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Lorestani F, Zhang X, Abdullah AM, Xin X, Liu Y, Rahman M, Biswas MAS, Li B, Dutta A, Niu Z, Das S, Barai S, Wang K, Cheng H. A highly sensitive and long-term stable wearable patch for continuous analysis of biomarkers in sweat. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2023; 33:2306117. [PMID: 38525448 PMCID: PMC10959519 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.202306117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024]
Abstract
Although increasing efforts have been devoted to the development of non-invasive wearable or stretchable electrochemical sweat sensors for monitoring physiological and metabolic information, most of them still suffer from poor stability and specificity over time and fluctuating temperatures. This study reports the design and fabrication of a long-term stable and highly sensitive flexible electrochemical sensor based on nanocomposite-modified porous graphene by simple and facile laser treatment for detecting biomarkers such as glucose in sweat. The laser-reduced and patterned stable conductive nanocomposite on the porous graphene electrode provides the resulting glucose sensor with an excellent sensitivity of 1317.69 μAmM-1cm-2 with an ultra-low limit of detection (LOD) of 0.079 μM. The sensor can also detect pH and exhibit extraordinary stability to maintain more than 91% sensitivity over 21 days in ambient conditions. Taken together with a temperature sensor based on the same material system, the dual glucose and pH sensor integrated with a flexible microfluidic sweat sampling network further results in accurate continuous on-body glucose detection calibrated by the simultaneously measured pH and temperature. The low-cost, highly sensitive, and long-term stable platform could facilitate and pave the way for the early identification and continuous monitoring of different biomarkers for non-invasive disease diagnosis and treatment evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farnaz Lorestani
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Xianzhe Zhang
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Abu Musa Abdullah
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Xin Xin
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Yushen Liu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Mashfiqur Rahman
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Md Abu Sayeed Biswas
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Bowen Li
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Ankan Dutta
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
- Center for Neural Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
| | - Zhenyuan Niu
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Shuvendu Das
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Shishir Barai
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
| | - Ke Wang
- Materials Research Institute, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802
| | - Huanyu Cheng
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA,16802, USA
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Sultana N, Thanil Singh C, Khan MR, Sen Sarma N. An optical sensing platform for the detection of anti-cancer drugs and their cytotoxicity screening using a highly selective phosphorene-based composite. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:17570-17582. [PMID: 37873646 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03948j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring therapeutic drugs and their elimination is crucial because they may cause severe side effects on the human body. Methotrexate (MTX) is a widely used anti-cancer drug, which is highly expensive, and the detection of unwanted overdoses of MTX using traditional procedures is time-consuming and involves complex instrumentation. In this work, we have developed a nanocomposite material using phosphorene, cystine, and gold (Ph-Cys-Au) that shows excellent optical properties. This nanocomposite can be used as an optical sensing platform for the detection of MTX in the range 0-260 μM. The synthesized sensing platform is very sensitive, selective, and cost-effective for the detection of MTX. Ph-Cys-Au can effectively detect MTX in aqueous media with a limit of detection (LOD) of about 0.0266 nM (for a linear range of 0-140 μM) and 0.0077 nM (for a linear range of 160-260 μM). The nanocomposite is equally selective for real samples, such as human blood serum (HBS) and artificial urine (AU) with a LOD of 0.0914 nM and 0.0734 nM, respectively. We have also determined the limit of quantification (LOQ); the LOQ values for the aqueous media were 0.0807 nM (for a linear range of 0-140 μM) and 0.0234 nM (for a linear range of 160-260 μM), whereas, the values for HBS and AU were around 0.2771 nM and 0.2226 nM, respectively. Moreover, the nanocomposite also provides a feasible platform for cytotoxicity screening in cancerous cells (Caco-2 cell lines) and non-cancerous cells (L-929 cell lines).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasrin Sultana
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-35, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Chingtham Thanil Singh
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-35, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Mojibur R Khan
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-35, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
| | - Neelotpal Sen Sarma
- Institute of Advanced Study in Science and Technology, Paschim Boragaon, Guwahati-35, Assam, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad-201002, India
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3
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Fabrication of water-soluble blue emitting molybdenum nanoclusters for sensitive detection of cancer drug methotrexate. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2022.114323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Preparation of Polyvinyl Imine Modified Carbon Quantum Dots and Their Application in Methotrexate Detection. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165254. [PMID: 36014493 PMCID: PMC9415630 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: A sensitive and selective fluorescence-detection platform based on carbon quantum dots (CQDs) was designed and developed for the determination of methotrexate (MTX), for the purpose of minimizing the possible toxic threat of MTX in clinics. Methods: The approach was prepared for the first time by a simple, hydrothermal method, making the synthesis and modification processes realized in one step using polyethyleneimine (PEI), and the proposed PEI-CQDs were obtained with high fluorescence quantum yield (38%). Results: MTX was found highly responsive and effective in quenching the fluorescence of the PEI-CQDs, due to a suggested fluorescence resonance energy transfer mechanism or inner-filter effect. The linear range of MTX was between 1 and 600 μmol/L under optimum conditions, with a detection limit (LOD) as low as 0.33 μmol/L. Furthermore, the fluorescent method was established for the MTX assay, and satisfactory results were acquired in real-sample determination. The average labeled quantity was 98.2%, and the average added standard recovery was 100.9%. Conclusions: The proposed PEI-CQDs showed a remarkable potential for broad applications in biological molecule determination and environmental analysis.
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Brycht M, Poltorak L, Baluchová S, Sipa K, Borgul P, Rudnicki K, Skrzypek S. Electrochemistry as a Powerful Tool for Investigations of Antineoplastic Agents: A Comprehensive Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022:1-92. [PMID: 35968923 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2106117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is most frequently treated with antineoplastic agents (ANAs) that are hazardous to patients undergoing chemotherapy and the healthcare workers who handle ANAs in the course of their duties. All aspects related to hazardous oncological drugs illustrate that the monitoring of ANAs is essential to minimize the risks associated with these drugs. Among all analytical techniques used to test ANAs, electrochemistry holds an important position. This review, for the first time, comprehensively describes the progress done in electrochemistry of ANAs by means of a variety of bare or modified (bio)sensors over the last four decades (in the period of 1982-2021). Attention is paid not only to the development of electrochemical sensing protocols of ANAs in various biological, environmental, and pharmaceutical matrices but also to achievements of electrochemical techniques in the examination of the interactions of ANAs with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), carcinogenic cells, biomimetic membranes, peptides, and enzymes. Other aspects, including the enantiopurity studies, differentiation between single-stranded and double-stranded DNA without using any label or tag, studies on ANAs degradation, and their pharmacokinetics, by means of electrochemical techniques are also commented. Finally, concluding remarks that underline the existence of a significant niche for the basic electrochemical research that should be filled in the future are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariola Brycht
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Simona Baluchová
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, UNESCO Laboratory of Environmental Electrochemistry, Charles University, Prague 2, Czechia
- Department of Precision and Microsystems Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Karolina Sipa
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Paulina Borgul
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Konrad Rudnicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Sławomira Skrzypek
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Golsanamlou Z, Kholafazad-Kordasht H, Soleymani J, Jouyban A. Quantification of methotrexate in plasma samples using highly fluorescent nanoparticles. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 214:114716. [PMID: 35390574 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A novel amine-functionalized silica carbon polymer dots (APTES-CPDs)-based sensor was developed for methotrexate (MTX) detection. APTES-CPDs core-shell structure was synthesized via a one-step hydrothermal process and were employed as an optical sensor for MTX determination due to quenching effect of MTX on the fluorescence intensity of CPDs. Under optimum conditions, the developed sensor detects MTX in plasma samples in the dual linear ranges of 10 ng/mL to 2.0 µg/mL and 2.0 µg/mL to 50 μg/mL with a low limit of detections (LLOD)) of 10 ng/mL and 2.0 µg/mL, respectively. The obtained results are demonstrated the accuracy of the designed nanoprobe which is as high as to be used for the MTX detection in the routine therapeutic drug monitoring. In addition, the established nanoprobe shows significant specificity towards MTX compared to the co-administered drugs. Other advantages of this nanoprobe are its simple approach, high selectivity and sensitivity for MTX determination in plasma media which can approve the applicability of this MTX nanosensor in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Golsanamlou
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Jafar Soleymani
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Faculty of pharmacy, Near East University, Mersin 10, 99138 Nicosia, North Cyprus, Turkey
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7
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One-Step Preparation of S, N Co-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots for the Highly Sensitive and Simple Detection of Methotrexate. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27072118. [PMID: 35408528 PMCID: PMC9000489 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Carbon quantum dots (CQDs) are a new class of carbon nanomaterials with favorable features, such as tunable luminescence, unique optical properties, water solubility, and lack of cytotoxicity; they are readily applied in biomedicine. (2) Methods: S, N co-doped CQDs were prepared to develop a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence technique for the detection of methotrexate (MTX). For this purpose, citric acid and thiourea were used as C, N, and S sources in a single-step hydrothermal process to prepare the S, N co-doped CQDs, which displayed remarkable fluorescence properties. (3) Results: Two optimal emissions were observed at the excitation/emission wavelengths of 320/425 nm, respectively. The two emissions were significantly quenched in the presence of MTX. Under optimal conditions, MTX was detected in the linear concentration range of 1–300 μmol/L, with the detection limit of 0.33 μmol/L. The sensing mechanism was due to the fact that the effect of the inner filter on MTX and S, N-CQDs causes fluorescence quenching. The contents of MTX in real medicine samples were evaluated with acceptable recoveries of 98–101%. (4) Conclusions: This approach has great potential for detecting MTX in pharmaceutical analysis.
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Tajiki A, Abdouss M, Sadjadi S, Mazinani S, Ramakrishna S. Photo-induced green synthesis of bimetallic Ag/Pd nanoparticles decorated reduced graphene oxide/nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots nanocomposite as an amperometric sensor for nitrite detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:6289-6301. [PMID: 34345948 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03584-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 07/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The present study introduces a novel nanocomposite based on reduced graphene oxide, nitrogen-doped graphene quantum dots, and palladium and silver nanoparticles (rGO/NGQD/AgPd) as an electrocatalyst toward nitrite oxidation reaction. Metal nanoparticles were prepared via a green one-pot photochemical reduction procedure utilizing UV light and NGQD simultaneously as a reducing and directing agent. Formation of the nanocomposite was thoroughly demonstrated by the FT-IR, XRD, Raman, XPS, FE-SEM, and TEM characterization tests. Various electrochemical tests evaluated the efficiency of the prepared sensing platform on the surface of a gold working electrode. Sensitivity and limit of detection (LOD) were calculated to be 0.854 μA.μM-1.cm-2 and 0.052 μM, respectively, from the chronoamperometry data. Finally, the proposed sensor was successfully applied for the determination of nitrite ions in river and mineral water samples as natural water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Tajiki
- Chemistry Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | - Majid Abdouss
- Chemistry Department, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran.
| | - Sodeh Sadjadi
- Radiation Application Research School, Nuclear Science and Technology Research Institute, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Mazinani
- New Technologies Research Center (NTRC), Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, 1591634311, Iran
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, 119260, Singapore
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9
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Khand AA, Lakho SA, Tahira A, Ubaidullah M, Alothman AA, Aljadoa K, Nafady A, Ibupoto ZH. Facile Electrochemical Determination of Methotrexate (MTX) Using Glassy Carbon Electrode-Modified with Electronically Disordered NiO Nanostructures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11051266. [PMID: 34065856 PMCID: PMC8150394 DOI: 10.3390/nano11051266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the oxidative behavior of methotrexate (MTX) anticancer drug is highly demanded, due to its side effects on healthy cells, despite being a very challenging task. In this study, we have prepared porous NiO material using sodium sulfate as an electronic disorder reagent by hydrothermal method and found it highly sensitive and selective for the oxidation of MTX. The synthesized NiO nanostructures were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. These physical characterizations delineated the porous morphology and cubic crystalline phase of NiO. Different electrochemical approaches have been utilized to determine the MTX concentrations in 0.04 M Britton-Robinson buffer (BRB) at pH 2 using glassy carbon electrode (GCE)-modified with electronically disordered NiO nanostructures. The linear range for MTX using cyclic voltammetry (CV) was found to be from 5 to 30 nM, and the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were 1.46 nM and 4.86 nM, respectively, whereas the linear range obtained via linear sweep voltammetry (LSV) was estimated as 15-90 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.819 nM and 2.713 nM, respectively. Additionally, amperometric studies revealed a linear range from 10 to70 nM with LOD and LOQ of 0.1 nM and 1.3 nM, respectively. Importantly, MTX was successfully monitored in pharmaceutical products using the standard recovery method. Thus, the proposed approach for the synthesis of active metal oxide materials could be sued for the determination of other anticancer drugs in real samples and other biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A. Khand
- School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
- Department of Physiology, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
| | - Saeed A. Lakho
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Karachi, Karachi 75270, Sindh, Pakistan
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
| | - Aneela Tahira
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan;
| | - Mohd Ubaidullah
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Asma A. Alothman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Khoulwod Aljadoa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Ayman Nafady
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia; (M.U.); (A.A.A.); (K.A.); (A.N.)
| | - Zafar H. Ibupoto
- Dr. M.A Kazi Institute of Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro 76080, Sindh, Pakistan;
- Correspondence: (A.A.K.); (S.A.L.); (Z.H.I.)
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Chen TW, Chinnapaiyan S, Chen SM, Hossam Mahmoud A, Elshikh MS, Ebaid H, Taha Yassin M. Facile sonochemical synthesis of rutile-type titanium dioxide microspheres decorated graphene oxide composite for efficient electrochemical sensor. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2020; 62:104872. [PMID: 31806555 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.104872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this reports the facile and green synthesis of rutile-type titanium dioxide nanoparticles decorated graphene oxide nanocomposite via the ultrasonication process (frequency: 50 kHz, Power: 100 W/cm2 and Ultrasonic type: Ti-horn). Because, the sonochemical synthesis method is simple, non-explosive and harmless method than other conventional technique. Furthermore, the synthesized material was characterized by various analytical techniques including FESEM, EDX, XRD, EIS and electrochemical methods. Then, the synthesized TiO2 MPs@GOS composite was applied for the electrocatalytic detection of theophylline (TPL) using CV and amperometric (current-time) techniques. Captivatingly, the modified sensor has excellent electrocatalytic performance with the wider linear range from 0.02 to 209.6 µM towards the determination of theophylline and the LOD and sensitivity of the modified sensor was calculated as 13.26 nM and 1.183 μA·µM-1·cm-2, respectively. In addition, a selectivity, reproducibility and stability of the TiO2 MPs@GOS modified GCE were analyzed towards the determination of theophylline molecule. Finally, the real time application of TiO2 MPs@GOS modified theophylline sensor was established in serum and drug samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tse-Wei Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Sathishkumar Chinnapaiyan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Ahmed Hossam Mahmoud
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed S Elshikh
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hossam Ebaid
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Taha Yassin
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, College of Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box. 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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Anuar NS, Basirun WJ, Shalauddin M, Akhter S. A dopamine electrochemical sensor based on a platinum–silver graphene nanocomposite modified electrode. RSC Adv 2020; 10:17336-17344. [PMID: 35521477 PMCID: PMC9053441 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra11056a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
A platinum–silver graphene nanocomposite was synthesized and characterized. A nanocomposite modified electrode was fabricated in order to investigate the electrochemical detection of dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadzirah Sofia Anuar
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Wan Jeffrey Basirun
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Md. Shalauddin
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Shamima Akhter
- Department of Chemistry
- Faculty of Science
- University of Malaya
- Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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12
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Karami F, Ranjbar S, Ghasemi Y, Negahdaripour M. Analytical methodologies for determination of methotrexate and its metabolites in pharmaceutical, biological and environmental samples. J Pharm Anal 2019; 9:373-391. [PMID: 31890337 PMCID: PMC6931080 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpha.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX) is a folate antagonist drug used for several diseases, such as cancers, various malignancies, rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and inflammatory bowel disease. Due to its structural features, including the presence of two carboxylic acid groups and its low native fluorescence, there are some challenges to develop analytical methods for its determination. MTX is metabolized to 7-hydroxymethotrexate (7-OH-MTX), 2,4-diamino-N10-methylpteroic acid (DAMPA), and the active MTX polyglutamates (MTXPGs) in the liver, intestine, and red blood cells (RBCs), respectively. Additionally, the drug has a narrow therapeutic range; hence, its therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) is necessary to regulate the pharmacokinetics of the drug and to decrease the risk of toxicity. Due to environmental toxicity of MTX; its sensitive, fast and low cost determination in workplace environments is of great interest. A large number of methodologies including high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV-visible, fluorescence, or electrochemical detection, liquid chromatography-mass spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis, UV-visible spectrophotometry, and electrochemical methods have been developed for the quantitation of MTX and its metabolites in pharmaceutical, biological, and environmental samples. This paper will attempt to review several published methodologies and the instrumental conditions, which have been applied to measure MTX and its metabolites within the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Karami
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Central Research Laboratory, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Chemistry Department, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran
| | - Sara Ranjbar
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Younes Ghasemi
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Manica Negahdaripour
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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Mutharani B, Ranganathan P, Chen SM, Sireesha P. Ultrasound-induced radicals initiated the formation of inorganic-organic Pr 2O 3/polystyrene hybrid composite for electro-oxidative determination of chemotherapeutic drug methotrexate. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2019; 56:410-421. [PMID: 31101279 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
To dates, the facile synthesis of inorganic-coated organic polymer composite has received greater attention in the order of research fields including advanced materials and electrochemical analysis owing to the complementary or synergistic effects. In this context, Pr2O3 and Pr2O3 coated polystyrene (Pr2O3/PS) inorganic-organic colloidal composite were prepared via ultrasound-induced radicals initiated precipitation and dispersion polymerization methods. The synthesized Pr2O3/PS composite was systematically studied by FE-SEM, TEM, EDX, FT-IR, XRD, and XPS analysis. This composite modified glassy carbon electrode (Pr2O3/PS GCE) was utilized to construct a novel electrochemical sensor for the detection assay of chemotherapy agent methotrexate (MTA). Under optimal condition, the designed sensor showed outstanding performance for MTA trace level detection over the linear concentration range of 0.01-236 µM with a detection limit of 0.8 nM for MTA. Furthermore, the prepared sensor accomplished excellent stability and relevant reproducibility, in addition to reliable practical assay in real human blood serum and urine samples. Besides, the possible MTA sensing mechanism of Pr2O3/PS GCE has been deliberated in detail. Our finding suggested that the developed Pr2O3/PS composite might be a favorable material for the fabrication of the high-performance electrochemical sensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhuvanenthiran Mutharani
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute of Organic and Polymeric Materials and Research and Development Center for Smart Textile Technology, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shen-Ming Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, National Taipei University of Technology, No. 1, Section 3, Chung-Hsiao East Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Pedaballi Sireesha
- Department of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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14
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Elkhawaga AA, Khalifa MM, El-Badawy O, Hassan MA, El-Said WA. Rapid and highly sensitive detection of pyocyanin biomarker in different Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections using gold nanoparticles modified sensor. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216438. [PMID: 31361746 PMCID: PMC6667159 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful antibiotic treatment of infections relies on accurate and rapid identification of the infectious agents. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is implicated in a wide range of human infections that mostly become complicated and life threating, especially in immunocompromised and critically ill patients. Conventional microbiological methods take more than three days to obtain accurate results. Pyocyanin is a distinctive electroactive biomarker for Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Here, we have prepared polyaniline/gold nanoparticles decorated ITO electrode and tested it to establish a rapid, diagnostic and highly sensitive pyocyanin sensor in a culture of Pseudomonas aeruginosa clinical isolates with high selectivity for traces of pyocyanin when measured in the existence of different interferences like vitamin C, uric acid, and glucose. The scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry techniques were used to characterize the morphology and electrical conductivity of the constructed electrode. The determined linear range for pyocyanin detection was from 238 μM to 1.9 μM with a detection limit of 500 nM. Compared to the screen-printed electrode used before, the constructed electrode showed a 4-fold enhanced performance. Furthermore, PANI/Au NPs/ITO modified electrodes have demonstrated the ability to detect pyocyanin directly in Pseudomonas aeruginosa culture without any potential interference with other species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amal A Elkhawaga
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Marwa M Khalifa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Omnia El-Badawy
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Mona A Hassan
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
| | - Waleed A El-Said
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt
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15
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Shahshahanipour M, Rezaei B, Ensafi AA, Etemadifar Z. An ancient plant for the synthesis of a novel carbon dot and its applications as an antibacterial agent and probe for sensing of an anti-cancer drug. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 98:826-833. [PMID: 30813088 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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16
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Mahmoodi P, Fani M, Rezayi M, Avan A, Pasdar Z, Karimi E, Amiri IS, Ghayour-Mobarhan M. Early detection of cervical cancer based on high-risk HPV DNA-based genosensors: A systematic review. Biofactors 2019; 45:101-117. [PMID: 30496635 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Human papillomavirus type (HPV) is a common cause of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in humans. HPV types 16 and 18 as the highest risk types are related with gynecologic malignancy and cervical cancer (CC) among women worldwide. Recently, considerable development of genosensors, which allows dynamic monitoring of hybridization events for HPV-16 and 18, has been a topic of focus by many researchers. In this systematic review, we highlight the route of development of DNA-based genosensory detection methods for diagnosis of high risk of HPV precancer. Biosensor detection methods of HPV-16 and 18 was investigated from 1994 to 2018 using several databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, Scopus, Google Scholar, SID, and Scientific Information Database. Manual search of references of retrieved articles were also performed. A total of 50 studies were reviewed. By analyzing the most recent developed electrochemical biosensors for the identification of HPV, we observed that the sensor platform fabricated by Wang et al. holds the lowest detection limit reported in the literature for the DNA of HPV-16. Up to this date, optical, electrochemical, and piezoelectric systems are the main transducers used in the development of biosensors. Among the most sensitive techniques available to study the biorecognition activity of the sensors, we highlight the biosensors based fluorescent, EIS, and QCM. The current systematic review focuses on the sensory diagnostic methods that are being used to detect HPV-16 and 18 worldwide. Special emphasis is given on the sensory techniques that can diagnosis the individuals with CC. © 2018 BioFactors, 45(2):101-117, 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pegah Mahmoodi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mona Fani
- Virology Department, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Majid Rezayi
- Medical Toxicology Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Zahra Pasdar
- Medical School, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Ehsan Karimi
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Iraj S Amiri
- Computational Optics Research Group, Advanced Institute of Materials Science, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
- Faculty of Applied Sciences, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Majid Ghayour-Mobarhan
- Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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17
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Simple and sensitive fluorescence sensor for methotrexate detection based on the inner filter effect of N, S co-doped carbon quantum dots. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1047:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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18
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Au/Pd@rGO nanocomposite decorated with poly (L-Cysteine) as a probe for simultaneous sensitive electrochemical determination of anticancer drugs, Ifosfamide and Etoposide. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 120:22-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Facile one pot synthesis of bimetallic Pd-Ag/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as an electrochemical sensor for sensitive detection of anti-hypotensive drug. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.03.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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20
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3D-ordered porous nitrogen and sulfur Co-Doped carbon supported PdCuW nanoparticles as efficient catalytic cathode materials for Li-O 2 batteries. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.03.150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Kumar R, da Silva ET, Singh RK, Savu R, Alaferdov AV, Fonseca LC, Carossi LC, Singh A, Khandka S, Kar KK, Alves OL, Kubota LT, Moshkalev SA. Microwave-assisted synthesis of palladium nanoparticles intercalated nitrogen doped reduced graphene oxide and their electrocatalytic activity for direct-ethanol fuel cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 515:160-171. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 01/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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22
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Wu J, He J, Zhang C, Chen J, Niu Y, Yuan Q, Yu C. PdPt nanoparticles anchored on the N-G with the integration of PANI nanohybrids as novel redox probe and catalyst for the detection of rs1801177. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 102:403-410. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2017.11.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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23
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Covalently electrografted carboxyphenyl layers onto gold surface serving as a platform for the construction of an immunosensor for detection of methotrexate. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.12.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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24
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Veera Manohara Reddy Y, Bathinapatla S, Łuczak T, Osińska M, Maseed H, Ragavendra P, Subramanyam Sarma L, Srikanth VVSS, Madhavi G. An ultra-sensitive electrochemical sensor for the detection of acetaminophen in the presence of etilefrine using bimetallic Pd–Ag/reduced graphene oxide nanocomposites. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04775d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study we report a one-step procedure for the fabrication of Pd–Ag bimetallic nanoparticles on the surface of a graphene oxide (rGO) support.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y. Veera Manohara Reddy
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Sri Venkateswara University
- Tirupati
- India
| | - Sravani Bathinapatla
- Nanoelectrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Yogi Vemana University
- Kadapa
- India
| | - T. Łuczak
- Department of Chemistry
- Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań
- 61-614 Poznań
- Poland
| | - M. Osińska
- Poznan University of Technology
- Institute of Chemistry and Technical Electrochemistry
- Poznań
- Poland
| | - H. Maseed
- School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - P. Ragavendra
- Nanoelectrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Yogi Vemana University
- Kadapa
- India
| | - L. Subramanyam Sarma
- Nanoelectrochemistry Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Yogi Vemana University
- Kadapa
- India
| | - V. V. S. S. Srikanth
- School of Engineering Sciences and Technology
- University of Hyderabad
- Hyderabad
- India
| | - G. Madhavi
- Electrochemical Research Laboratory
- Department of Chemistry
- Sri Venkateswara University
- Tirupati
- India
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25
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Li Y, Lin S, Ren X, Mi H, Zhang P, Sun L, Deng L, Gao Y. One-step rapid in-situ synthesis of nitrogen and sulfur co-doped three-dimensional honeycomb-ordered carbon supported PdNi nanoparticles as efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction reaction in alkaline solution. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.08.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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26
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Phal S, Lindholm-Sethson B, Geladi P, Shchukarev A, Tesfalidet S. Determination of methotrexate in spiked human blood serum using multi-frequency electrochemical immittance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 987:15-24. [PMID: 28916036 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
This article describes an attempt to develop a sensor based on multi-frequency immittance spectroscopy for the determination of methotrexate (MTX) in blood serum using gold electrodes modified with antibodies. The attachment of antibodies was monitored with electrochemical immittance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The EIS measurements of MTX resulted in a data matrix of size 39 × 55. The data were analysed using multivariate data analysis and showed a concentration dependence and time dependence that could be separated. This allowed the calculation of a multivariate calibration model. The model showed good linear behavior on a logarithmic scale offering a detection limit of 5 × 10-12 mol L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Paul Geladi
- Corpus Data & Image Analysis AB, Rålambsvägen 66 B, Suit 1408, SE 112 56 Stockholm, Sweden
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27
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Sun L, Liao B, Ren X, Li Y, Zhang P, Deng L, Gao Y. Ternary PdNi-based nanocrystals supported on nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide as highly active electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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28
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Electrochemical determination of aspirin and caffeine at MWCNTs-poly-4-vinylpyridine composite modified electrode. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2016.05.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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29
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A New N-Heterocyclic Carbene Ionophore in Plasticizer-free Polypyrrole Membrane for Determining Ag+ in Tap Water. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.02.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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30
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Tesfalidet S, Geladi P, Shimizu K, Lindholm-Sethson B. Detection of methotrexate in a flow system using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and multivariate data analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2016; 914:1-6. [PMID: 26965322 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Methotrexate (MTX), a common pharmaceutical drug in cancer therapy and treatment of rheumatic diseases, is known to cause severe adverse side effects at high dose. As the side effect may be life threatening, there is an urgent need for a continuous, bed-side monitoring of the nominal MTX serum level in a patient while the chemical is being administered. This article describes a detection of MTX using a flow system that consists two modified gold electrodes. Interaction of MTX with the antibodies fixed on the electrode surface is detected by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and evaluated using singular value decomposition (SVD). The key finding of this work is that the change in the electrode capacitance is found to be quantitative with respect to the concentration of MTX. Moreover a calibration curve constructed using the principal component regression method has a linear range of six orders of magnitude and a detection limit of 1.65 × 10(-10) M.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paul Geladi
- Corpus Data & Image Analysis AB, Rålambsvägen 66 B, Suit 1408, SE 112 56 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kenichi Shimizu
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE 90187 Umeå, Sweden; Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Oxford University, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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