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Wang P, Liu B, Wang Q, Wang Y, Gao X, Gou J, He H, Zhang Y, Yin T, Jin X, Tang X. Enhanced localized therapeutic precision: A face-to-face folate-targeted Cu 2+-mediated nanotherapy with thermosensitive sustained-release system. Int J Pharm 2024; 658:124213. [PMID: 38729382 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
Safe and effective Cu2+ supplementation in local lesion is crucial for minimizing toxicity of DSF-based chemotherapy. Targeted delivery of Cu2+ appears more promising. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinoma (PC) establishes "face-to-face" contact between targeted nanocarriers and tumor tissue. Herein, this study developed a biodegradable, injectable thermosensitive hydrogel that coencapsulating DSF submicroemulsion (DSF-SE) and folate-modified liposome loading glycyrrhizic acid-Cu (FCDL). FCDL acted as 'beneficial horse' to target the tumor-localized folate receptor, thus liberating Cu2+ in tumor nidus. The prepared FCDL and DSF-SE were found with uniform sizes (160.2 nm, 175.4 nm), low surface charge (-25.77 mV, -16.40 mV) and high encapsulation efficiency (97.93 %, 90.08 %). In vitro drug release profile of FCDL, DSF-SE and FCDL&DSF-SE@G followed a sustained release pattern. And the release behavior of Cu2+ from FCDL was pH-related, i.e., Cu2+ was released faster under acidic condition. When FCDL and DSF-SE were loaded into an PLGA-PEG-PLGA-based hydrogel system, FCDL&DSF-SE@G was formed to ensure separated delivery of Cu2+ and DSF in space but synchronized release over time. The rheology experiment showed a satisfactory gelling temperature of 32.7 °C. In vitro cytotoxicity study demonstrated that FCDL&DSF-SE@G significantly lowered the IC50 of free Cu2+/DSF, Cu2+/DSF hydrogel and non-targeted analogue by almost 70 %, 65 % and 32 %, respectively. Accordingly, in tumor-bearing mice, FCDL&DSF-SE@G augmented the tumor inhibition rates for the same formulations by 352 %, 145 % and 44 %, respectively. The main mechanism was attributed to higher uptake of FCDL and DSF-SE, resulting in increased Cu(DDTC)2 formation, ROS production and cell apoptosis. In conclusion, this targeted nanotherapy approach with dual-nanocarriers loaded hydrogel system, with its focus on face-to-face contact between nanocarriers and tumor tissues in the peritoneal cavity, holds significant promise for intraperitoneal chemotherapy in PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Boyuan Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Beijing Hospital, National Center of Gerontology, Institute of Geriatric Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing Key Laboratory of Assessment of Clinical Drugs Risk and Individual Application (Beijing Hospital), Beijing 100730, China
| | - Xiuqian Gao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Haibing He
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Xiangqun Jin
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, No. 1266, Fujin Road, Changchun 130021, China.
| | - Xing Tang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, No. 103, Wenhua Road, Shenyang 110016, China.
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2
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Braet H, Fransen PP, Chen Y, Van Herck S, Mariën R, Vanhoorne V, Ceelen W, Madder A, Ballet S, Hoogenboom R, De Geest B, Hoorens A, Dankers PYW, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Smart hydrogels delivered by high pressure aerosolization can prevent peritoneal adhesions. J Control Release 2023; 362:138-150. [PMID: 37619864 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Postoperative peritoneal adhesions occur in the majority of patients undergoing intra-abdominal surgery and are one of the leading causes of hospital re-admission. There is an unmet clinical need for effective anti-adhesive biomaterials, which can be applied evenly across the damaged tissues. We examined three different responsive hydrogel types, i.e. a thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA, a pH responsive UPy-PEG and a shear-thinning hexapeptide for this purpose. More specifically, their potential to be homogeneously distributed in the peritoneal cavity by high pressure nebulization and prevent peritoneal adhesions was evaluated. Solutions of each polymer type could be successfully nebulized while retaining their responsive gelation behavior in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, none of the polymers caused in vitro toxicity on SKOV3-IP2 cells. Following intraperitoneal administration, both the PLGA-PEG-PLGA and the hexapeptide hydrogels resulted in local inflammation and fibrosis and failed in preventing peritoneal adhesions 7 days after adhesion induction. In contrast, the pH sensitive UPy-PEG formulation was well tolerated and could significantly reduce the formation of peritoneal adhesions, even outperforming the commercially available Hyalobarrier® as positive control. To conclude, local nebulization of the bioresponsive UPy-PEG hydrogel can be considered as a promising approach to prevent postsurgical peritoneal adhesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena Braet
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Yong Chen
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Simon Van Herck
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Remco Mariën
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Wim Ceelen
- CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Annemieke Madder
- CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Steven Ballet
- Departments of Chemistry and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard Hoogenboom
- CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno De Geest
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Anne Hoorens
- CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium; Department of Pathology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Patricia Y W Dankers
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, the Netherlands
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; CRIG - Cancer Research Institute Ghent, Ghent, Belgium.
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Kim SY, Jo MJ, Yoon MS, Jin CE, Shin YB, Lee JM, Shin HJ, Oh JG, Cho JM, Kim H, Park H, Choi YW, Park CW, Kim JS, Shin DH. Gemcitabine and rapamycin-loaded mixed polymeric thermogel for metastatic pancreatic cancer therapy. J Control Release 2023; 360:796-809. [PMID: 37437850 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/14/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the 4th leading cause of cancer-related death and has a poor 5-year overall survival. The superior therapeutic benefits of combination or co-administration of drugs as intraperitoneal chemotherapy have increased interest in developing strategies to deliver chemotherapeutic agents to patients safely. In this study, we prepared a gel comprising the thermosensitive poly(lactide-co-glycolide)-b-poly(ethylene glycol)-b-poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) polymer and gemcitabine (GEM), which is currently used as the primary chemotherapy for PDAC and rapamycin (RAPA), a mammalian TOR (mTOR) inhibitor, to deliver the drug through intraperitoneal injection. We performed in vitro cytotoxicity experiments to verify the synergistic effects of the two drugs at different molar ratios and characterized the physicochemical properties of the GEM, RAPA, and GEM/RAPA-loaded thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA gels, hereafter referred to as (g(G), g(R), and g(GR)), respectively. The g(GR) comprising PLGA-PEG-PLGA polymer (25% w/v) and GEM and RAPA at a molar ratio of 11:1 showed synergism and was optimized. An in vitro cytotoxicity assay was performed by treating Panc-1-luc2 tumor spheroids with g(G), g(R), or g(GR). The g(GR) treatment group showed a 2.75-fold higher inhibition rate than the non-treated (NT) and vehicle-treated groups. Furthermore, in vivo drug release assay in mice by intraperitoneal injection of g(G), g(R), or g(GR) showed a more rapid release rate of GEM than RAPA, similar to the in vitro release pattern. The drugs in the gel were released faster in vivo than in vitro and degraded in 48 h. In addition, g(GR) showed the highest anti-tumor efficacy with no toxicity to mice. These results provide evidence for the safety and efficacy of g(GR) for intraperitoneal drug delivery. This study will assist in developing and clinically administering topical anti-cancer formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo Yeon Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Min Jeong Jo
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sup Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Chae Eun Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu Been Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Ji Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Gyo Oh
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Min Cho
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjun Kim
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Park
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Won Choi
- R&D Center, Huons Co., Ltd., Ansan, 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Woong Park
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Seok Kim
- Drug Information Research Institute (DIRI), College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Hwan Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju 28160, Republic of Korea.
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Brebels J, Mignon A. Polymer-Based Constructs for Flexor Tendon Repair: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14050867. [PMID: 35267690 PMCID: PMC8912457 DOI: 10.3390/polym14050867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A flexor tendon injury is acquired fast and is common for athletes, construction workers, and military personnel among others, treated in the emergency department. However, the healing of injured flexor tendons is stretched over a long period of up to 12 weeks, therefore, remaining a significant clinical problem. Postoperative complications, arising after traditional tendon repair strategies, include adhesion and tendon scar tissue formation, insufficient mechanical strength for early active mobilization, and infections. Various researchers have tried to develop innovative strategies for developing a polymer-based construct that minimalizes these postoperative complications, yet none are routinely used in clinical practice. Understanding the role such constructs play in tendon repair should enable a more targeted approach. This review mainly describes the polymer-based constructs that show promising results in solving these complications, in the hope that one day these will be used as a routine practice in flexor tendon repair, increasing the well-being of the patients. In addition, the review also focuses on the incorporation of active compounds in these constructs, to provide an enhanced healing environment for the flexor tendon.
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Guo Z, Bai Y, Zhang Z, Mei H, Li J, Pu Y, Zhao N, Gao W, Wu F, He B, Xie J. Thermosensitive polymer hydrogel as a physical shield on colonic mucosa for colitis treatment. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:3874-3884. [PMID: 33928321 DOI: 10.1039/d1tb00499a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis (UC), is a chronic disease characterized by diffuse mucosal inflammation limited to the colon. Topical drug delivery systems that could be facilely performed and efficiently retained at colon sites are attractive for clinical IBD treatment. Herein, we report the exploration of an injectable thermosensitive copolymer hydrogel as a topical formulation for IBD treatment and demonstrate its feasibility in UC treatment by shielding ulcer sites from the external environment and being a drug reservoir for sustained release. Poly(aliphatic ester)-based triblock copolymer, poly(dl-lactic acid)-poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(dl-lactic acid) (PDLLA-PEG-PDLLA), adopts the solution state at room temperature yet a gel state at body temperature when the polymer concentration is more than 11%. The gel acts not only as a physical mucosal barrier for protecting ulcer sites from microorganisms like bacteria but also as a mesalazine depot for enhanced drug retention in the colon for localized, sustained drug release. In vivo UC treatment reveals that blank gel as a mucosal protector shows nearly the same treatment effect to mesalazine SR granules. Mesalazine-loaded gel significantly suppresses inflammation and has the best outcomes of indices such as colonic length, mucosal injury index, pathological tissue, and inflammatory factor. The injectable thermosensitive polymer hydrogel represents a novel, robust platform for the efficient treatment of IBD by acting as a physical shield to block out the pro-inflammatory factors as well as a drug depot for enhanced drug retention and controlled delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyuan Guo
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yun Bai
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Zhuangzhuang Zhang
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Heng Mei
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jing Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Yuji Pu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Nan Zhao
- Puliyan (Nanjing) Medical Science & Technology Co. LTD, Nanjing 210042, China
| | - Wenxia Gao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Fang Wu
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Bin He
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials, College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China.
| | - Jing Xie
- Department of Stomatology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, China.
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6
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Constantinou AP, Georgiou TK. Pre‐clinical and clinical applications of thermoreversible hydrogels in biomedical engineering: a review. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna P Constantinou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Royal School of Mines London UK
| | - Theoni K Georgiou
- Department of Materials Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, Royal School of Mines London UK
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Rao W, Cai C, Tang J, Wei Y, Gao C, Yu L, Ding J. Coordination Insertion Mechanism of
Ring‐Opening
Polymerization of Lactide Catalyzed by Stannous Octoate
†. CHINESE J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.202000519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Weihan Rao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Caiyun Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Jingyu Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Yiman Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Caiyun Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute Zhuhai Guangdong 519000 China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University Shanghai 200438 China
- Zhuhai Fudan Innovation Institute Zhuhai Guangdong 519000 China
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8
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Xie X, Wang J, Zhang L, Zeng S, Su X, Chen Q. Bioresorbable Depot for Sustained Release of Immunostimulatory Resiquimod in Suppressing Both Primary Triple-Negative Breast Tumors and Metastatic Occurrence. Bioconjug Chem 2021; 32:1008-1016. [PMID: 33882675 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.1c00171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
In light of immune facilities trafficking toward the pathological sites along upward gradient of immunostimulatory cytokines, a localized resiquimod (Toll-like receptor 7/8 agonist) release depot was manufactured for pursuit of precision immunostimulation toward intractable triple-negative breast carcinoma. In principle, resiquimod/poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) microspheres were fabricated and embedded into injectable and biodegradable poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-based hydrogel. The subsequent investigations approved persistent retention of immunostimulatory resiquimod in tumors upon peritumoral administration, which consequently led to localized and consistent secretion of immunostimulatory cytokines. Initially, not only innate tumor phagocytosis but also adaptive antitumor immunities were successfully cultivated for in situ suppression of the growth of primary solid tumors, more importantly, capable of inhibiting distant pulmonary metastasis, as evidenced by observation of enormous lymphocytes selectively gathering in the pulmonary artery. Hence, our presented study provided an important clinical indication of using immunostimulatory drugs to activate potent innate and adaptive antitumor immunities for precision antitumor therapy. Further immunomodulatory strategies, such as checkpoint blockage and tumor immunogenicity, could also be complementary for development of advanced antitumor immunotherapeutics in treatment of a number of intractable tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhe Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.,School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Jingyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China.,School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Liuwei Zhang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Shuang Zeng
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Xiaohui Su
- Cancer Hospital of China Medical University, Liaoning Cancer Hospital & Institute, No. 44 Xiaoheyan Road, Dadong District, Shenyang 110042, China
| | - Qixian Chen
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Dalian 116024, China
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Advanced technology-driven therapeutic interventions for prevention of tendon adhesion: Design, intrinsic and extrinsic factor considerations. Acta Biomater 2021; 124:15-32. [PMID: 33508510 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tendon adhesion formation describes the development of fibrotic tissue between the tendon and its surrounding tissues, which commonly occurs as a reaction to injury or surgery. Its impact on function and quality of life varies from negligible to severely disabling, depending on the affected area and extent of adhesion formed. Thus far, treatment options remain limited with prophylactic anti-inflammatory medications and revision surgeries constituting the only tools within the doctors' armamentarium - neither of which provides reliable outcomes. In this review, the authors aim to collate the current understanding of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying tendon adhesion formation, highlighting the significant role ascribed to the inflammatory cascade in accelerating adhesion formation. The bulk of this article will then be dedicated to critically appraising different therapeutic structures like nanoparticles, hydrogels and fibrous membranes fabricated by various cutting-edge technologies for adhesion formation prophylaxis. Emphasis will be placed on the role of the fibrous membranes, their ability to act as drug delivery vehicles as well as the combination with other therapeutic structures (e.g., hydrogel or nanoparticles) or fabrication technologies (e.g., weaving or braiding). Finally, the authors will provide an opinion as to the future direction of the prevention of tendon adhesion formation in view of scaffold structure and function designs.
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10
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Hoang Thi TT, Sinh LH, Huynh DP, Nguyen DH, Huynh C. Self-Assemblable Polymer Smart-Blocks for Temperature-Induced Injectable Hydrogel in Biomedical Applications. Front Chem 2020; 8:19. [PMID: 32083052 PMCID: PMC7005785 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Self-assembled temperature-induced injectable hydrogels fabricated via self-assembly of polymer smart-blocks have been widely investigated as drug delivery systems and platforms for tissue regeneration. Polymer smart-blocks that can be self-assembly play an important role in fabrication of hydrogels because they can self-assemble to induce the gelation of their copolymer in aqueous solution. The self-assembly occurs in response to an external stimulus change, such as temperature, pH, glucose, ionic strength, light, magnetic field, electric field, or their combination, which results in property transformations like hydrophobicity, ionization, and conformational change. The self-assembly smart-block based copolymers exist as a solution in aqueous media at certain conditions that are suitable for mixing with bioactive molecules and/or cells. However, this solution turns into a hydrogel due to the self-assembly of the smart-blocks under exposure to an external stimulus change in vitro or injection into the living body for a controllable release of loaded bioactive molecules or serving as a biomaterial scaffold for tissue regeneration. This work reports current scenery in the development of these self-assembly smart-blocks for fabrication of temperature-induced injectable physically cross-linked hydrogels and their potential application as drug delivery systems and platforms for tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thai Thanh Hoang Thi
- Biomaterials and Nanotechnology Research Group, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Le Hoang Sinh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
| | - Dai Phu Huynh
- Faculty of Materials Technology and Polymer Research Center, Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology, VNU HCM, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Dai Hai Nguyen
- Institute of Applied Materials Science, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Cong Huynh
- Institute of Research and Development, Duy Tan University, Da Nang, Vietnam
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11
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Chan PS, Xian JW, Li Q, Chan CW, Leung SSY, To KKW. Biodegradable Thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA Polymer for Non-irritating and Sustained Ophthalmic Drug Delivery. AAPS JOURNAL 2019; 21:59. [PMID: 31020458 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-019-0326-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Challenges of ophthalmic drug delivery arise from not only the limited solubility of hydrophobic therapeutics, but also the restricted permeability and fast clearance of drugs due to the complex anatomy and physiology of the eyes. Biodegradable thermosensitive polymer, poly(dl-lactide-co-glycolide-b-ethylene glycol-b-dl-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA-PEG-PLGA) is a desirable ophthalmic drug delivery system because it can be formulated into injectable solution which forms gel in situ to provide prolonged drug release. In this study, excellent biocompatibility of blank PLGA-PEG-PLGA (1800-1500-1800) thermogel was demonstrated with insignificant difference from saline noted in rat eye enucleation test, in vivo inflammation test upon topical instillation, and subconjunctival injection. After subconjunctival injection, thermogel formulations loaded with hydrophilic (rhodamine B) or hydrophobic (coumarin 6) fluorescent dyes were retained up to 4 weeks in eye tissues and significantly higher level was detected than rhodamine B solution or coumarin 6 suspension in weeks 3 and 4. Moreover, in vivo whole body imaging showed that dye-loaded (sulfo-cyanine 7 NHS ester, Cy7; or cyanine 7.5 alkyne, Cy7.5) thermogels had longer retention at the injection site and retarded release to other body parts than dye solutions. Generally, the release rate of hydrophobic dyes (coumarin 6 and Cy7.5) was much slower than that of the hydrophilic dyes (rhodamine B and Cy7) from the thermogel. In summary, the thermogel was safe for ophthalmic drug delivery and could deliver both hydrophobic and hydrophilic compounds for sustained drug release into eye tissues with single subconjunctival injection for better patient compliance and reduced risks on repeated injection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Shan Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jia Wen Xian
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Qingqing Li
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chun Wai Chan
- School of Chinese Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sharon S Y Leung
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Kenneth K W To
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, N.T., Hong Kong SAR, China.
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12
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Chen SH, Chou PY, Chen ZY, Lin FH. Electrospun Water-Borne Polyurethane Nanofibrous Membrane as a Barrier for Preventing Postoperative Peritendinous Adhesion. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E1625. [PMID: 30939838 PMCID: PMC6480376 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2019] [Revised: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Peritendinous adhesion is a major complication after tendon injury and the subsequent repairs or reconstructions. The degree of adhesion can be reduced by the interposition of a membranous barrier between the traumatized tendon and the surrounding tissue. In the present study, electrospun water-borne polyurethane (WPU) nanofibrous membranes (NFMs) were created for use after the reparation or reconstruction of tendons to reduce adhesion. In the electrospinning process, water was employed as the solvent for WPU, and this solvent was ecofriendly and nontoxic. The nanofibrous architecture and pore size of the WPU NFMs were analyzed. Their microporosity (0.78⁻1.05 µm) blocked the penetration of fibroblasts, which could result in adhesion and scarring around the tendon during healing. The release of WPU mimicked the lubrication effect of the synovial fluid produced by the synovium around the tendon. In vitro cell studies revealed that the WPU NFMs effectively reduced the number of fibroblasts that became attached and that there was no significant cytotoxicity. In vivo studies with the rabbit flexor tendon repair model revealed that WPU NFMs reduced the degree of peritendinous adhesion, as determined using a gross examination; a histological cross section evaluation; and measurements of the range of motion of interphalangeal joints (97.1 ± 14.7 and 79.0 ± 12.4 degrees in proximal and distal interphalangeal joints respectively), of the length of tendon excursion (11.6 ± 1.9 cm), and of the biomechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Heng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chang Gung University and Medical College, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan.
| | - Zhi-Yu Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
| | - Feng-Huei Lin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, College of Medicine and College of Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 100, Taiwan.
- Division of Biomedical Engineering and Nanomedicine Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli 35053, Taiwan.
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13
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Zhang W, Xu W, Ning C, Li M, Zhao G, Jiang W, Ding J, Chen X. Long-acting hydrogel/microsphere composite sequentially releases dexmedetomidine and bupivacaine for prolonged synergistic analgesia. Biomaterials 2018; 181:378-391. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Cui S, Yu L, Ding J. Semi-bald Micelles and Corresponding Percolated Micelle Networks of Thermogels. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuquan Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Lin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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15
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Han J, Zhao X, Xu W, Wang W, Han Y, Feng X. Effect of Hydrophobic Polypeptide Length on Performances of Thermo-Sensitive Hydrogels. Molecules 2018; 23:E1017. [PMID: 29701685 PMCID: PMC6102579 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23051017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosensitive gels are commonly used as drug carriers in medical fields, mainly due to their convenient processing and easy functionalization. However, their overall performance has been severely affected by their unsatisfying biocompatibility and biodegradability. To this end, we synthesized poly(l-alanine) (PLAla)-based thermosensitive hydrogels with different degrees of polymerization by ring-opening polymerization. The obtained mPEG45−PLAla copolymers showed distinct transition temperatures and degradation abilities. It was found that slight changes in the length of hydrophobic side groups had a decisive effect on the gelation behavior of the polypeptide hydrogel. Longer hydrophobic ends led to a lower gelation temperature of gel at the same concentration, which implied better gelation capability. The hydrogels showed rapid gelling, enhanced biocompatibility, and better degradability. Therefore, this thermosensitive hydrogel is a promising material for biomedical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Han
- Department of Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Xingyu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Weiguo Xu
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
| | - Yuping Han
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
- Department of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130033, China.
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China.
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16
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Li J, Feng X, Shi J, Liu T, Ding J. Porous Polylactide Film Plus Atorvastatin-Loaded Thermogel as an Efficient Device for Peritoneal Adhesion Prevention. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:2715-2723. [PMID: 30023849 PMCID: PMC6045354 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Peritoneal adhesion is a common postoperative complication that causes many kinds of organ dysfunctions. It can be minimized by the integration of physical isolation and pharmaceutical treatment. However, the gas permeability of traditional medical devices for adhesion prevention is not satisfactory, which increases the risk of infection and inflammation, thus facilitating the formation of peritoneal adhesion. In this study, a device of porous polylactide (PLA) film plus atorvastatin (ATV)-loaded thermogel was developed for peritoneal adhesion prevention. PLA film acted as a physical barrier to prevent the connection of fibrin bridges between the injured tissues and nearby normal organs. Simultaneously, ATV was released to achieve the antifibrin deposition and anti-inflammatory effect. The porous properties of PLA film and thermogel increased the gas permeability and further inhibited the inflammatory responses. The in vivo study demonstrated that the porous PLA film with ATV-loaded thermogel possessed excellent anti-inflammation ability and satisfactory antiadhesion capacity, indicating its great potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiannan Li
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Hospital
of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Xiangru Feng
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jian Shi
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Hospital
of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Tongjun Liu
- Department
of General Surgery, The Second Hospital
of Jilin University, 218 Ziqiang Street, Changchun 130041, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Ding
- Key
Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied
Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 5625 Renmin Street, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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17
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Chou PY, Chen SH, Chen CH, Chen SH, Fong YT, Chen JP. Thermo-responsive in-situ forming hydrogels as barriers to prevent post-operative peritendinous adhesion. Acta Biomater 2017; 63:85-95. [PMID: 28919215 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we aimed to assess whether thermo-responsive in-situ forming hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) could prevent post-operative peritendinous adhesion. The clinical advantages of the thermo-responsive hydrogels are acting as barrier material to block penetration of fibroblasts, providing mobility and flexibility during application and enabling injection through a small opening to fill spaces of any shape after surgery. The thermo-responsiveness of hydrogels was determined to ensure their clinic uses. By grafting hydrophilic biopolymers chitosan (CS) and hyaluronic acid (HA) to PNIPAM, the copolymer hydrogels show enhanced water retention and lubrication, while reduced volume shrinkage during phase transition. In cell culture experiments, the thermo-responsive hydrogel has good biocompatibility and reduces fibroblast penetration. In animal experiments, the effectiveness of preventing post-operative peritendinous adhesion was studied in a rabbit deep flexor tendon model. From gross examination, histology, bending angles of joints, tendon gliding excursion and pull-out force, HA-CS-PNIPAM (HACPN) was confirmed to be the best barrier material to prevent post-operative peritendinous adhesion compared to PNIPAM and CS-PNIPAM (CPN) hydrogels and a commercial barrier film Seprafilm®. There was no significant difference in the breaking strength of HACPN-treated tendons and spontaneously healed ones, indicating HACPN hydrogel application did not interfere with normal tendon healing. We conclude that HACPN hydrogel can provide the best functional outcomes to significantly prevent post-operative tendon adhesion in vivo. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE We prepared thermo-responsive in-situ forming hydrogels based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) to prevent post-operative peritendinous adhesion. The injectable barrier hydrogel could have better anti-adhesive properties than current commercial products by acting as barrier material to block penetration of fibroblasts, providing mobility and flexibility during application and enabling injection through a small opening to fill spaces of any shape after surgery. The effectiveness of preventing post-operative peritendinous adhesion was studied in a rabbit deep flexor tendon model. From gross examination, histology, bending angles of joints, tendon gliding excursion and pull-out force, HA-CS-PNIPAM (HACPN) was confirmed to be the best barrier material to prevent post-operative peritendinous adhesion compared to PNIPAM and CS-PNIPAM (CPN) hydrogels and a commercial barrier film Seprafilm®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pang-Yun Chou
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Heng Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chih-Hao Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Hsien Chen
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi Teng Fong
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Jyh-Ping Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Craniofacial Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33305, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine and Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Kwei-San, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Materials Engineering, Ming Chi University of Technology, Tai-Shan, New Taipei City 24301, Taiwan, ROC.
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18
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Wang P, Chu W, Zhuo X, Zhang Y, Gou J, Ren T, He H, Yin T, Tang X. Modified PLGA–PEG–PLGA thermosensitive hydrogels with suitable thermosensitivity and properties for use in a drug delivery system. J Mater Chem B 2017; 5:1551-1565. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02158a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PLGA–PEG–PLGA (PPP) triblock copolymer is the most widely studied thermosensitive hydrogel owing to its non-toxic, biocompatible, biodegradable, and thermosensitive properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puxiu Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Wei Chu
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xuezhi Zhuo
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Jingxin Gou
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Tianyang Ren
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Haibing He
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Tian Yin
- School of Functional Food and Wine
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
| | - Xing Tang
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University
- Shenyang
- China
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19
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Huynh CT, Nguyen QV, Lym JS, Kim BS, Huynh DP, Jae HJ, Kim YI, Lee DS. Intraarterial gelation of injectable cationic pH/temperature-sensitive radiopaque embolic hydrogels in a rabbit hepatic tumor model and their potential application for liver cancer treatment. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra03263j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Radiopaque embolic solutions employing cationic poly(amino ester urethane)-based copolymers are injected into a rabbit hepatic tumor artery and form hydrogels in response to local temperature and pH for chemoembolization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Truc Huynh
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Quang Vinh Nguyen
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Jae Seung Lym
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Bong Sup Kim
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
| | - Dai Phu Huynh
- National Key Lab for Polymer & Composite
- Faculty of Materials Technology
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology
- Vietnam National University – Ho Chi Minh City
- Ho Chi Minh City
| | - Hwan Jun Jae
- Department of Radiology
- Seoul National University Hospital
- Seoul
- Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Department of Radiology
- Seoul National University Hospital
- Seoul
- Korea
- Department of Radiology
| | - Doo Sung Lee
- Theranostic Macromolecules Research Center
- School of Chemical Engineering
- Sungkyunkwan University
- Suwon
- Korea
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