Recent advances of nanoparticles on bone tissue engineering and bone cells

With the development of biotechnology, biomaterials have been rapidly developed and shown great potential in bone regeneration therapy and bone tissue engineering. Nanoparticles have attracted the attention of researches and have applied in various fields especially in the biomedical field as the special physicochemical properties. Nanoparticles were found to regulate bone remodeling depending on their size, shape, composition, and charge. Therefore, in-depth research was necessary to provide the basic support to select the most suitable nanoparticles for bone relate diseases treatment. This article reviews the current development of nanoparticles in bone tissue engineering, focusing on drug delivery, gene delivery, and cell labeling. In addition, the research progress on the interaction of nanoparticles with bone cells, focusing on osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, and the underlying mechanism were also reviewed. Finally, the current challenges and future research directions are discussed. Thus, detailed study of nanoparticles may reveal new therapeutic strategies to improve the effectiveness of bone regeneration therapy or other bone diseases.

Drug Delivery and Therapy Strategies for Osteoporosis Intervention

With the advent of the aging society, osteoporosis (OP) risk increases yearly. Currently, the clinical usage of anti-OP drugs is challenged by recurrent side effects and poor patient compliance, regardless of oral, intravenous, or subcutaneous administration. Properly using a drug delivery system or formulation strategy can achieve targeted drug delivery to the bone, diminish side effects, improve bioavailability, and prolong the in vivo residence time, thus effectively curing osteoporosis. This review expounds on the pathogenesis of OP and the clinical medicaments used for OP intervention, proposes the design approach for anti-OP drug delivery, emphatically discusses emerging novel anti-OP drug delivery systems, and enumerates anti-OP preparations under clinical investigation. Our findings may contribute to engineering anti-OP drug delivery and OP-targeting therapy.

Electrospun nanofibers containing chitosan-stabilized bovine serum albumin nanoparticles for bone regeneration

Bone tissue engineering is becoming a key approach in bone repair and regeneration. In the present study, we fabricated a nanofiber scaffold containing chitosan-stabilized bovine serum albumin (BSA) nanoparticles for the delivery of abaloparatide and aspirin (ASA). The chitosan-stabilized BSA nanoparticles acted as a release barrier for the encapsulated abaloparatide. Polymeric nanofibers were produced by electrospinning from a mixture of abaloparatide-loaded nanoparticles, ASA, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL), and nanohydroxyapatite (n-HA). The nanoparticle and nanofiber scaffolds were characterized in terms of their morphology, construction, surface hydrophilicity, degradation, and drug release efficiency. In vitro osteogenesis as well as in vitro cell adhesion, viability, and proliferation were determined to assess their osteoinductive activity. The results showed that the drugs were successfully encapsulated in the scaffolds. Most of the ASA was released within seven days, whereas abaloparatide was released for more than 30 days. The dual-drug-loaded nanofiber scaffolds enhanced the proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of osteoblasts. These findings indicate that electrospun nanofibers containing chitosan-stabilized BSA nanoparticles may be useful in bone tissue engineering.

Drug-delivery nanoparticles for bone-tissue and dental applications

The use of nanoparticles as biomaterials with applications in the biomedical field is growing every day. These nanomaterials can be used as contrast imaging agents, combination therapy agents, and targeted delivery systems in medicine and dentistry. Usually, nanoparticles are found as synthetic or natural organic materials, such as hydroxyapatite, polymers, and lipids. Besides that, they are could also be inorganic, for instance, metallic or metal-oxide-based particles. These inorganic nanoparticles could additionally present magnetic properties, such as superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. The use of nanoparticles as drug delivery agents has many advantages, for they help diminish toxicity effects in the body since the drug dose reduces significantly, increases drugs biocompatibility, and helps target drugs to specific organs. As targeted-delivery agents, one of the applications uses nanoparticles as drug delivery particles for bone-tissue to treat cancer, osteoporosis, bone diseases, and dental treatments such as periodontitis. Their application as drug delivery agents requires a good comprehension of the nanoparticle properties and composition, alongside their synthesis and drug attachment characteristics. Properties such as size, shape, core-shell designs, and magnetic characteristics can influence their behavior inside the human body and modify magnetic properties in the case of magnetic nanoparticles. Based on that, many different studies have modified the synthesis methods for these nanoparticles and developed composite systems for therapeutics delivery, adapting, and improving magnetic properties, shell-core designs, and particle size and nanosystems characteristics. This review presents the most recent studies that have been presented with different nanoparticle types and structures for bone and dental drug delivery.

Targeting Drug Delivery in the Elderly: Are Nanoparticles an Option for Treating Osteoporosis?

Nanoparticles bearing specific targeting groups can, in principle, accumulate exclusively at lesion sites bearing target molecules, and release therapeutic agents there. However, practical application of targeted nanoparticles in the living organism presents challenges. In particular, intravasally applied nanoparticles encounter physical and physiological barriers located in blood vessel walls, blocking passage from the blood into tissue compartments. Whereas small molecules can pass out of the blood, nanoparticles are too large and need to utilize physiological carriers enabling passage across endothelial walls. The issues associated with crossing blood-tissue barriers have limited the usefulness of nanoparticles in clinical applications. However, nanoparticles do not encounter blood-tissue barriers if their targets are directly accessible from the blood. This review focuses on osteoporosis, a disabling and common disease for which therapeutic strategies are limited. The target sites for therapeutic agents in osteoporosis are located in bone resorption pits, and these are in immediate contact with the blood. There are specific targetable biomarkers within bone resorption pits. These present nanomedicine with the opportunity to treat a major disease by use of simple nanoparticles loaded with any of several available effective therapeutics that, at present, cannot be used due to their associated side effects.

Chemical and physical Chitosan modification for designing enzymatic industrial biocatalysts: How to choose the best strategy?

Chitosan is one of the most abundant natural polymer worldwide, and due to its inherent characteristics, its use in industrial processes has been extensively explored. Because it is biodegradable, biocompatible, non-toxic, hydrophilic, cheap, and has good physical-chemical stability, it is seen as an excellent alternative for the replacement of synthetic materials in the search for more sustainable production methodologies. Thus being, a possible biotechnological application of Chitosan is as a direct support for enzyme immobilization. However, its applicability is quite specific, and to overcome this issue, alternative pretreatments are required, such as chemical and physical modifications to its structure, enabling its use in a wider array of applications. This review aims to present the topic in detail, by exploring and discussing methods of employment of Chitosan in enzymatic immobilization processes with various enzymes, presenting its advantages and disadvantages, as well as listing possible chemical modifications and combinations with other compounds for formulating an ideal support for this purpose. First, we will present Chitosan emphasizing its characteristics that allow its use as enzyme support. Furthermore, we will discuss possible physicochemical modifications that can be made to Chitosan, mentioning the improvements obtained in each process. These discussions will enable a comprehensive comparison between, and an informed choice of, the best technologies concerning enzyme immobilization and the application conditions of the biocatalyst.

Alveolar bone repair of rhesus monkeys by using BMP-2 gene and mesenchymal stem cells loaded three-dimensional printed bioglass scaffold

Over the past years, the study about bone tissue engineering in the field of regenerative medicine has been a main research topic. Using three-dimensional (3D) porous degradable scaffold complexed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and growth factor gene to improve bone tissue repair and regeneration has raised much interest. This study mainly evaluated the osteogenesis of alveolar bone defects of animal in the following experimental groups: sham-operated (SO), 3D printed bioglass (3D-BG), 3D-BG with BMP-2 gene loaded CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS) and 3D-BG with rhesus marrow bone MSCs and BMP/CS (3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs). Simulated human bone defect with critical size of 10 × 10 × 5 mm were established in quadrumana - rhesus monkeys, and in vivo osteogenesis was characterized by X-ray, micro-Computed Tomography (mCT) and history. Our results revealed that 3D-BG + rBMSCs + BMP/CS scaffold could improve bone healing best by showing its promote osteogenic properties in vivo. Considering the great bone repair capacity of 3D-BG + BMP/CS + rBMSCs in humanoid primate rhesus monkeys, it could be a promising therapeutic strategy for surgery trauma or accidents, especially for alveolar bones defects.

Phytosynthesis of gold nanoparticles: Characterization, biocompatibility, and evaluation of its osteoinductive potential for application in implant dentistry

Gold nanoparticles have been extensively used in diagnostics, biomedical imaging, and drug delivery owing to simple method of synthesis and versatile surface functionalization. Present investigation aims to evaluate the osteoinductive property of Salacia chinensis (SC) mediated gold nanoparticles (GNPs) for its application in implant dentistry. The formation of GNPs was assessed initially using the visual method and characterized analytically by using UV-visible spectroscopy, Zetasizer, X-RD, ICP-AES, AFM, and TEM. Green synthesized GNPs exhibited a remarkable stability in various blood components (0.2 M histidine, 0.2 M cysteine 2% bovine serum albumin, and 2% human serum albumin) and were found to be nontoxic when evaluated for their cytocompatibility and blood compatibility using periodontal fibroblasts and erythrocytes respectively. Exposure of GNPs to MG-63 cell lines displayed increased percent cell viability (138 ± 27.4) compared to the control group (96 ± 3.7) which confirms its osteoinductive potential. Herein, it can be concluded that the stable, biocompatible and eco-friendly GNPs can be used as an effective bone inductive agent during dental implant therapy.

Polysaccharide-Based Controlled Release Systems for Therapeutics Delivery and Tissue Engineering: From Bench to Bedside

Polysaccharides or polymeric carbohydrate molecules are long chains of monosaccharides that are linked by glycosidic bonds. The naturally based structural materials are widely applied in biomedical applications. This article covers four different types of polysaccharides (i.e., alginate, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, and dextran) and emphasizes their chemical modification, preparation approaches, preclinical studies, and clinical translations. Different cargo fabrication techniques are also presented in the third section. Recent progresses in preclinical applications are then discussed, including tissue engineering and treatment of diseases in both therapeutic and monitoring aspects. Finally, clinical translational studies with ongoing clinical trials are summarized and reviewed. The promise of new development in nanotechnology and polysaccharide chemistry helps clinical translation of polysaccharide-based drug delivery systems.

N-Acetyl-l-leucine-polyethylenimine-mediated miR-34a delivery improves osteogenesis and bone formationin vitroandin vivo

We employN-acetyl-l-leucine-modified polyethylenimine as an miR-34a carrier and evaluate its delivery ability, transfection efficiency, cytotoxicity and whether it enhances osteogenic differentiation and bone formationin vitroandin vivo.

Development of nanomaterials for bone-targeted drug delivery

Bone is one of the major organs of the human body; it supports and protects other organs, produces blood cells, stores minerals, and regulates hormones. Therefore, disorders in bone can cause serious morbidity, complications, or mortality of patients. However, despite the significant occurrence of bone diseases, such as osteoarthritis (OA), osteoporosis (OP), non-union bone defects, bone cancer, and myeloma-related bone disease, their effective treatments remain a challenge. In this review, we highlight recent progress in the development of nanotechnology-based drug delivery for bone treatment, based on its improved delivery efficiency and safety. We summarize the most commonly used nanomaterials for bone drug delivery. We then discuss the targeting strategies of these nanomaterials to the diseased sites of bone tissue. We also highlight nanotechnology-based drug delivery to bone cells and subcellular organelles. We envision that nanotechnology-based drug delivery will serve as a powerful tool for developing treatments for currently incurable bone diseases.

Enhancing the osteogenic capacity of MG63 cells through N-isopropylacrylamide-modified polyethylenimine-mediated oligodeoxynucleotide MT01 delivery

The delivery of MT01 into MG63 cells was successfully achieved using the PEN derivative.