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Boruvka M, Base R, Novak J, Brdlik P, Behalek L, Ngaowthong C. Phase Morphology and Mechanical Properties of Super-Tough PLLA/TPE/EMA-GMA Ternary Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:192. [PMID: 38256991 PMCID: PMC10819591 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
The inherent brittleness of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) limits its use in a wider range of applications that require plastic deformation at higher stress levels. To overcome this, a series of poly(l-lactic acid) (PLLA)/biodegradable thermoplastic polyester elastomer (TPE) blends and their ternary blends with an ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (EMA-GMA) copolymer as a compatibilizer were prepared via melt blending to improve the poor impact strength and low ductility of PLAs. The thermal behavior, crystallinity, and miscibility of the binary and ternary blends were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Tensile tests revealed a brittle-ductile transition when the binary PLLA/20TPE blend was compatibilized by 8.6 wt. % EMA-GMA, and the elongation at break increased from 10.9% to 227%. The "super tough" behavior of the PLLA/30TPE/12.9EMA-GMA ternary blend with the incomplete break and notched impact strength of 89.2 kJ∙m-2 was observed at an ambient temperature (23 °C). In addition, unnotched PLLA/40TPE samples showed a tremendous improvement in crack initiation resistance at sub-zero test conditions (-40 °C) with an impact strength of 178.1 kJ∙m-2. Morphological observation by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) indicates that EMA-GMA is preferentially located at the PLLA/TPE interphase, where it is partially incorporated into the matrix and partially encapsulates the TPE. The excellent combination of good interfacial adhesion, debonding cavitation, and subsequent matrix shear yielding worked synergistically with the phase transition from sea-island to co-continuous morphology to form an interesting super-toughening mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Boruvka
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Roman Base
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Jan Novak
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Pavel Brdlik
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Lubos Behalek
- Department of Engineering Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Liberec, Studenstka 2, 461 17 Liberec, Czech Republic; (R.B.); (J.N.); (P.B.); (L.B.)
| | - Chakaphan Ngaowthong
- Department of Agricultural Engineering for Industry, Faculty of Industrial Technology and Management, King Mongkut’s University of Technology North Bangkok Prachinburi Campus, 29 Moo 6, Tumbon Noenhom, Muang 25230, Prachinburi, Thailand;
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Pesaranhajiabbas E, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Recent progress on biodegradable polylactic acid based blends and their biocomposites: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:126231. [PMID: 37567528 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.126231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Being less dependent on non-renewable resources as well as protecting the environment from waste streams have become two critical primers for a global movement toward replacing conventional plastics with renewable and biodegradable polymers. Despite all these efforts, only a few biodegradable polymers have paved their way successfully into the market. Polylactic acid is one of these biodegradable polymers that has been investigated thoroughly by researchers as well as manufactured on a large industrial scale. It is synthesized from lactic acid obtained mainly from the biological fermentation of carbohydrates, which makes this material a renewable polymer. Besides its renewability, it benefits from some attractive mechanical performances including high strength and stiffness, though brittleness is a major drawback of this biopolymer. Accordingly, the development of blends and biocomposites based on polylactic acid with highly flexible biodegradable polymers, specifically poly(butylene adipate co terephthalate) has been the objective of many investigations recently. This paper focuses on the blends and biocomposites based on these two biopolymers, specifically their mechanical, rheological, and biodegradation, the main characteristics that are crucial for being considered as a biodegradable substitution for conventional non-biodegradable polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Pesaranhajiabbas
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Amar K Mohanty
- School of Engineering, Thornbrough Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada; Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre, Department of Plant Agriculture, Crop Science Building, University of Guelph, Guelph N1G 2W1, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Nanocomposite films of PLA/PBAT blends incorporated with porous clay heterostructure from mixed surfactant systems and their effect of temperature and pressure on dielectric properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03465-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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4
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Liu X, Jiang Z, Xing D, Yang Y, Li Z, Sun Z. Recent progress in nanocomposites of carbon dioxide fixation derived reproducible biomedical polymers. Front Chem 2022; 10:1035825. [PMID: 36277338 PMCID: PMC9585172 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.1035825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the environmental problems accompanying the extensive application of biomedical polymer materials produced from fossil fuels have attracted more and more attentions. As many biomedical polymer products are disposable, their life cycle is relatively short. Most of the used or overdue biomedical polymer products need to be burned after destruction, which increases the emission of carbon dioxide (CO2). Developing biomedical products based on CO2 fixation derived polymers with reproducible sources, and gradually replacing their unsustainable fossil-based counterparts, will promote the recycling of CO2 in this field and do good to control the greenhouse effect. Unfortunately, most of the existing polymer materials from renewable raw materials have some property shortages, which make them unable to meet the gradually improved quality and property requirements of biomedical products. In order to overcome these shortages, much time and effort has been dedicated to applying nanotechnology in this field. The present paper reviews recent advances in nanocomposites of CO2 fixation derived reproducible polymers for biomedical applications, and several promising strategies for further research directions in this field are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Liu
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiwen Jiang
- Department of Stomatology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Jiang, ; Zhiying Li,
| | - Dejun Xing
- Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Yan Yang
- Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
| | - Zhiying Li
- Tumor Hospital of Jilin Province, Changchun, China
- *Correspondence: Zhiwen Jiang, ; Zhiying Li,
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
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5
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Effect of polycarbodiimide on the structure and mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-03227-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Chen X, Li C, Ding Y, Li Y, Li J, Sun L, Wei J, Wei X, Wang H, Zhang K, Pan L, Li Y. Fully Bio-Based and Supertough PLA Blends via a Novel Interlocking Strategy Combining Strong Dipolar Interactions and Stereocomplexation. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangjian Chen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chuanxi Li
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yingli Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yang Li
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jinshan Li
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Liming Sun
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Wei
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Hao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing and the Key Laboratory of Catalysis of CNPC, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China
| | - Kunyu Zhang
- Advanced Materials Research Center, Petrochemical Research Institute, Petro China Company Limited, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Li Pan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuesheng Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300350, China
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Wei P, Li L, Wang L, Yan J, Zeng N, Li L, Sun N, Bai L, Li H, Zhang Y. Synthesis and properties of high performance biobased liquid crystal copolyesters toward load-bearing bone repair application. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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8
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Compatibilization strategies and analysis of morphological features of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT)/Poly(Lactic Acid) PLA blends: a state-of-art review. Eur Polym J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2022.111304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Ludwiczak J, Frąckowiak S, Leluk K. Study of Thermal, Mechanical and Barrier Properties of Biodegradable PLA/PBAT Films with Highly Oriented MMT. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237189. [PMID: 34885343 PMCID: PMC8658248 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to improve the properties of biodegradable polylactide (PLA), mixtures with polybutylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) were prepared. PLA is a bio-based and renewable biodegradable material, made from starch. PBAT is a biodegradable polyester for compostable film. In order to improve the composite properties, two types of additives were implemented via melt mixing, a chain extender (CE) and montmorillonite (MMT). CE was used as an interfacial modifier to enhance the adhesion between components. Montmorillonite is a widely studied clay added to polymer nanocomposites. Due to the lamellar structure, it improves the barrier properties of materials. PLA/PBAT films were oriented in the extrusion process and the amounts of filler introduced into the PLA/PBAT nanocomposites were 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0%. The improvement in the PLA barrier properties by the addition of PBAT and 5% of MMT was confirmed as the oxygen permeability decreased almost by a factor of 3. The addition of the biodegradable polymer, chain extender, montmorillonite, and the implemented orientation process resulted in a decrease in composite viscosity and an increase in the PLA crystallinity percentage (up to 25%), and the wettability tests confirmed the synergic behavior of the selected polymer blend.
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Danko M, Mosnáčková K, Vykydalová A, Kleinová A, Puškárová A, Pangallo D, Bujdoš M, Mosnáček J. Properties and Degradation Performances of Biodegradable Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) Blends and Keratin Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13162693. [PMID: 34451232 PMCID: PMC8399615 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
From environmental aspects, the recovery of keratin waste is one of the important needs and therefore also one of the current topics of many research groups. Here, the keratin hydrolysate after basic hydrolysis was used as a filler in plasticized polylactic acid/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) blend under loading in the range of 1–20 wt%. The composites were characterized by infrared spectroscopy, and the effect of keratin on changes in molar masses of matrices during processing was investigated using gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Thermal properties of the composites were investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The effect of keratin loading on the mechanical properties of composite was investigated by tensile test and dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Hydrolytic degradation of matrices and composites was investigated by the determination of extractable product amounts, GPC, DSC and NMR. Finally, microbial growth and degradation were investigated. It was found that incorporation of keratin in plasticized PLA/PHB blend provides material with good thermal and mechanical properties and improved degradation under common environmental conditions, indicating its possible application in agriculture and/or packaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Danko
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.M.); (A.V.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Katarína Mosnáčková
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.M.); (A.V.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Anna Vykydalová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.M.); (A.V.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Angela Kleinová
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.M.); (A.V.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
| | - Andrea Puškárová
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Domenico Pangallo
- Institute of Molecular Biology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 21, 845 51 Bratislava, Slovakia; (A.P.); (D.P.)
| | - Marek Bujdoš
- Faculty of Natural Sciences, Institute of Laboratory Research on Geomaterials, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynská dolina, 842 15 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Jaroslav Mosnáček
- Polymer Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 41 Bratislava, Slovakia; (K.M.); (A.V.); (A.K.); (J.M.)
- Centre for Advanced Materials Application, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 11 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Zhang Y, Jia S, Pan H, Wang L, Bian J, Guan Y, Li B, Zhang H, Yang H, Dong L. Effect of glycidyl methacrylate-grafted poly(ethylene octene) on the compatibility in PLA/PBAT blends and films. KOREAN J CHEM ENG 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s11814-021-0809-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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12
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Effects of Repulsion Parameter and Chain Length of Homopolymers on Interfacial Properties of A n/A x/2B xA x/2/B m Blends: A DPD Simulation Study. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13142333. [PMID: 34301090 PMCID: PMC8309644 DOI: 10.3390/polym13142333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/11/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored the effects of the repulsion parameter (aAB) and chain length (NHA or NHB) of homopolymers on the interfacial properties of An/Ax/2BxAx/2/Bm ternary polymeric blends using dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. Our simulations show that: (i) The ternary blends exhibit the significant segregation at the repulsion parameter (aAB = 40). (ii) Both the interfacial tension and the density of triblock copolymer at the center of the interface increase to a plateau with increasing the homopolymer chain length, which indicates that the triblock copolymers with shorter chain length exhibit better performance as the compatibilizers for stabilizing the blends. (iii) For the case of NHA = 4 (chain length of homopolymers An) and NHB (chain length of homopolymers Bm) ranging from 16 to 64, the blends exhibit larger interfacial widths with a weakened correlation between bead An and Bm of homopolymers, which indicates that the triblock copolymer compatibilizers (Ax/2BxAx/2) show better performance in reducing the interfacial tension. The effectiveness of triblock copolymer compatibilizers is, thus, controlled by the regulation of repulsion parameters and the homopolymer chain length. This work raises important considerations concerning the use of the triblock copolymer as compatibilizers in the immiscible homopolymer blend systems.
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Liu D, Gong K, Lin Y, Liu T, Liu Y, Duan X. Dissipative Particle Dynamics Study on Interfacial Properties of Symmetric Ternary Polymeric Blends. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13091516. [PMID: 34066898 PMCID: PMC8125886 DOI: 10.3390/polym13091516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the interfacial properties of symmetric ternary An/AmBm/Bn and An/Am/2BmAm/2/Bn polymeric blends by means of dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) simulations. We systematically analyzed the effects of composition, chain length, and concentration of the copolymers on the interfacial tensions, interfacial widths, and the structures of each polymer component in the blends. Our simulations show that: (i) the efficiency of the copolymers in reducing the interfacial tension is highly dependent on their compositions. The triblock copolymers are more effective in reducing the interfacial tension compared to that of the diblock copolymers at the same chain length and concentration; (ii) the interfacial tension of the blends increases with increases in the triblock copolymer chain length, which indicates that the triblock copolymers with a shorter chain length exhibit a better performance as the compatibilizers compared to that of their counterparts with longer chain lengths; and (iii) elevating the triblock copolymer concentration can promote copolymer enrichment at the center of the interface, which enlarges the width of the phase interfaces and reduces the interfacial tension. These findings illustrate the correlations between the efficiency of copolymer compatibilizers and their detailed molecular parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
| | - Kai Gong
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Ye Lin
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Tao Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Science, North China University of Science and Technology, Tangshan 063210, China; (K.G.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xiaozheng Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (T.L.); (X.D.); Tel.: +86-315-8805860 (D.L. & T.L.); +86-431-85262479 (X.D.)
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Wang R, Sun X, Chen L, Liang W. Morphological and mechanical properties of biodegradable poly(glycolic acid)/poly(butylene adipate- co-terephthalate) blends with in situ compatibilization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:1241-1249. [PMID: 35424121 PMCID: PMC8693435 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra08813g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present work, the biodegradable blends of poly(glycolic acid) (PGA) and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with in situ compatibilization using 4,4'-methylenebis(phenyl isocyanate) (MDI) were prepared. The combined results of FTIR, DSC, SEM, DSC, POM, TGA and rheology demonstrated that the MDI was successfully reacted with PGA/PBAT, the complex viscosity and storage moduli (G') of the blends were increased. Melt elasticity and viscosity of the blends were also increased on increasing the concentration of PBAT. SEM results indicated that the compatibility was improved by in situ compatibilization. Due to the apparent differences in melting temperature (T m) between PGA and PBAT, the morphology of the dispersed phase evolved from a spherical structure to in situ microfiber when the content of PBAT was up to 60% during injection molding. The interfacial adhesion between PGA and PBAT was strengthened, consequently, the impact strength of the blend was sharply increased from 9.0 kJ m-2 to 22.2 kJ m-2. On account of the chain extension effect, the crystallinity, crystallization temperature and crystallization size were decreased, which was also of benefit for the improvement of toughness. Meanwhile, the thermal stability of the PGA was improved through blending with PBAT. A novel biodegradable blending material with enhanced toughness and thermal stability was prepared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Wang
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Xiaojie Sun
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Lanlan Chen
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
| | - Wenbin Liang
- National Institute of Clean and Low-Carbon Energy Beijing 102211 China
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Properties and Degradation of Novel Fully Biodegradable PLA/PHB Blends Filled with Keratin. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249678. [PMID: 33353232 PMCID: PMC7766749 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The utilization of keratin waste in new materials formulations can prevent its environmental disposal problem. Here, novel composites based on biodegradable blends consisting of poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and poly(3-hydroxybutyrate) (PHB), and filled with hydrolyzed keratin with loading from 1 to 20 wt % were prepared and their properties were investigated. Mechanical and viscoelastic properties were characterized by tensile test, dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA) and rheology measurements. The addition of acetyltributyl citrate (ATBC) significantly affected the mechanical properties of the materials. It was found that the filled PLA/PHB/ATBC composite at the highest keratin loading exhibited similar shear moduli compared to the un-plasticized blend as a result of the much stronger interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix compared to composites with lower keratin content. The differences in dynamic moduli for PLA/PHB/ATBC blend filled with keratin depended extensively on the keratin content while loss the factor values progressively decreased with keratin loading. Softening interactions between the keratin and polymer matrix resulted in lower glass transitions temperature and reduced polymer chain mobility. The addition of keratin did not affect the extent of degradation of the PLA/PHB blend during melt blending. Fast hydrolysis at 60 °C was observed for composites with all keratin loadings. The developed keratin-based composites possess properties comparable to commonly used thermoplastics applicable for example as packaging materials.
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Han Y, Shi J, Mao L, Wang Z, Zhang L. Improvement of Compatibility and Mechanical Performances of PLA/PBAT Composites with Epoxidized Soybean Oil as Compatibilizer. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c04285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Jinwei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Lixin Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Zhao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic−Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
- Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, P. R. China
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Fu Y, Wu G, Bian X, Zeng J, Weng Y. Biodegradation Behavior of Poly(Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) (PBAT), Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA), and Their Blend in Freshwater with Sediment. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25173946. [PMID: 32872416 PMCID: PMC7504808 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25173946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA) are well-known biodegadable polyesters due to their outstanding performance. The biodegradation behavior of PLA/PBAT blends in freshwater with sediment is investigated in this study by analyzing the appearance, chemical structure and aggregation structure of their degraded residues via SEM, TG, DSC, gel permeation chromatography (GPC) and XPS. The effect of aggregation structure, hydrophilia and biodegradation mechanisms of PBAT and PLA on the biodegradability of PLA/PBAT blends is illuminated in this work. After biodegradation, the butylene terephthalate unit in the molecular structure of the components and the molecular weight of PLA/PBAT blends decreased, while the content of C-O bond in the composites increased, indicating that the samples indeed degraded. After 24 months of degradation, the increase in the relative peak area proportion of C-O to C=O in PLA/PBAT-25, PLA/PBAT-50 and PLA/PBAT-75 was 62%, 46% and 68%, respectively. The biodegradation rates of PBAT and PLA in the PLA/PBAT blend were lower than those for the respective single polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Fu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China;
| | - Gang Wu
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Xinchao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, China;
| | - Jianbing Zeng
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Soft-Matter Material Chemistry and Function Manufacturing, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China;
| | - Yunxuan Weng
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing 100037, China;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-68985380; Fax: +86-10-68983573
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18
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Effect of Different Compatibilizers on the Properties of Poly (Lactic Acid)/Poly (Butylene Adipate-Co-Terephthalate) Blends Prepared under Intense Shear Flow Field. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13092094. [PMID: 32369995 PMCID: PMC7254402 DOI: 10.3390/ma13092094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this report, poly(lactic acid) (PLA) and Poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) with three kinds of compatibilizers were melt blended under intensive shear flow. A self-made parallel three-screw extruder was developed to generate such flow during the process. Mechanical properties, chemical reactions among PLA, PBAT and compatibilizers, rheological behavior and morphology were investigated. The mechanical tests showed that the notched impact strength of super-tough composite with 10 wt% EGMA is about 20 times than that of pure PLA. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) results showed that the epoxy functional groups or maleic anhydride functional groups of KT-20, KT-915 and EGMA reacted with the hydroxyl groups of PLA or PBAT macromolecules, resulting in a bridge of PLA and PBAT. About rheological properties, the tan δ—angular frequency curves and the η’’- η’ curves confirmed the chemical reactions mentioned above and indicated better compatibility of η’’- η’ between PLA and PBAT, respectively. Meanwhile, the loss modulus and storage modulus—angular frequency curves demonstrated the discrepancy of different compatibilizer components. In particular, from scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images, it can be seen that the phase size and dispersion uniformity of PBAT adjusted by compatibilizer, corresponding to better compatibility that is described in the η’’- η’ curves. The approach for producing super-tough PLA/PBAT/compatibilizer by intensive shear flow provides a viable direction for further improving PLA performance.
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Flores I, Martínez de Ilarduya A, Sardon H, Müller AJ, Muñoz-Guerra S. ROP and crystallization behaviour of partially renewable triblock aromatic-aliphatic copolymers derived from L-lactide. Eur Polym J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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20
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Zhao X, Hu H, Wang X, Yu X, Zhou W, Peng S. Super tough poly(lactic acid) blends: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2020; 10:13316-13368. [PMID: 35492128 PMCID: PMC9051451 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01801e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) or poly(lactide) (PLA) is a renewable, bio-based, and biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyester that is considered a promising alternative to petrochemical-derived polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications. However, PLA is inherently brittle, with less than 10% elongation at break and a relatively poor impact strength, which limit its use in some specific areas. Therefore, enhancing the toughness of PLA has been widely explored in academic and industrial fields over the last two decades. This work aims to summarize and organize the current development in super tough PLA fabricated via polymer blending. The miscibility and compatibility of PLA-based blends, and the methods and approaches for compatibilized PLA blends are briefly discussed. Recent advances in PLA modified with various polymers for improving the toughness of PLA are also summarized and elucidated systematically in this review. Various polymers used in toughening PLA are discussed and organized: elastomers, such as petroleum-based traditional polyurethanes (PUs), bio-based elastomers, and biodegradable polyester elastomers; glycidyl ester compatibilizers and their copolymers/elastomers, such as poly(ethylene-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EGMA), poly(ethylene-n-butylene-acrylate-co-glycidyl methacrylate) (EBA-GMA); rubber; petroleum-based traditional plastics, such as PE and PP; and various biodegradable polymers, such as poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT), polycaprolactone (PCL), poly(butylene succinate) (PBS), and natural macromolecules, especially starch. The high tensile toughness and high impact strength of PLA-based blends are briefly outlined, while the super tough PLA-based blends with impact strength exceeding 50 kJ m−2 are elucidated in detail. The toughening strategies and approaches of PLA based super tough blends are summarized and analyzed. The relationship of the properties of PLA-based blends and their morphological parameters, including particle size, interparticle distance, and phase morphologies, are presented. PLA is a renewable, bio-based, and biodegradable aliphatic thermoplastic polyester that is considered a promising alternative to petrochemical-derived polymers in a wide range of commodity and engineering applications.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xipo Zhao
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Huan Hu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Xin Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Xiaolei Yu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Weiyi Zhou
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
| | - Shaoxian Peng
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Green Materials for Light Industry
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Green Light-weight Materials and Processing
- Hubei University of Technology
- Wuhan 430068
- China
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21
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Ding Y, Feng W, Huang D, Lu B, Wang P, Wang G, Ji J. Compatibilization of immiscible PLA-based biodegradable polymer blends using amphiphilic di-block copolymers. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Ageing of plasticized poly(lactic acid)/poly(3-hydroxybutyrate)/carbon black mulching films during one season of sweet pepper production. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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23
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Huang J, Luo Y, Gao X. Morphology and mechanical properties of Acrylonitrile‐styrene‐acrylate toughened plastics with block copolymer chain structure. POLYM ENG SCI 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Huang
- Fujian Province University Key Laboratory of Modern Analytical Science and Separation Technology, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and EnvironmentMinnan Normal University Zhangzhou 363000 China
| | - Yingwu Luo
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Xiang Gao
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, College of Chemical and Biological EngineeringZhejiang University Hangzhou 310027 China
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24
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Kilic NT, Can BN, Kodal M, Ozkoc G. Compatibilization of PLA/PBAT blends by using Epoxy-POSS. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.47217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nilay T. Kilic
- Kocaeli University; Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
| | - Buse N. Can
- Kocaeli University; Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
| | - Mehmet Kodal
- Kocaeli University; Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
| | - Guralp Ozkoc
- Kocaeli University; Chemical Engineering Department; Kocaeli 41380 Turkey
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25
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Ding Y, Feng W, Lu B, Wang P, Wang G, Ji J. PLA-PEG-PLA tri-block copolymers: Effective compatibilizers for promotion of the interfacial structure and mechanical properties of PLA/PBAT blends. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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26
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27
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Zhao X, Huang Y, Kong M, Yang Q, Li G. Assessment of compatibilization efficiency of SEBS in the PP/PS blend. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Zhao
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- Department of Functional Nanocomposites and Blends; Leibniz Institute of Polymer Research; Dresden 01069 Germany
| | - Yajiang Huang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Miqiu Kong
- College of Aeronautics and Astronautics; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Qi Yang
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
| | - Guangxian Li
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering of China; Sichuan University; Chengdu 610065 China
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28
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Ding Y, Lu B, Wang P, Wang G, Ji J. PLA-PBAT-PLA tri-block copolymers: Effective compatibilizers for promotion of the mechanical and rheological properties of PLA/PBAT blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Qian M, Chen N, Liu M, Cheng L, Li J, Wang M. Growing ordered arrays of vertically aligned copolymer nanowires for supercapacitors with high stability. J Solid State Electrochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10008-017-3637-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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30
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Muthuraj R, Misra M, Mohanty AK. Biodegradable compatibilized polymer blends for packaging applications: A literature review. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rajendran Muthuraj
- Institut de Recherche Dupuy de Lome (IRDL)‐CNRS FRE 3744University of South BrittanyLorient56100 France
| | - Manjusri Misra
- School of EngineeringUniversity of GuelphGuelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Crop Science Building, Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelph Ontario Canada
| | - Amar Kumar Mohanty
- School of EngineeringUniversity of GuelphGuelph Ontario Canada
- Bioproducts Discovery and Development Centre (BDDC), Crop Science Building, Department of Plant AgricultureUniversity of GuelphGuelph Ontario Canada
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31
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Yan W, Pan M, Yuan J, Liu G, Cui L, Zhang G, Zhu L. Raspberry-like patchy particles achieved by decorating carboxylated polystyrene cores with snowman-like poly(vinylidene fluoride)/poly(4-vinylpyridiene) Janus particles. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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32
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Jiang Z, Chang Y, Chen Z. Catalyst free synthesis of poly(l
-lactic acid)-poly(propylene glycol) multiblock copolymers and their properties. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Jiang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Yue Chang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
| | - Zhize Chen
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology; Donghua University; Shanghai 201620 China
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33
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Duan R, Qu Z, Pang X, Zhang Y, Sun Z, Zhang H, Bian X, Chen X. Ring-Opening Polymerization of Lactide Catalyzed by Bimetallic Salen-Type Titanium Complexes. CHINESE J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/cjoc.201600580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ranlong Duan
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Zhi Qu
- Changchun Institute of Urban Planning & Design; Changchun Jilin 130033 China
| | - Xuan Pang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Zhiqiang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Han Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Xinchao Bian
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
| | - Xuesi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun Jilin 130012 China
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34
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Wang Y, Wei Z, Li Y. Highly toughened polylactide/epoxidized poly(styrene-b-butadiene-b-styrene) blends with excellent tensile performance. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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35
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Do T, Ko YG, Chun Y, Shin YK, Kim YG, Choi US. Preparation of PLLA/PBAT-strengthened degradable expanded polystyrene. POLYM ENG SCI 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.24465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Taegu Do
- Center for Urban Energy Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gun Ko
- Environmental Radioactivity Assessment Team, Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute; Yuseong-gu Daejeon 305-353 Republic of Korea
| | - Youngsang Chun
- Center for Urban Energy Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Interdisciplinary Bio-Micro System Technology, College of Engineering; Korea University; Seoul 136-701 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Kil Shin
- Hyunjin POP; Paju-si Gyeonggi-do 10950 Republic of Korea
| | - Young Gug Kim
- Hyunjin POP; Paju-si Gyeonggi-do 10950 Republic of Korea
| | - Ung Su Choi
- Center for Urban Energy Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology; Seoul 136-791 Republic of Korea
- Department of Energy and Environmental Engineering; University of Science and Technology; Daejeon 305-350 Republic of Korea
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36
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Preparation and characterization of poly(lactic acid)/recycled polypropylene blends with and without the coupling agent, n-(6-aminohexyl)aminomethyltriethoxysilane. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-016-1091-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Wang L, Pan M, Song S, Zhu L, Yuan J, Liu G. Intriguing Morphology Evolution from Noncrosslinked Poly(tert-butyl acrylate) Seeds with Polar Functional Groups in Soap-Free Emulsion Polymerization of Styrene. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2016; 32:7829-40. [PMID: 27389855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b01179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we demonstrate a facile approach to prepare anisotropic poly(tert-butyl acrylate)/polystyrene (PtBA/PS) composite particles with controllable morphologies by soap-free seeded emulsion polymerization (SSEP). In the first step, noncrosslinked PtBA seeds with self-stabilizing polar functional groups (e.g., ester groups and radicals) are synthesized by soap-free emulsion polymerization. During the subsequent SSEP of styrene (St), PS bulges are nucleated on the PtBA seeds due to the microphase separation confined in the latex particles. The morphology evolution of PtBA/PS composite particles is tailored by varying the monomer/seed feed ratio, polymerization time, and polymerization temperature. Many intriguing morphologies, including hamburger-like, litchi-like, mushroom-like, strawberry-like, bowl-like, and snowman-like, have been acquired for PtBA/PS composite particles. The polar groups on the PtBA seed surface greatly influence the formation and further merging of PS/St bulges during the polymerization. A possible formation mechanism is proposed on the basis of experimental results. These complex composite particles are promising for applications in superhydrophobic coatings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Wang
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Mingwang Pan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Shaofeng Song
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Department of Macromolecular Science and Engineering, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7202, United States
| | - Jinfeng Yuan
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- Institute of Polymer Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology , Tianjin 300130, P. R. China
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