer cell. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42591. [PMID: 28195184 PMCID: PMC5307363 DOI: 10.1038/srep42591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanoparticle-induced autophagy has been extensively studied, however, real time information about the endoplasmic reticulum involved autophagic process (ER autophagy) induced by nanomaterials remains unknown. In this work, silica nanoparticles (SNPs) were synthesized with characteristics of low toxicity, good biocompatibility and excellent water dispersibility to treat cells. Results show that either low concentration (10 μg/mL) or high concentration (200 μg/mL) of SNPs could increase the quantity of processing from microtubule-associated protein 1-light chain 3-I (LC3-I) to the other variant of LC3 (LC3-II). Interestingly, the level of autophagy induced by the SNPs is associated with the treated time but not the concentrations of SNPs. Importantly, for the first time, SNP accumulation in ER was discovered through co-localization analysis, which incurs ER autophagy. These new findings about SNPs-induced ER autophagy could open an effective way for securely designing silica-based nanoparticles and enable us to know more about ER autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fujing Wei
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yimin Wang
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Zewei Luo
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yu Li
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
| | - Yixiang Duan
- Research Center of Analytical Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Bio-resource and Eco-environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Sciences, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, PR China
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21
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Wang X, Meng G, Zhang S, Liu X. A Reactive (1)O2 - Responsive Combined Treatment System of Photodynamic and Chemotherapy for Cancer. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29911. [PMID: 27443831 PMCID: PMC4957223 DOI: 10.1038/srep29911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive drug delivery and drug release has gradually attracted much attention in recent years as a promising therapeutic strategy. Singlet oxygen (1O2) as the major ROS species is widely used in photodynamic therapy (PDT) of cancer. In the present study, we introduce a combined treatment using ROS-sensitive thioketal (TK) linkage as a linker between upconversion nanoparticles (UNs)-based PDT and doxorubicin (DOX)-based chemotherapy. UNs can not only play a role in PDT, but can also be used as a nanocarrier for drug delivery of DOX. Moreover, the products of 1O2 during PDT are able to cleave TK linker inducing the release of DOX which can further achieve the goal of chemotherapy. By using this 1O2-responsive nanocarrier delivery system, DOX can easily reach the tumor site and be accumulated in the nuclei to effectively kill the cancer cells, and therefore decreasing the side effects of chemotherapy on the body. Thus, PDT also has the function of controlling drug release in this combination treatment strategy. Compared with monotherapy, the combination of PDT with chemotherapy also possesses excellent drug loading capability and anticancer efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Tianjin 300308, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Guoqing Meng
- Life Sciences Department, Heze University, Heze 274015, China
| | - Song Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Xinli Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan 250100, China
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22
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Yu X, Zhang B, Wang T, Zhang J, Mu S, Liu C, Zhang N. Two-stage pH-sensitive doxorubicin hydrochloride loaded core–shell nanoparticles with dual drug-loading strategies for the potential anti-tumor treatment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra19242d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-stage pH-sensitive DOX·HCl loaded core–shell nanoparticles (CPOD) with dual drug-loading strategies showed pretty in vivo anti-tumor efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyue Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Shengjun Mu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Chunxi Liu
- Pharmaceutical Department
- Qilu Hospital of Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
| | - Na Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- School of Pharmaceutical Science
- Shandong University
- Jinan 250012
- China
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