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Zhang H, Liu Y, Ran G, Li H, Zhang W, Cheng P, Bo Z. Sequentially Processed Bulk-Heterojunction-Buried Structure for Efficient Organic Solar Cells with 500 nm Thickness. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2400521. [PMID: 38477468 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202400521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Large-area printing fabrication is a distinctive feature of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the advance of upscalable fabrication is challenged by the thickness of organic active layers considering the importance of both exciton dissociation and charge collection. In this work, a bulk-heterojunction-buried (buried-BHJ) structure is introduced by sequential deposition to realize efficient exciton dissociation and charge collection, thereby contributing to efficient OSCs with 500 nm thick active layers. The buried-BHJ distributes donor and acceptor phases in the vertical direction as charge transport channels, while numerous BHJ interfaces are buried in each phase to facilitate exciton dissociation simultaneously. It is found that buried-BHJ configurations possess efficient exciton dissociation and rapid charge transport, resulting in reduced recombination losses. In comparison with traditional structures, the buried-BHJ structure displays a decent tolerance to film thickness. In particular, a power conversion efficiency of 16.0% is achieved with active layers at a thickness of 500 nm. To the best of the authors' knowledge, this represents the champion efficiency of thick film OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huarui Zhang
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuqiang Liu
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Guangliu Ran
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Hongxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Wenkai Zhang
- Department of Physics and Applied Optics Beijing Area Major Laboratory, Center for Advanced Quantum Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Pei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Polymer Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Zhishan Bo
- College of Textiles and Clothing, State Key Laboratory of Bio-fibers and Eco-textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Energy Conversion and Storage Materials, College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
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2
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Yang X, Shao Y, Wang S, Chen M, Xiao B, Sun R, Min J. Processability Considerations for Next-Generation Organic Photovoltaic Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023:e2307863. [PMID: 38048536 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The evolution of organic semiconductors for organic photovoltaics (OPVs) has resulted in unforeseen outcomes. This has provided substitute choices of photoactive layer materials, which effectively convert sunlight into electricity. Recently developed OPV materials have narrowed down the gaps in efficiency, stability, and cost in devices. Records now show power conversion efficiency in single-junction devices closing to 20%. Despite this, there is still a gap between the currently developed OPV materials and those that meet the requirements of practical applications, especially the solution processability issue widely concerned in the field of OPVs. Based on the general rule that structure determines properties, methodologies to enhance the processability of OPV materials are reviewed and explored from the perspective of material design and views on the further development of processable OPV materials are presented. Considering the current dilemma that the existing evaluation indicators cannot reflect the industrial processability of OPV materials, a more complete set of key performance indicators are proposed for their processability considerations. The purpose of this perspective is to raise awareness of the boundary conditions that exist in industrial OPV manufacturing and to provide guidance for academic research that aspires to contribute to technological advancements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinrong Yang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Yiming Shao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Mingxia Chen
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Bo Xiao
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Rui Sun
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
| | - Jie Min
- The Institute for Advanced Studies, Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430072, China
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3
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Camaioni N, Carbonera C, Ciammaruchi L, Corso G, Mwaura J, Po R, Tinti F. Polymer Solar Cells with Active Layer Thickness Compatible with Scalable Fabrication Processes: A Meta-Analysis. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2210146. [PMID: 36609981 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202210146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPV) has been considered for a long time a promising emerging solar technology. Currently, however, market shares of OPV are practically non-existent. A detailed meta-analysis of the literature published until mid-2021 is presented, focusing on one of the remaining issues that need to be addressed to translate the recent remarkable progress, obtained in devices' performance at lab-scale level, into the requirements able to boost the manufacturing-scale production. Namely, the active layer's thickness is referred to, which, together with device efficiency and stability, represents one of the biggest challenges of this technological research field. Papers describing solar cells containing non-fullerene acceptor (NFA) binary and ternary blends, as well as NFA plus fullerene acceptor (FA) ternary blends are reviewed. The common ground of all analyzed devices is their high-thickness active layers, compatible with large-area deposition techniques. By defining a new figure of merit to discuss the OPV thickness (thickness tolerance, TT), it is found that this parameter is not affected by the chemical family's nature of the active blend components. On the other hand, the analysis suggests that there are promising strategies to improve the TT, which are discussed in the conclusion section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Camaioni
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
| | - Chiara Carbonera
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Laura Ciammaruchi
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Gianni Corso
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Jeremiah Mwaura
- Research Laboratory of Electronics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Riccardo Po
- New Energies, Renewable Energies and Material Science Research Center, Eni S.p.A., Via G. Fauser 4, Novara, 28100, Italy
| | - Francesca Tinti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività (ISOF), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), Via P. Gobetti 101, Bologna, 40129, Italy
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4
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Ho CHY, Pei Y, Qin Y, Zhang C, Peng Z, Angunawela I, Jones AL, Yin H, Iqbal HF, Reynolds JR, Gundogdu K, Ade H, So SK, So F. Importance of Electric-Field-Independent Mobilities in Thick-Film Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:47961-47970. [PMID: 36218301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c11265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In organic solar cells (OSCs), a thick active layer usually yields a higher photocurrent with broader optical absorption than a thin active layer. In fact, a ∼300 nm thick active layer is more compatible with large-area processing methods and theoretically should be a better spot for efficiency optimization. However, the bottleneck of developing high-efficiency thick-film OSCs is the loss in fill factor (FF). The origin of the FF loss is not clearly understood, and there a direct method to identify photoactive materials for high-efficiency thick-film OSCs is lacking. Here, we demonstrate that the mobility field-dependent coefficient is an important parameter directly determining the FF loss in thick-film OSCs. Simulation results based on the drift-diffusion model reveal that a mobility field-dependent coefficient smaller than 10-3 (V/cm)-1/2 is required to maintain a good FF in thick-film devices. To confirm our simulation results, we studied the performance of two ternary bulk heterojunction (BHJ) blends, PTQ10:N3:PC71BM and PM6:N3:PC71BM. We found that the PTQ10 blend film has weaker field-dependent mobilities, giving rise to a more balanced electron-hole transport at low fields. While both the PM6 blend and PTQ10 blend yield good performance in thin-film devices (∼100 nm), only the PTQ10 blend can retain a FF = 74% with an active layer thickness of up to 300 nm. Combining the benefits of a higher JSC in thick-film devices, we achieved a PCE of 16.8% in a 300 nm thick PTQ10:N3:PC71BM OSC. Such a high FF in the thick-film PTQ10 blend is also consistent with the observation of lower charge recombination from light-intensity-dependent measurements and lower energetic disorder observed in photothermal deflection spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carr Hoi Yi Ho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Yusen Pei
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Yunpeng Qin
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Chujun Zhang
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Indunil Angunawela
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Austin L Jones
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Hang Yin
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamna F Iqbal
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - John R Reynolds
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry School of Materials Science and Engineering Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics, Georgia Tech Polymer Network, Georgia Institute of TechnologyAtlanta, Georgia30332, United States
| | - Kenan Gundogdu
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Harald Ade
- Department of Physics, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL)North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
| | - Shu Kong So
- Department of Physics and Institute of Advanced Materials, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Franky So
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University Raleigh, Raleigh, North Carolina27695, United States
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5
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Zhang G, Lin FR, Qi F, Heumüller T, Distler A, Egelhaaf HJ, Li N, Chow PCY, Brabec CJ, Jen AKY, Yip HL. Renewed Prospects for Organic Photovoltaics. Chem Rev 2022; 122:14180-14274. [PMID: 35929847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Organic photovoltaics (OPVs) have progressed steadily through three stages of photoactive materials development: (i) use of poly(3-hexylthiophene) and fullerene-based acceptors (FAs) for optimizing bulk heterojunctions; (ii) development of new donors to better match with FAs; (iii) development of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). The development and application of NFAs with an A-D-A configuration (where A = acceptor and D = donor) has enabled devices to have efficient charge generation and small energy losses (Eloss < 0.6 eV), resulting in substantially higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) than FA-based devices. The discovery of Y6-type acceptors (Y6 = 2,2'-((2Z,2'Z)-((12,13-bis(2-ethylhexyl)-3,9-diundecyl-12,13-dihydro-[1,2,5]-thiadiazolo[3,4-e]-thieno[2″,3″:4',5']thieno-[2',3':4,5]pyrrolo-[3,2-g]thieno-[2',3':4,5]thieno-[3,2-b]indole-2,10-diyl)bis(methanylylidene))bis(5,6-difluoro-3-oxo-2,3-dihydro-1H-indene-2,1-diylidene))dimalononitrile) with an A-DA' D-A configuration has further propelled the PCEs to go beyond 15% due to smaller Eloss values (∼0.5 eV) and higher external quantum efficiencies. Subsequently, the PCEs of Y6-series single-junction devices have increased to >19% and may soon approach 20%. This review provides an update of recent progress of OPV in the following aspects: developments of novel NFAs and donors, understanding of the structure-property relationships and underlying mechanisms of state-of-the-art OPVs, and tasks underpinning the commercialization of OPVs, such as device stability, module development, potential applications, and high-throughput manufacturing. Finally, an outlook and prospects section summarizes the remaining challenges for the further development of OPV technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,School of Semiconductor Science and Technology, South China Normal University, Foshan 528225, China
| | - Francis R Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Qi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Thomas Heumüller
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Distler
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Egelhaaf
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Philip C Y Chow
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Christoph J Brabec
- Institute of Materials for Electronics and Energy Technology (i-MEET), Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Martensstrasse 7, 91058 Erlangen, Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg (HI ERN), Immerwahrstrasse 2, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alex K-Y Jen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China.,Hong Kong Institute for Clean Energy, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 999077, Hong Kong, China
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6
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Taskaya Aslan S, Alemdar Yılmaz E, Hacıefendioğlu T, Arslan Udum Y, Toppare L, Yıldırım E, Cirpan A. Investigation the effect of π bridge and side chain on photovoltaic properties of benzodithiophene and quinoxaline based conjugated polymers. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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7
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Zhao H, Lin B, Xue J, Naveed HB, Zhao C, Zhou X, Zhou K, Wu H, Cai Y, Yun D, Tang Z, Ma W. Kinetics Manipulation Enables High-Performance Thick Ternary Organic Solar Cells via R2R-Compatible Slot-Die Coating. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2105114. [PMID: 34847252 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Revised: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Power conversion efficiency (PCE) of organic solar cells (OSCs) has crossed the 18% mark for OSCs, which are largely fabricated by spin-coating, and the optimal photoactive thickness is limited to 100 nm. To increase reproducibility of results with industrial roll-to-roll (R2R) processing, slot-die coating coupled with a ternary strategy for optimal performance of large-area, thick OSCs is used. Based on miscibility differences, a highly crystalline molecule, BTR-Cl, is incorporated, and the phase-separation kinetics of the D18:Y6 film is regulated. BTR-Cl provides an early liquid-liquid phase separation and early aggregation of Y6, which slightly improves the molecular crystallinity and vertical phase separation of the ternary blends, resulting in high PCEs of 17.2% and 15.5% for photoactive films with thicknesses of 110 and 300 nm, respectively. The ternary design strategy for large-area and thick films is further used to fabricate high-efficiency flexible devices, which promises reproducibility of the lab results from slot-die coating to industrial R2R manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Baojun Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Jingwei Xue
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hafiz Bilal Naveed
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaobo Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Ke Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hongbo Wu
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Yuhang Cai
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Daqin Yun
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Zheng Tang
- Center for Advanced Low-Dimension Materials, State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
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8
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Anrango-Camacho C, Pavón-Ipiales K, Frontana-Uribe BA, Palma-Cando A. Recent Advances in Hole-Transporting Layers for Organic Solar Cells. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:443. [PMID: 35159788 PMCID: PMC8840354 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Global energy demand is increasing; thus, emerging renewable energy sources, such as organic solar cells (OSCs), are fundamental to mitigate the negative effects of fuel consumption. Within OSC's advancements, the development of efficient and stable interface materials is essential to achieve high performance, long-term stability, low costs, and broader applicability. Inorganic and nanocarbon-based materials show a suitable work function, tunable optical/electronic properties, stability to the presence of moisture, and facile solution processing, while organic conducting polymers and small molecules have some advantages such as fast and low-cost production, solution process, low energy payback time, light weight, and less adverse environmental impact, making them attractive as hole transporting layers (HTLs) for OSCs. This review looked at the recent progress in metal oxides, metal sulfides, nanocarbon materials, conducting polymers, and small organic molecules as HTLs in OSCs over the past five years. The endeavors in research and technology have optimized the preparation and deposition methods of HTLs. Strategies of doping, composite/hybrid formation, and modifications have also tuned the optical/electrical properties of these materials as HTLs to obtain efficient and stable OSCs. We highlighted the impact of structure, composition, and processing conditions of inorganic and organic materials as HTLs in conventional and inverted OSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinthya Anrango-Camacho
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
| | - Karla Pavón-Ipiales
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
| | - Bernardo A. Frontana-Uribe
- Centro Conjunto de Investigación en Química Sustentable UAEMex-UNAM, Carretera Toluca Atlacomulco, Km 14.5, Toluca 50200, Mexico;
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Exterior, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico
| | - Alex Palma-Cando
- Grupo de Investigación Aplicada en Materiales y Procesos (GIAMP), School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Yachay Tech University, Hda. San José s/n y Proyecto Yachay, Urcuqui 100119, Ecuador; (C.A.-C.); (K.P.-I.)
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9
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Beuel S, Hartnagel P, Kirchartz T. The Influence of Photo‐Induced Space Charge and Energetic Disorder on the Indoor and Outdoor Performance of Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED THEORY AND SIMULATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/adts.202000319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Beuel
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE University of Duisburg‐Essen Carl‐Benz‐Str. 199 Duisburg 47057 Germany
| | - Paula Hartnagel
- IEK5‐Photovoltaik Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich 52425 Germany
| | - Thomas Kirchartz
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE University of Duisburg‐Essen Carl‐Benz‐Str. 199 Duisburg 47057 Germany
- IEK5‐Photovoltaik Forschungszentrum Jülich Jülich 52425 Germany
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10
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Park S, Kim T, Yoon S, Koh CW, Woo HY, Son HJ. Progress in Materials, Solution Processes, and Long-Term Stability for Large-Area Organic Photovoltaics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002217. [PMID: 33020976 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic solar cells based on bulk heterojunctions (BHJs) are attractive energy-conversion devices that can generate electricity from absorbed sunlight by dissociating excitons and collecting charge carriers. Recent breakthroughs attained by development of nonfullerene acceptors result in significant enhancement in power conversion efficiency (PCEs) exceeding 17%. However, most of researches have focused on pursuing high efficiency of small-area (<1 cm2 ) unit cells fabricated usually with spin coating. For practical application of organic photovoltaics (OPVs) from lab-scale unit cells to industrial products, it is essential to develop efficient technologies that can extend active area of devices with minimized loss of performance and ensured operational stability. In this progress report, an overview of recent advancements in materials and processing technologies is provided for transitioning from small-area laboratory-scale devices to large-area industrial scale modules. First, development of materials that satisfy requirements of high tolerability in active layer thickness and large-area adaptability is introduced. Second, morphology control using various coating techniques in a large active area is discussed. Third, the recent research progress is also underlined for understanding mechanisms of OPV degradation and studies for improving device long-term stability along with reliable evaluation procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungmin Park
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehee Kim
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongwon Yoon
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Woo Koh
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Han Young Woo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Son
- Advanced Photovoltaics Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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11
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Ma L, Zhang S, Wang J, Xu Y, Hou J. Recent advances in non-fullerene organic solar cells: from lab to fab. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:14337-14352. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc05528j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The key factors for OSC materials toward application mainly include high performance, thickness tolerance, low cost, simple fabrication processing, high stability, and an environmentally-friendly nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiao Ma
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Shaoqing Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Biology Engineering
- University of Science and Technology Beijing
- Beijing 100083
- P. R. China
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Ye Xu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
| | - Jianhui Hou
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- CAS Research/Education Center for Excellence in Molecular Sciences
- Institute of Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
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12
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Meng B, Liu J, Wang L. Oligo(ethylene glycol) as side chains of conjugated polymers for optoelectronic applications. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01469a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Except hydrophobic alkyl side chains, hydrophilic oligo(ethylene glycol) (OEG) has also been used as side chains of conjugated polymers and endow the resulting polymers with interesting properties and excellent opto-electronic device performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
| | - Lixiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Changchun 130022
- P. R. China
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13
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Recent advances in molecular design of functional conjugated polymers for high-performance polymer solar cells. Prog Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2019.101175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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14
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Wu J, Luke J, Lee HKH, Shakya Tuladhar P, Cha H, Jang SY, Tsoi WC, Heeney M, Kang H, Lee K, Kirchartz T, Kim JS, Durrant JR. Tail state limited photocurrent collection of thick photoactive layers in organic solar cells. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5159. [PMID: 31727897 PMCID: PMC6856365 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-12951-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We analyse organic solar cells with four different photoactive blends exhibiting differing dependencies of short-circuit current upon photoactive layer thickness. These blends and devices are analysed by transient optoelectronic techniques of carrier kinetics and densities, air photoemission spectroscopy of material energetics, Kelvin probe measurements of work function, Mott-Schottky analyses of apparent doping density and by device modelling. We conclude that, for the device series studied, the photocurrent loss with thick active layers is primarily associated with the accumulation of photo-generated charge carriers in intra-bandgap tail states. This charge accumulation screens the device internal electrical field, preventing efficient charge collection. Purification of one studied donor polymer is observed to reduce tail state distribution and density and increase the maximal photoactive thickness for efficient operation. Our work suggests that selecting organic photoactive layers with a narrow distribution of tail states is a key requirement for the fabrication of efficient, high photocurrent, thick organic solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Wu
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Joel Luke
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Harrison Ka Hin Lee
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Pabitra Shakya Tuladhar
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Hyojung Cha
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Soo-Young Jang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Wing Chung Tsoi
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Martin Heeney
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK
| | - Hongkyu Kang
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kwanghee Lee
- Research Institute for Solar and Sustainable Energies, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju, 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Thomas Kirchartz
- IEK5-Photovoltaik, Forschungszentrum Jülich, 52425, Jülich, Germany.
- Faculty of Engineering and CENIDE, University of Duisburg-Essen, Carl-Benz-Strasse 199, 47057, Duisburg, Germany.
| | - Ji-Seon Kim
- Department of Physics and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - James R Durrant
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Plastic Electronics, Imperial College London, London, W12 0BZ, UK.
- SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Bay Campus, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK.
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15
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Wang G, Adil MA, Zhang J, Wei Z. Large-Area Organic Solar Cells: Material Requirements, Modular Designs, and Printing Methods. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1805089. [PMID: 30506830 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201805089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2018] [Revised: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The printing of large-area organic solar cells (OSCs) has become a frontier for organic electronics and is also regarded as a critical step in their industrial applications. With the rapid progress in the field of OSCs, the highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) for small-area devices is approaching 15%, whereas the PCE for large-area devices has also surpassed 10% in a single cell with an area of ≈1 cm2 . Here, the progress of this fast developing area is reviewed, mainly focusing on: 1) material requirements (materials that are able to form efficient thick active layer films for large-area printing); 2) modular designs (effective designs that can suppress electrical, geometric, optical, and additional losses, leading to a reduction in the PCE of the devices, as a consequence of substrate area expansion); and 3) printing methods (various scalable fabrication techniques that are employed for large-area fabrication, including knife coating, slot-die coating, screen printing, inkjet printing, gravure printing, flexographic printing, pad printing, and brush coating). By combining thick-film material systems with efficient modular designs exhibiting low-efficiency losses and employing the right printing methods, the fabrication of large-area OSCs will be successfully realized in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Adil
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianqi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixiang Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Nanosystem and Hierarchical Fabrication, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
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16
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Meng X, Zhang L, Xie Y, Hu X, Xing Z, Huang Z, Liu C, Tan L, Zhou W, Sun Y, Ma W, Chen Y. A General Approach for Lab-to-Manufacturing Translation on Flexible Organic Solar Cells. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1903649. [PMID: 31423693 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201903649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The blossoming of organic solar cells (OSCs) has triggered enormous commercial applications, due to their high-efficiency, light weight, and flexibility. However, the lab-to-manufacturing translation of the praisable performance from lab-scale devices to industrial-scale modules is still the Achilles' heel of OSCs. In fact, it is urgent to explore the mechanism of morphological evolution in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) with different coating/printing methods. Here, a general approach to upscale flexible organic photovoltaics to module scale without obvious efficiency loss is demonstrated. The shear impulse during the coating/printing process is first applied to control the morphology evolution of the BHJ layer for both fullerene and nonfullerene acceptor systems. A quantitative transformation factor of shear impulse between slot-die printing and spin-coating is detected. Compelling results of morphological evolution, molecular stacking, and coarse-grained molecular simulation verify the validity of the impulse translation. Accordingly, the efficiency of flexible devices via slot-die printing achieves 9.10% for PTB7-Th:PC71 BM and 9.77% for PBDB-T:ITIC based on 1.04 cm2 . Furthermore, 15 cm2 flexible modules with effective efficiency up to 7.58% (PTB7-Th:PC71 BM) and 8.90% (PBDB-T:ITIC) are demonstrated with satisfying mechanical flexibility and operating stability. More importantly, this work outlines the shear impulse translation for organic printing electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchuan Meng
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Lin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yuanpeng Xie
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Xiaotian Hu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zhi Xing
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Zengqi Huang
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Cong Liu
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Licheng Tan
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Weihua Zhou
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
| | - Yanming Sun
- School of Chemistry, Beihang University, 37 Xueyuan Road, Beijing, 100191, China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, 28 Xianning West Road, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yiwang Chen
- College of Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Polymers and Energy Chemistry, Nanchang University, 999 Xuefu Avenue, Nanchang, 330031, China
- Institute of Advanced Scientific Research (iASR), Jiangxi Normal University, 99 Ziyang Avenue, Nanchang, 330022, China
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17
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Kang Q, Liao Q, Xu Y, Xu L, Zu Y, Li S, Xu B, Hou J. p-Doped Conducting Polyelectrolyte as an Anode Interlayer Enables High Efficiency for 1 cm 2 Printed Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:20205-20213. [PMID: 31083969 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Manufacturing large-area devices through a low-cost and large batch printing technique is the key to the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, the lack of printable anode interlayer (AIL) materials severely impedes the development of high-efficiency printed OSCs. Herein, we synthesize three p-type self-doped conjugated polyelectrolytes (CPEs), namely, PCP-B, PCP-2B, and PCP-3B, as printable AIL materials for fabricating high-performance and large-area OSCs. By increasing the number of benzene units in the polymer backbone, the work function of the CPEs was enhanced from 4.57 to 5.01 eV, and the optical transparency was also improved because of the enlarged polymer band gap. The improved photoelectronic properties as well as a good film-forming capacity make the PCP-3B an ideal AIL material to be processed by the printing technique. By using PCP-3B, a 1 cm2 printed device was fabricated in which all the functional layers, including the AIL, active layer, and cathode interlayer were processed by blade-coating, achieving a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 9.67%. The PCE belongs to the highest efficiency at present for printable large-area OSCs, showing a promising prospect for the OSC mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Kang
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , Jilin 130024 , P. R. China
| | - Qing Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Ye Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polyoxometalate Science of Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry , Northeast Normal University , Changchun , Jilin 130024 , P. R. China
| | - Yunfei Zu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Sunsun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Bowei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
| | - Jianhui Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry , Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100190 , P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing 100049 , P. R. China
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18
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Lee J, Lee SM, Chen S, Kumari T, Kang SH, Cho Y, Yang C. Organic Photovoltaics with Multiple Donor-Acceptor Pairs. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1804762. [PMID: 30444544 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201804762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Compared with conventional organic solar cells (OSCs) based on single donor-acceptor pairs, terpolymer- and ternary-based OSCs featuring multiple donor-acceptor pairs are promising strategies for enhancing the performance while maintaining an easy and simple synthetic process. Using multiple donor-acceptor pairs in the active layer, the key photovoltaic parameters (i.e., short-circuit current density, open-circuit voltage, and fill factor) governing the OSC characteristics can be simultaneously or individually improved by positive changes in light-harvesting ability, molecular energy levels, and blend morphology. Here, these three major contributions are discussed with the aim of offering in-depth insights in combined terpolymers and ternary systems. Recent exemplary cases of OSCs with multiple donor-acceptor pairs are summarized and more advanced research and perspectives for further developments in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jungho Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Sang Myeon Lee
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Tanya Kumari
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - So-Huei Kang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Yongjoon Cho
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), 50 UNIST-gil, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
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19
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Pang S, Liu L, Sun X, Dong S, Wang Z, Zhang R, Guo Y, Li W, Zheng N, Duan C, Huang F, Cao Y. A Wide-Bandgap Conjugated Polymer Based on Quinoxalino[6,5-f ]quinoxaline for Fullerene and Non-Fullerene Polymer Solar Cells. Macromol Rapid Commun 2019; 40:e1900120. [PMID: 31021506 DOI: 10.1002/marc.201900120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 04/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide-bandgap conjugated polymer, PNQx-2F2T, based on a ring-fused unit of quinoxalino[6,5-f ]quinoxaline (NQx), is synthesized for use as electron donor in polymer solar cells (PSCs). The polymer shows intense light absorption in the range from 300 to 740 nm and favorable energy levels of frontier molecular orbitals. The polymer has afforded decent device performance when blended with either fullerene-based acceptor [6,6]-phenyl-C71 -butylric acid methyl ester ([70]PCBM) or non-fullerene acceptor 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone-methyl))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-n-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3-d: 2',3'-d']-s-indaceno[1,2-b:5,6-b']dithiophene (IT-M). The highest PCEs of 7.9% and 7.5% have been achieved for [70]PCBM or IT-M based PSCs, respectively. Moreover, the influence of molecular weight of PNQx-2F2T on solar cell performance has been investigated. It is found that fullerene-based devices prefer higher polymer molecular weight, while non-fullerene devices are not susceptible to the molecular weight of PNQx-2F2T. The device results are extensively explained by electrical and morphological characterizations. This work not only evidences the potential of NQx for constructing high-performance photovoltaic polymers but also demonstrates a useful structure-performance relationship for efficiency enhancement of non-fullerene PSCs via the development of new conjugated polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Pang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China.,South China Institute of Collaborative Innovation, Dongguan, 523808, P. R. China
| | - Liqian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofei Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yiting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Weiwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Nan Zheng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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20
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Duan C, Peng Z, Colberts FJM, Pang S, Ye L, Awartani OM, Hendriks KH, Ade H, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. Efficient Thick-Film Polymer Solar Cells with Enhanced Fill Factors via Increased Fullerene Loading. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:10794-10800. [PMID: 30799598 PMCID: PMC6429423 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Developing effective methods to make efficient bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells at roll-to-roll relevant active layer thickness is of significant importance. We investigate the effect of fullerene content in polymer:fullerene blends on the fill factor (FF) and on the performance of thick-film solar cells for four different donor polymers PTB7-Th, PDPP-TPT, BDT-FBT-2T, and poly[5,5'-bis(2-butyloctyl)-(2,2'-bithiophene)-4,4'-dicarboxylate- alt-5,5'-2,2'-bithiophene] (PDCBT). At a few hundreds of nanometers thickness, increased FFs are observed in all cases and improved overall device performances are obtained except for PDCBT upon increasing fullerene content in blend films. This fullerene content effect was studied in more detail by electrical and morphological characterization. The results suggest enhanced electron mobility and suppressed bimolecular recombination upon increasing fullerene content in thick polymer:fullerene blend films, which are the result of larger fullerene aggregates and improved interconnectivity of the fullerene phases that provide continuous percolating pathways for electron transport in thick films. These findings are important because an effective and straightforward method that enables fabricating efficient thick-film polymer solar cells is desirable for large-scale manufacturing via roll-to-roll processing and for multijunction devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Duan
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Zhengxing Peng
- Department
of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Fallon J. M. Colberts
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Shuting Pang
- Institute
of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory
of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South
China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Long Ye
- Department
of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Omar M. Awartani
- Department
of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Koen H. Hendriks
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, Eindhoven 5612 AJ, The Netherlands
| | - Harald Ade
- Department
of Physics and ORaCEL, North Carolina State
University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular
Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven 5600 MB, The Netherlands
- Dutch
Institute for Fundamental Energy Research, De Zaale 20, Eindhoven 5612 AJ, The Netherlands
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21
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Jeon SJ, Yu JE, Han YW, Suh IS, Moon DK. Structural optimization in the same polymer backbones for efficient polymer solar cells: Relationship between steric hindrance and molecular weight. J IND ENG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2018.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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22
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Pang S, Más‐Montoya M, Xiao M, Duan C, Wang Z, Liu X, Janssen RAJ, Yu G, Huang F, Cao Y. Adjusting Aggregation Modes and Photophysical and Photovoltaic Properties of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Small Molecules by Introducing B←N Bonds. Chemistry 2019; 25:564-572. [PMID: 30285301 PMCID: PMC6391975 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201804020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The packing mode of small-molecular semiconductors in thin films is an important factor that controls the performance of their optoelectronic devices. Designing and changing the packing mode by molecular engineering is challenging. Three structurally related diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPP)-based compounds were synthesized to study the effect of replacing C-C bonds by isoelectronic dipolar B←N bonds. By replacing one of the bridging C-C bonds on the peripheral fluorene units of the DPP molecules by a coordinative B←N bond and changing the B←N bond orientation, the optical absorption, fluorescence, and excited-state lifetime of the compounds can be tuned. The substitution alters the preferential aggregation of the molecules in the solid state from H-type (for C-C) to J-type (for B←N). Introducing B←N bonds thus provides a subtle way of controlling the packing mode. The photovoltaic properties of the compounds were evaluated in bulk heterojunctions with a fullerene acceptor and showed moderate performance as a consequence of suboptimal morphologies, bimolecular recombination, and triplet-state formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Miriam Más‐Montoya
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for, Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
- Present address: Department of Organic ChemistryUniversity of Murcia30100MurciaSpain
| | - Manjun Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Chunhui Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Zhenfeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Xi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and NanosystemsInstitute for, Complex Molecular SystemsEindhoven University of TechnologyP.O. Box 5135600 MBEindhovenThe Netherlands
| | - Gang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and DevicesInstitute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and DevicesSouth China University of TechnologyGuangzhou510640P. R. China
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23
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Chen P, Shi S, Wang H, Qiu F, Wang Y, Tang Y, Feng JR, Guo H, Cheng X, Guo X. Aggregation Strength Tuning in Difluorobenzoxadiazole-Based Polymeric Semiconductors for High-Performance Thick-Film Polymer Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:21481-21491. [PMID: 29862815 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b05231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
High-performance polymer solar cells (PSCs) with thick active layers are essential for large-scale production. Polymer semiconductors exhibiting a temperature-dependent aggregation property offer great advantages toward this purpose. In this study, three difluorobenzoxadiazole (ffBX)-based donor polymers, PffBX-T, PffBX-TT, and PffBX-DTT, were synthesized, which contain thiophene (T), thieno[3,2- b]thiophene (TT), and dithieno[3,2- b:2',3'- d]thiophene (DTT) as the π-spacers, respectively. Temperature-dependent absorption spectra reveal that the aggregation strength increases in the order of PffBX-T, PffBX-TT, and PffBX-DTT as the π-spacer becomes larger. PffBX-TT with the intermediate aggregation strength enables well-controlled disorder-order transition in the casting process of blend film, thus leading to the best film morphology and the highest performance in PSCs. Thick-film PSCs with an average power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.91% and the maximum value of 9.10% are achieved using PffBX-TT:PC71BM active layer with a thickness of 250 nm. The neat film of PffBX-TT also shows a high hole mobility of 1.09 cm2 V-1 s-1 in organic thin-film transistors. When PffBX-DTT and PffBX-T are incorporated into PSCs utilizing PC71BM acceptor, the average PCE decreases to 6.54 and 1.33%, respectively. The performance drop mainly comes from reduced short-circuit current, as a result of nonoptimal blend film morphology caused by a less well-controlled film formation process. A similar trend was also observed in nonfullerene type thick-film PSCs using IT-4F as the electron acceptor. These results show the significance of polymer aggregation strength tuning toward optimal bulk heterojunction film morphology using ffBX-based polymer model system. The study demonstrates that adjusting π-spacer is an effective method, in combination with other important approaches such as alkyl chain optimization, to generate high-performance thick-film PSCs which are critical for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Shengbin Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Hang Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Fanglong Qiu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Yuxi Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Yumin Tang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Jian-Rui Feng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Han Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Xing Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
| | - Xugang Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering and The Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Printed Organic Electronics , Southern University of Science and Technology (SUSTech) , No. 1088, Xueyuan Road , Shenzhen , Guangdong 518055 , China
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24
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Optimizing the Organic Solar Cell Manufacturing Process by Means of AFM Measurements and Neural Networks. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11051221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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25
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Wang L, Liu H, Yang S, Fu C, Li Y, Li Q, Huai Z. Incorporating Trialkylsilylethynyl-Substituted Head-to-Head Bithiophene Unit into Copolymers for Efficient Non-Fullerene Organic Solar Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:7271-7280. [PMID: 29363301 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mediating the backbone coplanarity and solubility of oligothiophenes, especially the head-to-head (HH) disubstituted bithiophene, to achieve an optically and electronically advantageous building block for organic semiconductor materials is a vital yet challenging task. On the other hand, exploring polymer solar cells (PSCs) processed from nonhalogenated solvents is necessary toward their large-scale applications. In this contribution, we develop a HH-type bithiophene analogue (TIPS-T2) by strategically applying the triisopropylsilylethynyl (TIPS) scaffold as the side chain. TIPS can serve to narrow optical band gaps, lower the highest occupied molecular orbital level, reduce intrachain steric hindrance, and guarantee sufficient solubility of the involving polymers. Upon alternating with difluorobenzotriazole (FTAZ) or benzodithiophene-4,8-dione (BDD) acceptor units, two polymers named PT4Si-FTAZ and PT4Si-BDD are synthesized. Encouragingly, non-fullerene PSCs incorporating PT4Si-FTAZ yield a power conversion efficiency of 6.79% when processed from an environment-friendly solvent of trimethylbenzene because of its promoted backbone planarity, as demonstrated by density functional theory, higher hole mobility, and superior film morphology. The results indicate that TIPS-T2 is a promising building block for constructing photovoltaic polymers, and our findings offer an avenue for the ingenious use of TIPS as functional side chains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Qiaohong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry, Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Fuzhou 350002, P. R. China
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26
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Sun J, Jin F, Zhao H, Yuan J, Ma W. Enhanced Charge Transfer, Transport and Photovoltaic Efficiency in All-Polymer Organic Solar Cells by Polymer Backbone Fluorination. CHINESE J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201700759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianxia Sun
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Material (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices; Soochow Unversity, 199 Ren'ai Road; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Feng Jin
- Shanghai Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing Engineering Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Minstry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Haibin Zhao
- Shanghai Ultra-precision Optical Manufacturing Engineering Research Center, and Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Photonic Structures (Minstry of Education), Department of Optical Science and Engineering; Fudan University; Shanghai 200433 China
| | - Jianyu Yuan
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Material (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices; Soochow Unversity, 199 Ren'ai Road; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
| | - Wanli Ma
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Material (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices; Soochow Unversity, 199 Ren'ai Road; Suzhou Jiangsu 215123 China
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27
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Piosik E, Synak A, Martyński T. Influence of chlorine atoms in bay positions of perylene-tetracarboxylic acids on their spectral properties in Langmuir-Blodgett films. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 189:374-380. [PMID: 28830041 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The influence of chlorine atoms in the bay positions of the perylene-3,4,9,10-tetracarboxylic acids with the different alkyl chains length on their spectral properties in monomolecular films has been studied. The chlorinated (PCln) and for comparison non-chlorinated (Pn) perylene derivatives were deposited onto quartz plates using a Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) technique. The absorption spectra showed that the PCln and Pn dyes form in monolayers the I- and J-type aggregates, respectively. In turn, their steady-state and time-resolved emission spectra revealed presence of two emitter types, which we assigned to monomers and excimers. The luminescence lifetimes of the PCln monomers and excimers determined with a time-correlated single photon counting method (TCSPC) are significantly shorter than these obtained for the same emitter types in the Pn monolayers. In the case of the chlorinated dyes, the contribution of the monomer emission dominates over the excimer emission and is almost independent from the alkyl chain length. By contrast, the share of the Pn monomer emission increases strongly with a number of carbon atoms in their hydrocarbon chains. The luminescence quantum yields (LQY) of the Pn and PCln monolayers measured in an integrating sphere are in the range of 0.06-0.11. The presented results reveal that the PCln dyes exhibit lower tendency for aggregation than the non-chlorinated derivatives. It can be explained by limited intermolecular interaction between neighbouring PCln molecules caused by deformation of the perylene core as a result of strongly electronegative chlorine atoms in the bay positions of these dyes. Moreover, the strong influence of the alkyl chain length on the Pn aggregation contrary to the case of the PCln derivatives was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Piosik
- Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
| | - Anna Synak
- Department of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, Gdańsk 80-952, Poland.
| | - Tomasz Martyński
- Faculty of Technical Physics, Poznan University of Technology, Piotrowo 3, 60-965 Poznań, Poland.
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28
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Hu H, Chow PCY, Zhang G, Ma T, Liu J, Yang G, Yan H. Design of Donor Polymers with Strong Temperature-Dependent Aggregation Property for Efficient Organic Photovoltaics. Acc Chem Res 2017; 50:2519-2528. [PMID: 28915001 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.7b00293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted intensive research attention over the past two decades owing to their unique advantages including mechanical flexibility, light weight, large area, and low-cost fabrications. To date, OSC devices have achieved power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) exceeding 12%. Much of the progress was enabled by the development of high-performance donor polymers with favorable morphological, electronic, and optical properties. A key problem in morphology control of OSCs is the trade-off between achieving small domain size and high polymer crystallinity, which is especially important for the realization of efficient thick-film devices with high fill factors. For example, the thickness of OSC blends containing state-of-the-art PTB7 family donor polymers are restricted to ∼100 nm due to their relatively low hole mobility and impure polymer domains. To further improve the device performance and promote commercialization of OSCs, there is a strong demand for the design of new donor polymers that can achieve an optimal blend morphology containing highly crystalline yet reasonably small domains. In this Account, we highlight recent progress on a new family of conjugated polymers with strong temperature-dependent aggregation (TDA) property. These polymers are mostly disaggregated and can be easily dissolved in solution at high temperatures, yet they can strongly aggregate when the solution is cooled to room temperature. This unique aggregation property allows us to control the disorder-order transition of the polymer during solution processing. By preheating the solution to high temperature (∼100 °C), the polymer chains are mostly disaggregated before spin coating; as the temperature of the solution drops during the spin coating process, the polymer can strongly aggregate and form crystalline domains yet that are not excessivelylarge. The overall blend morphology can be optimized by various processing conditions (e.g., temperature, spin-rates, concentration, etc.). This well-controlled and near-optimal BHJ morphology produced over a dozen cases of efficient OSCs with an active layer nearly 300 nm thick that can still achieve high FFs (70-77%) and efficiencies (10-11.7%). By studying the structure-property relationships of the donor polymers, we show that the second position branched alkyl chains and the fluorination on the polymer backbone are two key structural features that enable the strong TDA property. Our comparative studies also show that the TDA polymer family can be used to match with non-fullerene acceptors yielding OSCs with low voltage losses. The key difference between the empirical matching rules for fullerene and non-fullerene OSCs is that TDA polymers with slightly reduced crystallinity appear to match better with small molecular acceptors and yield higher OSC performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huawei Hu
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Philip C. Y. Chow
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guangye Zhang
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Tingxuan Ma
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Liu
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Guofang Yang
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - He Yan
- HKUST-Shenzhen Research Institute, No.
9 Yuexing first Road, Hi-tech Park, Nanshan, Shenzhen 518057, China
- Department
of Chemistry, Energy Institute and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National
Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
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29
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Yun JH, Ahn H, Lee P, Ko MJ, Son HJ. Development of Highly Crystalline Donor–Acceptor-Type Random Polymers for High Performance Large-Area Organic Solar Cells. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jae Hoon Yun
- Photo-electronic
Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Energy and Environment, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungju Ahn
- Pohang Accelerator
Laboratory, Kyungbuk, Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea
| | - Phillip Lee
- Photo-electronic
Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jae Ko
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hae Jung Son
- Photo-electronic
Hybrids Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
- Division
of Energy and Environment, KIST School, University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea
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30
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Sun Q, Zhang F, An Q, Zhang M, Ma X, Zhang J. Simultaneously Enhanced Efficiency and Stability of Polymer Solar Cells by Employing Solvent Additive and Upside-down Drying Method. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8863-8871. [PMID: 28230339 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b00510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The morphology of active layer plays an important role in determining the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of polymer solar cells (PSCs), which strongly depend on the dynamic drying process of active layer. In this work, an efficient and universal method was developed to let active layer undergo upside-down drying process in a covered glass Petri dish. For the PSCs based on PTB7-Th:PC71BM, the champion PCEs were improved from 8.58% to 9.64% by mixing 3 vol % 1,8-di-iodooctane and further to 10.30% by employing upside-down drying method. The enhanced PCEs of PSCs with active layers undergoing upside-down drying process are mainly attributed to the optimized vertical phase separation, the more ordered and tightly packed π-π stacking of polymer molecules. Meanwhile, PC71BM molecules can be frozen in more ordered and tightly packed π-π stacking polymer network, which lead to the enhanced stability of PSCs. The universality of upside-down drying method can be solidly confirmed from PSCs with PTB7:PC71BM, PffBT4T-2OD:PC71BM, or PBDT-TS1:PC71BM as active layers, respectively. The molecular packing and phase separation of blend films with different solvent additives and drying methods were investigated by grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sun
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Fujun Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoshi An
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Miao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoling Ma
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Optical Information, Ministry of Education, Beijing Jiaotong University , Beijing 100044, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- School of Material Science and Technology, Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials, Guilin University of Electronic Technology , 1 Jinji Road, Guilin, Guangxi 541004, People's Republic of China
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31
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Hu Z, Ying L, Huang F, Cao Y. Towards a bright future: polymer solar cells with power conversion efficiencies over 10%. Sci China Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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32
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Zhang G, Zhang K, Yin Q, Jiang XF, Wang Z, Xin J, Ma W, Yan H, Huang F, Cao Y. High-Performance Ternary Organic Solar Cell Enabled by a Thick Active Layer Containing a Liquid Crystalline Small Molecule Donor. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:2387-2395. [PMID: 28127955 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.6b11991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted much research attention in the past few years, as ternary organic blends can broaden the absorption range of OSCs without the use of complicated tandem cell structures. Despite their broadened absorption range, the light harvesting capability of ternary OSCs is still limited because most ternary OSCs use thin active layers of about 100 nm in thickness, which is not sufficient to absorb all photons in their spectral range and may also cause problems for future roll-to-roll mass production that requires thick active layers. In this paper, we report a highly efficient ternary OSC (11.40%) obtained by incorporating a nematic liquid crystalline small molecule (named benzodithiophene terthiophene rhodanine (BTR)) into a state-of-the-art PTB7-Th:PC71BM binary system. The addition of BTR into PTB7-Th:PC71BM was found to improve the morphology of the blend film with decreased π-π stacking distance, enlarged coherence length, and enhanced domain purity. This resulted in more efficient charge separation, faster charge transport, and less bimolecular recombination, which, when combined, led to better device performance even with thick active layers. Our results show that the introduction of highly crystalline small molecule donors into ternary OSCs is an effective means to enhance the charge transport and thus increase the active layer thickness of ternary OSCs to make them more suitable for roll-to-roll production than previous thinner devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guichuan Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Qingwu Yin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zaiyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jingming Xin
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay , Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
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33
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Lin K, Chen S, Lu B, Xu J. Hybrid π-conjugated polymers from dibenzo pentacyclic centers: precursor design, electrosynthesis and electrochromics. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0298-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Jin Y, Chen Z, Dong S, Zheng N, Ying L, Jiang XF, Liu F, Huang F, Cao Y. A Novel Naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']Bis([1,2,5]Thiadiazole)-Based Narrow-Bandgap π-Conjugated Polymer with Power Conversion Efficiency Over 10. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2016; 28:9811-9818. [PMID: 27647512 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201603178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A novel naphtho[1,2-c:5,6-c']bis([1,2,5]-thiadiazole)-based narrow-bandgap π-conjugated polymer is designed for application in polymer solar cells. Remarkable power conversion efficiencies over 10% can be achieved based on both conventional and inverted device architectures with thick photoactive layers, which are processed by using chlorinated or nonhalogenated solvents, suggesting its great promise toward practical applications based on high-throughput roll-to-roll processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaocheng Jin
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Nannan Zheng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Lei Ying
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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35
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Design, synthesis and photovoltaic properties of a series of new acceptor-pended conjugated polymers. Sci China Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11426-016-0203-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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36
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Zhang F, Inganäs O, Zhou Y, Vandewal K. Development of polymer–fullerene solar cells. Natl Sci Rev 2016. [DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nww020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Global efforts and synergetic interdisciplinary collaborations on solution-processed bulk-heterojunction polymer solar cells (PSCs or OPVs) made power conversion efficiencies over 10% possible. The rapid progress of the field is credited to the synthesis of a large number of novel polymers with specially tunable optoelectronic properties, a better control over the nano-morphology of photoactive blend layers, the introduction of various effective interfacial layers, new device architectures and a deeper understanding of device physics. We will review the pioneering materials for polymer–fullerene solar cells and trace the progress of concepts driving their development. We discuss the evolution of morphology control, interfacial layers and device structures fully exploring the potential of photoactive materials. In order to guide a further increase in power conversion efficiency of OPV, the current understanding of the process of free charge carrier generation and the origin of the photovoltage is summarized followed by a perspective on how to overcome the limitations for industrializing PSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengling Zhang
- Biomolecular and organic electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linkoping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Olle Inganäs
- Biomolecular and organic electronics, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linkoping University, 58183 Linkoping, Sweden
| | - Yinhua Zhou
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Koen Vandewal
- Institut für Angewandte Photophysik, Technische Universität Dresden, 01069 Dresden, Germany
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37
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Wu Z, Sun C, Dong S, Jiang XF, Wu S, Wu H, Yip HL, Huang F, Cao Y. n-Type Water/Alcohol-Soluble Naphthalene Diimide-Based Conjugated Polymers for High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells. J Am Chem Soc 2016; 138:2004-13. [PMID: 26794827 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.5b12664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
With the demonstration of small-area, single-junction polymer solar cells (PSCs) with power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) over the 10% performance milestone, the manufacturing of high-performance large-area PSC modules is becoming the most critical issue for commercial applications. However, materials and processes that are optimized for fabricating small-area devices may not be applicable for the production of high-performance large-area PSC modules. One of the challenges is to develop new conductive interfacial materials that can be easily processed with a wide range of thicknesses without significantly affecting the performance of the PSCs. Toward this goal, we report two novel naphthalene diimide-based, self-doped, n-type water/alcohol-soluble conjugated polymers (WSCPs) that can be processed with a broad thickness range of 5 to 100 nm as efficient electron transporting layers (ETLs) for high-performance PSCs. Space charge limited current and electron spin resonance spectroscopy studies confirm that the presence of amine or ammonium bromide groups on the side chains of the WSCP can n-dope PC71BM at the bulk heterojunction (BHJ)/ETL interface, which improves the electron extraction properties at the cathode. In addition, both amino functional groups can induce self-doping to the WSCPs, although by different doping mechanisms, which leads to highly conductive ETLs with reduced ohmic loss for electron transport and extraction. Ultimately, PSCs based on the self-doped WSCP ETLs exhibit significantly improved device performance, yielding PCEs as high as 9.7% and 10.11% for PTB7-Th/PC71BM and PffBT4T-2OD/PC71BM systems, respectively. More importantly, with PffBT4T-2OD/PC71BM BHJ as an active layer, a prominent PCE of over 8% was achieved even when a thick ETL of 100 nm was used. To the best of our knowledge, this is the highest efficiency demonstrated for PSCs with a thick interlayer and light-harvesting layer, which are important criteria for eventually making organic photovoltaic modules based on roll-to-roll coating processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihong Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Chen Sun
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Xiao-Fang Jiang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Siping Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Hongbin Wu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Hin-Lap Yip
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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38
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Duan C, van Franeker JJ, Wienk MM, Janssen RAJ. High open circuit voltage polymer solar cells enabled by employing thiazoles in semiconducting polymers. Polym Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6py01083k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Introduction of thiazole into the conjugated backbone of semiconducting polymers is a useful strategy to enhance the open-circuit voltage of polymer solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhui Duan
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Jacobus J. van Franeker
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - Martijn M. Wienk
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
| | - René A. J. Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems
- Institute for Complex Molecular Systems
- Eindhoven University of Technology
- 5600 MB Eindhoven
- The Netherlands
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