1
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Sun M, Fu C, Su H, Xiao R, Shi C, Lu Z, Pu X. Enhancing chemistry-intuitive feature learning to improve prediction performance of optical properties. Chem Sci 2024:d4sc02781g. [PMID: 39381129 PMCID: PMC11457255 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02781g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 09/22/2024] [Indexed: 10/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Emitters have been widely applied in versatile fields, dependent on their optical properties. Thus, it is of great importance to explore a quick and accurate prediction method for optical properties. To this end, we have developed a state-of-the-art deep learning (DL) framework by enhancing chemistry-intuitive subgraph and edge learning and coupling this with prior domain knowledge for a classic message passing neural network (MPNN) which can better capture the structural features associated with the optical properties from a limited dataset. Benefiting from technical advantages, our model significantly outperforms eight competitive ML models used in five different optical datasets, achieving the highest accuracy to date in predicting four important optical properties (absorption wavelength, emission wavelength, photoluminescence quantum yield and full width at half-maximum), showcasing its robustness and generalization. More importantly, based on our predicted results, one new deep-blue light-emitting molecule PPI-2TPA was successfully synthesized and characterized, which exhibits close consistency with our predictions, clearly confirming the application potential of our model as a quick and reliable prediction tool for the optical properties of diverse emitters in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Sun
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Caixia Fu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Haoming Su
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Ruyue Xiao
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Chaojie Shi
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyun Lu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
| | - Xuemei Pu
- College of Chemistry, Sichuan University Chengdu 610064 People's Republic of China
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2
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Qi H, Xie D, Gao Z, Wang S, Peng L, Liu Y, Ying S, Ma D, Yan S. A record-high EQE of 7.65%@3300 cd m -2 achieved in non-doped near-ultraviolet OLEDs based on novel D'-D-A type bipolar fluorophores upon molecular configuration engineering. Chem Sci 2024; 15:11053-11064. [PMID: 39027275 PMCID: PMC11253119 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc02655a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Developing a high-performance near-ultraviolet (NUV) material and its simple non-doped device with a small efficiency roll-off and good color purity is a promising but challenging task. Here, we proposed a novel donor'-donor-acceptor (D'-D-A) type molecular strategy to largely solve the intrinsic contradictions among wide-bandgap NUV emission, fluorescence efficiency, carrier injection and transport. An efficient NUV fluorophore, 3,6-mPPICNC3, exhibiting a hybridized local and charge-transfer state, is achieved through precise molecular configuration engineering, realizing similar hole and electron mobilities at both low and high electric fields. Moreover, the planarized intramolecular charge transfer excited state and steric hindrance effect endow 3,6-mPPICNC3 with a considerable luminous efficiency and good color purity in the aggregation state. Consequently, the non-doped device emitting stable NUV light with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.160, 0.032) and a narrow full width at half maximum of 44 nm exhibits a state-of-the-art external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.67% and negligible efficiency roll-off over a luminance range from 0 to 3300 cd m-2. This is a record-high efficiency among all the reported non-doped NUV devices. Amazingly, an EQE of 7.85% and CIE coordinates of (0.161, 0.025) are achieved in the doped device. This demonstrates that the D'-D-A-type molecular structure has great potential for developing high-performance organic light-emitting materials and their optoelectronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyuan Qi
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Danyu Xie
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Zexuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Shengnan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Ling Peng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Heze University Heze 274015 P. R. China
| | - Yuchao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Shian Ying
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Dongge Ma
- Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 P. R. China
| | - Shouke Yan
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics, Ministry of Education, School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Qingdao University of Science and Technology Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
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3
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Xie DD, Liao HS, Wang BY, Chen D, Chi HJ, Lv YL, Dong Y, Li X. New Phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole-Based Fluorophores with Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer Characteristics for Highly Efficient Blue Non-Doped OLEDs with Negligible Efficiency Roll-Off. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400121. [PMID: 38538538 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
It is vital to develop highly efficient non-doped blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) with high color purity and low-efficiency roll-off for applications in display and lighting. Herein, two blue D-A fluorophores TPA-PO and TPA-DPO are designed and synthesized, in which phenanthro[9,10-d]oxazole (PO) acts as the acceptor and triphenylamine as the donor. TPA-PO and TPA-DPO display good thermal stability and efficient luminescence efficiency in neat film. Results based on photophysical property and theoretical calculation demonstrate that TPA-PO and TPA-DPO possess the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) feature, which can utilize the triplet exciton to achieve highly efficient electroluminance (EL). The non-doped OLEDs with TPA-PO/TPA-DPO as pure emissive layer show the uniform EL emission peak at 468 nm, corresponding to CIE coordinates of (0.168, 0.187) and (0.167, 0.167), respectively. The TPA-DPO-based non-doped OLEDs provide the maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 7.99 % and high exciton utility efficiency of 48.4 %~72.6 %. Moreover, the TPA-DPO-based device exhibits low-efficiency roll-off, still maintaining the EQE of 6.03 % at the high luminance of 5000 cd m-2. Those findings state clearly that PO is a promising building block of blue fluorophore with a potential HLCT feature to be applied in non-doped OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Dong Xie
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Hao-Sen Liao
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Bao-Yue Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Dong Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Hai-Jun Chi
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Yan-Li Lv
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Yan Dong
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
| | - Xiao Li
- School of Chemical Engineering, University of Science and Technology Liaoning, Anshan, 114051, People's Republic of China E-mail: address
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Lou J, Li G, Guo X, Li B, Yang D, Zhang H, Wang Z, Tang BZ. Creation of High-Quality Deep-Blue AIE Emitter with a Crossed Long-Short Axis Structure for Efficient and Versatile OLEDs. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308468. [PMID: 38009497 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Developing deep-blue emitters for organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) is critical but challenging, which requires a good balance between light color, exciton utilization, and photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of solid film. Herein, a high-quality deep-blue emitter, abbreviated 2TriPE-CzMCN, is designed by introducing an aggregation-induced emission (AIE) group into a crossed long-short axis (CLSA) skeleton. Theoretical and experimental investigations reveal that the CLSA molecular design can achieve a balance between deep-blue emission and triplet-excitons utilization, while the high PLQY of the solid film resulting from the AIE feature helps to improve the performance of OLEDs. Consequently, when 2TriPE-CzMCN is used as the emitting dopant, the OLED exhibits a deep-blue emission at 430 nm with a record-high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 8.84%. When 2TriPE-CzMCN serves as the host material, the sensitized monochrome orange and two-color white OLEDs (WOLEDs) realize high EL performances that exceed the efficiency limit of conventional fluorescent OLEDs. Moreover, high-performance three-color WOLEDs with a color rendering index (CRI) exceeding 90 and EQE up to 18.08% are achieved by using 2TriPE-CzMCN as the blue-emitting source. This work demonstrates that endowing CLSA molecule with AIE feature is an effective strategy for developing high-quality deep-blue emitters, and high-performance versatile OLEDs can be realized through rational device engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingli Lou
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ganggang Li
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xuecheng Guo
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Baoxi Li
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Han Zhang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- AIE Institute, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen), Shenzhen, 518172, P. R. China
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5
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Kumar K, Thakur D. Overview of imidazole-based fluorescent materials with hybridized local and charge transfer and hot-exciton pathway characteristics in excited states. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:1669-1688. [PMID: 38315555 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01005h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Herein, we discuss an imidazole-based molecular framework, which can successfully transform triplet excitons present in high triplet levels into singlet states. We explain the working mechanisms of different methods for collecting triplet excitons, including hot excitons or HLCT states. After the development of an hot exciton material by Ma and Yang, many studies have demonstrated that the organic conjugated molecules having imidazole core have possibilities to show high efficiencies via hot exciton pathways. Finally, we provide a detailed investigation of recently published hot exciton luminogens based on imidazole molecular frameworks. This review provides an overview of the molecular structures, frontier molecular orbital information, and glass transition temperature of developed luminogens as well as the efficiency of organic light-emitting diodes (OLED) devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishan Kumar
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
| | - Diksha Thakur
- School of Chemical Sciences, IIT Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India.
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6
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Qiu X, Ji Y, Ma C, Liu X, Li J, Zhou J, Xue S. Regulating Excited States by Varying Different Acceptors of D-π-A Emitters for Efficient Non-Doped Blue Electroluminescence with High Luminance and Low Efficiency Roll-Off. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303686. [PMID: 38054967 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
Chromophores with hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited state are promising for the realization of high performance blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). The rational manipulation of HLCT excited state for efficient emitters remains challenging. Herein, we present three donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) molecules (mPAN, mPANPH, and mPNAPH) with phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (PI) and pyridinyl as donor and π-bridge respectively. Changes in various kinds of polycyclic aromatic derivative acceptors (anthracene, 9-phenylanthracene, and 1-phenylnaphthalene) could manipulate the excited states and optoelectronic properties. Theoretical calculations reveal that the S1 state of mPNAPH exhibits HLCT nature while the other two molecules show local excited (LE) state dominated feature. The photophysical properties also demonstrate this characteristic. Therefore, compared with mPAN and mPANPH, mPNAPH has higher photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) whether in solutions or neat films. Ultimately, the non-doped devices based on these emitters show high luminance larger than 35000 cd m-2 , and high maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEmax s) larger than 5 % with low efficiency roll-off. In particular, the mPNAPH-based device displays an excellent performance of pure blue emission at 456 nm with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage coordinate of (0.15, 0.16) and EQEmax of 6.13 % that benefited from the HLCT state and high-lying reverse intersystem crossing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Qiu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Ying Ji
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Chenglin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xinyong Liu
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jingwei Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266590, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shanfeng Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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7
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Dhineshkumar E, Arumugam N, Manikandan E, Maaza M, Mandal A. Fabrication of high performance based deep-blue OLED with benzodioxin-6-amine-styryl-triphenylamine and carbazole hosts as electroluminescent materials. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2432. [PMID: 38287065 PMCID: PMC10825205 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50867-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study reports synthesis of phenathroimidazole derivatives structures following donor-acceptor relation for high performance deep-blue light emitting diodes. Herein, methyl substituted benzodioxin-6-amine phenanthroimidazoles Cz-SBDPI and TPA-SBDPI derivatives that provide the blue light were designed and synthesized. These Cz-SBDPI and TPA-SBDPI show higher glass transition (Tg) temperatures of 199 and 194 °C and demonstrate enhanced thermal properties. Apart from enhanced thermal stability these compounds also exhibit superior photophysical, electrochemical and electroluminescent properties. The non-doped carbazole based device display improved electroluminescent performances than those of TPA-based devices. The strong orbital-coupling due to decreased energy barrier between Cz-SBDPI transitions result in deep blue emission with CIE-0.15, 0.06. For non-doped Cz-SBDPI device; high L (brightness):12,984 cd/m2; ηc (current efficiency): 5.9 cd/A; ηp (power efficiency): 5.7 lm/W and ηex (external quantum efficiency): 6.2% was observed. The results show that the D-A emitters can serve as simple but also as an effective approach to devise cheap electroluminescent materials that has high efficiency and can serve as OLED devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Dhineshkumar
- Manushyaa Blossom Pvt. Ltd., Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 600102, India
| | - N Arumugam
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, 605014, India
| | - E Manikandan
- Centre for Nanoscience and Technology, MSGET, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, 605014, India.
- College of Graduate Studies, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Western Cape, 7129, South Africa.
| | - M Maaza
- College of Graduate Studies, UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences-Nanotechnology, Muckleneuk Ridge, PO Box 392, Pretoria, South Africa.
- Nanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET), iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation, 1 Old Faure Road, Somerset West, PO Box 722, Western Cape, 7129, South Africa.
| | - Abhishek Mandal
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Pondicherry University (A Central University), Puducherry, 605014, India.
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Park SW, Kim D, Rhee YM. Overcoming the Limitation of Spin Statistics in Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLEDs): Hot Exciton Mechanism and Its Characterization. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12362. [PMID: 37569740 PMCID: PMC10418923 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241512362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet harvesting processes are essential for enhancing efficiencies of fluorescent organic light-emitting diodes. Besides more conventional thermally activated delayed fluorescence and triplet-triplet annihilation, the hot exciton mechanism has been recently noticed because it helps reduce the efficiency roll-off and improve device stability. Hot exciton materials enable the conversion of triplet excitons to singlet ones via reverse inter-system crossing from high-lying triplet states and thereby the depopulation of long-lived triplet excitons that are prone to chemical and/or efficiency degradation. Although their anti-Kasha characteristics have not been clearly explained, numerous molecules with behaviors assigned to the hot exciton mechanism have been reported. Indeed, the related developments appear to have just passed the stage of infancy now, and there will likely be more roles that computational elucidations can play. With this perspective in mind, we review some selected experimental studies on the mechanism and the related designs and then on computational studies. On the computational side, we examine what has been found and what is still missing with regard to properly understanding this interesting mechanism. We further discuss potential future points of computational interests toward aiming for eventually presenting in silico design guides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Wan Park
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongwook Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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9
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Abdollahi MF, Zhao Y. Donor-Acceptor Fluorophores and Macrocycles Built Upon Wedge-Shaped π-Extended Phenanthroimidazoles. J Org Chem 2023; 88:3451-3465. [PMID: 36862080 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
A class of wedge-shaped organic π-fluorophores featuring a 6,9-diphenyl-substituted phenanthroimidazole (PI) core was designed, synthesized, and characterized. Among them, a π-extended PI derivative containing two electron-withdrawing aldehyde groups was found to exhibit versatile solid-state packing properties as well as strong solvatofluorochromism in different organic solvents. Another PI derivative that was functionalized with two electron-donating 1,4-dithiafulvenyl (DTF) end groups showed versatile redox reactivities and quenched fluorescence. Treatment of this wedge-shaped bis(DTF)-PI compound with iodine resulted in oxidative coupling reactions, leading to the formation of intriguing macrocyclic products that carry redox-active tetrathiafulvalene vinylogue (TTFV) moieties in their structures. Mixing the bis(DTF)-PI derivative with fullerene (C60 or C70) in an organic solvent resulted in substantial fluorescence enhancement (turn-on). In this process, fullerene acted as a photosensitizer to generate singlet oxygen, which in turn induced oxidative C = C bond cleavages and converted nonfluorescent bis(DTF)-PI into highly fluorescent dialdehyde-substituted PI. Treatment of TTFV-PI macrocycles with a small amount of fullerene also led to a moderate degree of fluorescence enhancement, but this is not because of photosensitized oxidative cleavage reactions. Instead, competitive photoinduced electron transfer from TTFV to fullerene can be attributed to their fluorescence turn-on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam F Abdollahi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Yuming Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University, Core Science Facility, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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10
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Lian M, Ye Z, Mu Y, Hu D, Liu Y, Zhang H, Ji S, Huo Y. Progress on Blue-Emitting Hot Exciton Materials. CHINESE J ORG CHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.6023/cjoc202207042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
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11
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Raichure PC, Kachwal V, Sengottuvelu D, Laskar IR. Achieving Single-Component Solid-State White-Light Emission through Polymerization-Induced Phosphorescent Emission. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Raichure
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vishal Kachwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, United Kingdom
| | - Dineshkumar Sengottuvelu
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Center for Graphene Research and Innovation, C06 Jackson Avenue Center, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677, United States
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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12
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Han P, Xia E, Qin A, Tang BZ. Adjustable and smart AIEgens for nondoped blue and deep blue organic light-emitting diodes. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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13
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Push-Pull Structures Based on 2-Aryl/thienyl Substituted Quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and 4-Cyanoquinazolines. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217156. [DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Design and synthesis of 2-(aryl/thiophen-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones and 4-cyano-2-arylquinazolines with Et2N-, Ph2N- or carbazol-9-yl- electron donating fragment are described. The key photophysical properties of these compounds have been studied by UV/Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy in solvents of different polarity (toluene and MeCN). 2-(Aryl/thiophen-2-yl)quinazolin-4(3H)-ones show fluorescence in blue-green region in toluene solution with quantum yields up to 89% in the case of 2-(4’-N,N-diphenylamino[1,1’-biphenyl]-4-yl)-quinazolin-4(3H)-one. Moreover, triphenylamino derivative based on quinazolin-4(3H)-one with para-phenylene linker displays the highest quantum yield of 40% in powder. The fluorescence QY of Et2N and Ph2N derivatives decrease when going from toluene to MeCN solution, whereas carbazol-9-yl counterparts demonstrate strengthening of intensity that emphasizes the strong influence of donor fragment nature on photophysical properties. 4-Cyanoquinazolines are less emissive in both solvents, as well as, in solid state. The introduction of cyano group into position 4 leads to orange/red colored powder and dual emission bands. Some molecules demonstrate the increase in emission intensity upon addition of water to MeCN solution. According to frontier molecular orbitals (HOMO, LUMO) calculations, the energy gap of 4-cyanoquinazoline decreases by more than 1 eV compared to quinazolin-4-one, that is consistent with experimental data.
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Pervez M, Pearce AK, Husband JT, Male L, Torrent‐Sucarrat M, O'Reilly RK. Enhancing Dual-State Emission in Maleimide Fluorophores through Fluorocarbon Functionalisation. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202201877. [PMID: 35857384 PMCID: PMC9804613 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202201877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Herein, a library of trifluoroethyl substituted aminomaleimide derivatives are reported with small size and enhanced emissions in both solution and solid-state. A diCH2 CF3 substituted aminochloromaleimide exhibits the most efficient dual-state emission (Φf >50 % in solution and solid-state), with reduced quenching from protic solvents. This is attributed to the reduction of electron density on the maleimide ring and suppressed π-π stacking in the solid-state. This mechanism was explored in-depth by crystallographic analysis, and modelling of the electronic distribution of HOMO-LUMO isosurfaces and NCI plots. Hence, these dual-state dyes overcome the limitations of single-state luminescence and will serve as an important step forward for this rapidly developing nascent field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pervez
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUnited Kingdom
| | - Amanda K. Pearce
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan T. Husband
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUnited Kingdom
| | - Louise Male
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUnited Kingdom
| | - Miquel Torrent‐Sucarrat
- Department of Organic Chemistry IUniversidad del País Vasco (UPV/EHU) and Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC)Manuel Lardizabal Ibilbidea 3Donostia20018Spain
- IkerbasqueBasque Foundation for SciencePlaza Euskadi, 5Bilbao48009Spain
| | - Rachel K. O'Reilly
- School of ChemistryUniversity of Birmingham EdgbastonBirminghamB15 2TTUnited Kingdom
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15
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Wang J, Liu H, Du C, Liu Y, Liu B, Guan H, Guan S, Sun Z, Yao H. Molecular structure design of planar zwitterionic polymer electrode materials for all-organic symmetric batteries. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11614-11622. [PMID: 36320387 PMCID: PMC9555726 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04508g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All-organic symmetric lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) show promising prospects in sustainable energy storage systems, due to their environmental friendliness, structural diversity and low cost. Nevertheless, it remains a great challenge to explore suitable electrode materials and achieve excellent battery performance for all-organic symmetric LIBs. Herein, a squaraine-anthraquinone polymer (PSQ) electrode material was designed through rational molecular engineering. The well-designed extended π-conjugated system, donor-acceptor structure, abundant redox-active sites and rational manipulation of weak inter-/intramolecular interactions endow the PSQ electrode with outstanding electrochemical performance. The capacity of the PSQ cathode can be optimized to 311.5 mA h g-1 by in situ carbon-template polymerization. Impressively, PSQ-based all-organic symmetric LIBs displayed high reversible capacity (170.8 mA h g-1 at 50 mA g-1), excellent rate performance (64.9% capacity retention at 4000 mA g-1 vs. 50 mA g-1), ultralong cycle life up to 30 000 cycles at 2000 mA g-1 and 97% capacity retention after 2500 cycles at 500 mA g-1, which is one of the best comprehensive battery performances among the all-organic LIBs reported thus far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Haichao Liu
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Chunya Du
- State Key Lab of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University 2699 Qianjin Avenue Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Sciences, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology Shenyang 110142 P. R. China
| | - Bing Liu
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Haoran Guan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Shaowei Guan
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Zhenhua Sun
- Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences Shenyang 110016 P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Yao
- National & Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Synthesis Technology of High Performance Polymer, Key Laboratory of High Performance Plastics, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 P. R. China
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16
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Wang Y, Guo Z, Gao Y, Tian Y, Deng Y, Ma X, Yang W. Tuning Hybridized Local and Charge-Transfer Mixing for Efficient Hot-Exciton Emission with Improved Color Purity. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:6664-6673. [PMID: 35839081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Delayed fluorescence (DF) emitters with high color purity are of high interest for applications in high-resolution displays. However, the charge transfer required by high emitting efficiency usually conflicts with the expected color purity. In this work, we investigated the S1/S0 conformational relaxation, spin-orbital coupling (SOC), and vibronic coupling of hot-exciton emitters while hybrid local and charge transfer (HLCT) state tuning was achieved by a structural meta-effect. The meta-linkage leads to suppressed S1/S0 conformational relaxation and weakened vibronic coupling, while the unsacrificed emitting efficiency is largely ensured by multiple rISC channels (Tn → Sm) with thermally accessible triplet-singlet energy gap (ΔEST) and effective SOC. We demonstrated that the unique excited-state mechanism provides opportunities to improve the emitting color purity of hot-exciton emitters without sacrificing emitting efficiency by HLCT state tuning with simple chemical structural modification, for which hot-exciton emitters might play a more important role for high-resolution organic light-emitting diode displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Wang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Zilong Guo
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yixuan Gao
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Tian
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Yingyi Deng
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Xiaonan Ma
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
| | - Wensheng Yang
- Institute of Molecular Plus, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center for Nanomaterials, Henan University, Kaifeng 475004, P.R. China
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17
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Paul P, Karar M, Mondal B, Roy UK, Ghosh A, Majumdar T, Mallick A. Controlled tuning of radiative-nonradiative transition via solvent perturbation: Franck-Condon emission vs. aggregation caused quenching. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:18245-18254. [PMID: 35876115 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp02305a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic molecules with tunable fluorescence quantum yield are attractive for opto-electronic applications. A fluorophore with tunable fluorescence quantum yield should be a better choice for a variety of applications that demand fluorophores with different quantum yields. Here organic emitters with a continuous bell-shaped fluorescence yield profile would be promising in view of sustainability and reusability; however, fluorophores with these properties are rarely reported. A bis-indole derivative, 3,3'-bisindolyl(phenyl)methane (BIPM), was synthesised and found to undergo a unique 'rise-and-fall' profile in fluorescence yield with a compositional change of the 1,4-dioxane (DiOx)-H2O solvent system. A predominant interplay of two contrasting factors, (a) polarity and proticity induced emission enhancement and (b) aggregation caused fluorescence quenching, on either side of a crossover solvent composition (∼50% fW), resulted in a continuous bell-patterned fluorescence yield profile. Interestingly, these two factors could be observed individually or simultaneously by adjusting the H2O fraction. Detailed spectroscopic, electron microscopic and computational studies have been performed to substantiate the photophysics behind the solvent regulated modulation of fluorescence quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Provakar Paul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Monaj Karar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Bibhas Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, 713340, India
| | - Ujjal Kanti Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, 713340, India
| | - Ashutosh Ghosh
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER)-Kolkata, Mohanpur, West Bengal, 741246, India
| | - Tapas Majumdar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kalyani, Nadia, West Bengal, 741235, India
| | - Arabinda Mallick
- Department of Chemistry, Kazi Nazrul University, Asansol, West Bengal, 713340, India
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Abstract
Mechanoluminescence (ML) is the production of light from materials in response to the external stimulus of mechanical action. For organic compounds, the production of ML is tightly associated with fracture and plastic deformation of materials with piezoelectric effect in crystal lattice, and the ML property is highly dependent on the molecular packing mode, spatial conformation, and intermolecular interaction in the solid state. In the past few years, our group focused on the molecular design of pure organic ML compounds, with an attempt to discover different features of ML in pursuing the inherent emission mechanism and potential practical applications. We successfully found polymorph-dependent ML, ML with a phosphorescent property, conformation-dependent ML, ML with odd-even effect, wearable ML devices applied in heartbeat and pressure detection, etc. In this Perspective, we aim to deepen the understanding of ML and provide some guidance for the molecular design of organic light-emitting materials through the combination of our contributions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangjing Tu
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yujun Xie
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates (South China University of Technology), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Zhen Li
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- Department of Chemistry, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- Joint School of National University of Singapore and Tianjin University, International Campus of Tianjin University, Binhai New City, Fuzhou 350207, China
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19
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Yang R, Ren X, Mei L, Pan G, Li XZ, Wu Z, Zhang S, Ma W, Yu W, Fang HH, Li C, Zhu MQ, Hu Z, Sun T, Xu B, Tian W. Reversible Three-Color Fluorescence Switching of an Organic Molecule in the Solid State via "Pump-Trigger" Optical Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202117158. [PMID: 35102683 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In photoswitches that undergo fluorescence switching upon ultraviolet irradiation, photoluminescence and photoisomerization often occur simultaneously, leading to unstable fluorescence properties. Here, we successfully demonstrated reversible solid-state triple fluorescence switching through "Pump-Trigger" multiphoton manipulation. A novel fluorescence photoswitch, BOSA-SP, achieved green, yellow, and red fluorescence under excitation by pump light and isomerization induced by trigger light. The energy ranges of photoexcitation and photoisomerization did not overlap, enabling appropriate selection of the multiphoton light for "pump" and "trigger" photoswitching, respectively. Additionally, the large free volume of the spiropyran (SP) moiety in the solid state promoted reversible photoisomerization. Switching between "pump" and "trigger" light is useful for three-color tunable switching cell imaging, which can be exploited in programmable fluorescence switching. Furthermore, we exploited reversible dual-fluorescence switching in a single molecular system to successfully achieve two-color super-resolution imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China.,Department of Oncological Gynecology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Lijun Mei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Xiao-Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Weili Yu
- GPL Photonic Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130033, China
| | - Hong-Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Ming-Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO), School of Optics and Electronic Information, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130061, China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Qianjin Street No. 2699, Changchun, 130012, China
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20
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Chen J, Liu H, Guo J, Wang J, Qiu N, Xiao S, Chi J, Yang D, Ma D, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Robust Luminescent Molecules with High-Level Reverse Intersystem Crossing for Efficient Near Ultraviolet Organic Light-Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116810. [PMID: 34981618 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) radiating near ultraviolet (NUV) light are of high importance but rarely reported due to the lack of robust organic short-wavelength emitters. Here, we report a short π-conjugated molecule (POPCN-2CP) with high thermal and morphological stabilities and strong NUV photoluminescence. Its neat film exhibits an electroluminescence (EL) peak at 404 nm with a maximum external quantum efficiency (ηext,max ) of 7.5 % and small efficiency roll-off. The doped films of POPCN-2CP in both non-polar and polar hosts at a wide doping concentration range (10-80 wt%) achieve high-purity NUV light (388-404 nm) and excellent ηext,max s of up to 8.2 %. The high-level reverse intersystem crossing improves exciton utilization and accounts for the superb ηext,max s. POPCN-2CP can also serve as an efficient host for blue fluorescence, thermally activated delayed fluorescence and phosphorescence emitters, providing excellent EL performance via Förster energy transfer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Nuoling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jiajin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518172, China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu, Guangzhou, 510530, China
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21
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Yang R, Ren X, Mei L, Pan G, Li X, Wu Z, Zhang S, Ma W, Yu W, Fang H, Li C, Zhu M, Hu Z, Sun T, Xu B, Tian W. Reversible Three‐Color Fluorescence Switching of an Organic Molecule in the Solid State via “Pump–Trigger” Optical Manipulation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202117158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Runqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xue Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
- Department of Oncological Gynecology The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130012 China
| | - Lijun Mei
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Guocui Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Xiao‐Ze Li
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments Department of Precision Instrument Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Zhiyuan Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Song Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenyue Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Weili Yu
- GPL Photonic Laboratory State Key Laboratory of Applied Optics Changchun Institute of Optics Fine Mechanics and Physics Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130033 China
| | - Hong‐Hua Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology & Instruments Department of Precision Instrument Tsinghua University Beijing 100084 China
| | - Chong Li
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Ming‐Qiang Zhu
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics (WNLO) School of Optics and Electronic Information Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan 430074 China
| | - Zheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 China
| | - Tianmeng Sun
- Key Laboratory of Organ Regeneration & Transplantation of Ministry of Education The First Hospital of Jilin University Changchun 130061 China
| | - Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
| | - Wenjing Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials College of Chemistry Jilin University Qianjin Street No. 2699 Changchun 130012 China
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22
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Chen J, Liu H, Guo J, Wang J, Qiu N, Xiao S, Chi J, Yang D, Ma D, Zhao Z, Tang BZ. Robust Luminescent Molecules with High‐Level Reverse Intersystem Crossing for Efficient Near Ultraviolet Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinke Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jingjing Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jianghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Nuoling Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Shu Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jiajin Chi
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Zujin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Guangdong 518172 China
- AIE Institute, Guangzhou Development District, Huangpu Guangzhou 510530 China
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23
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Raichure PC, Bhatt R, Kachwal V, Sharma TC, Laskar IR. Multi-stimuli distinct responsive D–A based fluorogen oligomeric tool and efficient detection of TNT vapor. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj05314k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
P1 shows distinct emission responses with multi-stimuli, i.e., quenching for TNT sensing, red shifting for acid and base vapors, blue shifting against MFC behavior, and solvent polarity-dependent emission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Raichure
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Ramprasad Bhatt
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
| | - Vishal Kachwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | | | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani, Rajasthan 333031, India
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Phenanthroimidazole substituted imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine derivatives for deep-blue electroluminescence with CIEy ∼ 0.08. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Raichure PC, Kachwal V, Laskar IR. 'Aggregation-Induced Emission' Active Mono-Cyclometalated Iridium(III) Complex Mediated Efficient Vapor-Phase Detection of Dichloromethane. Molecules 2021; 27:202. [PMID: 35011430 PMCID: PMC8746431 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27010202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective vapor-phase detection of dichloromethane (DCM) is a challenge, it being a well-known hazardous volatile organic solvent in trace amounts. With this in mind, we have developed an 'Aggregation-induced Emission' (AIE) active mono-cyclometalated iridium(III)-based (M1) probe molecule, which detects DCM sensitively and selectively in vapor phase with a response time <30 s. It reveals a turn-on emission (non-emissive to intense yellow) on exposing DCM vapor directly to the solid M1. The recorded detection limit is 4.9 ppm for DCM vapor with pristine M1. The mechanism of DCM detection was explored. Moreover, the detection of DCM vapor by M1 was extended with a low-cost filter paper as the substrate. The DCM is weakly bound with the probe and can be removed with a mild treatment, so, notably, the probe can be reused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Raichure
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India; (P.C.R.); (V.K.)
| | - Vishal Kachwal
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India; (P.C.R.); (V.K.)
- Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
| | - Inamur Rahaman Laskar
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani Campus, Pilani 333031, Rajasthan, India; (P.C.R.); (V.K.)
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Gao C, Wong WWH, Qin Z, Lo SC, Namdas EB, Dong H, Hu W. Application of Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Upconversion in Organic Optoelectronic Devices: Advances and Perspectives. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100704. [PMID: 34596295 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Organic semiconductor materials have been widely used in various optoelectronic devices due to their rich optical and/or electrical properties, which are highly related to their excited states. Therefore, how to manage and utilize the excited states in organic semiconductors is essential for the realization of high-performance optoelectronic devices. Triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) upconversion is a unique process of converting two non-emissive triplet excitons to one singlet exciton with higher energy. Efficient optical-to-electrical devices can be realized by harvesting sub-bandgap photons through TTA-based upconversion. In electrical-to-optical devices, triplets generated after the combination of electrons and holes also can be efficiently utilized via TTA, which resulted in a high internal conversion efficiency of 62.5%. Currently, many interesting explorations and significant advances have been demonstrated in these fields. In this review, a comprehensive summary of these intriguing advances on developing efficient TTA upconversion materials and their application in optoelectronic devices is systematically given along with some discussions. Finally, the key challenges and perspectives of TTA upconversion systems for further improvement for optoelectronic devices and other related research directions are provided. This review hopes to provide valuable guidelines for future related research and advancement in organic optoelectronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wallace W H Wong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zhengsheng Qin
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shih-Chun Lo
- Centre for Organic Photonics and Electronics, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Ebinazar B Namdas
- Centre for Organic Photonics & Electronics, School of Mathematics and Physics, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Huanli Dong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
| | - Wenping Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Molecular Optoelectronic Science, Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
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N-Phenylcarbazole substituted bis(hexylthiophen-2-yl)-benzothiadiazoles as deep red emitters for hole-transporting layer free solution-processed OLEDs. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2021.113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Kim MJ, Ahn M, Chae M, Kim S, Kim D, Wee KR. meta-Terphenyl linked donor-π-acceptor dyads: intramolecular charge transfer controlled by electron acceptor group tuning. RSC Adv 2021; 11:34945-34954. [PMID: 35494739 PMCID: PMC9042948 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra06602a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of meta-terphenyl linked donor-π-acceptor (D-π-A) dyads were prepared to understand the electronic effects of a meta-terphenyl linker according to the electron-accepting ability change. The energy band gaps of the dyads were controlled by tuning the accepting ability, which resulted in emission colors ranging from blue-green to red. In the Lippert-Mataga plots, intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) behavior was observed, which showed gradually increased ICT characteristics as the accepting ability was increased. On the other hand, in the absorption spectra, a red shift of the ICT transition was observed differently from the electron-accepting ability tendency. Thus, the experimental results show that the ICT is determined by steric hindrance rather than the acceptor ability in the ground state due to the lack of π-conjugation of the terphenyl linker by the electron node in the meta-position, whereas ICT in the excited state is controlled by electron-accepting ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ji Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Ahn
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
| | - Minjung Chae
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghyun Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ryang Wee
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Natural Science, Daegu University Gyeongsan 38453 Republic of Korea
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Zhang H, Li G, Guo X, Zhang K, Zhang B, Guo X, Li Y, Fan J, Wang Z, Ma D, Tang BZ. High-Performance Ultraviolet Organic Light-Emitting Diode Enabled by High-Lying Reverse Intersystem Crossing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:22241-22247. [PMID: 34387938 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) organic emitters that can open up applications for future organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) are of great value but rarely developed. Here, we report a high-quality UV emitter with hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited state and its application in UV OLEDs. The UV emitter, 2BuCz-CNCz, shows the features of low-lying locally excited (LE) emissive state and high-lying reverse intersystem crossing (hRISC) process, which helps to balance the color purity and exciton utilization of UV OLED. Consequently, the OLED based on 2BuCz-CNCz exhibits not only a desired narrowband UV electroluminescent (EL) at 396 nm with satisfactory color purity (CIEx, y =0.161, 0.031), but also a record-high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 10.79 % with small efficiency roll-off. The state-of-the-art device performance can inspire the design of UV emitters, and pave a way for the further development of high-performance UV OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ganggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Xuecheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology, School of Physics and Electronics, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, AIE Institute, Guangzhou International Campus, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.,Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology, School of Science and Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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30
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Sun G, Wang XH, Li J, Yang BT, Gao Y, Geng Y. Effect of hybridized local and charge transfer molecules rotation in excited state on exciton utilization. Sci Rep 2021; 11:17686. [PMID: 34480055 PMCID: PMC8417272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The fluorescent molecules utilizing hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) state as potential organic light-emitting diodes materials attract extensive attention due to their high exciton utilization. In this work, we have performed the density functional theory method on three HLCT-state molecules to investigate their excited-state potential energy surface (PES). The calculated results indicate the T1 and T2 energy gap is quite large, and the T2 is very close to S1 in the energy level. The large gap is beneficial for inhibiting the internal conversion between T1 and T2, and quite closed S1 and T2 energies are favor for activating the T2 → S1 reverse intersystem crossing path. However, considering the singlet excited-state PES by twisting the triphenylamine (TPA) or diphenylamine (PA) group, it can be found that the TPA or PA group almost has no influence on T1 and T2 energy levels. However, the plots of S1 PES display two kinds of results that the S1 emissive state is dominated by charge-transfer (CT) or HLCT state. The CT emission state formation would decrease the S1 energy level, enlarge the S1 and T2 gap, and impair the triplet exciton utilization. Therefore, understanding the relationship between the S1 PES and molecular structures is important for designing high-performance luminescent materials utilizing HLCT state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Sun
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Hui Wang
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo-Ting Yang
- College of Science, Beihua University, Jilin, 132013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ying Gao
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Straw-Based Functional Materials, Institute for Interdisciplinary Biomass Functional Materials Studies, Jilin Engineering Normal University, Changchun, 130052, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yun Geng
- Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, 130024, People's Republic of China
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Zhang H, Li G, Guo X, Zhang K, Zhang B, Guo X, Li Y, Fan J, Wang Z, Ma D, Tang BZ. High‐Performance Ultraviolet Organic Light‐Emitting Diode Enabled by High‐Lying Reverse Intersystem Crossing. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202108540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ganggang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xiaomin Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Bing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Xuecheng Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuxuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jianzhong Fan
- Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Medical Physics and Image Processing Technology School of Physics and Electronics Shandong Normal University Jinan 250014 China
| | - Zhiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission AIE Institute Guangzhou International Campus South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
- Shenzhen Institute of Aggregate Science and Technology School of Science and Engineering The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Shenzhen 518172 China
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32
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A Novel Deep Blue LE-Dominated HLCT Excited State Design Strategy and Material for OLED. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26154560. [PMID: 34361710 PMCID: PMC8348658 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26154560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Deep blue luminescent materials play a crucial role in the organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). In this work, a novel deep blue molecule based on hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) excited state was reported with the emission wavelength of 423 nm. The OLED based on this material achieved high maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 4% with good color purity. The results revealed that the locally-excited (LE)-dominated HLCT excited state had obvious advantages in short wavelength and narrow spectrum emission. What is more, the experimental and theoretical combination was used to describe the excited state characteristic and to understand photophysical property.
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Abstract
Near ultraviolet (NUV) light-emitting materials and devices are significant due to unique applications in anti-counterfeit, manufacturing industries, and hygienic treatments. However, the development of high-efficiency NUV electroluminescent devices encounters great challenges and is far behind their RGB emitter counterparts. Besides the photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of NUV materials being higher than 40%, charge injection and lopsided carrier transport also determine the device performance, leading to great efforts in optimizing the frontier molecular orbitals to fit the adjacent function layer. In the exploration of NUV materials, organic molecules are one of the primary candidates, given their preparative facility and structural variability. Recently, all-inorganic quantum-dot light-emitting diodes (QLEDs) of Cd-based, ZnSe, graphene and inorganic perovskite emitters and organic-inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) were demonstrated for achieving NUV electroluminescence. Owing to the great efforts devoted to NUV material engineering and device configuration, NUV materials and devices have achieved great advances over the last two decades. In this review, we retrospect the development of NUV materials and devices covering all promising systems, which may inspire the enthusiasm of researchers to explore the huge potential in the NUV region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Chen
- Key Laboratory of Functional Inorganic Material Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Materials, Heilongjiang University, 74 Xuefu Road, Harbin 150080, P. R. China.
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Tang SS, Yang GX, Zhu JJ, He X, Jian JX, Lu F, Tong QX. Multifunctional Materials Serving as Efficient Non-Doped Violet-Blue Emitters and Host Materials for Phosphorescence. Chemistry 2021; 27:9102-9111. [PMID: 33871880 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202100717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Efficient multifunctional materials acting as violet-blue emitters, as well as host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs, are crucial but rare due to demand that they should have high first singlet state (S1 ) energy and first triplet state (T1 ) energy simultaneously. In this study, two new violet-blue bipolar fluorophores, TPA-PI-SBF and SBF-PI-SBF, were designed and synthesized by introducing the hole transporting moiety triphenylamine (TPA) and spirobifluorene (SBF) unit that has high T1 into high deep blue emission quantum yield group phenanthroimidazole (PI). As the results, the non-doped OLEDs based on TPA-PI-SBF exhibited excellent EL performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQEmax ) of 6.76 % and a violet-blue emission with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) of (0.152, 0.059). The device based on SBF-PI-SBF displayed EQEmax of 6.19 % with CIE of (0.159, 0.049), which nearly matches the CIE coordinates of the violet-blue emitters standard of (0.131, 0.046). These EL performances are comparable to the best reported non-doped deep or violet-blue emissive OLEDs with CIEy<0.06 in recent years. Additionally, the green, yellow and red phosphorescent OLEDs with TPA-PI-SBF and SBF-PI-SBF as host materials achieved a high EQEmax of about 20 % and low efficiency roll-off at the ultra-high luminance of 10 000 cd m-2 . These results provided a new construction strategy for designing high-performance violet-blue emitters, as well as efficient host materials for phosphorescent OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan-Shun Tang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Guo-Xi Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Jie-Ji Zhu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Xin He
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xin Jian
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Feng Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
| | - Qing-Xiao Tong
- Department of Chemistry and Key Laboratory for Preparation and Application of Ordered Structural Material of Guangdong Province, Shantou University, Guangdong, 515063, P.R. China
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Patil VV, Lim J, Lee JY. Strategic Synchronization of 7,7-Dimethyl-5,7-dihydroindeno[2,1- b]carbazole for Narrow-Band, Pure Violet Organic Light-Emitting Diodes with an Efficiency of > 5% and a CIE y Coordinate of < 0.03. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:14440-14446. [PMID: 33749250 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A novel violet emitter, 1,3-bis[10,10-dimethyl-10H-indeno[2,1-b]]indolo[3,2,1-jk]indolo[1',2',3':1,7]indolo[3,2-b]carbazole (m-FLDID), was designed and synthesized by meta-oriented bis-fusion of two 7,7-dimethyl-5,7-dihydroindeno[2,1-b]carbazole (DMID) subunits for use in a pure violet organic light-emitting diode (OLED). Incorporation of the DMID subunits effectively reduced the nonradiative recombination rate, improving the photoluminescence quantum yield of the m-FLDID emitter. The meta-oriented bis-fusion of the two DMID subunits not only triggered an alternative distribution of the frontier orbitals but also effectively locked the π-conjugation chain, which ultimately resulted in a narrow-band, pure violet emission of the m-FLDID emitter. Doped m-FLDID devices possessed an external quantum efficiency (EQE) of > 5%, pure violet emission with a maximum at 407 nm, a narrow full width at half-maximum of 17 nm, and a Commission Internationale de l'éclairage y coordinate of less than 0.03. This is the first work reporting an EQE of > 5% and an extremely narrow emission spectrum for a pure violet emitter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vilas Venunath Patil
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Junseop Lim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
| | - Jun Yeob Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066, Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon-si, Gyeonggi-do 440-746, Korea
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Shimizu M. The Journey to Precious-Metal-Free Organic Phosphors from Single-Benzene-Cored Fluorophores. CHEM REC 2021; 21:1489-1505. [PMID: 33629792 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202100004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
This article takes a look back over our research on the development of organic fluorophores that efficiently emit light in the solid state and precious-metal-free phosphors that emit light at room temperature. In particular, we place an emphasis on the prehistory of each project and the relationship between the established molecular designs. Our story starts from the serendipitous discovery of a luminophore with a single benzene core and follows the molecular design and characterization of 2,5-dipiperidyl-1,4-bis(acceptor-substituted ethenyl)benzenes that exhibit solid-state fluorescence with high-to-excellent quantum yields in the blue-to-red region. In addition, the design concepts, luminescence characteristics, and applications of eight novel classes of fluorophores are described, and the discovery, design, and luminescent properties of precious-metal-free compounds that show efficient room-temperature phosphorescence are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimizu
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8585, Japan
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37
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Jayabharathi J, Thilagavathy S, Thanikachalam V. Blue organic light-emitting diodes with hybridized local and charge-transfer excited state realizing high external quantum efficiency. RSC Adv 2021; 11:8606-8618. [PMID: 35423407 PMCID: PMC8695226 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra10934g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Donor-spacer-acceptor (D-π-A) materials CAPI and CCAPI, with hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) emissive states, have been synthesized. The twisting D-π-A architecture promotes the partial separation of HOMO and LUMO, leading to an enhanced % CT component, and the anthracene moiety in CAPI and CCAPI increases the conjugation length, leading to an enhanced % LE component. The non-doped device with CCAPIb shows the blue emission (450 nm) with maximum current efficiency (η c), power efficiency (η p), and external quantum efficiency (η ex) of 16.83 cd A-1, 15.32 lm W-1, and 12.0%, respectively, as well as exciton utilization efficiency (EUE) of 95% with a luminance of 32 546 cd m-2 and a roll-off efficiency of 0.53%. The new design strategy has great potential for developing high-performance blue electroluminescent materials.
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Shimizu M, Nishimura K, Hirakawa R, Sakurai T. Efficient Emission of Ultraviolet Light by Solid State Organic Fluorophores: Synthesis and Characterization of 1,4-Dialkeny-2,5-dioxybenzenes. Chemistry 2021; 27:1626-1637. [PMID: 32965708 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202003526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The design and development of organic luminophores that exhibit efficient ultraviolet (UV) fluorescence in the solid state remains underexplored. Here, we report that 1,4-dialkenyl-2,5-dialkoxybenzenes and 1,4-dialkenyl-2,5-disiloxybenzenes act as such UV-emissive fluorophores. The dialkenyldioxybenzenes were readily prepared in three steps from 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-diacetylbenzene or 2,5-dimethoxy-1,4-diformylbenzene via two to four steps from 1,4-bis(diethoxyphosphonylmethyl)-2,5-dimethoxybenzene. The dialkenyldioxybenzenes emit UV light in solution (λem =350-387 nm) and in the solid state (λem =328-388 nm). In addition, the quantum yields in the solid state were generally higher than those in solution. In particular, the adamantylidene-substituted benzenes fluoresced in the UV region with high quantum yields (Φ=0.37-0.55) in the solid state. Thin films of poly(methyl methacrylate) doped with the adamantylidene-substituted benzenes also exhibited UV emission with good efficiency (Φ=0.27-0.45). Density functional theory calculations revealed that the optical excitation of the dialkenyldimethoxybenzenes involves intramolecular charge-transfer from the ether oxygen atoms to the twisted alkenyl-benzene-alkenyl moiety, whereas the dialkenylbis(triphenylsiloxy)benzenes were optically excited through intramolecular charge-transfer from the oxygen atoms and twisted π-system to the phenyl-Si moieties of each triphenylsilyl group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaki Shimizu
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585, Japan
| | - Kenta Nishimura
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585, Japan
| | - Rika Hirakawa
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585, Japan
| | - Tsuneaki Sakurai
- Faculty of Molecular Chemistry and Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, 1 Hashikami-cho, Matsugasaki, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 6068585, Japan
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Structural Controls of Tetraphenylbenzene-based AIEgens for Non-doped Deep Blue Organic Light-emitting Diodes. Chem Res Chin Univ 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-021-0403-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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40
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Lv X, Xu L, Cui W, Yu Y, Zhou H, Cang M, Sun Q, Pan Y, Xu Y, Hu D, Xue S, Yang W. High-Efficiency, Non-doped, Pure-Blue Fluorescent Organic Light-Emitting Diodes via Molecular Tuning Regulation of Hot Exciton Excited States. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:970-980. [PMID: 33356101 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c15876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tremendous efforts have been made on researching triplet-triplet annihilation (TTA) and thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials for realizing high-efficiency blue organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) through utilizing triplet exciton conversion to the lowest singlet excited state (S1) from the lowest triplet excited state (T1). However, hot exciton conversion from the upper triplet energy level state (Tn, n > 1) to the lowest singlet excited state (S1) is an increasingly promising method for realizing pure-blue non-doped OLEDs with performances comparable to those of TTA and TADF materials. Herein, two pure-blue fluorescent emitters of donor (D)-π-acceptor (A) type, PIAnCz and PIAnPO, were designed and synthesized. The excited-state characteristics of PIAnCz and PIAnPO, confirmed by theoretical calculations and photophysical experiments, demonstrated these materials' hot exciton properties. Based on PIAnCz and PIAnPO as emission layer materials, the fabricated non-doped devices exhibited pure-blue emission with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.16, 0.12) and (0.16, 0.15), maximum luminescences of 10,484 and 15,485 cd m-2, and maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of 10.9 and 8.3%. Besides, at a luminescence of 1000 cd m-2, the EQEs of PIAnPO-based devices can still be high at 7.7%, and the negligible efficiency roll-off was 6.0%. The device performance of both materials demonstrates their outstanding potential for commercial application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wei Cui
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Huayi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Miao Cang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Qikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Pan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, 30 Guanghua Street, Liaoyang 111003, P. R. China
| | - Yuwei Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Dehua Hu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China
| | - Shanfeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science & Technology, 53-Zhengzhou Road, Qingdao 266042, P. R. China
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41
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Ma H, Li Y, Wu S, Li Y, Zhao Y, Yang H, Su W, Yu T. Photo- and electro-luminescent properties of 2,7-disubstituted spiro[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene] derivatives containing imidazole-derived moieties. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj03589d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two spiro[fluorene-9,9′-xanthene]/imidazole-derived moiety hybrid compounds were synthesized for OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hailin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuanying Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Shaoguang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yanmei Li
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yuling Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Hongyan Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Wenming Su
- Printable Electronics Research Center, Suzhou Institute of Nano-Tech and Nano-Bionics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Tianzhi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Opto-Electronic Technology and Intelligent Control (Ministry of Education), Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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42
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Xu Y, Xu P, Hu D, Ma Y. Recent progress in hot exciton materials for organic light-emitting diodes. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 50:1030-1069. [PMID: 33231588 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00391c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
According to Kasha's rule, high-lying excited states usually have little effect on fluorescence. However, in some molecular systems, the high-lying excited states partly or even mainly contribute to the photophysical properties, especially in the process of harvesting triplet excitons in organic electroluminescent devices. In the current review, we focus on a type of organic light-emitting diode (OLED) materials called "hot exciton" materials, which can effectively harness the non-radiative triplet excitons via reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) from high-lying triplet states to singlet states (Tn→ Sm; n≥ 2, m≥ 1). Since Ma and Yang proposed the hot exciton mechanism for OLED material design in 2012, there have been many reports aiming at the design and synthesis of novel hot exciton luminogens. Herein, we present a comprehensive review of the recent progress in hot exciton materials. The developments of the hot exciton mechanism are reviewed, the fundamental principles regarding molecular design are discussed, and representative reported hot exciton luminogens are summarized and analyzed, along with their structure-property relationships and OLED applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuwei Xu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, P. R. China.
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43
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Han P, Lin C, Ma D, Qin A, Tang BZ. Violet-Blue Emitters Featuring Aggregation-Enhanced Emission Characteristics for Nondoped OLEDs with CIEy Smaller than 0.046. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:46366-46372. [PMID: 32955848 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c12722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
High emission efficiency and finite molecular conjugation in the aggregate state are two desirable features in violet-blue emitters. Aggregation-induced emission luminogens (AIEgens) have emerged as promising luminescent materials that offer these features. Herein, we report the design and synthesis of a group of violet-blue tetraphenylbenzene-based AIEgens with photoluminescence quantum yields over 98% in their film states. When utilizing these AIEgens as nondoped emitting layers, the fabricated organic light-emitting diode exhibits a maximum external quantum efficiency of 4.34% with Commission Internationale de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.159, 0.035), which is amenable to the next-generation ultrahigh-definition television (UHDTV) display standard.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengbo Han
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Chengwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Dongge Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Anjun Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Ben Zhong Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Luminescence from Molecular Aggregates, SCUT-HKUST Joint Research Institute, Center for Aggregation-Induced Emission, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou 510640, China
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration and Reconstruction, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST), Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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44
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Sonalin S, Kurlekar K, Anjali A, Imran PM, Nagarajan S. Synthesis of Phenanthro[9,10‐
d
]imidazoles and their Potential Applications in Solution Processable Bottom‐Gated OFETs. ASIAN J ORG CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ajoc.202000156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Srinita Sonalin
- Department of ChemistryCentral University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610 005 India
| | - Komal Kurlekar
- Department of ChemistryCentral University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610 005 India
| | - Anshika Anjali
- Department of ChemistryCentral University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610 005 India
| | | | - Samuthira Nagarajan
- Department of ChemistryCentral University of Tamil Nadu Thiruvarur 610 005 India
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45
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Lv X, Sun M, Xu L, Wang R, Zhou H, Pan Y, Zhang S, Sun Q, Xue S, Yang W. Highly efficient non-doped blue fluorescent OLEDs with low efficiency roll-off based on hybridized local and charge transfer excited state emitters. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5058-5065. [PMID: 34122963 PMCID: PMC8159223 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01341b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Designing a donor–acceptor (D–A) molecule with a hybridized local and charge transfer (HLCT) excited state is a very effective strategy for producing an organic light-emitting diode (OLED) with a high exciton utilization efficiency and external quantum efficiency. Herein, a novel twisting D–π–A fluorescent molecule (triphenylamine–anthracene–phenanthroimidazole; TPAAnPI) is designed and synthesized. The excited state properties of the TPAAnPI investigated through photophysical experiments and density functional theory (DFT) analysis reveal that its fluorescence is due to the HLCT excited state. The optimized non-doped blue OLED using TPAAnPI as a light-emitting layer exhibits a novel blue emission with an electroluminescence (EL) peak at 470 nm, corresponding to the Commission International de L'Eclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.15, 0.22). A fabricated device termed Device II exhibits a maximum current efficiency of 18.09 cd A−1, power efficiency of 12.35 lm W−1, luminescence of ≈29 900 cd cm−2, and external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 11.47%, corresponding to a high exciton utilization efficiency of 91%. Its EQE remains as high as 9.70% at a luminescence of 1000 cd m−2 with a low efficiency roll-off of 15%. These results are among the best for HLCT blue-emitting materials involved in non-doped blue fluorescent OLEDs. The performance of Device II highlights a great industrial application potential for the TPAAnPI molecule. A new pure fluorescent blue HLCT-emitter was designed and synthesized. Highly efficient non-doped blue OLEDs with low efficiency roll-off were achieved.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Lv
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Mizhen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Lei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Runzhe Wang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Huayi Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Yuyu Pan
- School of Petrochemical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology 30 Guanghua Street Liaoyang 111003 P. R. China
| | - Shitong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University Changchun 130012 P. R. China
| | - Qikun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Shanfeng Xue
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
| | - Wenjun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Rubber-Plastics of the Ministry of Education/Shandong Province (QUST), School of Polymer Science & Engineering, Qingdao University of Science &Technology 53-Zhengzhou Road Qingdao 266042 P. R. China
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46
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Lv C, Liu W, Luo Q, Yi H, Yu H, Yang Z, Zou B, Zhang Y. A highly emissive AIE-active luminophore exhibiting deep-red to near-infrared piezochromism and high-quality lasing. Chem Sci 2020; 11:4007-4015. [PMID: 34122870 PMCID: PMC8152686 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01095b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Further development of high-efficiency and low-cost organic fluorescent materials is intrinsically hampered by the energy gap law and spin statistics, especially in the near-infrared (NIR) region. Here we design a novel building block with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) activity for realizing highly efficient luminophores covering the deep-red and NIR region, which originates from an increase in the orbital overlap and electron-withdrawing ability. An organic donor-acceptor molecule (BPMT) with the building block is prepared and can readily form J-type molecular columns with multiple C-H⋯N/O interactions. Notably, such synthesized materials can emit fluorescence centered at 701 nm with extremely high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 48.7%. Experimental and theoretical investigations reveal that the formation of the hybridized local and charge-transfer (HLCT) state and substantial C-H⋯N/O interactions contribute to a fast radiative decay rate and a slow nonradiative decay rate, respectively, resulting in high PLQYs in the solid state covering the NIR range. Remarkably, such BPMT crystals, as a first example, reveal strong-penetrability piezochromism along with a distinct PL change from the deep-red (λ max = 704 nm) to NIR (λ max = 821 nm) region. Moreover, such typical AIE-active luminophores are demonstrated to be a good candidate as a lasing medium. Together with epoxy resin by a self-assembly method, a microlaser is successfully illustrated with a lasing wavelength of 735.2 nm at a threshold of 22.3 kW cm-2. These results provide a promising approach to extend the contents of deep-red/NIR luminophores and open a new avenue to enable applications ranging from chemical sensing to lasing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Lv
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University East 2nd Ring Rd. No. 759 Huzhou 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Wangwang Liu
- South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Qing Luo
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University East 2nd Ring Rd. No. 759 Huzhou 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Yi
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University East 2nd Ring Rd. No. 759 Huzhou 313000 People's Republic of China
| | - Huakang Yu
- South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Zhongmin Yang
- South China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials, College of Physics, Jilin University Qianjin Street 2699 Changchun 130012 People's Republic of China
| | - Yujian Zhang
- Department of Materials Chemistry, Huzhou University East 2nd Ring Rd. No. 759 Huzhou 313000 People's Republic of China
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47
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Jayabharathi J, Panimozhi S, Thanikachalam V. A novel hot exciton blue fluorophores and white organic light-emitting diodes with simplified configuration. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5114. [PMID: 32198377 PMCID: PMC7083847 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62029-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The two efficient non-doped blue emitters with hybridized local and charge transfer state namely, NDBNPIN and DBTPIN have been synthesised and characterised. These materials are employed as a host for green and red phosphorescent OLEDs. The white device based on DBTPIN:Ir(MDQ)2(acac) (4%) exhibit maximum external quantum efficiency (ηex) -24.8%; current efficiency (ηc) -57.1 cdA-1; power efficiency (ηp) -64.8 lmW-1 with Commission Internationale de l'Eclairage (CIE:0.49, 0.40) than NDBNPIN:Ir(MDQ)2acac (4%) device [ηex - 23.1%; ηc -54.6 cd A-1; ηp- 60.0 lm W-1 with CIE (0.47, 0.42)].
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Jayabharathi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Sekar Panimozhi
- Department of Chemistry, Annamalai University, Annamalainagar, 608 002, Tamilnadu, India
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48
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Lin J, Guo X, Lv Y, Liu X, Wang Y. Highly Efficient Microcavity Organic Light-Emitting Devices with Narrow-Band Pure UV Emission. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:10717-10726. [PMID: 32030973 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b20212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet organic light-emitting devices (UVOLEDs) may combine the tunability properties of organic materials through modifying the molecular structure and the advantages such as large-area, low-cost, and facile to realize high-performance UV sources. In the state-of-the-art UVOLEDs, the external quantum efficiencies (EQE) are more than 3%, but only a few have achieved pure UV emission and could not compromise the durability and irradiance at the same time. Portable compact UV sources with a narrow band made significant achievements in biomedical science and forensic appraisal. The microcavity effect is useful for achieving the desired narrow peak emission. In this study, asymmetric structural design with a specific distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) structure was employed to achieve narrow-band pure UV emission microcavity UVOLEDs (μC UVOLEDs). These μC UVOLEDs can realize tunable wavelength from 366 to 400 nm, with a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of 9.95-15.2 nm and a maximum irradiance of 2.79-5.63 mW/cm2. Also, the durability of the μC UVOLED has been considered, which presents a lifetime of 63.2 h under an irradiance of 0.016 mW/cm2. Moreover, the ability to identify 100 RMB with an efficient μC UVOLED has also been demonstrated. This investigation not only demonstrates the encouraging potential of narrow-band pure UVOLEDs but also provides a feasible strategy for the optimal design of μC UVOLEDs by utilizing the asymmetric structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xiaoyang Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Ying Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
| | - Xingyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescence and Applications, Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin 130033, China
- Center of Materials Science and Optoelectronics Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Supra molecular Structure and Materials, Jilin University, Changchun 130012, China
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49
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Jayabharathi J, Anudeebhana J, Thanikachalam V, Sivaraj S. Efficient fluorescent OLEDS based on assistant acceptor modulated HLCT emissive state for enhancing singlet exciton utilization. RSC Adv 2020; 10:8866-8879. [PMID: 35496536 PMCID: PMC9049980 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00658k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Phenylamine phenanthroimidazole based bipolar compounds with donor-acceptor (D-A) architecture namely, 4-(1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-6,9-di(pyren-4-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenylaniline (DDPPPA) and 4'-(1-(2,3-dihydrobenzo[b][1,4]dioxin-5-yl)-6,9-di(pyren-4-yl)-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazol-2-yl)-N,N-diphenyl-[1,1'-biphenyl]-4-amine (DDPBA) have been synthesized with highly fluorescent pyrene moieties at C6- and C9-positions. The C6 and C9 modification enhanced the thermal, photochemical and electroluminescent properties. Both molecules were employed as blue emitters in non doped organic light emitting devices (OLEDs) and show high performances due to hybridized local and charge-transfer properties. An OLED with DDPPPA/DDPBA emissive layer shows deep-blue emission with maximum external quantum efficiency (η ex), current efficiency (η c) and power efficiency (η p) of 5.7/6.0%, 10.5/12.0 cd A-1 and 8.3/9.2 lm W-1, respectively. Both devices show high singlet exciton utilizing efficiency (η s) of DDPPPA-31.33% and DDPBA-35.29%. The doped device m-MTDATA:DDPPPA/m-MTDATA:DDPBA shows maximum efficiencies of η c -7.4/8.23 cd A-1; η p -5.8/6.13 lm W-1; η ex -4.72/5.63% (5 wt%):η c -8.36/9.15 cd A-1; η p -6.32/6.65 lm W-1; η ex -4.86/5.45% (10 wt%):η c -9.58/10.02 cd A-1; η p -7.8/8.25 lm W-1; η ex -5.96/6.25% (20 wt%). The doped device based on TAPC host TAPC:DDPPPA/TAPC:DDPBA exhibits maximum efficiencies of η c -9.60/10.03 cd A-1; η p -7.81/8.26 lm W-1; η ex -5.96/6.25% (20 wt%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraman Jayabharathi
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar Tamilnadu-608 002 India
| | | | - Venugopal Thanikachalam
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar Tamilnadu-608 002 India
| | - Sekar Sivaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Material Science Lab, Annamalai University Annamalai Nagar Tamilnadu-608 002 India
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Yuan Y, Zhang X, Li D, Zhang X, Wang L, Lu Z, Liu L, Chi F. Tailoring hole injection of sol–gel processed WOx and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for efficient ultraviolet organic light-emitting diodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13214-13222. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cp02006k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present an easily processed WOx solution and its doping in PEDOT:PSS for tailoring hole injection and assembling efficient ultraviolet OLEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Xiaowen Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Dongliang Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Xiuyun Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Information Materials
- Guilin University of Electronic Technology
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Lihui Wang
- Guilin Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Electrode Materials and Biological Nanomaterials & National Special Mineral Materials Engineering Technology Research Center & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- China Monferrous Metal (Guilin) Geology and Mining Co., Ltd
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Zongliu Lu
- Guilin Key Laboratory of Microelectronic Electrode Materials and Biological Nanomaterials & National Special Mineral Materials Engineering Technology Research Center & Guangxi Key Laboratory of Superhard Materials
- China Monferrous Metal (Guilin) Geology and Mining Co., Ltd
- Guilin 541004
- P. R. China
| | - Liming Liu
- Zhongshan Branch of State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Zhongshan Institute
- Zhongshan 528402
- P. R. China
| | - Feng Chi
- Zhongshan Branch of State Key Laboratory of Electronic Thin Films and Integrated Devices
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China
- Zhongshan Institute
- Zhongshan 528402
- P. R. China
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