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Fataj X, Achazi AJ, Rohland P, Schröter E, Muench S, Burges R, Pohl KLH, Mollenhauer D, Hager MD, Schubert US. Development of Novel Redox-Active Organic Materials Based on Benzimidazole, Benzoxazole, and Benzothiazole: A Combined Theoretical and Experimental Screening Approach. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202302979. [PMID: 37950854 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Revised: 10/28/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/13/2023]
Abstract
Sustainability is one of the hot topics of today's research, in particular when it comes to energy-storage systems such as batteries. Redox-active molecules implemented in organic batteries represent a promising alternative to lithium-ion batteries, which partially rely on non-sustainable heavy metal salts. As an alternative, we propose benzothiazole, -oxazole and -imidazole derivatives as redox-active moieties for polymers in organic (radical) batteries. The target molecules were identified by a combination of theoretical and experimental approaches for the investigation of new organic active materials. Herein, we present the synthesis, electrochemical characterization and theoretical investigation of the proposed molecules, which can later be introduced into a polymer backbone and used in organic polymer batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xhesilda Fataj
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas J Achazi
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Philip Rohland
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Erik Schröter
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - René Burges
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - K Linus H Pohl
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Mollenhauer
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Gießen, Germany
- Center for Materials Research, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstraße 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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2
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Uhl M, Sadeeda, Penert P, Schuster PA, Schick BW, Muench S, Farkas A, Schubert US, Esser B, Kuehne AJC, Jacob T. All-Organic Battery Based on Deep Eutectic Solvent and Redox-Active Polymers. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301057. [PMID: 37505454 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable battery concepts are of great importance for the energy storage demands of the future. Organic batteries based on redox-active polymers are one class of promising storage systems to meet these demands, in particular when combined with environmentally friendly and safe electrolytes. Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs) represent a class of electrolytes that can be produced from sustainable sources and exhibit in most cases no or only a small environmental impact. Because of their non-flammability, DESs are safe, while providing an electrochemical stability window almost comparable to established battery electrolytes and much broader than typical aqueous electrolytes. Here, we report the first all-organic battery cell based on a DES electrolyte, which in this case is composed of sodium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (NaTFSI) and N-methylacetamide (NMA) alongside the electrode active materials poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl-oxyl methacrylate) (PTMA) and crosslinked poly(vinylbenzylviologen) (X-PVBV2+ ). The resulting cell shows two voltage plateaus at 1.07 V and 1.58 V and achieves Coulombic efficiencies of 98 %. Surprisingly, the X-PVBV/X-PVBV+ redox couple turned out to be much more stable in NaTFSI : NMA 1 : 6 than the X-PVBV+ /X-PVBV2+ couple, leading to asymmetric capacity fading during cycling tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Uhl
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Sadeeda
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp Penert
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Philipp A Schuster
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Benjamin W Schick
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Attila Farkas
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Philosophenweg 7, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Birgit Esser
- Institute of Organic Chemistry II and Advanced Materials, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Alexander J C Kuehne
- Institute of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Timo Jacob
- Institute of Electrochemistry, Ulm University, Albert-Einstein-Allee 47, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Ulm (HIU) for Electrochemical Energy Storage, Helmholtzstr. 11, 89081, Ulm, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), P.O. Box 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
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3
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Oyaizu K. Redox: Organic Robust Radicals and Their Polymers for Energy Conversion/Storage Devices. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11336-11391. [PMID: 37695670 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Persistent radicals can hold their unpaired electrons even under conditions where they accumulate, leading to the unique characteristics of radical ensembles with open-shell structures and their molecular properties, such as magneticity, radical trapping, catalysis, charge storage, and electrical conductivity. The molecules also display fast, reversible redox reactions, which have attracted particular attention for energy conversion and storage devices. This paper reviews the electrochemical aspects of persistent radicals and the corresponding macromolecules, radical polymers. Radical structures and their redox reactions are introduced, focusing on redox potentials, bistability, and kinetic constants for electrode reactions and electron self-exchange reactions. Unique charge transport and storage properties are also observed with the accumulated form of redox sites in radical polymers. The radical molecules have potential electrochemical applications, including in rechargeable batteries, redox flow cells, photovoltaics, diodes, and transistors, and in catalysts, which are reviewed in the last part of this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- School of Materials and Chemical Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1 Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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4
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Hatakeyama-Sato K, Igarashi Y, Oyaizu K. Charge-transport kinetics of dissolved redox-active polymers for rational design of flow batteries. RSC Adv 2022; 13:547-557. [PMID: 36605670 PMCID: PMC9773181 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra07208d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Charge-transport kinetics of redox-active polymers is essential in designing electrochemical devices. We formulate the homogeneous and heterogeneous charge-transfer processes of the redox-active polymers dissolved in electrolytes. The critical electrochemical parameters, the apparent diffusion coefficient of charge transport (D app) and standard electrochemical reaction constant (k 0), are estimated by considering the physical diffusion D phys of polymer chains (D app, k 0 ∝ D phys). The models are validated with previously reported compounds and newly synthesized hydrophilic macromolecules. Solution-type cells are examined to analyze their primary responses from the electrochemical viewpoints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kan Hatakeyama-Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
| | - Yuto Igarashi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University3-4-1 Okubo, ShinjukuTokyo 169-8555Japan
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5
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Key Features of TEMPO-Containing Polymers for Energy Storage and Catalytic Systems. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15072699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The need for environmentally benign portable energy storage drives research on organic batteries and catalytic systems. These systems are a promising replacement for commonly used energy storage devices that rely on limited resources such as lithium and rare earth metals. The redox-active TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-oxyl-4-yl) fragment is a popular component of organic systems, as its benefits include remarkable electrochemical performance and decent physical properties. TEMPO is also known to be an efficient catalyst for alcohol oxidation, oxygen reduction, and various complex organic reactions. It can be attached to various aliphatic and conductive polymers to form high-loading catalysis systems. The performance and efficiency of TEMPO-containing materials strongly depend on the molecular structure, and thus rational design of such compounds is vital for successful implementation. We discuss synthetic approaches for producing electroactive polymers based on conductive and non-conductive backbones with organic radical substituents, fundamental aspects of electrochemistry of such materials, and their application in energy storage devices, such as batteries, redox-flow cells, and electrocatalytic systems. We compare the performance of the materials with different architectures, providing an overview of diverse charge interactions for hybrid materials, and presenting promising research opportunities for the future of this area.
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6
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Rohland P, Schröter E, Nolte O, Newkome GR, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-active polymers: The magic key towards energy storage – a polymer design guideline progress in polymer science. Prog Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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7
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Fischer P, Mazúr P, Krakowiak J. Family Tree for Aqueous Organic Redox Couples for Redox Flow Battery Electrolytes: A Conceptual Review. Molecules 2022; 27:560. [PMID: 35056875 PMCID: PMC8778144 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are an increasingly attractive option for renewable energy storage, thus providing flexibility for the supply of electrical energy. In recent years, research in this type of battery storage has been shifted from metal-ion based electrolytes to soluble organic redox-active compounds. Aqueous-based organic electrolytes are considered as more promising electrolytes to achieve "green", safe, and low-cost energy storage. Many organic compounds and their derivatives have recently been intensively examined for application to redox flow batteries. This work presents an up-to-date overview of the redox organic compound groups tested for application in aqueous RFB. In the initial part, the most relevant requirements for technical electrolytes are described and discussed. The importance of supporting electrolytes selection, the limits for the aqueous system, and potential synthetic strategies for redox molecules are highlighted. The different organic redox couples described in the literature are grouped in a "family tree" for organic redox couples. This article is designed to be an introduction to the field of organic redox flow batteries and aims to provide an overview of current achievements as well as helping synthetic chemists to understand the basic concepts of the technical requirements for next-generation energy storage materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Fischer
- Fraunhofer Institute for Chemical Technology, Pfinztal, Joseph-von-Fraunhofer Str. 7, 76327 Pfinztal, Germany
| | - Petr Mazúr
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Chemistry and Technology Prague, Technická 5, Praha 6, 166 28 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Joanna Krakowiak
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland;
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8
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Cao L, Kim HW, Jeong YJ, Han SC, Park JK. Rapid Continuous-Flow Water-Free Synthesis of Ultrapure Ionic Liquids Assisted by Microwaves. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Hong Won Kim
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Yu Jin Jeong
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Seung Chang Han
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
| | - Jin Kyoon Park
- Department of Chemistry and Institution for Functional Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Korea
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9
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Mommer S, Sokołowski K, Olesińska M, Huang Z, Scherman OA. Supramolecular Encapsulation of Redox-Active Monomers to Enable Free-Radical Polymerisation. Chem Sci 2022; 13:8791-8796. [PMID: 35975157 PMCID: PMC9350630 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02072f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage. However, redox-active monomers tend to inhibit radical polymerisation processes and hence, increase polydispersity and reduce the average molecular weight of the resultant polymers. Here, we demonstrate that styrenic viologens, which do not undergo radical polymerisation effectively on their own, can be readily copolymerised in the presence of cucurbit[n]uril (CB[n]) macrocycles. The presented strategy relies on pre-encapsulation of the viologen monomers within the molecular cavities of the CB[n] macrocycle. Upon polymerisation, the molecular weight of the resultant polymer was found to be an order of magnitude higher and the polydispersity reduced 5-fold. The mechanism responsible for this enhancement was unveiled through comprehensive spectroscopic and electrochemical studies. A combination of solubilisation/stabilisation of reduced viologen species as well as protection of the parent viologens against reduction gives rise to the higher molar masses and reduced polydispersities. The presented study highlights the potential of CB[n]-based host–guest chemistry to control both the redox behavior of monomers as well as the kinetics of their radical polymerisation, which will open up new opportunities across myriad fields. Extended polymeric structures based on redox-active species are of great interest in emerging technologies related to energy conversion and storage.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Mommer
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Kamil Sokołowski
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Magdalena Olesińska
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Zehuan Huang
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
| | - Oren A Scherman
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Yusuf Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge Lensfield Road Cambridge CB2 1EW UK
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10
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Borchers PS, Elbert J, Anufriev I, Strumpf M, Nischang I, Hager MD, Schubert US. A Viologen Polymer and a Compact Ferrocene: Comparison of Solution Viscosities and Their Performance in a Redox Flow Battery with a Size Exclusion Membrane. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202100373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp S. Borchers
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Johannes Elbert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ilya Anufriev
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Maria Strumpf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ivo Nischang
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM) Friedrich Schiller University Jena Philosophenweg 7 07743 Jena Germany
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R.F. Lima A, Pereira RC, Azevedo J, Mendes A, Sérgio Seixas de Melo J. On the path to aqueous organic redox flow batteries: Alizarin red S alkaline negolyte. Performance evaluation and photochemical studies. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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12
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13
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Shkrob IA, Robertson LA, Yu Z, Assary RS, Cheng L, Zhang L, Sarnello E, Liu X, Li T, Preet Kaur A, Malsha Suduwella T, Odom SA, Wang Y, Ewoldt RH, Farag HM, Z Y. Crowded electrolytes containing redoxmers in different states of charge: Solution structure, properties, and fundamental limits on energy density. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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14
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Dieckhöfer S, Medina D, Ruff A, Conzuelo F, Schuhmann W. Pseudocapacitive Redox Polymers as Battery Materials: A Proof‐of‐Concept All‐Polymer Aqueous Battery. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Dieckhöfer
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr.150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Danea Medina
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr.150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Adrian Ruff
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr.150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Felipe Conzuelo
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr.150 44780 Bochum Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schuhmann
- Analytical Chemistry – Center for Electrochemical Sciences (CES) Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry Ruhr University Bochum Universitätsstr.150 44780 Bochum Germany
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15
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Wylie L, Hakatayama-Sato K, Go C, Oyaizu K, Izgorodina EI. Electrochemical characterization and thermodynamic analysis of TEMPO derivatives in ionic liquids. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:10205-10217. [PMID: 33481976 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp05350c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
In this study we investigate the reversibility of the reduction process of three TEMPO derivatives - TEMPOL, 4-cyano-TEMPO, and 4-oxo-TEMPO. The [C2mim][BF4] and [C4mpyr][OTf] ionic liquids (ILs) were used to perform cyclic voltammetry (CV) to analyse the redox potentials of the TEMPO derivatives. The former was previously shown to quench the aminoxy anion of TEMPO through a proton transfer reaction with the cation, whereas the latter supported the irreversibility of the TEMPO reduction process. In CV results on TEMPO derivatives, it was shown that [C4mpyr][OTf] could allow for a high degree of reversibility in the reduction of 4-cyano-TEMPO and a moderate degree of reversibility in the reduction of TEMPOL. In comparison, reduction of 4-cyano-TEMPO was predominantly irreversible in [C2mim][BF4], whilst TEMPOL showed complete irreversibility. 4-Oxo-TEMPO did not show any notable reduction reversibility in either IL tested. Reduction potentials showed little variation between the derivatives and 0.2 V variation between the ILs, with the most negative reduction potential being observed at -1.43 V vs. Fc/Fc+ for TEMPOL in [C4mpyr][OTf]. To explain the varying degrees of reversibility of the reduction process, four types of side reactions involving proton transfer to the aminoxy anion were studied using highly correlated quantum chemical methods. Proton transfer from the IL cation was shown to have the ability to quench all three aminoxy anions depending on the IL used. On average, TEMPOL was shown to be the most susceptible to proton transfer from the IL cation, having an average Gibbs free energy (GFE) of 10.5 kJ mol-1 more negative than that of 4-cyano-TEMPO, which was shown to have the highest GFE of proton transfer. Side reactions between water and aminoxy anions were also seen to have the potential to contribute to degradation of the aminoxy anions tested, with 4-oxo-TEMPO being shown to be the most reactive to degradation with water with a GFE of -12.6 kJ mol-1. 4-Oxo-TEMPO was found to be highly susceptible to self-quenching by its aminoxy anion and radical form with highly negative proton transfer GFEs of -47.9 kJ mol-1 and -57.7 kJ mol-1, respectively. Overall, 4-cyano-TEMPO is recommended as being the most stable of the aminoxy anions tested with TEMPOL, thus providing a viable alternative to improve solubility should the IL be tuned to maximize its stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Wylie
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Rd, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Kan Hakatayama-Sato
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Choitsu Go
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
| | - Kenichi Oyaizu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Waseda University, 3-4-1 Okubo, Shinjuku, Tokyo 169-8555, Japan
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16
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Khodeir M, Jia H, Vlad A, Gohy JF. Application of Redox-Responsive Hydrogels Based on 2,2,6,6-Tetramethyl-1-Piperidinyloxy Methacrylate and Oligo(Ethyleneglycol) Methacrylate in Controlled Release and Catalysis. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1307. [PMID: 33923527 PMCID: PMC8073720 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels have reached momentum due to their potential application in a variety of fields including their ability to deliver active molecules upon application of a specific chemical or physical stimulus and to act as easily recyclable catalysts in a green chemistry approach. In this paper, we demonstrate that the same redox-responsive hydrogels based on polymer networks containing 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) stable nitroxide radicals and oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate (OEGMA) can be successfully used either for the electrochemically triggered release of aspirin or as catalysts for the oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes. For the first application, we take the opportunity of the positive charges present on the oxoammonium groups of oxidized TEMPO to encapsulate negatively charged aspirin molecules. The further electrochemical reduction of oxoammonium groups into nitroxide radicals triggers the release of aspirin molecules. For the second application, our hydrogels are swelled with benzylic alcohol and tert-butyl nitrite as co-catalyst and the temperature is raised to 50 °C to start the oxidation reaction. Interestingly enough, benzaldehyde is not miscible with our hydrogels and phase-separate on top of them allowing the easy recovery of the reaction product and the recyclability of the hydrogel catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jean-François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Université catholique de Louvain, Place L. Pasteur 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium; (M.K.); (H.J.); (A.V.)
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17
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Xie Y, Zhang K, Yamauchi Y, Oyaizu K, Jia Z. Nitroxide radical polymers for emerging plastic energy storage and organic electronics: fundamentals, materials, and applications. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2021; 8:803-829. [PMID: 34821316 DOI: 10.1039/d0mh01391a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand for portable and flexible electronic devices requires seamless integration of the energy storage system with other electronic components. This ever-growing area has urged on the rapid development of new electroactive materials that not only possess excellent electrochemical properties but hold capabilities to be fabricated to desired shapes. Ideally, these new materials should have minimal impact on the environment at the end of their life. Nitroxide radical polymers (NRPs) with their remarkable electrochemical and physical properties stand out from diverse organic redox systems and have attracted tremendous attention for their identified applications in plastic energy storage and organic devices. In this review, we present a comprehensive summary of NRPs with respect to the fundamental electrochemical properties, design principles and fabrication methods for different types of energy storage systems and organic electronic devices. While highlighting some exciting progress on charge transfer theory and emerging applications, we end up with a discussion on the challenges and opportunities regarding the future directions of this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Xie
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
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18
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Li Z, Lu YC. Material Design of Aqueous Redox Flow Batteries: Fundamental Challenges and Mitigation Strategies. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2020; 32:e2002132. [PMID: 33094532 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202002132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries (RFBs) are critical enablers for next-generation grid-scale energy-storage systems, due to their scalability and flexibility in decoupling power and energy. Aqueous RFBs (ARFBs) using nonflammable electrolytes are intrinsically safe. However, their development has been limited by their low energy density and high cost. Developing ARFBs with higher energy density, lower cost, and longer lifespan than the current standard is of significant interest to academic and industrial research communities. Here, a critical review of the latest progress on advanced electrolyte material designs of ARFBs is presented, including a fundamental overview of their physicochemical properties, major challenges, and design strategies. Assessment methodologies and metrics for the evaluation of RFB stability are discussed. Finally, future directions for material design to realize practical applications and achieve the commercialization of ARFB energy-storage systems are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhejun Li
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Yi-Chun Lu
- Electrochemical Energy and Interfaces Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Automation Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N. T., Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
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19
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Bello L, Sing CE. Mechanisms of Diffusive Charge Transport in Redox-Active Polymer Solutions. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liliana Bello
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles E. Sing
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Zhou W, Liu W, Qin M, Chen Z, Xu J, Cao J, Li J. Fundamental properties of TEMPO-based catholytes for aqueous redox flow batteries: effects of substituent groups and electrolytes on electrochemical properties, solubilities and battery performance. RSC Adv 2020; 10:21839-21844. [PMID: 35516610 PMCID: PMC9054512 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03424j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Water-soluble 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO) derivatives have been frequently utilized as catholytes for aqueous redox flow batteries to achieve cost-effective renewable energy storage. However, fundamental knowledge of TEMPO derivatives is still largely underdeveloped. Herein, a comprehensive study on the properties of TEMPO derivatives has been conducted in aqueous electrolytes. The results confirm that the redox potential, diffusion coefficient, electron transfer rate constant and solubility are clearly influenced by functional groups of TEMPO derivatives and supporting electrolytes. The charge-discharge cycling performance is evaluated using a symmetric redox flow battery configuration. The capacity decay for TEMPO-based catholytes is mainly derived from the crossover of the oxidized state. The presented study not only advances an in-depth understanding of TEMPO-based RFB applications, but also highlights the challenge of crossover of redox-active TEMPO derivative molecules applied in aqueous RFBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenbo Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Wenjie Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Meng Qin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Zhidong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Juan Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jianyu Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Catalytic Materials and Technology, School of Petrochemical Engineering, Changzhou University Changzhou 213164 China
| | - Jun Li
- School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University Shenzhen 518000 China
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21
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Chen R, Bresser D, Saraf M, Gerlach P, Balducci A, Kunz S, Schröder D, Passerini S, Chen J. A Comparative Review of Electrolytes for Organic-Material-Based Energy-Storage Devices Employing Solid Electrodes and Redox Fluids. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:2205-2219. [PMID: 31995281 PMCID: PMC7318708 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201903382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Electrolyte chemistry is critical for any energy-storage device. Low-cost and sustainable rechargeable batteries based on organic redox-active materials are of great interest to tackle resource and performance limitations of current batteries with metal-based active materials. Organic active materials can be used not only as solid electrodes in the classic lithium-ion battery (LIB) setup, but also as redox fluids in redox-flow batteries (RFBs). Accordingly, they have suitability for mobile and stationary applications, respectively. Herein, different types of electrolytes, recent advances for designing better performing electrolytes, and remaining scientific challenges are discussed and summarized. Due to different configurations and requirements between LIBs and RFBs, the similarities and differences for choosing suitable electrolytes are discussed. Both general and specific strategies for promoting the utilization of organic active materials are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyong Chen
- Transfercenter Sustainable ElectrochemistrySaarland University66123SaarbrückenGermany
| | - Dominic Bresser
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Mohit Saraf
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Patrick Gerlach
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental ChemistryCenter for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena07743JenaGermany
| | - Andrea Balducci
- Institute for Technical Chemistry and Environmental ChemistryCenter for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena)Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena07743JenaGermany
| | - Simon Kunz
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus Liebig University Giessen35392GießenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig University Giessen35392GießenGermany
| | - Daniel Schröder
- Institute of Physical ChemistryJustus Liebig University Giessen35392GießenGermany
- Center for Materials Research (LaMa)Justus Liebig University Giessen35392GießenGermany
| | - Stefano Passerini
- Helmholtz Institute Ulm (HIU)89081UlmGermany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT)76021KarlsruheGermany
| | - Jun Chen
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy Materials Chemistry, Renewable Energy Conversion and Storage CenterCollege of ChemistryNankai UniversityTianjin300071P. R. China
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22
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Abstract
Over the past decades, Li-ion battery (LIB) has turned into one of the most important advances in the history of technology due to its extensive and in-depth impact on our life. Its omnipresence in all electric vehicles, consumer electronics and electric grids relies on the precisely tuned electrochemical dynamics and interactions among the electrolytes and the diversified anode and cathode chemistries therein. With consumers' demand for battery performance ever increasing, more and more stringent requirements are being imposed upon the established equilibria among these LIB components, and it became clear that the state-of-the-art electrolyte systems could no longer sustain the desired technological trajectory. Driven by such gap, researchers started to explore more unconventional electrolyte systems. From superconcentrated solvent-in-salt electrolytes to solid-state electrolytes, the current research realm of novel electrolyte systems has grown to unprecedented levels. In this review, we will avoid discussions on current state-of-the-art electrolytes but instead focus exclusively on unconventional electrolyte systems that represent new concepts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Li
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States.,Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Wang
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Zhongwei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Waterloo Institute of Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Kang Xu
- Energy Storage Branch, Sensor and Electron Directorate, U.S. Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
| | - Jun Lu
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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23
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Lei Z, Tang Q, Ju Y, Lin Y, Bai X, Luo H, Tong Z. Block copolymer@ZIF-8 nanocomposites as a pH-responsive multi-steps release system for controlled drug delivery. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:695-711. [DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1713451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhentao Lei
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Smart Fiber Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuju Tang
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yanshan Ju
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yonghui Lin
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaowen Bai
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Haipeng Luo
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Smart Fiber Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zaizai Tong
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
- Institute of Smart Fiber Materials, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou, China
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24
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Zhu J, Zhu T, Tuo H, Zhang W. Synthesis of a TEMPO-Substituted Polyacrylamide Bearing a Sulfonate Sodium Pendant and Its Properties in an Organic Radical Battery. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 11:E2076. [PMID: 31842395 PMCID: PMC6960655 DOI: 10.3390/polym11122076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel nitroxyl radical polymer poly(TEMPO-acrylamide-co-sodium styrene sulfonate) (abbreviated as poly(TAm-co-SSS)) was synthesized using 4-acrylamido-2,2,6,6- tetramethylpiperidine (AATP) copolymerized with styrene sulfonate sodium (SSS). AATP was synthesized through a substitution reaction of acryloyl chloride. Meanwhile, poly(4-acrylamido-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-nitroxyl radical) (PTAm) was prepared as a control sample. Then, the structures of products were characterized by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR), respectively. Additionally, the electrochemical impedance spectra (EIS) and the charge-discharge cycling properties were studied. The results demonstrated that the poly(TAm-co-SSS) with the side group of sodium sulfonate adjacent to TEMPO group exhibits a better charge-discharge cycling stability than that of the PTAm. Moreover, the charge specific capacity of the poly(TAm-co-SSS) is larger than that of the PTAm. Besides, the first coulombic efficiency of poly(TAm-co-SSS) is higher in comparison with that of PTAm. These superior electrochemical performances were ascribed to the synergistic effect of sulfonate ions group and nitroxyl radical structure, which benefits the improvement of charge carrier transportation of the nitroxyl radical polymers. Consequently, the nitroxyl radical poly(TAm-co-SSS) is promising for use in organic radical battery materials, based on the good electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (T.Z.); (H.T.)
| | - Ting Zhu
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (T.Z.); (H.T.)
| | - Huan Tuo
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Additives for Industry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi’an 710021, China; (T.Z.); (H.T.)
| | - Wanbin Zhang
- Shaanxi Collaborative Innovation Center of Industrial Auxiliary Chemistry and Technology, Shaanxi University of Science & Technology, Xi’an 710021, China;
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25
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Zhang Y, Li M, Li SL, Zhang XM. The photochromic behaviour of two viologen salts modulated by the distances between the halide anions and the cationic N atoms of viologen. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2019; 75:1628-1634. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229619015225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, viologens and their derivatives have received much attention due to their various potential applications, ranging from electro- or photochromic devices to clean energy. Generally, viologen compounds exhibit a colour change upon being subjected to an external stimulus. However, the chromic mechanism is still ambiguous, because there are many electron-transfer pathways for a chromic compound that need to be considered. Thus, exploring new chromic viologen-based compounds with one pathway should be important and meaningful. In this article, two new viologen-based derivatives, namely 1-(2-cyanobenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium chloride (o-CBbpy·Cl), C18H14N3
+·Cl− (1), and 1-(2-cyanobenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium bromide (o-CBbpy·Br), C18H14N3
+·Br− (2), have been synthesized and characterized. Interestingly, both isomorphic compounds possess only one electron-transfer pathway, in which 1-(2-cyanobenzyl)-4,4′-bipyridinium cations (o-CBbpy) and halide anions are employed as electron donors and acceptors, respectively. Salts 1 and 2 consist of o-CBbpy cations involved in π–π interactions and hydrogen-bond interactions, and halide anions weakly hydrogen bonded to the viologen cations. The salts show different photoresponsive characteristics under identical conditions, which should be mainly related to the distances between the halide cations and the cationic N atoms of o-CBbpy but not the electronegativities of the halogen atoms. These results should not only help in understanding that the distance of the electron-transfer pathway plays an important role in viologen-based photochromism, but should also guide the design and synthesis of additional photochromic materials.
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26
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Boujioui F, Zhuge F, Gohy J. Redox Polymer–Based Nano‐Objects via Polymerization‐Induced Self‐Assembly. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201900296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadoi Boujioui
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Flanco Zhuge
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
| | - Jean‐François Gohy
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN) Université catholique de Louvain Place L. Pasteur 1 1348 Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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27
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Khodeir M, Ernould B, Brassinne J, Ghiassinejad S, Jia H, Antoun S, Friebe C, Schubert US, Kochovski Z, Lu Y, Van Ruymbeke E, Gohy JF. Synthesis and characterisation of redox hydrogels based on stable nitroxide radicals. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:6418-6426. [PMID: 31338513 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm00905a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The principle of encapsulation/release of a guest molecule from stimuli responsive hydrogels (SRHs) is mainly realised with pH, temperature or light stimuli. However, only a limited number of redox responsive hydrogels have been investigated so far. We report here the development of a SRH that can release its guest molecule upon a redox stimulus. To obtain this redox hydrogel, we have introduced into the hydrogel the 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-1-piperidinyloxy (TEMPO) stable nitroxide radical, which can be reversibly oxidized into an oxoammonium cation (TEMPO+). Water solubility is provided by the presence of the (oligoethyleneglycol)methacrylate (OEGMA) comonomer. Electrochemical and mechanical characterization showed that those gels exhibit interesting physicochemical properties, making them very promising candidates for practical use in a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Khodeir
- Institute of Condensed Matter and Nanosciences (IMCN), Bio and Soft Matter (BSMA), Université catholique de Louvain (UCL), Place L. Pasteur 1 & Croix du Sud 1, B-1348 Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium.
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28
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Clarke DE, Olesińska M, Mönch T, Schoenaers B, Stesmans A, Scherman OA. Aryl-viologen pentapeptide self-assembled conductive nanofibers. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:7354-7357. [PMID: 31172153 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc00862d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
A pentapeptide sequence was functionalized with an asymmetric arylated methyl-viologen (AVI3D2) and through controllable β-sheet self-assembly, conductive nanofibers were formed. Using a combination of spectroscopic techniques and conductive atomic force microscopy, we investigated the molecular conformation of the resultant AVI3D2 fibers and how their conductivity is affected by β-sheet self-assembly. These conductive nanofibers have potential for future exploration as molecular wires in optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Clarke
- Melville Laboratory for Polymer Synthesis, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
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29
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Goulet MA, Tong L, Pollack DA, Tabor DP, Odom SA, Aspuru-Guzik A, Kwan EE, Gordon RG, Aziz MJ. Extending the Lifetime of Organic Flow Batteries via Redox State Management. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:8014-8019. [PMID: 30945536 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Redox flow batteries based on quinone-bearing aqueous electrolytes have emerged as promising systems for energy storage from intermittent renewable sources. The lifetime of these batteries is limited by quinone stability. Here, we confirm that 2,6-dihydroxyanthrahydroquinone tends to form an anthrone intermediate that is vulnerable to subsequent irreversible dimerization. We demonstrate quantitatively that this decomposition pathway is responsible for the loss of battery capacity. Computational studies indicate that the driving force for anthrone formation is greater for anthraquinones with lower reduction potentials. We show that the decomposition can be substantially mitigated. We demonstrate that conditions minimizing anthrone formation and avoiding anthrone dimerization slow the capacity loss rate by over an order of magnitude. We anticipate that this mitigation strategy readily extends to other anthraquinone-based flow batteries and is thus an important step toward realizing renewable electricity storage through long-lived organic flow batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc-Antoni Goulet
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Liuchuan Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Daniel A Pollack
- Department of Physics , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Daniel P Tabor
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Susan A Odom
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Department of Chemistry , University of Kentucky , Lexington , Kentucky 40506 , United States
| | - Alán Aspuru-Guzik
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Eugene E Kwan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Roy G Gordon
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States.,Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - Michael J Aziz
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences , Harvard University , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
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30
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Kosswattaarachchi AM, Cook TR. Repurposing the Industrial Dye Methylene Blue as an Active Component for Redox Flow Batteries. ChemElectroChem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.201801097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Timothy R. Cook
- Department of Chemistry; University at Buffalo, The State University of New York; Buffalo, New York USA
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31
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Yuan Z, Zhang H, Li X. Ion conducting membranes for aqueous flow battery systems. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7570-7588. [PMID: 29876555 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc03058h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Flow batteries, aqueous flow batteries in particular, are the most promising candidates for stationary energy storage to realize the wide utilization of renewable energy sources. To meet the requirement of large-scale energy storage, there has been a growing interest in aqueous flow batteries, especially in novel redox couples and flow-type systems. However, the development of aqueous flow battery technologies is at an early stage and their performance can be further improved. As a key component of a flow battery, the membrane has a significant effect on battery performance. Currently, the membranes used in aqueous flow battery technologies are very limited. In this feature article, we first cover the application of porous membranes in vanadium flow battery technology, and then the membranes in most recently reported aqueous flow battery systems. Meanwhile, we hope that this feature article will inspire more efforts to design and prepare membranes with outstanding performance and stability, and then accelerate the development of flow batteries for large scale energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhizhang Yuan
- Division of Energy Storage, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, P. R. China.
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32
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Wilcox DA, Agarkar V, Mukherjee S, Boudouris BW. Stable Radical Materials for Energy Applications. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2018; 9:83-103. [PMID: 29579403 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-060817-083945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Although less studied than their closed-shell counterparts, materials containing stable open-shell chemistries have played a key role in many energy storage and energy conversion devices. In particular, the oxidation-reduction (redox) properties of these stable radicals have made them a substantial contributor to the progress of organic batteries. Moreover, the use of radical-based materials in photovoltaic devices and thermoelectric systems has allowed for these emerging molecules to have impacts in the energy conversion realm. Additionally, the unique doublet states of radical-based materials provide access to otherwise inaccessible spin states in optoelectronic devices, offering many new opportunities for efficient usage of energy in light-emitting devices. Here, we review the current state of the art regarding the molecular design, synthesis, and application of stable radicals in these energy-related applications. Finally, we point to fundamental and applied arenas of future promise for these designer open-shell molecules, which have only just begun to be evaluated in full.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A. Wilcox
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Varad Agarkar
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
| | - Sanjoy Mukherjee
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
| | - Bryan W. Boudouris
- Charles D. Davidson School of Chemical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA;,
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, USA
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33
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Li G, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhou K, Ding Y, Liu F, He X, He G. Narrow-Bandgap Chalcogenoviologens for Electrochromism and Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:4897-4901. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201711761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Revised: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Yousong Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Xiaoming He
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
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34
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Li G, Xu L, Zhang W, Zhou K, Ding Y, Liu F, He X, He G. Narrow-Bandgap Chalcogenoviologens for Electrochromism and Visible-Light-Driven Hydrogen Evolution. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201711761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Li
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Letian Xu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Weidong Zhang
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Kun Zhou
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Yousong Ding
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Fenglin Liu
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
| | - Xiaoming He
- School of Chemical Science and Engineering; Tongji University; Shanghai 200092 China
| | - Gang He
- Frontier Institute of Science and Technology; Xi'an Jiaotong University; Xi'an Shaanxi Province 710054 China
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35
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Schon TB, McAllister BT, Li PF, Seferos DS. The rise of organic electrode materials for energy storage. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 45:6345-6404. [PMID: 27273252 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00173d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 363] [Impact Index Per Article: 60.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Organic electrode materials are very attractive for electrochemical energy storage devices because they can be flexible, lightweight, low cost, benign to the environment, and used in a variety of device architectures. They are not mere alternatives to more traditional energy storage materials, rather, they have the potential to lead to disruptive technologies. Although organic electrode materials for energy storage have progressed in recent years, there are still significant challenges to overcome before reaching large-scale commercialization. This review provides an overview of energy storage systems as a whole, the metrics that are used to quantify the performance of electrodes, recent strategies that have been investigated to overcome the challenges associated with organic electrode materials, and the use of computational chemistry to design and study new materials and their properties. Design strategies are examined to overcome issues with capacity/capacitance, device voltage, rate capability, and cycling stability in order to guide future work in the area. The use of low cost materials is highlighted as a direction towards commercial realization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler B Schon
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada.
| | - Bryony T McAllister
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada.
| | - Peng-Fei Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada.
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6 Canada.
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36
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Boase NRB, Torres MDT, Fletcher NL, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Fairfull-Smith KE. Polynitroxide copolymers to reduce biofilm fouling on surfaces. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8py01101j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Polynitroxide films – the first example of surface tethered nitroxides reducing biofilm fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan R. B. Boase
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Marcelo D. T. Torres
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Nicholas L. Fletcher
- Centre for Advanced Imaging
- University of Queensland
- St Lucia
- Australia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Synthetic Biology Group
- MIT Synthetic Biology Center
- Department of Biological Engineering and Electrical Engineering & Computer Science
- Research Laboratory of Electronics
- Massachusetts Institute of Technology
| | - Kathryn E. Fairfull-Smith
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- Brisbane
- Australia
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37
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Ding Y, Zhang C, Zhang L, Zhou Y, Yu G. Molecular engineering of organic electroactive materials for redox flow batteries. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:69-103. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
With high scalability and independent control over energy and power, redox flow batteries (RFBs) stand out as an important large-scale energy storage system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ding
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Changkun Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Leyuan Zhang
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Yangen Zhou
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Guihua Yu
- Materials Science and Engineering Program and Department of Mechanical Engineering
- The University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
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38
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Hansen KA, Blinco JP. Nitroxide radical polymers – a versatile material class for high-tech applications. Polym Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py02001e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive summary of synthetic strategies for the preparation of nitroxide radical polymer materials and a state-of-the-art perspective on their latest and most exciting applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Anders Hansen
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - James P. Blinco
- School of Chemistry
- Physics and Mechanical Engineering
- Queensland University of Technology
- Brisbane
- Australia
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39
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Winsberg J, Benndorf S, Wild A, Hager MD, Schubert US. Synthesis and Characterization of a Phthalimide-Containing Redox-Active Polymer for High-Voltage Polymer-Based Redox-Flow Batteries. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.201700267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Winsberg
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller Universtity Jena; Humboldstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Stefan Benndorf
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller Universtity Jena; Humboldstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Evonik Creavis GmbH; Paul-Baumann-Straße 1 45772 Marl Germany
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller Universtity Jena; Humboldstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC); Friedrich Schiller Universtity Jena; Humboldstraße 10 07743 Jena Germany
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Germany
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40
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Woodward AN, Kolesar JM, Hall SR, Saleh NA, Jones DS, Walter MG. Thiazolothiazole Fluorophores Exhibiting Strong Fluorescence and Viologen-Like Reversible Electrochromism. J Am Chem Soc 2017; 139:8467-8473. [PMID: 28481091 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b01005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, electrochemical, and photophysical characterization of N,N'-dialkylated and N,N'-dibenzylated dipyridinium thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole derivatives are reported. The thiazolothiazole viologens exhibit strong blue fluorescence with high quantum yields between 0.8-0.96. The dioctyl, dimethyl, and dibenzyl derivatives also show distinctive and reversible yellow to dark blue electrochromism at low reduction potentials. The fused bicyclic thiazolo[5,4-d]thiazole heterocycle allows the alkylated pyridinium groups to remain planar, strongly affecting their electrochemical properties. The singlet quantum yield is greatly enhanced with quaternarization of the peripheral 4-pyridyl groups (ΦF increases from 0.22 to 0.96) while long-lived fluorescence lifetimes were observed between 1.8-2.4 ns. The thiazolothiazole viologens have been characterized using cyclic voltammetry, UV-visible absorbance and fluorescence spectroscopy, spectroelectrochemistry, and time-resolved photoluminescence. The electrochromic properties observed in solution, in addition to their strong fluorescent emission properties, which can be suppressed upon 2 e- reduction, make these materials attractive for multifunctional optoelectronic, electron transfer sensing, and other photochemical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis N Woodward
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Justin M Kolesar
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Sara R Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Nemah-Allah Saleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Daniel S Jones
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
| | - Michael G Walter
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Charlotte , Charlotte, North Carolina 28223, United States
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41
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Lederle F, Hübner EG. Radical polymerization of styrene in presence of poly(2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl-4-yl methacrylate) - formation of polymer brushes. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.01.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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42
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Synthesis and Electrochemical Study of a TCAA Derivative – A potential bipolar redox-active material. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.01.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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43
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Zhang K, Hu Y, Wang L, Fan J, Monteiro MJ, Jia Z. The impact of the molecular weight on the electrochemical properties of poly(TEMPO methacrylate). Polym Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7py00151g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This work reports the synthesis of high molecular weight poly(TEMPO methacrylate) and the molecular weight influence on electrochemical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Yuxiang Hu
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Lianzhou Wang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemical Engineering
| | - Jiyu Fan
- Department of Applied Physics
- Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics
- Nanjing 210016
- China
| | - Michael J. Monteiro
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
| | - Zhongfan Jia
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology
- University of Queensland
- Brisbane
- Australia
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44
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Sun C, Wang MS, Zhang X, Zhang NN, Cai LR, Guo GC. Viologen-templated bromoplumbate: a new in situ synthetic method and energy gap engineering. CrystEngComm 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce00919d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A newin situsynthesis strategy for viologen-based compounds was developed, which is much milder than the traditional solvothermal method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai Sun
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ming-Sheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Ning-Ning Zhang
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing 100039
- People's Republic of China
| | - Lin-Rong Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- People's Republic of China
| | - Guo-Cong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Structural Chemistry
- Fujian Institute of Research on the Structure of Matter
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Fuzhou
- People's Republic of China
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45
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Winsberg J, Hagemann T, Janoschka T, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox-Flow Batteries: From Metals to Organic Redox-Active Materials. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 56:686-711. [PMID: 28070964 PMCID: PMC5248651 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201604925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 324] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Research on redox-flow batteries (RFBs) is currently experiencing a significant upturn, stimulated by the growing need to store increasing quantities of sustainably generated electrical energy. RFBs are promising candidates for the creation of smart grids, particularly when combined with photovoltaics and wind farms. To achieve the goal of "green", safe, and cost-efficient energy storage, research has shifted from metal-based materials to organic active materials in recent years. This Review presents an overview of various flow-battery systems. Relevant studies concerning their history are discussed as well as their development over the last few years from the classical inorganic, to organic/inorganic, to RFBs with organic redox-active cathode and anode materials. Available technologies are analyzed in terms of their technical, economic, and environmental aspects; the advantages and limitations of these systems are also discussed. Further technological challenges and prospective research possibilities are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Winsberg
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tino Hagemann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Martin D Hager
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
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46
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Winsberg J, Hagemann T, Janoschka T, Hager MD, Schubert US. Redox‐Flow‐Batterien: von metallbasierten zu organischen Aktivmaterialien. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201604925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jan Winsberg
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Tino Hagemann
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Martin D. Hager
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena) Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
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47
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Janoschka T, Martin N, Hager MD, Schubert US. Wasserbasierte Redox-Flow-Batterie mit hoher Kapazität und Leistung: das TEMPTMA/MV-System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201606472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Janoschka
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | | | - Martin D. Hager
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
| | - Ulrich S. Schubert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena; Humboldtstraße 10 07743 Jena Deutschland
- Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena); Friedrich-Schiller-Universität; Philosophenweg 7a 07743 Jena Deutschland
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48
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Janoschka T, Martin N, Hager MD, Schubert US. An Aqueous Redox-Flow Battery with High Capacity and Power: The TEMPTMA/MV System. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2016; 55:14427-14430. [PMID: 27754587 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201606472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Redox-flow batteries (RFB) can easily store large amounts of electric energy and thereby mitigate the fluctuating output of renewable power plants. They are widely discussed as energy-storage solutions for wind and solar farms to improve the stability of the electrical grid. Most common RFB concepts are based on strongly acidic metal-salt solutions or poorly performing organics. Herein we present a battery which employs the highly soluble N,N,N-2,2,6,6-heptamethylpiperidinyl oxy-4-ammonium chloride (TEMPTMA) and the viologen derivative N,N'-dimethyl-4,4-bipyridinium dichloride (MV) in a simple and safe aqueous solution as redox-active materials. The resulting battery using these electrolyte solutions has capacities of 54 Ah L-1 , giving a total energy density of 38 Wh L-1 at a cell voltage of 1.4 V. With peak current densities of up to 200 mA cm-2 the TEMPTMA/MV system is a suitable candidate for compact high-capacity and high-power applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Janoschka
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | | | - Martin D Hager
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische und Makromolekulare Chemie (IOMC), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Humboldtstrasse 10, 07743, Jena, Germany. .,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich-Schiller-Universität, Philosophenweg 7a, 07743, Jena, Germany.
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49
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Muench S, Wild A, Friebe C, Häupler B, Janoschka T, Schubert US. Polymer-Based Organic Batteries. Chem Rev 2016; 116:9438-84. [PMID: 27479607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 425] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The storage of electric energy is of ever growing importance for our modern, technology-based society, and novel battery systems are in the focus of research. The substitution of conventional metals as redox-active material by organic materials offers a promising alternative for the next generation of rechargeable batteries since these organic batteries are excelling in charging speed and cycling stability. This review provides a comprehensive overview of these systems and discusses the numerous classes of organic, polymer-based active materials as well as auxiliary components of the battery, like additives or electrolytes. Moreover, a definition of important cell characteristics and an introduction to selected characterization techniques is provided, completed by the discussion of potential socio-economic impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Muench
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas Wild
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christian Friebe
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Bernhard Häupler
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tobias Janoschka
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Ulrich S Schubert
- Laboratory of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Humboldtstr. 10, 07743 Jena, Germany.,Center for Energy and Environmental Chemistry Jena (CEEC Jena), Friedrich Schiller University Jena , Philosophenweg 7a, 07743 Jena, Germany
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Fu Q, Gray ZR, van der Est A, Pelton RH. Phase Behavior of Aqueous Poly(acrylic acid-g-TEMPO). Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Fu
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Zachary Russell Gray
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
| | - Art van der Est
- Department
of Chemistry, Brock University, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada L2S 3A1
| | - Robert H. Pelton
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada L8S 4L7
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