1
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Divya KP, Kanwar N, Anuranjana PV, Kumar G, Beegum F, George KT, Kumar N, Nandakumar K, Kanwal A. SIRT6 in Regulation of Mitochondrial Damage and Associated Cardiac Dysfunctions: A Possible Therapeutic Target for CVDs. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2024; 24:598-621. [PMID: 38689163 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-024-09858-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) can be described as a global health emergency imploring possible prevention strategies. Although the pathogenesis of CVDs has been extensively studied, the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in CVD development has yet to be investigated. Diabetic cardiomyopathy, ischemic-reperfusion injury, and heart failure are some of the CVDs resulting from mitochondrial dysfunction Recent evidence from the research states that any dysfunction of mitochondria has an impact on metabolic alteration, eventually causes the death of a healthy cell and therefore, progressively directing to the predisposition of disease. Cardiovascular research investigating the targets that both protect and treat mitochondrial damage will help reduce the risk and increase the quality of life of patients suffering from various CVDs. One such target, i.e., nuclear sirtuin SIRT6 is strongly associated with cardiac function. However, the link between mitochondrial dysfunction and SIRT6 concerning cardiovascular pathologies remains poorly understood. Although the Role of SIRT6 in skeletal muscles and cardiomyocytes through mitochondrial regulation has been well understood, its specific role in mitochondrial maintenance in cardiomyocytes is poorly determined. The review aims to explore the domain-specific function of SIRT6 in cardiomyocytes and is an effort to know how SIRT6, mitochondria, and CVDs are related.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Divya
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Navjot Kanwar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab, Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, 151005, India
| | - P V Anuranjana
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Gautam Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
- School of Pharmacy, Sharda University, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, 201310, India
| | - Fathima Beegum
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Krupa Thankam George
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India
| | - Nitesh Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Educations and Research, Hajipur, Bihar, 844102, India
| | - K Nandakumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Manipal College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal, Karnataka, 576104, India.
| | - Abhinav Kanwal
- Department of Pharmacology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Bathinda, Punjab, 151005, India.
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2
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Moreno-Yruela C, Fierz B. Revealing chromatin-specific functions of histone deacylases. Biochem Soc Trans 2024; 52:353-365. [PMID: 38189424 DOI: 10.1042/bst20230693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Histone deacylases are erasers of Nε-acyl-lysine post-translational modifications and have been targeted for decades for the treatment of cancer, neurodegeneration and other disorders. Due to their relatively promiscuous activity on peptide substrates in vitro, it has been challenging to determine the individual targets and substrate identification mechanisms of each isozyme, and they have been considered redundant regulators. In recent years, biochemical and biophysical studies have incorporated the use of reconstituted nucleosomes, which has revealed a diverse and complex arsenal of recognition mechanisms by which histone deacylases may differentiate themselves in vivo. In this review, we first present the peptide-based tools that have helped characterize histone deacylases in vitro to date, and we discuss the new insights that nucleosome tools are providing into their recognition of histone substrates within chromatin. Then, we summarize the powerful semi-synthetic approaches that are moving forward the study of chromatin-associated factors, both in vitro by detailed single-molecule mechanistic studies, and in cells by live chromatin modification. We finally offer our perspective on how these new techniques would advance the study of histone deacylases. We envision that such studies will help elucidate the role of individual isozymes in disease and provide a platform for the development of the next generation of therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moreno-Yruela
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules (LCBM), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology (ILF), Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Beat Fierz
- Laboratory of Biophysical Chemistry of Macromolecules (LCBM), Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering (ISIC), School of Basic Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Bolding JE, Nielsen AL, Jensen I, Hansen TN, Ryberg LA, Jameson ST, Harris P, Peters GHJ, Denu JM, Rogers JM, Olsen CA. Substrates and Cyclic Peptide Inhibitors of the Oligonucleotide-Activated Sirtuin 7. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202314597. [PMID: 37873919 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202314597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
The sirtuins are NAD+ -dependent lysine deacylases, comprising seven isoforms (SIRT1-7) in humans, which are involved in the regulation of a plethora of biological processes, including gene expression and metabolism. The sirtuins share a common hydrolytic mechanism but display preferences for different ϵ-N-acyllysine substrates. SIRT7 deacetylates targets in nuclei and nucleoli but remains one of the lesser studied of the seven isoforms, in part due to a lack of chemical tools to specifically probe SIRT7 activity. Here we expressed SIRT7 and, using small-angle X-ray scattering, reveal SIRT7 to be a monomeric enzyme with a low degree of globular flexibility in solution. We developed a fluorogenic assay for investigation of the substrate preferences of SIRT7 and to evaluate compounds that modulate its activity. We report several mechanism-based SIRT7 inhibitors as well as de novo cyclic peptide inhibitors selected from mRNA-display library screening that exhibit selectivity for SIRT7 over other sirtuin isoforms, stabilize SIRT7 in cells, and cause an increase in the acetylation of H3 K18.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie E Bolding
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alexander L Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Current address: Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Iben Jensen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias N Hansen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Line A Ryberg
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Samuel T Jameson
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernille Harris
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
- Current address: Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Günther H J Peters
- Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - John M Denu
- Department of Biomolecular Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Wisconsin Institute for Discovery, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53715, USA
| | - Joseph M Rogers
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 160, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Ouyang S, Zhang Q, Lou L, Zhu K, Li Z, Liu P, Zhang X. The Double-Edged Sword of SIRT3 in Cancer and Its Therapeutic Applications. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:871560. [PMID: 35571098 PMCID: PMC9092499 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.871560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Reprogramming of cellular energy metabolism is considered an emerging feature of cancer. Mitochondrial metabolism plays a crucial role in cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metastasis. As a major mitochondrial NAD+-dependent deacetylase, sirtuin3 (SIRT3) deacetylates and regulates the enzymes involved in regulating mitochondrial energy metabolism, including fatty acid oxidation, the Krebs cycle, and the respiratory chain to maintain metabolic homeostasis. In this article, we review the multiple roles of SIRT3 in various cancers, and systematically summarize the recent advances in the discovery of its activators and inhibitors. The roles of SIRT3 vary in different cancers and have cell- and tumor-type specificity. SIRT3 plays a unique function by mediating interactions between mitochondria and intracellular signaling. The critical functions of SIRT3 have renewed interest in the development of small molecule modulators that regulate its activity. Delineation of the underlying mechanism of SIRT3 as a critical regulator of cell metabolism and further characterization of the mitochondrial substrates of SIRT3 will deepen our understanding of the role of SIRT3 in tumorigenesis and progression and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for cancer targeting SIRT3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumin Ouyang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiyi Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Lou
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kai Zhu
- Innovation Practice Center, Changchun University of Chinese Medicine, Changchun, China
| | - Zeyu Li
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peiqing Liu
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Zhang
- National-Local Joint Engineering Laboratory of Druggability and New Drug Evaluation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Chiral Molecule and Drug Discovery, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
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5
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Zeidler JD, Hogan KA, Agorrody G, Peclat TR, Kashyap S, Kanamori KS, Gomez LS, Mazdeh DZ, Warner GM, Thompson KL, Chini CCS, Chini EN. The CD38 glycohydrolase and the NAD sink: implications for pathological conditions. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 322:C521-C545. [PMID: 35138178 PMCID: PMC8917930 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00451.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) acts as a cofactor in several oxidation-reduction (redox) reactions and is a substrate for a number of nonredox enzymes. NAD is fundamental to a variety of cellular processes including energy metabolism, cell signaling, and epigenetics. NAD homeostasis appears to be of paramount importance to health span and longevity, and its dysregulation is associated with multiple diseases. NAD metabolism is dynamic and maintained by synthesis and degradation. The enzyme CD38, one of the main NAD-consuming enzymes, is a key component of NAD homeostasis. The majority of CD38 is localized in the plasma membrane with its catalytic domain facing the extracellular environment, likely for the purpose of controlling systemic levels of NAD. Several cell types express CD38, but its expression predominates on endothelial cells and immune cells capable of infiltrating organs and tissues. Here we review potential roles of CD38 in health and disease and postulate ways in which CD38 dysregulation causes changes in NAD homeostasis and contributes to the pathophysiology of multiple conditions. Indeed, in animal models the development of infectious diseases, autoimmune disorders, fibrosis, metabolic diseases, and age-associated diseases including cancer, heart disease, and neurodegeneration are associated with altered CD38 enzymatic activity. Many of these conditions are modified in CD38-deficient mice or by blocking CD38 NADase activity. In diseases in which CD38 appears to play a role, CD38-dependent NAD decline is often a common denominator of pathophysiology. Thus, understanding dysregulation of NAD homeostasis by CD38 may open new avenues for the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julianna D. Zeidler
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Kelly A. Hogan
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Guillermo Agorrody
- 3Departamento de Fisiopatología, Hospital de Clínicas, Montevideo, Uruguay,4Laboratorio de Patologías del Metabolismo y el Envejecimiento, Instituto Pasteur de Montevideo, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Thais R. Peclat
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Sonu Kashyap
- 2Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Karina S. Kanamori
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Lilian Sales Gomez
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Delaram Z. Mazdeh
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Gina M. Warner
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Katie L. Thompson
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Claudia C. S. Chini
- 2Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
| | - Eduardo Nunes Chini
- 1Signal Transduction and Molecular Nutrition Laboratory, Kogod Aging Center, Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, Minnesota,2Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida
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6
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Wang P, Chen D, An JX, Lin SX, Liu T, Li Y, Chen L, He B. Development of a single-step fluorogenic sirtuin assay and its applications for high-throughput screening. Org Biomol Chem 2022; 20:1243-1252. [PMID: 35050299 DOI: 10.1039/d1ob02347k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are a class of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases. Since SIRTs have different subcellular locations and different preferences for deacylation activity, SIRTs are not only highly gaining significance in biological functions but also implications in human diseases. Therefore, it is valuable to establish a high-throughput screening method for the rapid and accurate discovery of SIRT modulators. In this study, we designed and synthesized small molecules 4a-d as fluorogenic probes based on the different lysine substrates of SIRTs, which can be recognized and catalyzed by SIRTs and then spontaneous intramolecular transesterification can give the fluorescence. We have undertaken a comprehensive study of these fluorogenic probes with different SIRTs for assay optimization, validation, kinetics, parameters, and applications of high-throughput screening formats. We envision that these probes will provide useful and powerful tools for the highly efficient discovery of more SIRT inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Di Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Jian-Xiong An
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Shu-Xian Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Ting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Yan Li
- School of Basic Medical Science, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, Guizhou 50004, China
| | - Lei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
| | - Bin He
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Engineering Research Center for the Development and Application of Ethnic Medicine and TCM (Ministry of Education), Guizhou Provincial Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550004, China.
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7
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Vogelmann A, Schiedel M, Wössner N, Merz A, Herp D, Hammelmann S, Colcerasa A, Komaniecki G, Hong JY, Sum M, Metzger E, Neuwirt E, Zhang L, Einsle O, Groß O, Schüle R, Lin H, Sippl W, Jung M. Development of a NanoBRET assay to validate dual inhibitors of Sirt2-mediated lysine deacetylation and defatty-acylation that block prostate cancer cell migration. RSC Chem Biol 2022; 3:468-485. [PMID: 35441145 PMCID: PMC8985159 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00244a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin2 (Sirt2) with its NAD+-dependent deacetylase and defatty-acylase activities plays a central role in the regulation of specific cellular functions. Dysregulation of Sirt2 activity has been associated with the pathogenesis of many diseases, thus making Sirt2 a promising target for pharmaceutical intervention. Herein, we present new high affinity Sirt2 selective Sirtuin-Rearranging Ligands (SirReals) that inhibit both Sirt2-dependent deacetylation and defatty-acylation in vitro and in cells. We show that simultaneous inhibition of both Sirt2 activities results in strongly reduced levels of the oncoprotein c-Myc and an inhibition of cancer cell migration. Furthermore, we describe the development of a NanoBRET-based assay for Sirt2, thereby providing a method to study cellular target engagement for Sirt2 in a straightforward and accurately quantifiable manner. Applying this assay, we could confirm cellular Sirt2 binding of our new Sirt2 inhibitors and correlate their anticancer effects with their cellular target engagement. Sirt2 inhibitors that show simultaneous inhibition of Sirt2 deacetylase and defatty-acylase activity block prostate cancer cell migration and their target engagement is shown by a newly developed NanoBRET assay.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- A Vogelmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - M Schiedel
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Medicinal Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - N Wössner
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - A Merz
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - D Herp
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - S Hammelmann
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - A Colcerasa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - G Komaniecki
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - J Y Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - M Sum
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center Breisacher Strasse 66 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - E Metzger
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center Breisacher Strasse 66 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - E Neuwirt
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg 79106 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Germany
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - L Zhang
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - O Einsle
- Institute of Biochemistry, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - O Groß
- Institute of Neuropathology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg 79106 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Germany
- Center for Basics in NeuroModulation (NeuroModulBasics), Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg 79106 Freiburg Germany
| | - R Schüle
- Department of Urology and Center for Clinical Research, University of Freiburg Medical Center Breisacher Strasse 66 79106 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Germany
| | - H Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University Ithaca NY 14853 USA
| | - W Sippl
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Institute of Pharmacy, University of Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 3 06120 Halle Germany
| | - M Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg Albertstraße 25 79104 Freiburg Germany
- CIBSS - Centre for Integrative Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg Germany
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8
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Roopa, Priya B, Bhalla V, Kumar M, Kumar N. Fluorescent molecular probe-based activity and inhibition monitoring of histone deacetylases. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:11153-11164. [PMID: 34613324 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc04034k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Extensive studies in recent decades have revealed that gene expression regulation is not limited to genetic mutations but also to processes that do not alter the genetic sequence. Post-translational histone modification is one of these processes in addition to DNA or RNA modifications. Histone modifications are essential in controlling histone functions and play a vital role in cellular gene expression. The reversible histone acetylation, regulated by histone acetyltransferases (HATs) and histone deacetylases (HDACs), is an example of such modifications. HDACs are involved in the deacetylation of histones and lead to the termination of gene expression. Although this cellular process is essential, upregulation of HDACs is found in numerous cancers. Therefore, research related to the activity and inhibition monitoring of HDACs is necessary to gain profound knowledge of these enzymes and evaluate the success of the therapeutic approach. In this perspective, methodology derived from fluorescent molecular probes is one of the preferable methods. Herein, we describe fluorescent probes developed to target HDACs by considering their activity and inhibition characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roopa
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IKG-Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India.
| | - Bhanu Priya
- Department of Chemical Sciences, IKG-Punjab Technical University, Kapurthala 144603, Punjab, India.
| | - Vandana Bhalla
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Center of Advanced Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Manoj Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, UGC Center of Advanced Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-143005, Punjab, India
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, SRM University, Delhi-NCR, Sonepat-131029, Haryana, India.
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9
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Roshdy E, Mustafa M, Shaltout AER, Radwan MO, Ibrahim MAA, Soliman ME, Fujita M, Otsuka M, Ali TFS. Selective SIRT2 inhibitors as promising anticancer therapeutics: An update from 2016 to 2020. Eur J Med Chem 2021; 224:113709. [PMID: 34303869 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2021.113709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a member of the human sirtuins, which regulates various biological processes and is deemed as a novel biomarker for different cancers. Depending on the tumor type, SIRT2 knockout leads to a controversial role in tumorigenesis, however, pharmacological inhibition of SIRT2 results exclusively in growth inhibition of various cancer cells. In this respect, selective SIRT2 inhibitors hold therapeutic promise in a wide range of tumors. The literature has a batch of successful stories of SIRT2 modulators discovery. This review presents our perspective on the up-to-date selective SIRT2 inhibitors and their antiproliferative activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eslam Roshdy
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Muhamad Mustafa
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Deraya University, Minia, Egypt.
| | | | - Mohamed O Radwan
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan; Chemistry of Natural Compounds Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division, National Research Centre, Dokki, 12622, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud A A Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E Soliman
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban, 4000, South Africa
| | - Mikako Fujita
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan
| | - Masami Otsuka
- Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan; Department of Drug Discovery, Science Farm Ltd., 1-7-30 Kuhonji, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 862-0976, Japan
| | - Taha F S Ali
- Medicinal Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Minia University, Minia, 61519, Egypt; Medicinal and Biological Chemistry Science Farm Joint Research Laboratory, School of Pharmacy, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 862-0973, Japan.
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10
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Hong JY, Fernandez I, Anmangandla A, Lu X, Bai JJ, Lin H. Pharmacological Advantage of SIRT2-Selective versus pan-SIRT1-3 Inhibitors. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1266-1275. [PMID: 34139124 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Because of their involvement in various biological pathways, the sirtuin enzyme family members SIRT1, SIRT2, and SIRT3 play both tumor-promoting and tumor-suppressing roles, based on the context and experimental conditions. Thus, an interesting question is whether inhibiting one of them or inhibiting all of them would be better for treating cancers. Pharmacologically, this is difficult to address, due in part to potential off-target effects of different compounds. Compounds with almost identical properties but differing in SIRT1-3 selectivity will be useful for addressing this question. Here, we have developed a pan SIRT1-3 inhibitor (NH4-6) and a SIRT2-selective inhibitor (NH4-13) with very similar chemical structures, with the only difference being the substitution of an ester bond to an amide bond. Such a minimal difference allows us to accurately compare the anticancer effect of pan SIRT1-3 inhibition and SIRT2-selective inhibition in cellular and mouse models. NH4-6 showed stronger cytotoxicity than NH4-13 in cancer cell lines. In mice, both inhibitors showed similar anticancer efficacy. However, NH4-6 is toxic to mice, which hinders the use of higher dosages. These results highlight the advantage of SIRT2-selective inhibitors as potential anticancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Irma Fernandez
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca New York 14853, United States
| | - Ananya Anmangandla
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Xuan Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Jessica Jingyi Bai
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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11
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Moreno-Yruela C, Olsen CA. High-throughput screening of histone deacetylases and determination of kinetic parameters using fluorogenic assays. STAR Protoc 2021; 2:100313. [PMID: 33659897 PMCID: PMC7890041 DOI: 10.1016/j.xpro.2021.100313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone deacetylases (HDACs) are ubiquitous enzymes that cleave post-translational ε-N-acyllysine modifications. The continued identification of diverse acyl modifications at lysine residues in proteins has resulted in discovery of new insight into the biological roles of these enzymes. Here, we describe a fluorogenic high-throughput screening protocol to identify deacylase activities. We describe the careful optimization of continuous, coupled enzyme assays, which provide efficient determination of kinetic parameters. These techniques can facilitate inhibitor assay design and provide fundamental understanding of HDAC biochemistry. For complete details on the use and execution of this protocol, please refer to Moreno-Yruela et al. (2018). Histone deacetylases hydrolyze multiple different acyl modifications of lysine Fluorogenic substrates enable high-throughput screening of deacylase activities We develop continuous, coupled enzyme assays by careful optimization Continuous assays allow accurate determination of enzyme kinetic parameters
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Moreno-Yruela
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals and Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 2, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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12
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Nielsen AL, Rajabi N, Kudo N, Lundø K, Moreno-Yruela C, Bæk M, Fontenas M, Lucidi A, Madsen AS, Yoshida M, Olsen CA. Mechanism-based inhibitors of SIRT2: structure-activity relationship, X-ray structures, target engagement, regulation of α-tubulin acetylation and inhibition of breast cancer cell migration. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 2:612-626. [PMID: 34458803 PMCID: PMC8341974 DOI: 10.1039/d0cb00036a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a protein deacylase enzyme that removes acetyl groups and longer chain acyl groups from post-translationally modified lysine residues. It affects diverse biological functions in the cell and has been considered a drug target in relation to both neurodegenerative diseases and cancer. Therefore, access to well-characterized and robust tool compounds is essential for the continued investigation of the complex functions of this enzyme. Here, we report a collection of chemical probes that are potent, selective, stable in serum, water-soluble, and inhibit SIRT2-mediated deacetylation and demyristoylation in cells. Compared to the current landscape of SIRT2 inhibitors, this is a unique ensemble of features built into a single compound. We expect the developed chemotypes to find broad application in the interrogation of SIRT2 functions in both healthy and diseased cells, and to provide a foundation for the development of future therapeutics. Sirtuin 2 (SIRT2) is a protein deacylase enzyme that removes acetyl groups and longer chain acyl groups from post-translationally modified lysine residues. Here, we developed small peptide-based inhibitors of its activity in living cells in culture.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Nielsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Nima Rajabi
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Norio Kudo
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (S13) Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Kathrine Lundø
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Blegdamsvej 3B DK-2200 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Carlos Moreno-Yruela
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Michael Bæk
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Martin Fontenas
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Alessia Lucidi
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Andreas S Madsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Minoru Yoshida
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science (S13) Hirosawa 2-1 Wako Saitama 351-0198 Japan
| | - Christian A Olsen
- Center for Biopharmaceuticals & Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen Universitetsparken 2 DK-2100 Copenhagen Denmark
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13
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Saiyang X, Deng W, Qizhu T. Sirtuin 6: A potential therapeutic target for cardiovascular diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 163:105214. [PMID: 33007414 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are serious diseases endangering human health due to high morbidity and mortality worldwide, and numerous signal molecules are involved in this pathological process. As a member of the Sirtuin family NAD +-dependent deacetylases, indeed, Sirtuin 6 (SIRT6) plays an important role in regulating biological homeostasis, longevity, and various diseases. More importantly, SIRT6 performs as an indispensable role in glucose and lipid metabolism, inflammation and genomic stability for the occurrence and development of various CVDs. Recent advances: among sirtuins, SIRT6 was frequently unveiled thanks for its protective roles against heart failure, cardiovascular remodeling and atherosclerosis, and identified as an essential intervention target of CVDs, bringing SIRT6 into the focus of clinical interest. Herein, we provide an overview of the current molecular mechanism through which SIRT6 regulates CVDs, and we highlight a potential therapeutic target for CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xie Saiyang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China
| | - Wei Deng
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
| | - Tang Qizhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430060, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Metabolic and Chronic Diseases, Wuhan 430060, PR China.
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14
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Dai Q, Zheng Z, Xia F, Liu P, Li M. A one-step specific assay for continuous detection of sirtuin 2 activity. Acta Pharm Sin B 2019; 9:1183-1192. [PMID: 31867164 PMCID: PMC6900550 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 05/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins (SIRTs) are nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent histone deacetylases with diverse physiological functions. A variety of small molecules have been developed to interrogate the physiological function of SIRTs. Therefore, it is desirable to establish efficient and convenient assays to screen SIRTs modulators. In this study, we designed a series of fluorescent nonapeptide probes derived from substrates of SIRT1–SIRT3. Fluorescence increment of these probes is based on SIRT-mediated removal of the acyl side chain with fluorophore, which makes this system free of lysine-recognizing protease. Comparing the reaction of these fluorescent nonapeptide substrates with SIRT1–SIRT3 and SIRT6, it was confirmed that this assessment system was the most suitable for SIRT2 activity detection. Thus, SIRT2 was used to modify substrates by truncating the amino acids or lysine side chain of nonapeptide. Finally, two specific and efficient fluorescent probes for SIRT2, ne-D9 and ne-K4a, were developed. Evaluation of the results revealed that ne-K4a based assay was more suitable for modulators screening in vitro, while the other specific substrate ne-D9 was stable in cell lysate and could detect the activity of SIRT2 in the same. In summary, this study presents a novel strategy for detecting SIRT2 activity in vitro and in cell lysate.
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15
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Martins VF, Begur M, Lakkaraju S, Svensson K, Park J, Hetrick B, McCurdy CE, Schenk S. Acute inhibition of protein deacetylases does not impact skeletal muscle insulin action. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C964-C968. [PMID: 31461343 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00159.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Whether the histone deacetylase (HDAC) and sirtuin families of protein deacetylases regulate insulin-stimulated glucose uptake, independent of their transcriptional effects, has not been studied. Our objective was to determine the nontranscriptional role of HDACs and sirtuins in regulation of skeletal muscle insulin action. Basal and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake and signaling and acetylation were assessed in L6 myotubes and skeletal muscle from C57BL/6J mice that were treated acutely (1 h) with HDAC (trichostatin A, panobinostat, TMP195) and sirtuin inhibitors (nicotinamide). Treatment of L6 myotubes with HDAC inhibitors or skeletal muscle with a combination of HDAC and sirtuin inhibitors increased tubulin and pan-protein acetylation, demonstrating effective impairment of HDAC and sirtuin deacetylase activities. Despite this, neither basal nor insulin-stimulated glucose uptake or insulin signaling was impacted. Acute reduction of the deacetylase activity of HDACs and/or sirtuins does not impact insulin action in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitor F Martins
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Maedha Begur
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Shivani Lakkaraju
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Kristoffer Svensson
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Ji Park
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Byron Hetrick
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Carrie E McCurdy
- Department of Human Physiology, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon
| | - Simon Schenk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.,Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California
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16
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Swyter S, Schiedel M, Monaldi D, Szunyogh S, Lehotzky A, Rumpf T, Ovádi J, Sippl W, Jung M. New chemical tools for probing activity and inhibition of the NAD +-dependent lysine deacylase sirtuin 2. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2019; 373:rstb.2017.0083. [PMID: 29685963 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2017.0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Sirtuins are NAD+-dependent protein deacylases capable of cleaving off acetyl as well as other acyl groups from the ɛ-amino group of lysines in histones and other substrate proteins. They have been reported as promising drug targets, and thus modulators of their activity are needed as molecular tools to uncover their biological function and as potential therapeutics. Here, we present new assay formats that complement existing assays for sirtuin biochemistry and cellular target engagement. Firstly, we report the development of a homogeneous fluorescence-based activity assay using unlabelled acylated peptides. Upon deacylation, the free lysine residue reacts with fluorescamine to form a fluorophore. Secondly, using click chemistry with a TAMRA-azide on a propargylated sirtuin inhibitor, we prepared the first fluorescently labelled small-molecule inhibitor of Sirt2. This is used in a binding assay, which is based on fluorescence polarization. We used it successfully to map potential inhibitor-binding sites and also to show cellular Sirt2 engagement. By means of these new assays, we were able to identify and characterize novel Sirt2 inhibitors out of a focused library screen. The binding of the identified Sirt2 inhibitors was rationalized by molecular docking studies. These new chemical tools thus can enhance further sirtuin research.This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Frontiers in epigenetic chemical biology'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sören Swyter
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Matthias Schiedel
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Daria Monaldi
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Sándor Szunyogh
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Attila Lehotzky
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tobias Rumpf
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Department of Chromatin Regulation, Max-Planck-Institute of Immunobiology and Epigenetics, Stübeweg 51, 79108 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Judit Ovádi
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar Tudósok körútja 2, 1117, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Wolfgang Sippl
- Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Straße 4, 06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Manfred Jung
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany .,Freiburg Institute of Advanced Studies (FRIAS), University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 19, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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17
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A Novel Substrate Radiotracer for Molecular Imaging of SIRT2 Expression and Activity with Positron Emission Tomography. Mol Imaging Biol 2019; 20:594-604. [PMID: 29423902 PMCID: PMC6816246 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-017-1149-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to develop a SIRT2-specific substrate-type radiotracer for non-invasive PET imaging of epigenetic regulatory processes mediated by SIRT2 in normal and disease tissues. PROCEDURES A library of compounds containing tert-butyloxycarbonyl-lysine-aminomethylcoumarin backbone was derivatized with fluoroalkyl chains 3-16 carbons in length. SIRT2 most efficiently cleaved the myristoyl, followed by 12-fluorododecanoic and 10-fluorodecanoic groups (Kcat/Km 716.5 ± 72.8, 615.4 ± 50.5, 269.5 ± 52.1/s mol, respectively). Radiosynthesis of 12- [18F]fluorododecanoic aminohexanoicanilide (12-[18F]DDAHA) was achieved by nucleophilic radiofluorination of 12-iododecanoic-AHA precursor. RESULTS A significantly higher accumulation of 12-[18F]DDAHA was observed in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-435 cells in vitro as compared to U87, MiaPaCa, and MCF10A, which was consistent with levels of SIRT2 expression. Initial in vivo studies using 12-[18F]DDAHA conducted in a 9L glioma-bearing rats were discouraging, due to rapid defluorination of this radiotracer upon intravenous administration, as evidenced by significant accumulation of F-18 radioactivity in the skull and other bones, which confounded the interpretation of images of radiotracer accumulation within the tumor and other regions of the brain. CONCLUSIONS The next generation of SIRT2-specific radiotracers resistant to systemic defluorination should be developed using alternative sites of radiofluorination on the aliphatic chain of DDAHA. A SIRT2-selective radiotracer may provide information about SIRT2 expression and activity in tumors and normal organs and tissues, which may help to better understand the roles of SIRT2 in different diseases.
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18
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Chen D, Yan L, Zheng W. Cyclic Peptide-Based Sirtuin Substrates. Molecules 2019; 24:E424. [PMID: 30682801 PMCID: PMC6384901 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24030424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current study, four side chain-to-side chain cyclic peptides (three 5-mers and one 4-mer) harboring Nε-acetyl-lysine or Nε-myristoyl-lysine were found to be in vitro substrates of the human SIRT1/2/3-catalyzed deacylation with good substrate activities, as judged by the kcat/KM ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Lingling Yan
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
| | - Weiping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, China.
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19
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Young Hong J, Cao J, Lin H. Fluorogenic Assays for the Defatty-Acylase Activity of Sirtuins. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2009:129-136. [PMID: 31152400 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9532-5_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Sirtuins are type III histone deacetylases (HDAC) that uses nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide as cosubstrate. Dysfunction of sirtuins is implicated in wide varieties of human diseases. As such, there has been increased interest in the development of small molecule to modulate sirtuin activities. Besides deacetylase activity, recent studies suggest SIRT1, 2, 3, and 6 efficiently remove fatty acyl groups on lysine. In vitro sirtuin enzymatic activity assays established so far are mainly based on the deacetylation activity. Here, we describe a fluorogenic assay for monitoring defatty-acylase activity of SIRT1, 2, 3 and 6 using peptide substrates. This assay can be utilized to evaluate sirtuin modulators in high-throughput manners.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Young Hong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ji Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Hening Lin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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20
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Rooker DR, Klyubka Y, Gautam R, Tomat E, Buccella D. Peptide-Based Fluorescent Probes for Deacetylase and Decrotonylase Activity: Toward a General Platform for Real-Time Detection of Lysine Deacylation. Chembiochem 2018; 19:496-504. [PMID: 29235227 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201700582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Histone deacetylases regulate the acetylation levels of numerous proteins and play key roles in physiological processes and disease states. In addition to acetyl groups, deacetylases can remove other acyl modifications on lysines, the roles and regulation of which are far less understood. A peptide-based fluorescent probe for single-reagent, real-time detection of deacetylase activity that can be readily adapted for probing broader lysine deacylation, including decrotonylation, is reported. Following cleavage of the lysine modification, the probe undergoes rapid intramolecular imine formation that results in marked optical changes, thus enabling convenient detection of deacylase activity with good statistical Z' factors for both absorption and fluorescence modalities. The peptide-based design offers broader isozyme scope than that of small-molecule analogues, and is suitable for probing both metal- and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ )-dependent deacetylases. With an effective sirtuin activity assay in hand, it is demonstrated that iron chelation by Sirtinol, a commonly employed sirtuin inhibitor, results in an enhancement in the inhibitory activity of the compound that may affect its performance in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra R Rooker
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Yuliya Klyubka
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
| | - Ritika Gautam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Elisa Tomat
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, 85721, USA
| | - Daniela Buccella
- Department of Chemistry, New York University, New York, NY, 10003, USA
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21
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Toro TB, Bryant JR, Watt TJ. Lysine Deacetylases Exhibit Distinct Changes in Activity Profiles Due to Fluorophore Conjugation of Substrates. Biochemistry 2017; 56:4549-4558. [PMID: 28749131 PMCID: PMC5937523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.7b00270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Lysine deacetylases (KDACs) are enzymes that reverse the post-translational modification of lysine acetylation. Thousands of potential substrates, acetylated protein sequences, have been identified in mammalian cells. Properly regulated acetylation and deacetylation have been linked to many biological processes, while aberrant KDAC activity has also been linked to numerous diseases. Commercially available peptide substrates that are conjugated to fluorescent dye molecules, such as 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin (AMC), are commonly used to monitor deacetylation in studies addressing both substrate specificity and small molecule modulators of activity. Here, we have compared the activity of several KDACs, representing all major classes of KDACs, with substrates in the presence and absence of AMC as well as peptides for which tryptophan has been substituted for AMC. Our results unequivocally demonstrate that AMC has a significant effect on activity for all KDACs tested. Furthermore, in neither the nature of the effect nor the magnitude is consistent across KDACs, making it impossible to predict the effect of AMC on a particular enzyme-substrate pair. AMC did not affect acetyllysine preference in a multiply acetylated substrate. In contrast, AMC significantly enhanced KDAC6 substrate affinity, greatly reduced Sirt1 activity, eliminated the substrate sequence specificity of KDAC4, and had no consistent effect with KDAC8 substrates. These results indicate that profiling of KDAC activity with labeled peptides is unlikely to produce biologically relevant data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasha B. Toro
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1098, United States
| | - Jenae R. Bryant
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1098, United States
| | - Terry J. Watt
- Department of Chemistry, Xavier University of Louisiana, New Orleans, Louisiana 70125-1098, United States
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22
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Wang J, Zang W, Liu J, Zheng W. Bivalent SIRT1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:180-186. [PMID: 27964881 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.11.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, bivalent compounds 1-17 constructed by covalently linking the ɛ-amino group of lysine in a tripeptidic scaffold to a functionality via a linker were prepared and examined for their inhibitory potencies against SIRT1, a prototypical member of the β-nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (β-NAD+)-dependent sirtuin family of protein Nε-acyl-lysine deacylases. A few of them were found to be stronger SIRT1 inhibitors than the Nɛ-acetyl-lysine-containing monovalent counterparts 18 and 19. As exemplified with compounds 6 and 18, a bivalent SIRT1 inhibitor could exhibit a greater degree of inhibitory selectivity among SIRT1/2/3 than the corresponding monovalent counterpart. This study has laid a foundation for the future development of superior bivalent inhibitors against the (patho)physiologically and therapeutically important sirtuin family of deacylase enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Wenwen Zang
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Weiping Zheng
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, 301 Xuefu Road, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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Madsen AS, Andersen C, Daoud M, Anderson KA, Laursen JS, Chakladar S, Huynh FK, Colaço AR, Backos DS, Fristrup P, Hirschey MD, Olsen CA. Investigating the Sensitivity of NAD+-dependent Sirtuin Deacylation Activities to NADH. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:7128-41. [PMID: 26861872 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein lysine posttranslational modification by an increasing number of different acyl groups is becoming appreciated as a regulatory mechanism in cellular biology. Sirtuins are class III histone deacylases that use NAD(+)as a co-substrate during amide bond hydrolysis. Several studies have described the sirtuins as sensors of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio, but it has not been formally tested for all the mammalian sirtuinsin vitro To address this problem, we first synthesized a wide variety of peptide-based probes, which were used to identify the range of hydrolytic activities of human sirtuins. These probes included aliphatic ϵ-N-acyllysine modifications with hydrocarbon lengths ranging from formyl (C1) to palmitoyl (C16) as well as negatively charged dicarboxyl-derived modifications. In addition to the well established activities of the sirtuins, "long chain" acyllysine modifications were also shown to be prone to hydrolytic cleavage by SIRT1-3 and SIRT6, supporting recent findings. We then tested the ability of NADH, ADP-ribose, and nicotinamide to inhibit these NAD(+)-dependent deacylase activities of the sirtuins. In the commonly used 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-coupled fluorescence-based assay, the fluorophore has significant spectral overlap with NADH and therefore cannot be used to measure inhibition by NADH. Therefore, we turned to an HPLC-MS-based assay to directly monitor the conversion of acylated peptides to their deacylated forms. All tested sirtuin deacylase activities showed sensitivity to NADH in this assay. However, the inhibitory concentrations of NADH in these assays are far greater than the predicted concentrations of NADH in cells; therefore, our data indicate that NADH is unlikely to inhibit sirtuinsin vivo These data suggest a re-evaluation of the sirtuins as direct sensors of the NAD(+)/NADH ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas S Madsen
- From the Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,
| | - Christian Andersen
- the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Daoud
- the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Kristin A Anderson
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, and
| | - Jonas S Laursen
- From the Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Saswati Chakladar
- From the Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Frank K Huynh
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, and
| | - Ana R Colaço
- the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Donald S Backos
- the Computational Chemistry and Biology Core Facility, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado 80045
| | - Peter Fristrup
- the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Matthew D Hirschey
- the Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27701, and
| | - Christian A Olsen
- From the Center for Biopharmaceuticals, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark, the Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark,
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