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Vasdev N, Pawar B, Gupta T, Mhatre M, Tekade RK. A Bird’s Eye View of Various Cell-Based Biomimetic Nanomedicines for the Treatment of Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15041150. [PMID: 37111636 PMCID: PMC10146206 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15041150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Arthritis is the inflammation and tenderness of the joints because of some metabolic, infectious, or constitutional reasons. Existing arthritis treatments help in controlling the arthritic flares, but more advancement is required to cure arthritis meticulously. Biomimetic nanomedicine represents an exceptional biocompatible treatment to cure arthritis by minimizing the toxic effect and eliminating the boundaries of current therapeutics. Various intracellular and extracellular pathways can be targeted by mimicking the surface, shape, or movement of the biological system to form a bioinspired or biomimetic drug delivery system. Different cell-membrane-coated biomimetic systems, and extracellular-vesicle-based and platelets-based biomimetic systems represent an emerging and efficient class of therapeutics to treat arthritis. The cell membrane from various cells such as RBC, platelets, macrophage cells, and NK cells is isolated and utilized to mimic the biological environment. Extracellular vesicles isolated from arthritis patients can be used as diagnostic tools, and plasma or MSCs-derived extracellular vesicles can be used as a therapeutic target for arthritis. Biomimetic systems guide the nanomedicines to the targeted site by hiding them from the surveillance of the immune system. Nanomedicines can be functionalized using targeted ligand and stimuli-responsive systems to reinforce their efficacy and minimize off-target effects. This review expounds on various biomimetic systems and their functionalization for the therapeutic targets of arthritis treatment, and discusses the challenges for the clinical translation of the biomimetic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nupur Vasdev
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Bhakti Pawar
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Tanisha Gupta
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Mahi Mhatre
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Tekade
- National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Ahmedabad, Department of Pharmaceuticals, Ministry of Chemicals and Fertilizers, Opposite Air Force Station, Palaj, Gandhinagar 382355, Gujarat, India
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Dhimmar B, Pokale R, Rahamathulla M, Hani U, Alshahrani MY, Alshehri S, Shakeel F, Alam P, Osmani RAM, Patil AB. Newfangled Topical Film-Forming Solution for Facilitated Antifungal Therapy: Design, Development, Characterization, and In Vitro Evaluation. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15041003. [PMID: 36850286 PMCID: PMC9961451 DOI: 10.3390/polym15041003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Luliconazole is a broad-spectrum topical antifungal agent that acts by altering the synthesis of fungi cell membranes. Literature suggests that the recurrence of fungal infection can be avoided by altering the pH of the site of infection. Studies have also suggested that fungi thrive by altering skin pH to be slightly acidic, i.e., pH 3-5. The current study is aimed to design, develop, characterize, and evaluate an alkaline pH-based antifungal spray solution for antifungal effects. Luliconazole was used as an antifungal agent and an alkaline spray was formulated for topical application by using Eudragit RS 100, propylene glycol (PG), water, sodium bicarbonate, and ethanol via solubilization method. Herein, sodium bicarbonate was used as an alkalizing agent. Based on DSC, FTIR, PXRD, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and rheological analysis outcomes, the drug (luliconazole) and polymer were found to be compatible. F-14 formulation containing 22% Eudragit RS 100 (ERS), 1.5% PG, and 0.25% sodium bicarbonate was optimized by adopting the quality by design approach by using design of experiment software. The viscosity, pH, drying time, volume of solution post spraying, and spray angle were, 14.99 ± 0.21 cp, 8 pH, 60 s, 0.25 mL ± 0.05 mL, and 80 ± 2, respectively. In vitro drug diffusion studies and in vitro antifungal trials against Candida albicans revealed 98.0 ± 0.2% drug diffusion with a zone of inhibition of 9 ± 0.12 mm. The findings of the optimized luliconazole topical film-forming solution were satisfactory, it was compatible with human skin, and depicted sustained drug release that suggests promising applicability in facilitated topical antifungal treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhakti Dhimmar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Rahul Pokale
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
| | - Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Y. Alshahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Khalid University, Guraiger, Abha 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah 13713, Saudi Arabia
| | - Faiyaz Shakeel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Prawez Alam
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (R.A.M.O.); (A.B.P.); Tel.: +91-9970366276 (R.A.M.O.); +91-9738678943 (A.B.P.)
| | - Amit B. Patil
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research (JSS AHER), Mysuru 570 015, Karnataka, India
- Correspondence: (R.A.M.O.); (A.B.P.); Tel.: +91-9970366276 (R.A.M.O.); +91-9738678943 (A.B.P.)
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Salem HF, Abd El-Maboud MM, Said ASA, Salem MN, Sabry D, Hussain N, El-Ghafar OAMA, Hussein RRS. Nano Methotrexate versus Methotrexate in Targeting Rheumatoid Arthritis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 16:ph16010060. [PMID: 36678557 PMCID: PMC9866098 DOI: 10.3390/ph16010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Nanomedicine has emerged as an important approach for targeting RA medication. Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a widespread autoimmune disorder marked by multiple inflamed joints. Gold nanoparticles (GNPs) have been demonstrated as efficacious nanocarriers due to their unique characteristics and the relative simplicity of their synthesis in varied sizes; moreover, they have the capability to alleviate several inflammatory markers. The current objective was to combine methotrexate (MTX) with GNPs to overcome MTX restrictions. GNPs were fabricated by a chemical reduction technique, utilizing sodium citrate and tween 20. The MTX-GNPs formulations were characterized in vitro by % entrapment efficiency (%EE), particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) zeta potential, and % release. The MTX-GNPs formulation was administrated as an intra-articular solution, and additionally, incorporated into a Carbopol gel to investigate its anti-arthritic effectiveness and bioavailability in vivo. The results indicated that a %EE of 87.53 ± 1.10%, and a particle size of 60.62 ± 2.41 nm with a PDI of 0.31 ± 0.03, and a zeta potential of −27.80 ± 0.36 mV were optimal. The in vitro release of MTX from the MTX-GNPs formulation demonstrated that the MTX-GNPs formulation’s release was 34.91 ± 1.96% and considerably (p < 0.05) lower than that of free MTX, showing a significant difference in dissolution patterns (p < 0.05). In vivo, MTX-GNPs formulations inhibited IL-6 by 36.52%, ACCP (63.25 %), COMP (28.16%), and RANKL (63.67%), as well as elevated IL-10 by 190.18%. Transdermal MTX-GNPs decreased IL-6 by 22.52%, ACCP (56.63%), COMP (52.64%), and RANKL (79.5%), as well as increased IL-10 by 168.37%. Histological investigation supported these recent findings. Conclusions: Marked improvements in MTX anti-arthritic effects are seen when it is conjugated to GNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heba F. Salem
- Department of Pharmaceutics & Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | | | - Amira S. A. Said
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed Nabil Salem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
| | - Dina Sabry
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Badr University in Cairo, Cairo 11562, Egypt
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt
| | - Nadia Hussain
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, Al Ain P.O. Box 112612, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omnia A. M. Abd El-Ghafar
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Nahda University, Beni Suef 62511, Egypt
| | - Raghda R. S. Hussein
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62521, Egypt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, October 6 University, Giza 12585, Egypt
- Correspondence:
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Formulation, Characterization, and Evaluation of Eudragit-Coated Saxagliptin Nanoparticles Using 3 Factorial Design Modules. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217510. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Introduction: Saxagliptin is a hypoglycemic drug that acts as a dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4) inhibitor and is preferably used in the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM). It is safe and tolerable; however, the major disadvantage associated with it is its low bioavailability. Aim: The present research aimed to enhance the bioavailability of the drug by enteric coating with a polymer that controls the rate of drug delivery, and it was prepared as Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs). Methodology: In the current study, various SLN formulations were developed using a central composite design (CCD) module using Design Expert-11 software. A modified solvent injection technique was used to prepare Saxagliptin nanoparticles coated with Eudragit RS100. The CCD was used to determine the independent variables and their effect on dependent variables at varied levels. Evaluation studies such as particle size analysis, Zeta potential, polydispersity index (PDI), drug loading, entrapment efficiency, in-vitro drug release studies, and in vivo pharmacokinetic studies were performed for the optimized SLN formulation. The reversed-phase HPLC method was developed and validated for the estimation of the pharmacokinetic parameters of the pure drug and prepared SLNs. Results: The effect of independent variables (A1: amount of lipid, A2: amount of polymer, A3: surfactant concentration, and A4: homogenization speed) on dependent variables (R1: particle size, and R2: entrapment efficiency) was established in great detail. Observed responses of the prepared and optimized Saxagliptin SLN were close to the predicted values by the CCD. The prepared SLNs depicted particle sizes in the range of 212–442 nm. The particle size analysis results showed that an increase in the lipid concentration led to an increase in particle size. The developed bioanalytical method was noted to be very specific and robust. The method accuracy varied from 99.16% to 101.95% for intraday, and 96.08% to 103.12% for inter day operation at low (5 mcg/mL), moderate (10 mcg/mL), and higher (15 mcg/mL) drug concentrations. The observed Zeta potential values for the prepared SLNs were in the range of −41.09 ± 0.11 to 30.86 ± 0.63 mV suggesting quite good stability of the SLNs without any aggregation. Moreover, the polydispersity indices were in the range of 0.26 ± 0.051 to 0.45 ± 0.017, indicative of uniformity of sizes among the prepared SLNs. In vivo study outcomes proved that Saxagliptin oral bioavailability significantly enhanced in male Albino Wistar Rats via SLN formulation and Eudragit RS100 coating approach. Conclusions: The developed and optimized Saxagliptin SLNs revealed enhanced Saxagliptin bioavailability in comparison to the native drug. Thus, this formulation strategy can be of great importance and can be implied as a promising approach to enhance the Saxagliptin bioavailability for facilitated T2DM therapy.
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Abbas H, Gad HA, El Sayed NS, Rashed LA, Khattab MA, Noor AO, Zewail M. Development and Evaluation of Novel Leflunomide SPION Bioemulsomes for the Intra-Articular Treatment of Arthritis. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:2005. [PMID: 36297441 PMCID: PMC9610779 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14102005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic treatments for rheumatoid arthritis are associated with many side effects. This study aimed to minimize the side effects associated with the systemic administration of leflunomide (LEF) by formulating LEF-loaded emulsomes (EMLs) for intra-articular administration. Additionally, EMLs were loaded with supramagnetic nanoparticles (SPIONs) to enhance joint localization, where a magnet was placed on the joint area after intra-articular administration. Full in vitro characterization, including colloidal characteristics, entrapment efficiency, and in vitro release were conducted besides the in vivo evaluation in rats with adjuvant-induced arthritis. In vivo study included joint diameter measurement, X-ray radiographic analysis, RT-PCR analysis, Western blotting, ELISA for inflammatory markers, and histopathological examination of dissected joints. The particle size and entrapment efficiency of the selected LEF SPION EMLs were 198.2 nm and 83.7%, respectively. The EMLs exhibited sustained release for 24 h. Moreover, in vivo evaluation revealed LEF SPION EMLs to be superior to the LEF suspension, likely due to the increase in LEF solubility by nanoencapsulation that improved the pharmacological effects and the use of SPION that ensured the localization of EMLs in the intra-articular cavity upon administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haidy Abbas
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
| | - Heba A. Gad
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nesrine S El Sayed
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Cairo 11562, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 11956, Egypt
| | - Mohamed A. Khattab
- Department of Cytology and Histology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo 12211, Egypt
| | - Ahmad O. Noor
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mariam Zewail
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Damanhour University, Damanhour 22511, Egypt
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Begum MY, M. Osmani RA, Alqahtani A, Ghazwani M, Hani U, Ather H, Atiya A, Rahamathulla M, Siddiqua A. Development of stealth liposomal formulation of celecoxib: In vitro and in vivo evaluation. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264518. [PMID: 35472207 PMCID: PMC9041753 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Celecoxib (CLB) is a highly hydrophobic selective cyclo-oxygenase inhibitor with high plasma protein binding and undergoes extensive hepatic metabolism. CLB is highly effective in the treatment of osteo and rheumatoid arthritis as first line therapy but produces severe gastro-intestinal toxicities and cardiovascular side effects. In this research, stealth liposomes of CLB were developed with the intention to reduce the side effects and increase the accumulation of drug in the sites of inflammation. Stealth liposomes were prepared by thin film hydration technique using distearoylphosphatidylcholine and PE-PEG 2000 with variable amounts of cholesterol and characterized. The effects of various lipids such as hydrogenated soy phosphatidylcholine, dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine, distearoylphosphatidylcholine and cholesterol content on % drug encapsulation was investigated. The optimized stealth liposomes were characterized by FT-IR and DSC for possible drug excipients interaction. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and biodistribution studies were carried out for the stealth liposomes. The results revealed that the stealth liposomes reduced the inflammation to the larger magnitude and have also sustained the magnitude when compared to free drug along with maximum analgesic response. Higher elimination half-life, AUC, MRT and lowered clearance rate denotes the extended bioavailability of the drug in blood. Biodistribution studies revealed that stealth liposomes extend the circulation time of liposomes in blood by decreasing opsonisation and be less concentrated in kidney, thereby reducing the toxicities to RES and renal organs and facilitate the drug accumulation in the area of inflammation. Our results indicated that CLB, without the requirement of modifications to enhance solubilisation, can be encapsulated and released from liposomal formulations. This new-fangled drug delivery approach may be used to circumvent the low bioavailability and toxic side effects of oral CLB formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Yasmin Begum
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
- * E-mail: ,
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, Karnataka, India
| | - Ali Alqahtani
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Ghazwani
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hissana Ather
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Akhtar Atiya
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Rahamathulla
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayesha Siddiqua
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
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Singh E, Osmani RAM, Banerjee R, Abu Lila AS, Moin A, Almansour K, Arab HH, Alotaibi HF, Khafagy ES. Poly ε-Caprolactone Nanoparticles for Sustained Intra-Articular Immune Modulation in Adjuvant-Induced Arthritis Rodent Model. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030519. [PMID: 35335895 PMCID: PMC8953799 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder with synovitis and articular pathology as its primary expositions. Leflunomide (Lfd) is an anti-rheumatic drug that is effective in the treatment of RA, but displays severe side effects upon prolonged systemic administration. Local therapy might represent a promising strategy to treat rheumatoid arthritis without eliciting systemic adverse effects. In this study, leflunomide-loaded poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles (Lfd-NPs) were prepared and assessed as a local drug delivery system capable of alleviating RA-associated inflammation. Lfd-NPs were optimized using the Quality by Design (QbD) approach, applying a 32 full factorial design. In vitro drug release from NPs was examined in simulated synovial fluid. In addition, the in vivo efficacy of Lfd-NPs was evaluated in the Adjuvant Induced Arthritis (AIA) rodent model. Sustained drug release in simulated synovial fluid was observed for up to 168 h. A gradual reduction in paw volume and knee diameter was observed over the course of treatment, indicating the regression of the disease. In addition, significant reductions in serum proinflammatory markers and cytokines, including the C-reactive protein (CRP), rheumatoid factor (RF), TNF-α, IL1-β, and IL-6, were verified upon treatment with Lfd-NPs, suggesting the modulation of immune responses at the pathological site. Most importantly, no remarkable signs of toxicity were observed in Lfd-NP-treated animals. Collectively, intra-articularly administered Lfd-NPs might represent a potential therapeutic alternative to systemically administered drugs for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis, without eliciting systemic adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekta Singh
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
- Correspondence:
| | - Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, India;
| | - Rinti Banerjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India;
| | - Amr Selim Abu Lila
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Zagazig University, Zagazig 44519, Egypt;
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (K.A.)
| | - Afrasim Moin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (K.A.)
| | - Khaled Almansour
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, University of Hail, Hail 81442, Saudi Arabia; (A.M.); (K.A.)
| | - Hany H. Arab
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Hadil Faris Alotaibi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University, P.O. Box 84428, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia;
| | - El-Sayed Khafagy
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia;
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Industrial Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41552, Egypt
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Nano Drug Delivery Platforms for Dental Application: Infection Control and TMJ Management-A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13234175. [PMID: 34883678 PMCID: PMC8659450 DOI: 10.3390/polym13234175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is an intricate environment subjected to various chemical, physical, and thermal injuries. The effectiveness of the local and systemically administered drugs is limited mainly due to their toxicities and poor oral bioavailability that leads to the limited effectiveness of the drugs in the target tissues. To address these issues, nanoparticle drug delivery systems based on metals, liposomes, polymeric particles, and core shells have been developed in recent years. Nano drug delivery systems have applications in the treatment of patients suffering from temporomandibular joint disorders such as preventing degeneration of cartilage in patients suffering from rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis and alleviating the pain along with it. The antibacterial dental applications of nano-drug delivery systems such as silver and copper-based nanoparticles include these agents used to arrest dental caries, multiple steps in root canal treatment, and patients suffering from periodontitis. Nanoparticles have been used in adjunct with antifungals to treat oral fungal infections such as candida albicans in denture wearers. Acyclovir being the most commonly used antiviral has been used in combination with nanoparticles against an array of viral infections such as the herpes simplex virus. Nanoparticles based combination agents offer more favorable drug release in a controlled manner along with efficient delivery at the site of action. This review presents an updated overview of the recently developed nanoparticles delivery systems for the management of temporomandibular joint disorders along with the treatment of different oral infections.
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Agostini SBN, Malta IHS, Rodrigues RF, Freitas JTJ, Lino MEDS, Dos Santos RS, Elisei LS, Moraes TR, Giusto LADR, de Oliveira MK, Bassi da Silva J, Bruschi ML, Santos AMD, Nogueira DA, Novaes RD, Pereira GR, Galdino G, Carvalho FC. Preclinical evaluation of methotrexate-loaded polyelectrolyte complexes and thermosensitive hydrogels as treatment for rheumatoid arthritis. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 163:105856. [PMID: 33882329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.105856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
This work proposes new methotrexate (MTX) loaded drug delivery systems (DDS) to treat rheumatoid arthritis via the intra-articular route: a poloxamer based thermosensitive hydrogel (MTX-HG), oligochitosan and hypromellose phthalate-based polyelectrolyte complexes (MTX-PEC) and their association (MTX-PEC-HG). MTX-PEC showed 470 ± 166 nm particle size, 0.298 ± 0.108 polydispersity index, +26 ± 2 mV and 74.3 ± 5.8% MTX efficiency entrapment and particle formation was confirmed by infrared spectroscopy and thermal analysis. MTX-HG and MTX-PEC-HG gelled at 36.7°C. MTX drug release profile was prolonged for MTX-HG and MTX-PEC-HG, and faster for MTX-PEC and free MTX. The in vivo effect of the MTX-DDSs systems was evaluated in induced arthritis rats as single intra-articular dose. The assessed parameters were the mechanical nociceptive threshold, the plasmatic IL-1β level and histological analysis of the tibiofemoral joint. MTX-HG and MTX-PEC-HG performance were similar to free MTX and worse than oral MTX, used as positive control. All DDSs showed some irritative effect, for which further studies are required. MTX-PEC was the best treatment on recovering cartilage damage and decreasing allodynia. Thus, MTX-PEC demonstrated potential to treat rheumatoid arthritis, with the possibility of decreasing the systemic exposure to the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Merelym Ketterym de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Ciências Fisiológicas, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Jéssica Bassi da Silva
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | - Marcos Luciano Bruschi
- Laboratório de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de Sistemas de Liberação de Fármacos, Departamento de Farmácia, Universidade Estadual de Maringá, Brazil
| | - Aline Martins Dos Santos
- Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Julio de Mesquita Filho". UNESP, Araraquara, Brazil
| | | | - Rômulo Dias Novaes
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas, Departamento de Biologia Estrutural, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Gislaine Ribeiro Pereira
- Escola de Farmácia, Departamento de Fármacos e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Giovane Galdino
- Instituto de Ciência da Motricidade, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Brazil
| | - Flávia Chiva Carvalho
- Escola de Farmácia, Departamento de Fármacos e Alimentos, Universidade Federal de Alfenas, Brazil
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10
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Sustained Release Systems for Delivery of Therapeutic Peptide/Protein. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:2299-2324. [PMID: 33957752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Peptide/protein therapeutics have been significantly applied in the clinical treatment of various diseases such as cancer, diabetes, etc. owing to their high biocompatibility, specificity, and therapeutic efficacy. However, due to their immunogenicity, instability stemming from its complex tertiary and quaternary structure, vulnerability to enzyme degradation, and rapid renal clearance, the clinical application of protein/peptide therapeutics is significantly confined. Though nanotechnology has been demonstrated to prevent enzyme degradation of the protein therapeutics and thus enhance the half-life, issues such as initial burst release and uncontrollable release kinetics are still unsolved. Moreover, the traditional administration method results in poor patient compliance, limiting the clinical application of protein/peptide therapeutics. Exploiting the sustained-release formulations for more controllable delivery of protein/peptide therapeutics to decrease the frequency of injection and enhance patient compliance is thus greatly meaningful. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the substantial advancements of protein/peptide sustained-release systems in the past decades. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of all these sustained-release systems in clinical application together with their future challenges are also discussed in this review.
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11
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Dehshahri A, Kumar A, Madamsetty VS, Uzieliene I, Tavakol S, Azedi F, Fekri HS, Zarrabi A, Mohammadinejad R, Thakur VK. New Horizons in Hydrogels for Methotrexate Delivery. Gels 2020; 7:2. [PMID: 33396629 PMCID: PMC7839000 DOI: 10.3390/gels7010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its first clinical application, methotrexate (MTX) has been widely used for the treatment of human diseases. Despite great advantages, some properties such as poor absorption, short plasma half-life and unpredictable bioavailability have led researchers to seek novel delivery systems to improve its characteristics for parenteral and oral administration. Recently, great attention has been directed to hydrogels for the preparation of MTX formulations. This review describes the potential of hydrogels for the formulation of MTX to treat cancer, rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis and central nervous system diseases. We will delineate the state-of-the-art and promising potential of hydrogels for systemic MTX delivery as well as transdermal delivery of the drug-using hydrogel-based formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Dehshahri
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 7146864685, Iran;
| | - Anuj Kumar
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan 38541, Korea;
| | - Vijay Sagar Madamsetty
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA;
| | - Ilona Uzieliene
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Shima Tavakol
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran; (S.T.); (F.A.)
| | - Fereshteh Azedi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614525, Iran; (S.T.); (F.A.)
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1449614535, Iran
| | - Hojjat Samareh Fekri
- Student Research Committee, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7619813159, Iran;
- Pharmaceutics Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7616911319, Iran
| | - Ali Zarrabi
- Sabanci University Nanotechnology Research and Application Center (SUNUM), Tuzla, Istanbul 34956, Turkey;
| | - Reza Mohammadinejad
- Research Center for Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman 7618866749, Iran
| | - Vijay Kumar Thakur
- Biorefining and Advanced Materials Research Center, Scotland’s Rural College (SRUC), Kings Buildings, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JG, UK
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Banjare N, Gautam L, Behera C, Gupta PN, Vyas S, Vyas SP. Cyclodextrin nanosponges based site-retentive controlled release system for treatment of rheumatic arthritis. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2020.101973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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13
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Shinde C, Venkatesh MP, Pramod Kumar T, Pai DR. Nanostructured lipid carrier-based smart gel: a delivery platform for intra-articular therapeutics. Autoimmunity 2020; 54:35-44. [PMID: 33183072 DOI: 10.1080/08916934.2020.1846184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The promising potential of nano-structured lipid carrier (NLC) polymeric gel of CUR as an effective treatment for rheumatoid arthritis by intra-articular route of administration was investigated. NLC composed of cetylpalmitate, Labrafac PG & Captex 200, Tween 80 and Labrasol. The hot homogenization method employed by melt ultrasonication was used. The formulated NLC dispersions were characterized and were suitably dispersed into the matrix of pluronic F-127(PLF-127) and pluronic F-68 (PLF-68). A two-factor three-level full factorial design was employed to deduce the optimal concentrations of PLF-127 and PLF-68. The optimized formulations were sterilized by gamma radiation. The formulated NLC smart gels were characterized and evaluated for various parameters. The efficacy evaluation by antigen-induced monoarthritis model and biocompatibility testing by histopathological studies was performed. Formulated NLCs exhibited an average particle size of 165.12 nm, entrapment efficiency of 72.15%, and zeta potential of -21.67 mV. The optimized CUR-NLC smart gel was demonstrated to have a sol-gel transformation at 33.21 °C and 94.32% drug release at 84 h. NLC's which were sterile and easily syringeable, continued to remain within the colloidal range. CUR-NLC smart gels were found to be biocompatible and showed a significant reduction in rat knee joint inflammation compared to free drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chetan Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Madhugiri Prakash Venkatesh
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Tegginmat Pramod Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
| | - Deeksha Ramananda Pai
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru, India
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Rahdar A, Hajinezhad MR, Nasri S, Beyzaei H, Barani M, Trant JF. The synthesis of methotrexate-loaded F127 microemulsions and their in vivo toxicity in a rat model. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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15
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Xu XL, Lu KJ, Yao XQ, Ying XY, Du YZ. Stimuli-responsive Drug Delivery Systems as an Emerging Platform for Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 25:155-165. [PMID: 30907308 DOI: 10.2174/1381612825666190321104424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a systemic autoimmune disease accompanied by chronic inflammation. Due to the long-term infiltration in inflammatory sites, joints get steadily deteriorated, eventually resulting in functional incapacitation and disability. Despite the considerable effect, RA sufferers treated with current drug therapeutic efficacy are exposed to severe side effects. Application of Drug Delivery Systems (DDS) has improved these situations while the problem of limited drug exposure remains untackled. Stimuli-responsive DDS that are responsive to a variety of endogenous and exogenous stimuli, such as pH, redox status, and temperature, have emerged as a promising therapeutic strategy to optimize the drug release. Herein, we discussed the therapeutic regimes and serious side effects of current RA therapy, as well as focused on some of the potential stimuliresponsive DDS utilized in RA therapy. Besides, the prospective room in designing DDS for RA treatment has also been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kong-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Yao
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Ying
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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16
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Improved efficacy of naproxen-loaded NLC for temporomandibular joint administration. Sci Rep 2019; 9:11160. [PMID: 31371737 PMCID: PMC6673697 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-47486-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory conditions of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and peripheral tissues affect many people around the world and are commonly treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). However, in order to get desirable results, treatments with NSAIDs may take weeks, causing undesirable side effects and requiring repeated administration. In this sense, this work describes the development of an optimized nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC) formulation for intra-articular administration of naproxen (NPX). An experimental design (23) selected the best formulation in terms of its physicochemical and structural properties, elucidated by different methods (DLS, NTA, TEM, DSC, and ATR-FTIR). The chosen formulation (NLC-NPX) was tested on acute inflammatory TMJ nociception, in a rat model. The optimized excipients composition provided higher NPX encapsulation efficiency (99.8%) and the nanoparticles were found stable during 1 year of storage at 25 °C. In vivo results demonstrated that the sustained delivery of NPX directly in the TMJ significantly reduced leukocytes migration and levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and TNF-α), for more than a week. These results point out the NLC-NPX formulation as a promising candidate for the safe treatment of inflammatory pain conditions of TMJ or other joints.
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Rajasree P, Paul W, Sharma CP, Osmani RAM, Hani U, Srivastava A. Eudragit encapsulated cationic poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) nanoparticles in targeted delivery of capecitabine for augmented colon carcinoma therapy. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2018.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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18
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Yang CZ, Liang CY, Zhang D, Hu YJ. Deciphering the interaction of methotrexate with DNA: Spectroscopic and molecular docking study. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Landarani-Isfahani A, Moghadam M, Mohammadi S, Royvaran M, Moshtael-Arani N, Rezaei S, Tangestaninejad S, Mirkhani V, Mohammadpoor-Baltork I. Elegant pH-Responsive Nanovehicle for Drug Delivery Based on Triazine Dendrimer Modified Magnetic Nanoparticles. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8503-8515. [PMID: 28732161 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Owing to properties of magnetic nanoparticles and elegant three-dimensional macromolecule architectural features, dendrimeric structures have been investigated as nanoscale drug delivery systems. In this work, a novel magnetic nanocarrier, generation two (G2) triazine dendrimer modified Fe3O4@SiO2 magnetic nanoparticles (MNP-G2), was designed, fabricated, and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The prepared MNP-G2 nanosystem offers a new formulation that combines the unique properties of MNPs and triazine dendrimer as a biocompatible material for biomedical applications. To demonstrate the potential of MNP-G2, the nanoparticles were loaded with methotrexate (MTX), a proven chemotherapy drug. The MTX-loaded MNP-G2 (MNP-G2/MTX) exhibited a high drug-loading capacity of MTX and the excellent ability for controlled drug release. The cytotoxicity of MNP-G2/MTX using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide based assay and MCF-7, HeLa, and Caov-4 cell lines revealed that MNP-G2/MTX was more active against the tumor cells than the free drug in a mildly acidic environment. The results of hemolysis, hemagglutination, and coagulation assays confirmed the good blood safety of MNP-G2/MTX. Moreover, the cell uptake and intracellular distribution of MNP-G2/MTX were studied by flow cytometry analysis and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). This research suggests that MNP-G2/MTX with good biocompatibility and degradability can be selected as an ideal and effective drug carrier in targeted biomedicine studies especially anticancer applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Majid Moghadam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Shima Mohammadi
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Maryam Royvaran
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Sciences and Technologies, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | - Naimeh Moshtael-Arani
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Kashan Branch, Islamic Azad University , Kashan 8715998151, Iran
| | - Saghar Rezaei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
| | | | - Valiollah Mirkhani
- Department of Chemistry, University of Isfahan , Isfahan 81746-73441, Iran
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Osmani RAM, Kulkarni PK, Shanmuganathan S, Hani U, Srivastava A, M P, Shinde CG, Bhosale RR. A 32full factorial design for development and characterization of a nanosponge-based intravaginal in situ gelling system for vulvovaginal candidiasis. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26218f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The rationale behind present research effort was to enhance CTZ solubility and efficacyviaforming complex with hydroxypropyl β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) nanosponges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riyaz Ali M. Osmani
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
| | | | - S. Shanmuganathan
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- College of Pharmacy
- Sri Ramchandra University
- Chennai-600 116
- India
| | - Umme Hani
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
| | - Atul Srivastava
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
| | - Prerana M
- Faculty of Life Science
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
| | - Chetan G. Shinde
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
| | - Rohit R. Bhosale
- Department of Pharmaceutics
- JSS College of Pharmacy
- JSS University
- Mysuru-570 015
- India
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