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Lee YS. Peptidomimetics and Their Applications for Opioid Peptide Drug Discovery. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12091241. [PMID: 36139079 PMCID: PMC9496382 DOI: 10.3390/biom12091241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite various advantages, opioid peptides have been limited in their therapeutic uses due to the main drawbacks in metabolic stability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and bioavailability. Therefore, extensive studies have focused on overcoming the problems and optimizing the therapeutic potential. Currently, numerous peptide-based drugs are being marketed thanks to new synthetic strategies for optimizing metabolism and alternative routes of administration. This tutorial review briefly introduces the history and role of natural opioid peptides and highlights the key findings on their structure-activity relationships for the opioid receptors. It discusses details on opioid peptidomimetics applied to develop therapeutic candidates for the treatment of pain from the pharmacological and structural points of view. The main focus is the current status of various mimetic tools and the successful applications summarized in tables and figures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA
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2
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Sun D. Recent Advances in Macrocyclic Drugs and Microwave-Assisted and/or Solid-Supported Synthesis of Macrocycles. Molecules 2022; 27:1012. [PMID: 35164274 PMCID: PMC8839925 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27031012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrocycles represent attractive candidates in organic synthesis and drug discovery. Since 2014, nineteen macrocyclic drugs, including three radiopharmaceuticals, have been approved by FDA for the treatment of bacterial and viral infections, cancer, obesity, immunosuppression, etc. As such, new synthetic methodologies and high throughput chemistry (e.g., microwave-assisted and/or solid-phase synthesis) to access various macrocycle entities have attracted great interest in this chemical space. This article serves as an update on our previous review related to macrocyclic drugs and new synthetic strategies toward macrocycles (Molecules, 2013, 18, 6230). In this work, I first reviewed recent FDA-approved macrocyclic drugs since 2014, followed by new advances in macrocycle synthesis using high throughput chemistry, including microwave-assisted and/or solid-supported macrocyclization strategies. Examples and highlights of macrocyclization include macrolactonization and macrolactamization, transition-metal catalyzed olefin ring-closure metathesis, intramolecular C-C and C-heteroatom cross-coupling, copper- or ruthenium-catalyzed azide-alkyne cycloaddition, intramolecular SNAr or SN2 nucleophilic substitution, condensation reaction, and multi-component reaction-mediated macrocyclization, and covering the literature since 2010.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dianqing Sun
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawaii at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA
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3
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Synthesis, Pharmacological Evaluation, and Computational Studies of Cyclic Opioid Peptidomimetics Containing β3-Lysine. Molecules 2021; 27:molecules27010151. [PMID: 35011383 PMCID: PMC8747000 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/24/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Our formerly described pentapeptide opioid analog Tyr-c[D-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 (designated RP-170), showing high affinity for the mu (MOR) and kappa (KOR) opioid receptors, was much more stable than endomorphine-2 (EM-2) in the rat brain homogenate and displayed remarkable antinociceptive activity after central (intracerebroventricular) and peripheral (intravenous ) administration. In this report, we describe the further modification of this analog, which includes the incorporation of a β3-amino acid, (R)- and (S)-β3-Lys, instead of D-Lys in position 2. The influence of such replacement on the biological properties of the obtained analogs, Tyr-c[(R)-β3-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 (RP-171) and Tyr-c[(S)-β3-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2, (RP-172), was investigated in vitro. Receptor radiolabeled displacement and functional calcium mobilization assays were performed to measure binding affinity and receptor activation of the new analogs. The obtained data revealed that only one of the diastereoisomeric peptides, RP-171, was able to selectively bind and activate MOR. Molecular modeling (docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations) suggests that both compounds should be accommodated in the MOR binding site. However, in the case of the inactive isomer RP-172, fewer hydrogen bonds, as well as instability of the canonical ionic interaction to Asp147, could explain its very low MOR affinity.
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Design, Synthesis and Functional Analysis of Cyclic Opioid Peptides with Dmt-Tic Pharmacophore. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184260. [PMID: 32957550 PMCID: PMC7570497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The opioid receptors are members of the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) family and are known to modulate a variety of biological functions, including pain perception. Despite considerable advances, the mechanisms by which opioid agonists and antagonists interact with their receptors and exert their effect are still not completely understood. In this report, six new hybrids of the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore and cyclic peptides, which were shown before to have a high affinity for the µ-opioid receptor (MOR) were synthesized and characterized pharmacologically in calcium mobilization functional assays. All obtained ligands turned out to be selective antagonists of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and did not activate or block the MOR. The three-dimensional structural determinants responsible for the DOR antagonist properties of these analogs were further investigated by docking studies. The results indicate that these compounds attach to the DOR in a slightly different orientation with respect to the Dmt-Tic pharmacophore than Dmt-TicΨ[CH2-NH]Phe-Phe-NH2 (DIPP-NH2[Ψ]), a prototypical DOR antagonist peptide. Key pharmacophoric contacts between the DOR and the ligands were maintained through an analogous spatial arrangement of pharmacophores, which could provide an explanation for the predicted high-affinity binding and the experimentally observed functional properties of the novel synthetic ligands.
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Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Lipiński PFJ, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Kluczyk A, Janecka A. Pharmacological Profile and Molecular Modeling of Cyclic Opioid Analogues Incorporating Various Phenylalanine Derivatives. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1322-1329. [PMID: 32412162 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Peptide-based agonists of the μ opioid receptor (μOR) are promising therapeutic candidates for pain relief with reduced side effects compared to morphine. A deep understanding of μOR-ligand interactions is necessary for future design of peptide-based opioid analgesics. To explore the requirements of the μOR binding pocket, eight new analogues of our cyclic peptide Tyr-c[d-Lys-Phe-Phe-Asp]NH2 displaying high μOR affinity were synthesized, in which Phe in either the third or fourth position was replaced by various derivatives of this amino acid (β3 -Phe, homoPhe, β3 -homoPhe and PhGly). The aim of this research was to examine the structural effects of such modifications on the bioactivity, and both experimental and theoretical methods were used. The binding of the cyclic analogues to all three OR types (μ, δ, κ) was assessed by radioligand competitive binding assay, and their functional activity was determined in a calcium mobilization assay. In order to provide structural hypotheses explaining the obtained experimental affinities, the complexes of the cyclic peptides with μOR were subjected to molecular modeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Piotr F J Lipiński
- Department of Neuropeptides Mossakowski Medical Research Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Pawińskiego 5, 02-106, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Piekielna-Ciesielska
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, F. Joliot-Curie 14, 50-383, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
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6
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Li G, Li B, Song J, Wang N, Gao Z. Endomorphin-2 Analog Inhibits the Growth of DLD-1 and RKO Human Colon Cancer Cells by Inducing Cell Apoptosis. Med Sci Monit 2020; 26:e921251. [PMID: 32336747 PMCID: PMC7199432 DOI: 10.12659/msm.921251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In developed countries, colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer-associated mortality. Dietary changes have resulted in an increased incidence of colon cancer in Asia. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the structural analog of endomorphin-2 (H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2) on human colon cancer cells in vitro. Material/Methods Human DLD-1 and RKO colon cancer cells and CCD-18Co normal human colonic fibroblasts were treated with increasing doses of the structural analog of endomorphin-2. Cells underwent the MTT assay, fluorescence confocal flow cytometry, and Hoechst 33258 staining to investigate cell proliferation, the cell cycle, and apoptosis. Western blot was used to measure the expression levels of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1), cytochrome c, caspase-3, and caspase-9. The 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) fluorescence method measured reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results Cell proliferation of DLD-1 and RKO cells was inhibited by the endomorphin-2 analog in a dose-dependent manner, and a 100 μM dose reduced DLD-1 and RKO cell proliferation by 28% and 23%, respectively, at 72 h. Endomorphin-2 analog induced cell apoptosis and the generation of ROS, activated caspase-3 and caspase-9, and increased the levels of p53 and cytochrome c release, and down-regulated of Akt activation in DLD-1 and RKO cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment of the DLD-1 and RKO cells with the endomorphin-2 analog increased the expression of Bax and reduced the expression of Bcl-2. Conclusions Endomorphin-2 analog inhibited colon cancer cell proliferation, activated apoptosis, and down-regulated Akt phosphorylation of human DLD-1 and RKO colon cancer cells in vitro in a dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanghua Li
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Electrocardiography, Peoples' Hospital of Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Jingang Song
- Department of General Surgery, Dezhou Peoples' Hospital, Dezhou, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Oncology, Peoples' Hospital of Zhangqiu, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
| | - Zhuanglei Gao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The Second Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China (mainland)
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Wu Z, Hruby VJ. Toward a Universal μ-Agonist Template for Template-Based Alignment Modeling of Opioid Ligands. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:17457-17476. [PMID: 31656918 PMCID: PMC6812133 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b02244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Opioid ligands are a large group of G-protein-coupled receptor ligands possessing high structural diversity, along with complicated structure-activity relationships (SARs). To better understand their structural correlations as well as the related SARs, we developed the innovative template-based alignment modeling in our recent studies on a variety of opioid ligands. As previously reported, this approach showed promise but also with limitations, which was mainly attributed to the small size of morphine as a template. With this study, we set out to construct an artificial μ-agonist template to overcome this limitation. The newly constructed template contained a largely extended scaffold, along with a few special μ-features relevant to the μ-selectivity of opioid ligands. As demonstrated in this paper, the new template showed significantly improved efficacy in facilitating the alignment modeling of a wide variety of opioid ligands. This report comprises of two main parts. Part 1 discusses the general construction process and the structural features as well as a few typical examples of the template applications and Part 2 focuses on the template refinement and validation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijun Wu
- ABC Resource, Plainsboro, New Jersey 08536, United States
- E-mail:
| | - Victor J. Hruby
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85716, United States
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Wtorek K, Artali R, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Koszuk J, Kluczyk A, Gentilucci L, Janecka A. Endomorphin-2 analogs containing modified tyrosines: Biological and theoretical investigation of the influence on conformation and pharmacological profile. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:527-536. [PMID: 31276897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
New analogs of the endogenous opioid agonist endomorphin-2 (EM-2, H-Tyr-Pro-Phe-Phe-NH2) have been obtained by introducing modified tyrosines at the position 1 of the sequence. For all analogs, the cis/trans conformation ratio about the tyramine-Pro amide bond, lipophilicity, receptor affinities, and functional activities, have been determined. Among the novel derivatives, [Dmt(3'-Cl)]1EM-2 (4) stood out for its subnanomolar μ-opioid receptor affinity and potent agonist activity, superior to that of the parent peptide EM-2. Hybrid quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics docking computations supported the cis tyramine-Pro bioactive conformation, and allowed us to analyze the contribution of the substituents of the "message" tyramine to binding, highlighting the role of halogen-bonding in the higher receptor affinity of peptide 4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karol Wtorek
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland
| | - Roberto Artali
- Scientia Advice, di Roberto Artali, 20832, Desio, Monza and Brianza, Italy
| | | | - Jacek Koszuk
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Lodz, Poland
| | - Alicja Kluczyk
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Wroclaw, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 6/8, 92-215, Lodz, Poland.
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Gach-Janczak K, Piekielna-Ciesielska J, Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, Wtorek K, Ferrari F, Calo' G, Szymaszkiewicz A, Piasecka-Zelga J, Janecka A. In vitro and in vivo activity of cyclopeptide Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH 2, a mu opioid receptor agonist biased toward β-arrestin. Peptides 2018; 105:51-57. [PMID: 29684591 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Morphine and related drugs, which are the most effective analgesics for the relief of severe pain, act through activating opioid receptors. The endogenous ligands of these receptors are opioid peptides which cannot be used as antinociceptive agents due to their low bioactivity and stability in biological fluids. The major goal of opioid research is to understand the mechanism of action of opioid receptor agonists in order to improve therapeutic utility of opioids. Analgesic effects of morphine are mediated mostly through activation of the mu opioid receptor. However, in the search for safer and more effective drug candidates, analogs with mixed opioid receptor profile gained a lot of interest. Recently, the concept of biased agonists able to differentially activate GPCR downstream pathways, became a new approach in the design of novel drug candidates. It is hypothesized that compounds promoting G-protein signaling may produce analgesia while β-arrestin recruitment may be responsible for opioid side effects. In this report we showed that replacement of the tyrosine residue in the mu-selective ligand Tyr-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH2 with 2',6'-dimethyltyrosine (Dmt) produced a cyclopeptide Dmt-c[d-Lys-Phe-Asp]NH2 with mu/delta opioid receptor agonist profile. This analog showed improved antinociception in the hot-plate test, probably due to the simultaneous activation of mu and delta receptors but also significantly inhibited the gastrointestinal transit. Using the bioluminescence resonance energy transfer (BRET) assay it was shown that this analog was a mu receptor agonist biased toward β-arrestin. β-Arrestin-dependent signaling is most likely responsible for the observed inhibition of gastrointestinal motility exerted by the novel cyclopeptide.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Karol Wtorek
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University, Lodz, Poland
| | - Federica Ferrari
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Pharmacology and Italian Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Agata Szymaszkiewicz
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
| | - Joanna Piasecka-Zelga
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products in the GMP Head of Research Laboratory for Medicine and Veterinary Products, Lodz, Poland
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Medical University, Lodz, Poland.
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Adamska-Bartłomiejczyk A, De Marco R, Gentilucci L, Kluczyk A, Janecka A. Design and characterization of opioid ligands based on cycle-in-macrocycle scaffold. Bioorg Med Chem 2017; 25:2399-2405. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2017.02.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
This paper is the thirty-eighth consecutive installment of the annual review of research concerning the endogenous opioid system. It summarizes papers published during 2015 that studied the behavioral effects of molecular, pharmacological and genetic manipulation of opioid peptides, opioid receptors, opioid agonists and opioid antagonists. The particular topics that continue to be covered include the molecular-biochemical effects and neurochemical localization studies of endogenous opioids and their receptors related to behavior, and the roles of these opioid peptides and receptors in pain and analgesia, stress and social status, tolerance and dependence, learning and memory, eating and drinking, drug abuse and alcohol, sexual activity and hormones, pregnancy, development and endocrinology, mental illness and mood, seizures and neurologic disorders, electrical-related activity and neurophysiology, general activity and locomotion, gastrointestinal, renal and hepatic functions, cardiovascular responses, respiration and thermoregulation, and immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard J Bodnar
- Department of Psychology and Neuropsychology Doctoral Sub-Program, Queens College, City University of New York, Flushing, NY 11367, United States.
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12
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Wang Y, Yang J, Liu X, Zhao L, Yang D, Zhou J, Wang D, Mou L, Wang R. Endomorphin-1 analogs containing α-methyl-β-amino acids exhibit potent analgesic activity after peripheral administration. Org Biomol Chem 2017; 15:4951-4955. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ob01115f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
C-Terminal substitution with aromatic β2,3-amino acids can improve the bioactivity and bioavailability of endomorphin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Junxian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Xin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Long Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Dongxu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Jingjing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Lingyun Mou
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu Province
- Department of Pharmacology
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Lanzhou University
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Piekielna J, De Marco R, Gentilucci L, Cerlesi MC, Calo' G, Tömböly C, Artali R, Janecka A. Redoubling the ring size of an endomorphin-2 analog transforms a centrally acting mu-opioid receptor agonist into a pure peripheral analgesic. Biopolymers 2016; 106:309-17. [DOI: 10.1002/bip.22846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Piekielna
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
| | - Rossella De Marco
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician,”; University of Bologna; via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Luca Gentilucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician,”; University of Bologna; via Selmi 2 Bologna 40126 Italy
| | - Maria Camilla Cerlesi
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology; National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara; Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Girolamo Calo'
- Department of Medical Science, Section of Pharmacology; National Institute of Neuroscience, University of Ferrara; Ferrara 44121 Italy
| | - Csaba Tömböly
- Institute of Biochemistry; Biological Research Centre of Hungarian Academy of Sciences; Szeged Hungary
| | - Roberto Artali
- Di Roberto Artali; Scientia Advice; Desio MB 20832 Italy
| | - Anna Janecka
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Medical University of Lodz; Lodz Poland
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14
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Remesic M, Lee YS, Hruby VJ. Cyclic Opioid Peptides. Curr Med Chem 2016; 23:1288-303. [PMID: 27117332 PMCID: PMC5693220 DOI: 10.2174/0929867323666160427123005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
For decades the opioid receptors have been an attractive therapeutic target for the treatment of pain. Since the first discovery of enkephalin, approximately a dozen endogenous opioid peptides have been known to produce opioid activity and analgesia, but their therapeutics have been limited mainly due to low blood brain barrier penetration and poor resistance to proteolytic degradation. One versatile approach to overcome these drawbacks is the cyclization of linear peptides to cyclic peptides with constrained topographical structure. Compared to their linear parents, cyclic analogs exhibit better metabolic stability, lower offtarget toxicity, and improved bioavailability. Extensive structure-activity relationship studies have uncovered promising compounds for the treatment of pain as well as further elucidate structural elements required for selective opioid receptor activity. The benefits that come with employing cyclization can be further enhanced through the generation of polycyclic derivatives. Opioid ligands generally have a short peptide chain and thus the realm of polycyclic peptides has yet to be explored. In this review, a brief history of designing ligands for the opioid receptors, including classic linear and cyclic ligands, is discussed along with recent approaches and successes of cyclic peptide ligands for the receptors. Various scaffolds and approaches to improve bioavailability are elaborated and concluded with a discourse towards polycyclic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeon Sun Lee
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, 1306 E. University, P.O. Box 210041, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, USA.
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