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Morreale M, La Mantia FP. Current Concerns about Microplastics and Nanoplastics: A Brief Overview. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:1525. [PMID: 38891471 PMCID: PMC11174615 DOI: 10.3390/polym16111525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The widespread and increasing use of plastic-based goods in the present-day world has been raising many concerns about the formation of microplastics, their release, their impacts on the environment and, ultimately, on living organisms. These concerns are even greater regarding nanoplastics, i.e., nanosized microplastics, which may have even greater impacts. In this brief review, although without any claim or intention to exhaustively cover all the aspects of such a complex and many-sided issue, the very topical problem of the formation of microplastics, and the even more worrisome nanoplastics, from polymer-based products was considered. The approach is focused on a terse, straightforward, and easily accessible analysis oriented to the main technological engineering aspects regarding the sources of microplastics and nanoplastics released into the environment, their nature, some of the consequences arising from the release, the different polymers involved, their technological form (i.e., products or processes, with particular attention towards unintentional release), the formation mechanisms, and some possible mitigation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Morreale
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, Kore University of Enna, Cittadella Universitaria, 94100 Enna, Italy;
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology (INSTM), Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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2
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Ning X, Li X, Ma K, Pang H, Tian T, Hao H, Hou Q, Li M, Liu T, Hou S, Du H, Song X, Sun Z, Zhao C, Jin M. VDAC1 Protein Regulation of Oxidative Damage and Mitochondrial Dysfunction-Mediated Cytotoxicity by Silica Nanoparticles in SH-SY5Y Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2023; 60:6542-6555. [PMID: 37458989 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03491-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been widely used in industry, electronics, and pharmaceutical industries. In addition, it is also widely used in medicine, tumor treatment and diagnosis, as well as other biomedical and biotechnology fields. The opportunities for people to contact SiNPs through iatrogenic, occupational, and environmental exposures are gradually increasing. The damage and biological effects of SiNPs on the nervous system have attracted widespread attention in the field of toxicology. Central nerve cells are rich in mitochondria. It is suggested that the effects of SiNPs on mitochondrial damage of nerve cells may involve the maintenance of neuronal membrane potential, the synthesis and operation of neurotransmitters, and the transmission of nerve pulses, and so on. We established an experimental model of SH-SY5Y cells to detect the cell survival rate, apoptosis, changes of reactive oxygen species and mitochondrial membrane potential, and the expression of mitochondrial function-related enzymes and proteins, so as to reveal the possible mechanism of SiNPs on neuronal mitochondrial damage. It was found that SiNPs could cause oxidative damage to cells and mitochondria, destroy some normal functions of mitochondria, and induce apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. The voltage-dependent anion channel 1(VDAC1) protein inhibitor DIDS could effectively reduce intracellular oxidative stress, such as the reduction of ROS content, and could also usefully restore some functional proteins of mitochondria to normal levels. The inhibition of VDAC1 protein may play an important role in the oxidative damage and dysfunction of neuronal mitochondria induced by SiNPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofan Ning
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Ma
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huan Pang
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tiantian Tian
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Hao
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaohong Hou
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng Li
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianxiang Liu
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanshan Hou
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiying Du
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuling Song
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiwei Sun
- School of Public Health, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Zhao
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China
| | - Minghua Jin
- School of Public Health Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, 130021, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Jia W, Qi B, Wang Y, Lu Z, Wang J, Su Q, Nian J, Liang J. Investigation on the Mechanism of PAL (100) Surface Modified by APTES. Molecules 2023; 28:5417. [PMID: 37513288 PMCID: PMC10384360 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The interfacial mechanism has always been a concern for 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES)-grafted palygorskite (PAL). In this research, the mechanism of graft modification for grafting of APTES to the surface of PAL (100) was studied using density functional theory (DFT) calculation. The results illustrated that different grafting states of the APTES influence the inter- and intramolecular interactions between APTES/PAL (100), which are reflected in the electronic structures. For single-, double-, and three-toothed state APTES-PAL (100), the charge transfer rates from the PAL (100) surface to APTES were 0.68, 1.02, and 0.77 e, respectively. The binding energy results show that PAL (100) modification performance in the double-tooth state is the best compared to the other states, with the lowest value of -181.91 kJ/mol. The double-toothed state has lower barrier energy (94.69, 63.11, and 153.67 kJ/mol) during the modification process. This study offers theoretical insights into the chemical modification of the PAL (100) surface using APTES coupling agents, and can provide a guide for practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Jia
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Bomiao Qi
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Yanbin Wang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Zhibin Lu
- State Key Lab Solid Lubricat, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jiqian Wang
- Nanjing Research Institute of Electronics, Nanjing 210039, China
| | - Qiong Su
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
| | - Jingyan Nian
- State Key Lab Solid Lubricat, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Junxi Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730030, China
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4
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Rationalizing the interfacial layer in polymer nanocomposites: Correlation between enthalpy and dielectric relaxation. POLYMER 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2023.125765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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5
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Makri SP, Xanthopoulou E, Klonos PA, Grigoropoulos A, Kyritsis A, Tsachouridis K, Anastasiou A, Deligkiozi I, Nikolaidis N, Bikiaris DN. Effect of Micro- and Nano-Lignin on the Thermal, Mechanical, and Antioxidant Properties of Biobased PLA-Lignin Composite Films. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235274. [PMID: 36501671 PMCID: PMC9737150 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Bio-based poly(lactic acid) (PLA) composite films were produced using unmodified soda micro- or nano-lignin as a green filler at four different contents, between 0.5 wt% and 5 wt%. The PLA-lignin composite polymers were synthesized by solvent casting to prepare a masterbatch, followed by melt mixing. The composites were then converted into films, to evaluate the effect of lignin content and size on their physicochemical and mechanical properties. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), supported by polarized light microscopy (PLM), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR-ATR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were employed to investigate the PLA crystallization and the interactions with Lignin (L) and Nanolignin (NL). The presence of both fillers (L and NL) had a negligible effect on the glass transition temperature (chain diffusion). However, it resulted in suppression of the corresponding change in heat capacity. This was indicative of a partial immobilization of the PLA chains on the lignin entities, due to interfacial interactions, which was slightly stronger in the case of NL. Lignin was also found to facilitate crystallization, in terms of nucleation; whereas, this was not clear in the crystalline fraction. The addition of L and NL led to systematically larger crystallites compared with neat PLA, which, combined with the higher melting temperature, provided indications of a denser crystal structure in the composites. The mechanical, optical, antioxidant, and surface properties of the composite films were also investigated. The tensile strength and Young's modulus were improved by the addition of L and especially NL. The UV-blocking and antioxidant properties of the composite films were also enhanced, especially at higher filler contents. Importantly, the PLA-NL composite films constantly outperformed their PLA-L counterparts, due to the finer dispersion of NL in the PLA matrix, as verified by the TEM micrographs. These results suggest that bio-based and biodegradable PLA films filled with L, and particularly NL, can be employed as competitive and green alternatives in the food packaging industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia P. Makri
- Creative Nano PC, 43 Tatoiou, Metamorfosi, 14451 Athens, Greece
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleftheria Xanthopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis A. Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens (NTUA), Zografou Campus, 15780 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Tsachouridis
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | - Antonios Anastasiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester M1 3AL, UK
| | | | - Nikolaos Nikolaidis
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
| | - Dimitrios N. Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Correspondence: (N.N.); (D.N.B.)
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6
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Di Credico B, Odriozola G, Mascotto S, Meyer A, Tripaldi L, Moncho-Jordá A. Controlling the anisotropic self-assembly of polybutadiene-grafted silica nanoparticles by tuning three-body interaction forces. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:8034-8045. [PMID: 36226549 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00943a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the significant improvements in polymer composites properties have been mainly attributed to the ability of filler nanoparticles (NPs) to self-assemble into highly anisotropic self-assembled structures. In this work, we investigate the self-assembly of core-shell NPs composed of a silica core grafted with polybutadiene (PB) chains, generating the so-called "hairy" NPs (HNPs), immersed in tetrahydrofuran solvent. While uncoated silica beads aggregate forming uniform compact structures, the presence of a PB shell affects the silica NPs organization to the point that by increasing the polymer density at the corona, they tend to self-assemble into linear chain-like structures. To reproduce the experimental observations, we propose a theoretical model for the two-body that considers the van der Waals attractive energy together with the polymer-induced repulsive steric contribution and includes an additional three-body interaction term. This term arises due to the anisotropic distribution of PB, which increases their concentration near the NPs contact region. The resulting steric repulsion experienced by a third NP approaching the dimer prevents its binding close to the dimer bond and favors the growth of chain-like structures. We find good agreement between the simulated and experimental self-assembled superstructures, confirming that this three-body steric repulsion plays a key role in determining the cluster morphology of these core-shell NPs. The model also shows that further increasing the grafting density leads to low-density gel-like open structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Gerardo Odriozola
- Área de Física de Procesos Irreversibles, División de Ciencias Básicas e Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, Av. San Pablo 180, 02200 Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Simone Mascotto
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 117, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Laura Tripaldi
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Arturo Moncho-Jordá
- Institute Carlos I for Theoretical and Computational Physics, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva S/N, 18071, Granada, Spain.
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Universidad de Granada, Campus Fuentenueva S/N, 18071 Granada, Spain
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7
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Li X, Liu J, Zheng Z. Recent progress of elastomer–silica nanocomposites toward green tires:simulation and experiment. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
| | - Jun Liu
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China
| | - Zi‐Jian Zheng
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for the Green Preparation and Application of Functional Materials, Hubei Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Hubei University Wuhan 430062 China
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8
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Moretto E, Fernandes JP, Staropoli M, Rogé V, Steiner P, Duez B, Lenoble D, Thomann JS. Dual-Silane Premodified Silica Nanoparticles-Synthesis and Interplay between Chemical, Mechanical, and Curing Properties of Silica-Rubber Nanocomposites: Application to Tire Tread Compounds. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:17692-17702. [PMID: 35664568 PMCID: PMC9161251 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In silica-rubber based nanocomposites, a single organo-silicon is often used to compatibilize and covalently link silica to rubber. In this work, we have investigated the impact, at micro- and macroscales, of the decoupling of the hydrophobization and the coupling activity of silane by pretreating silica with two different silane chemistries. The first one, a mercaptosilane, is the coupling agent that promotes a covalent link between silica and rubber during the sulfur-mediated vulcanization reaction. The second one, an alkylsilane, aims to improve the silica dispersion. For both kind of silanes, we have varied the chain length and studied at macroscale the dynamic mechanical properties through the key indicators that are E'' as loss modulus, E' as storage modulus, and their respective ratio tan δ. The shorter silanes combination yielded an improvement in terms of wet grip indicators with tan δ at 0 °C increasing from 0.205 to 0.237 while maintaining rolling resistance indicators at the same level. We have evaluated the impact of the silane chemistry onto the cross-linking reactivity within the fabricated rubber-based nanocomposites by using moving-dye rheometer measurements (MDR). By purposely using atomic force microscopy (AFM), we have studied the silica dispersion in the matrix and the rubber/silica interface and provided the rationale explanation of the mechanical properties observed at the macroscale. AFM observation pointed out the existence of a soft interface around silica fillers when long alkylsilanes were used. We infer that this interface impacts the polymer-filler dynamic and subsequently affects the mechanical properties of the composite material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Moretto
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - João P.
C. Fernandes
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Mariapaola Staropoli
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Vincent Rogé
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Benoît Duez
- Goodyear
S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, L-7750, Colmar-Berg, Luxembourg
| | - Damien Lenoble
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- MRT
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 41 rue du Brill, L-4422, Belvaux, Luxembourg
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9
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Ito M, Liu H, Kumagai A, Liang X, Nakajima K, Jinnai H. Direct Visualization of Interfacial Regions between Fillers and Matrix in Rubber Composites Observed by Atomic Force Microscopy-Based Nanomechanics Assisted by Electron Tomography. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:777-785. [PMID: 34955029 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
In order to explain or predict the macroscopic mechanical properties of polymer composites with complex nanostructures, atomic force microscopy (AFM)-based nanomechanics is one of the most appropriate tools because the local mechanical properties can be obtained by it. However, automatic force curve analysis based on contact mechanics would mislead us to the wrong conclusion. The purpose of this study is to elucidate this point by applying AFM nanomechanics on a carbon black (CB)-reinforced isoprene rubber (IR). The CB aggregates underneath the rubber surface prevent us from quantitatively evaluating the ratio of CB and interfacial polymer region (IPR), which is an important parameter to determine the macroscopic mechanical properties. In order to overcome this problem, transmission electron microtomography was incorporated to investigate the 3D structure in the same field of view as AFM nanomechanics. As a result, it was found that there are buried structures that do not appear in the AFM topographic image. In addition, we were able to reveal the existence of a force curve with an inflection point, which is characteristic of such "false" IPRs. To put it another way, we evidenced the existence of true IPRs for the first time by combining these state-of-the-art techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Haonan Liu
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Akemi Kumagai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 2-12-1, O-Okayama, Meguro-ku, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
- Department of Applied Physics, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Jinnai
- Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, 2-1-1, Katahira, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
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10
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Tripaldi L, Callone E, D'Arienzo M, Dirè S, Giannini L, Mascotto S, Meyer A, Scotti R, Tadiello L, Di Credico B. Silica hairy nanoparticles: a promising material for self-assembling processes. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:9434-9446. [PMID: 34611686 DOI: 10.1039/d1sm01085a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
"Hairy" nanoparticles (HNPs), i.e. inorganic NPs functionalized with polymer chains, are promising building blocks for the synthesis of advanced nanocomposite (NC) materials having several technological applications. Recent evidence shows that HNPs self-organize in a variety of anisotropic structures, resulting in an improvement of the functional properties of the materials, in which are embedded. In this paper, we propose a three-step colloidal synthesis of spherical SiO2-HNPs, with controlled particle morphology and surface chemistry. In detail, the SiO2 core, synthesized by a modified Stöber method, was first functionalized with a short-chain amino-silane, which acts as an anchor, and then covered by maleated polybutadiene (PB), a rubbery polymer having low glass transition temperature, rarely considered until now. An extensive investigation by a multi-technique analysis demonstrates that the synthesis of SiO2-HNPs is simple, scalable, and potentially applicable to different kind of NPs and polymers. Morphological analysis shows the overall distribution of SiO2-HNPs with a certain degree of spatial organization, suggesting that the polymer coating induces a modification of NP-NP interactions. The role of the surface PB brushes in influencing the special arrangement of SiO2-HNPs was observed also in cis-1,4-polybutadiene (cis-PB), since the resulting NC exhibited the particle packing in "string-like" superstructures. This confirms the tendency of SiO2-HNPs to self-assemble and create alternative structures in polymer NCs, which may impart them peculiar functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tripaldi
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Callone
- Klaus Müller Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sandra Dirè
- Klaus Müller Magnetic Resonance Lab., Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Luca Giannini
- Pirelli Tyre SpA, Viale Sarca, 222, 20126, Milano, Italy
| | - Simone Mascotto
- Institut für Anorganische und Angewandte Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Institut für Physikalische Chemie, Universität Hamburg, Grindelallee 177, 20146 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Di Credico
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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11
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Ramarad S, Ratnam CT, Munusamy Y, Rahim NAA, Muniyadi M. Thermochemical compatibilization of reclaimed tire rubber/ poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) blend using electron beam irradiation and amine-based chemical. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-021-02748-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWaste tire rubber is commonly recycled by blending with other polymers. However, the mechanical properties of these blends were poor due to lack of adhesion between the matrix and the waste tire rubber. In this research, the use of electron beam irradiation and (3-Aminopropyl)triethoxy silane (APTES) on enhancing the performance of 50 wt% reclaimed tire rubber (RTR) blend with 50 wt% poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) (EVA) was investigated. Preparation of RTR/EVA blends were carried out in the internal mixer. The blends were then exposed to electron beam (EB) irradiation at doses ranging from 50 to 200 kGy. APTES loading was varied between 1 to 10 wt%. The processing, morphological, mechanical, and calorimetric properties of the blends were investigated. The stabilization torque and total mixing energy was higher in compatibilized blends. Mechanical properties of RTR/EVA blends were improved due to efficiency of APTES in further reclaiming the RTR and compatibilizing the blends. APTES improved the dispersion of embedded smaller RTR particles in EVA matrix and crosslinking efficiency of the blends. Calorimetric studies showed increased crystallinity in compatibilized blends which corresponds to improved mechanical properties. However, the ductility of the blend was decreased due to increased interaction between EVA and APTES. Presence of APTES increased the efficiency of electron beam irradiation induced crosslinking which was shown through gel content analysis and Charlesby-Pinner equation.
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12
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Collinson DW, Sheridan RJ, Palmeri MJ, Brinson LC. Best practices and recommendations for accurate nanomechanical characterization of heterogeneous polymer systems with atomic force microscopy. Prog Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2021.101420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Staropoli M, Rogé V, Moretto E, Didierjean J, Michel M, Duez B, Steiner P, Thielen G, Lenoble D, Thomann JS. Hybrid Silica-Based Fillers in Nanocomposites: Influence of Isotropic/Isotropic and Isotropic/Anisotropic Fillers on Mechanical Properties of Styrene-Butadiene (SBR)-Based Rubber. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2413. [PMID: 34372014 PMCID: PMC8348337 DOI: 10.3390/polym13152413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The improvement of mechanical properties of polymer-based nanocomposites is usually obtained through a strong polymer-silica interaction. Most often, precipitated silica nanoparticles are used as filler. In this work, we study the synergetic effect occurring between dual silica-based fillers in a styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR)/polybutadiene (PBD) rubber matrix. Precipitated Highly Dispersed Silica (HDS) nanoparticles (10 nm) have been associated with spherical Stöber silica nanoparticles (250 nm) and anisotropic nano-Sepiolite. By imaging filler at nano scale through Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy, we have shown that anisotropic fillers align only in presence of a critical amount of HDS. The dynamic mechanical analysis of rubber compounds confirms that this alignment leads to a stiffer nanocomposite when compared to Sepiolite alone. On the contrary, spherical 250 nm nanoparticles inhibit percolation network and reduce the nanocomposite stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariapaola Staropoli
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Vincent Rogé
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Enzo Moretto
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Joffrey Didierjean
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Marc Michel
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Benoit Duez
- Goodyear S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, Colmar-Berg, L-7750 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (B.D.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Pascal Steiner
- Goodyear S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, Colmar-Berg, L-7750 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (B.D.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Georges Thielen
- Goodyear S.A, Avenue Gordon Smith, Colmar-Berg, L-7750 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (B.D.); (P.S.); (G.T.)
| | - Damien Lenoble
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
| | - Jean-Sébastien Thomann
- MRT Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 41 Rue du Brill, Belvaux, L-4422 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; (V.R.); (E.M.); (J.D.); (M.M.); (D.L.); (J.-S.T.)
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14
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Lu S, Wu Z, Jayaraman A. Molecular Modeling and Simulation of Polymer Nanocomposites with Nanorod Fillers. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:2435-2449. [PMID: 33646794 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a coarse-grained (CG) molecular dynamics (MD) simulation study of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) containing nanorods with homogeneous and patchy surface chemistry/functionalization, modeled with isotropic and directional nanorod-nanorod attraction, respectively. We show how the PNC morphology is impacted by the nanorod design (i.e., aspect ratio, homogeneous or patchy surface chemistry/functionalization) for nanorods with a diameter equal to the Kuhn length of the polymer in the matrix. For PNCs with 10 vol % nanorods that have an aspect ratio ≤5, we observe percolated morphology with directional nanorod-nanorod attraction and phase-separated (i.e., nanorod aggregation) morphology with isotropic nanorod-nanorod attraction. In contrast, for nanorods with higher aspect ratios, both types of attractions result in aggregated nanorods morphology due to the dominance of entropic driving forces that cause long nanorods to form orientationally ordered aggregates. For most PNCs with isotropic or directional nanorod-nanorod attractions, the average matrix polymer conformation is not perturbed by the inclusion of up to 20 vol % nanorods. The polymer chains in contact with nanorods (i.e., interfacial chains) are on average extended and statistically different from the conformations the matrix chains adopt in the pure melt state (with no nanorods); in contrast, the polymer chains far from nanorods (i.e., bulk chains) adopt the same conformations as the matrix chains adopt in the pure melt state. We also study the effect of other parameters, such as attraction strength, nanorod volume fraction, and matrix chain length, for PNCs with isotropic or directional nanorod-nanorod attractions. Collectively, our results provide valuable design rules to achieve specific PNC morphologies (i.e., dispersed, aggregated, percolated, and orientationally aligned nanorods) for various potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizhao Lu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Zijie Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, 150 Academy Street, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 DuPont Hall, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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15
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Papadopoulos L, Klonos PA, Terzopoulou Z, Psochia E, Sanusi OM, Hocine NA, Benelfellah A, Giliopoulos D, Triantafyllidis K, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Comparative study of crystallization, semicrystalline morphology, and molecular mobility in nanocomposites based on polylactide and various inclusions at low filler loadings. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Zhou M, Liu J, Hou G, Yang H, Zhang L. Study on structures, dynamics and mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber (SBR)/silica interfaces: A fully atomistic molecular dynamics. POLYMER 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2021.123523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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Xiong Y, Shen S, Kang M, Wang Z, Lu A. Effect of fluorescence labeling on mechanical properties of silica filled silicone rubber. POLYMER 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2020.122904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Crapanzano R, Villa I, Mostoni S, D’Arienzo M, Di Credico B, Fasoli M, Scotti R, Vedda A. Morphology Related Defectiveness in ZnO Luminescence: From Bulk to Nano-Size. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10101983. [PMID: 33036427 PMCID: PMC7601266 DOI: 10.3390/nano10101983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
This study addresses the relationship between material morphology (size, growth parameters and interfaces) and optical emissions in ZnO through an experimental approach, including the effect of different material dimensions from bulk to nano-size, and different excitations, from optical sources to ionizing radiation. Silica supported ZnO nanoparticles and ligand capped ZnO nanoparticles are synthesized through a sol–gel process and hot injection method, respectively. Their optical properties are investigated by radioluminescence, steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence, and compared to those of commercial micrometric powders and of a bulk single crystal. The Gaussian spectral reconstruction of all emission spectra highlights the occurrence of the same emission bands for all samples, comprising one ultraviolet excitonic peak and four visible defect-related components, whose relative intensities and time dynamics vary with the material parameters and the measurement conditions. The results demonstrate that a wide range of color outputs can be obtained by tuning synthesis conditions and size of pure ZnO nanoparticles, with favorable consequences for the engineering of optical devices based on this material.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Crapanzano
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Irene Villa
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-02-6448-5169
| | - Silvia Mostoni
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Massimiliano D’Arienzo
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Mauro Fasoli
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (S.M.); (M.D.); (B.D.C.); (R.S.)
| | - Anna Vedda
- Department of Materials Science, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, I-20125 Milano, Italy; (R.C.); (M.F.); (A.V.)
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19
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Kang XW, Liu D, Zhang P, Kang M, Chen F, Yuan QX, Zhao XL, Song YZ, Song LX. Revisiting Silica Networks by Small-angle Neutron Scattering and Synchrotron Radiation X-ray Imaging Techniques. CHINESE JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10118-020-2402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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20
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Klonos PA, Papadopoulos L, Terzopoulou Z, Papageorgiou GZ, Kyritsis A, Bikiaris DN. Molecular Dynamics in Nanocomposites Based on Renewable Poly(butylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate) In Situ Reinforced by Montmorillonite Nanoclays: Effects of Clay Modification, Crystallization, and Hydration. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:7306-7317. [PMID: 32786716 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c04306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
This study deals with poly(butylene 2,5-furan-dicarboxylate), PBF, a renewable bio-based polyester expected to replace non-eco-friendly fossil-based homologues. PBF exhibits excellent gas barrier properties, which makes it promising for packaging applications; however, its rather low and slow crystallinity affects good mechanical performance. The crystallization of this relatively new polymer is enhanced here via reinforcement by introduction in situ of 1 wt % montmorillonite, MMT, nanoclays of three types (functionalizations). We study PBF and its nanocomposites (PNCs) also from the basic research point of view, molecular dynamics. For this work, we employ the widely used combination of techniques, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) with broad-band dielectric relaxation spectroscopy (BDS), supplemented by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In the PNCs, the crystalline rate and fraction, CF, were found to be strongly enhanced as these fillers act as additional crystallization nuclei. The improvements in crystallization here correlate quite well with those on the mechanical performance recorded recently; moreover, they occur in the same filler order, in particular, with increasing MMT interlayer distance (from ∼1 to ∼3 nm). In the amorphous fraction of the polymer, the chain diffusion (calorimetric Tg and dynamic α process) is easier in the PNCs due to their slightly smaller length, while in the semicrystalline state, it decelerates by crystal-induced constraints. The local polymer dynamics (β process, below Tg) was found to be independent of the PNC composition, however, sensitive to structural changes of the matrix. Finally, a filler-induced dynamics was additionally recorded in the PNCs (α* process), arising possibly from the polymer located at the MMT surfaces. α* follows the changes in polymer chain length and decelerates with crystallization, whereas its activation energy decreases with mild hydration. The combined results on α* with the DSC and TGA findings, provide proof for weak MMT-PBF interactions. Overall, our results, along with data from the literature, suggest that such furan-based polyesters reinforced with properly chosen nanofillers could potentially serve well as tailor-made PNCs for targeted applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.,Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Lazaros Papadopoulos
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Zoi Terzopoulou
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Z Papageorgiou
- Laboratory of Industrial and Food Chemistry, Chemistry Department, University of Ioannina, 451 10 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Apostolos Kyritsis
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 157 80 Athens, Greece
| | - Dimitrios N Bikiaris
- Laboratory of Polymer Chemistry and Technology, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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21
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Dong H, Luo Y, Lin J, Bai J, Chen Y, Zhong B, Jia D. Effects of modified silica on the co‐vulcanization kinetics and mechanical performances of natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber blends. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.48838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Dong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yuanfang Luo
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jing Lin
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Jie Bai
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Yongjun Chen
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Bangchao Zhong
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
| | - Demin Jia
- Key Lab of Guangdong for High Property and Functional Polymer MaterialsSouth China University of Technology Guangzhou 510640 China
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22
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Rheology and foaming behaviour of styrene–ethylene–butylene–styrene nanocomposites. Colloid Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-020-04677-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Li Y, Xiong Y, Zhang Q. Rivet-Inspired Modification of Aramid Fiber by Decorating with Silica Particles to Enhance the Interfacial Interaction and Mechanical Properties of Rubber Composites. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E2665. [PMID: 32545326 PMCID: PMC7321641 DOI: 10.3390/ma13112665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A rivet-inspired method of decorating aramid fiber (AF) with silica particles (SiO2) is proposed to produce SiO2@AF hybrid materials that have largely enhanced interfacial interaction with the rubber matrix. AF was firstly surface-modified with polyacrylic acid (PAA) to obtain PAA-AF, and SiO2 was silanized with 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane to obtain APES-SiO2. Then, SiO2@AF was prepared by chemically bonding APES-SiO2 onto the surface of PAA-AF in the presence of dicyclohexylcarbodiimide (DCC) and 4-dimethylaminopyridine (DMAP). With the incorporation of SiO2@AF into the rubber matrix, SiO2@AF hybrid materials with high surface roughness can play a role as 'rivets' to immobilize large numbers of rubber chains on the surface. The tear strength and tensile strength of rubber composite that filling 4 phr SiO2@AF are dramatically increased by 97.8% and 89.3% compared to pure rubber, respectively. Furthermore, SiO2@AF has superiority in enhancing the cutting resistance of rubber composites, in contrast with unmodified AF and SiO2. SiO2@AF is suitable to be applied as a novel reinforcing filler in rubber composites for high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuzhu Xiong
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
| | - Qingpo Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material and Engineering, College of Materials and Metallurgy, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China;
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24
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Zhai C, Li T, Shi H, Yeo J. Discovery and design of soft polymeric bio-inspired materials with multiscale simulations and artificial intelligence. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:6562-6587. [DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00896f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishing the “Materials 4.0” paradigm requires intimate knowledge of the virtual space in materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Zhai
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Tianjiao Li
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Haoyuan Shi
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
| | - Jingjie Yeo
- J2 Lab for Engineering Living Materials
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
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25
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Donato RK, Mija A. Keratin Associations with Synthetic, Biosynthetic and Natural Polymers: An Extensive Review. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:E32. [PMID: 31878054 PMCID: PMC7023547 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Among the biopolymers from animal sources, keratin is one the most abundant, with a major contribution from side stream products from cattle, ovine and poultry industry, offering many opportunities to produce cost-effective and sustainable advanced materials. Although many reviews have discussed the application of keratin in polymer-based biomaterials, little attention has been paid to its potential in association with other polymer matrices. Thus, herein, we present an extensive literature review summarizing keratin's compatibility with other synthetic, biosynthetic and natural polymers, and its effect on the materials' final properties in a myriad of applications. First, we revise the historical context of keratin use, describe its structure, chemical toolset and methods of extraction, overview and differentiate keratins obtained from different sources, highlight the main areas where keratin associations have been applied, and describe the possibilities offered by its chemical toolset. Finally, we contextualize keratin's potential for addressing current issues in materials sciences, focusing on the effect of keratin when associated to other polymers' matrices from biomedical to engineering applications, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo K. Donato
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovského nám. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
| | - Alice Mija
- Institute of Chemistry of Nice, UMR CNRS 7272, Université Côte d’Azur, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Parc Valrose, 06108 Nice CEDEX 2, France
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26
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Collinson DW, Eaton MD, Shull KR, Brinson LC. Deconvolution of Stress Interaction Effects from Atomic Force Spectroscopy Data across Polymer−Particle Interfaces. Macromolecules 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.9b01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - L. Catherine Brinson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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27
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Development of the Morphology and the Band Gap Energy of Co–Si Nanofibers by Inserting Zirconium and Titanium with Dual Anions Intercalation Process. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9224775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The plate-like structure is the most familiar morphology for conventional layered double hydroxides (LDHs) in case their structures consist of divalent and trivalent cations in their layers. In this study, nanofibers and nanoneedles of Co–Si LDHs were prepared for the first time. By the inclusion of zirconium inside the nanolayers of LDH structures, their plates were formed and transformed to nanofibers. These nanofibers were modified by the insertion of titanium to build again plate-like morphology for the LDH structure. This morphology controlling was studied and explained by a dual anions intercalation process. The optical properties of Co–Si LDHs indicated that the incorporation of zirconium within their nanolayers decreased the band gap energy from 4.4 eV to 2.9 eV. Following the same behavior, the insertion of titanium besides zirconium within the nanolayers of Co–Si LDHs caused a further reduction in the band gap energy, which became 2.85 eV. Although there is no data for the optical properties of Co–Si LDHs in the literature, it is interesting to observe the low band gap energy for Co–Si LDHs to become more suitable for optical applications. These results concluded that the reduction of the band gap energy and the formation of nanofibers introduce new optical materials for developing and designing optical nanodevices.
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28
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Ahmadi-Shooli S, Tavakoli M. A Comparative Study of the Dynamic-Mechanical Properties of Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Epoxidized Natural Rubber Dual Filler Nanocomposites Cured by Sulfur or Electron Beam Irradiation. J MACROMOL SCI B 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/00222348.2019.1574428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sima Ahmadi-Shooli
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
| | - Mitra Tavakoli
- Department of Chemical and Polymer Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran
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29
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Time Domain NMR in Polymer Science: From the Laboratory to the Industry. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9091801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Highly controlled polymers and nanostructures are increasingly translated from the lab to the industry. Together with the industrialization of complex systems from renewable sources, a paradigm change in the processing of plastics and rubbers is underway, requiring a new generation of analytical tools. Here, we present the recent developments in time domain NMR (TD-NMR), starting with an introduction of the methods. Several examples illustrate the new take on traditional issues like the measurement of crosslink density in vulcanized rubber or the monitoring of crystallization kinetics, as well as the unique information that can be extracted from multiphase, nanophase and composite materials. Generally, TD-NMR is capable of determining structural parameters that are in agreement with other techniques and with the final macroscopic properties of industrial interest, as well as reveal details on the local homogeneity that are difficult to obtain otherwise. Considering its moderate technical and space requirements of performing, TD-NMR is a good candidate for assisting product and process development in several applications throughout the rubber, plastics, composites and adhesives industry.
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30
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Cobani E, Tagliaro I, Geppi M, Giannini L, Leclère P, Martini F, Nguyen TC, Lazzaroni R, Scotti R, Tadiello L, Di Credico B. Hybrid Interface in Sepiolite Rubber Nanocomposites: Role of Self-Assembled Nanostructure in Controlling Dissipative Phenomena. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E486. [PMID: 30934729 PMCID: PMC6523625 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Sepiolite (Sep)⁻styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites were prepared by using nano-sized sepiolite (NS-SepS9) fibers, obtained by applying a controlled surface acid treatment, also in the presence of a silane coupling agent (NS-SilSepS9). Sep/SBR nanocomposites were used as a model to study the influence of the modified sepiolite filler on the formation of immobilized rubber at the clay-rubber interface and the role of a self-assembled nanostructure in tuning the mechanical properties. A detailed investigation at the macro and nanoscale of such self-assembled structures was performed in terms of the organization and networking of Sep fibers in the rubber matrix, the nature of both the filler⁻filler and filler⁻rubber interactions, and the impact of these features on the reduced dissipative phenomena. An integrated multi-technique approach, based on dynamic measurements, nuclear magnetic resonance analysis, and morphological investigation, assessed that the macroscopic mechanical properties of clay nanocomposites can be remarkably enhanced by self-assembled filler structures, whose formation can be favored by manipulating the chemistry at the hybrid interfaces between the clay particles and the polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elkid Cobani
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Irene Tagliaro
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Marco Geppi
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Philippe Leclère
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Francesca Martini
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Chimica Industriale, University of Pisa, Via Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Thai Cuong Nguyen
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Roberto Lazzaroni
- Service de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Centre d'Innovation et de Recherche en MAtériaux Polymères (CIRMAP), Université de Mons-UMONS, 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | | | - Barbara Di Credico
- Department of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi, 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
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Zhu H, Huang X, Wang Z, Kong L, Chen M, Wang F. The remarkably improved filler dispersion and performance of SSBR/BR by core–shell structure SiO2@LDH nanocomposites. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-019-0324-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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32
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Terzopoulou Z, Klonos PA, Kyritsis A, Tziolas A, Avgeropoulos A, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN. Interfacial interactions, crystallization and molecular mobility in nanocomposites of Poly(lactic acid) filled with new hybrid inclusions based on graphene oxide and silica nanoparticles. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.01.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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33
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Klonos PA, Tegopoulos SN, Koutsiara CS, Kontou E, Pissis P, Kyritsis A. Effects of CNTs on thermal transitions, thermal diffusivity and electrical conductivity in nanocomposites: comparison between an amorphous and a semicrystalline polymer matrix. SOFT MATTER 2019; 15:1813-1824. [PMID: 30688327 DOI: 10.1039/c8sm02478b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Two series of polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) based on amorphous styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and semicrystalline linear low-density polyethylene (PE) matrices were filled with 2-15 wt% carbon nanotubes (CNT) and were studied by employing calorimetry, dielectric spectroscopy and laser flash analysis. The electrical conductivity, σ, increased with CNT loading and similar values were exhibited for the two matrices, uniquely depending on the concentration of the CNTs, suggesting practically no effects of the crystalline fraction (CF) on σ. For both types of matrix, a fraction of the polymer was found to be immobilized (rigid amorphous fraction, RAF). For the amorphous SBR, the RAF in PNCs originates uniquely from the presence of the filler (RAFfiller up to 0.19 wt). On the other hand, for the semicrystalline PE, the RAF is significantly larger (0.4-0.6 wt) due to the severe contribution of the RAF around the crystals (RAFcrystal). The thermal diffusivity, α, is quite low in both types of PNCs and exhibits higher values in the semicrystalline matrix (PE-based PNCs). Our results suggest that in these PNCs, heat transport mechanisms are activated mainly in the crystalline domains, more so with the additive contribution of the RAFcrystal. In the amorphous SBR-based PNCs, heat transport is facilitated mainly by CNTs, whereas the RAFfiller is found to be a good measure of the thermal resistance behavior of CNT/polymer interphases and consequently, of thermal diffusivity. Direct correlation of the results obtained by the three techniques with each other revealed the systematic dependence of α on the amount of RAF in each matrix; the α(RAF) trends, however, are different for the two matrices. Furthermore, the results suggest that the two RAFs exhibit different structural characteristics, e.g. the RAFcrystal exhibits a more ordered structure than the RAFfiller; this issue is still an open debate in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panagiotis A Klonos
- Department of Physics, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 15780, Athens, Greece.
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34
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Meinardi F, Ballabio M, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Bianchi A, Mauri M, Simonutti R, Ronchi A, Campione M, Monguzzi A. Quasi-thresholdless Photon Upconversion in Metal-Organic Framework Nanocrystals. NANO LETTERS 2019; 19:2169-2177. [PMID: 30726093 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.9b00543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photon upconversion based on sensitized triplet-triplet annihilation ( sTTA) is considered as a promising strategy for the development of light-managing materials aimed to enhance the performance of solar devices by recovering unused low-energy photons. Here, we demonstrate that, thanks to the fast diffusion of excitons, the creation of triplet pairs in metal-organic framework nanocrystals ( nMOFs) with size smaller than the exciton diffusion length implies a 100% TTA yield regardless of the illumination condition. This makes each nMOF a thresholdless, single-unit annihilator. We develop a kinetic model for describing the upconversion dynamics in a nanocrystals ensemble, which allows us to define the threshold excitation intensity Ithbox required to reach the maximum conversion yield. For materials based on thresholdless annihilators, Ithbox is determined by the statistical distribution of the excitation energy among nanocrystals. The model is validated by fabricating a nanocomposite material based on nMOFs, which shows efficient upconversion under a few percent of solar irradiance, matching the requirements of real life solar technologies. The statistical analysis reproduces the experimental findings, and represents a general tool for predicting the optimal compromise between dimensions and concentration of nMOFs with a given crystalline structure that minimizes the irradiance at which the system starts to fully operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Meinardi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - M Ballabio
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - N Yanai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , Moto-oka 744 , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - N Kimizuka
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) , Kyushu University , Moto-oka 744 , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
| | - A Bianchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - M Mauri
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - R Simonutti
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - A Ronchi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
| | - M Campione
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , Piazza della Scienza 4 , 20126 Milano , Italy
| | - A Monguzzi
- Dipartimento di Scienza dei Materiali , Università degli Studi Milano-Bicocca , via R. Cozzi 53 , 20125 Milano , Italy
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35
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Nguyen HK, Liang X, Ito M, Nakajima K. Direct Mapping of Nanoscale Viscoelastic Dynamics at Nanofiller/Polymer Interfaces. Macromolecules 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hung K. Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
| | - Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo 152-8552, Japan
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36
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Borsacchi S, Sudhakaran UP, Calucci L, Martini F, Carignani E, Messori M, Geppi M. Rubber-Filler Interactions in Polyisoprene Filled with In Situ Generated Silica: A Solid State NMR Study. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E822. [PMID: 30960747 PMCID: PMC6403753 DOI: 10.3390/polym10080822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this paper we used high- and low-resolution solid state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) techniques to investigate a series of polyisoprene samples filled with silica generated in situ from tetraethoxysilane by sol-gel process. In particular, ¹H spin-lattice and spin-spin relaxation times allowed us to get insights into the dynamic properties of both the polymer bulk and the bound rubber, and to obtain a comparative estimate of the amount of bound rubber in samples prepared with different compositions and sol-gel reaction times. In all samples, three fractions with different mobility could be distinguished by ¹H T₂ and ascribed to loosely bound rubber, polymer bulk, and free chain ends. The amount of bound rubber was found to be dependent on sample preparation, and it resulted maximum in the sample showing the best dispersion of silica domains in the rubber matrix. The interpretation of the loosely bound rubber in terms of "glassy" behaviour was discussed, also on the basis of ¹H T₁ and T1ρ data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Borsacchi
- Italian National Council for Research-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, CNR-ICCOM, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | | | - Lucia Calucci
- Italian National Council for Research-Institute for the Chemistry of OrganoMetallic Compounds, CNR-ICCOM, via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Francesca Martini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Elisa Carignani
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
| | - Massimo Messori
- Department of Engineering "Enzo Ferrari", University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, via P. Vivarelli 10/1, 41125 Modena, Italy.
| | - Marco Geppi
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, via G. Moruzzi 13, 56124 Pisa, Italy.
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37
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Klonos P, Bolbukh Y, Koutsiara C, Zafeiris K, Kalogeri O, Sternik D, Deryło–Marczewska A, Tertykh V, Pissis P. Morphology and molecular dynamics investigation of low molecular weight PDMS adsorbed onto Stöber, fumed, and sol-gel silica nanoparticles. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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38
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Ning N, Mi T, Chu G, Zhang LQ, Liu L, Tian M, Yu HT, Lu YL. A quantitative approach to study the interface of carbon nanotubes/elastomer nanocomposites. Eur Polym J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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39
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Klonos P, Sulym IY, Sternik D, Konstantinou P, Goncharuk OV, Deryło–Marczewska A, Gun'ko VM, Kyritsis A, Pissis P. Morphology, crystallization and rigid amorphous fraction in PDMS adsorbed onto carbon nanotubes and graphite. POLYMER 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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40
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Anisotropic nanoparticles as templates for the crystalline structure of an injection-molded isotactic polypropylene/TiO 2 nanocomposite. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.09.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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41
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D'Arienzo M, Diré S, Redaelli M, Borovin E, Callone E, Di Credico B, Morazzoni F, Pegoretti A, Scotti R. Unveiling the hybrid interface in polymer nanocomposites enclosing silsesquioxanes with tunable molecular structure: Spectroscopic, thermal and mechanical properties. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 512:609-617. [PMID: 29101902 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.10.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Organic-inorganic nanobuilding blocks (NBBs) based on silsesquioxanes (SSQs) have potential applications as nanofillers, thermal stabilizers, and rheological modifiers, which can improve thermomechanical properties of polymer hosts. The possibility to tune both siloxane structure and pendant groups can promote compatibilization and peculiar interactions with a plethora of polymers. However, the control on SSQs molecular architecture and functionalities is usually delicate and requires careful synthetic details. Moreover, investigating the influence of NBBs loading and structure on the hybrid interface and, in turn, on the polymer chains mobility and mechanical properties, may be challenging, especially for low-loaded materials. Herein, we describe the preparation and characterization of polybutadiene (PB) nanocomposites using as innovative fillers thiol-functionalized SSQs nanobuilding blocks (SH-NBBs), with both tailorable functionality and structure. Swelling experiments and, more clearly, solid-state NMR, enlightened a remarkable effect of SH-NBBs on the molecular structure and mobility of the polymeric chains, envisaging the occurrence of chemical interactions at the hybrid interface. Finally, thermal and DMTA analyses revealed that nanocomposites, even containing very low filler loadings (i.e. 1, 3 wt%), exhibited enhanced thermomechanical properties, which seem to be connected not only to the loading, but also to the peculiar cage or ladder-like architecture of SH-NBBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano D'Arienzo
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy.
| | - Sandra Diré
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; "Klaus Müller" Magnetic Resonance Lab., DII, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy.
| | - Matteo Redaelli
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Evgeny Borovin
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Emanuela Callone
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy; "Klaus Müller" Magnetic Resonance Lab., DII, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Barbara Di Credico
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Franca Morazzoni
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandro Pegoretti
- Dept. Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, via Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
| | - Roberto Scotti
- Dept. of Materials Science, INSTM, University of Milano-Bicocca, Via R. Cozzi 55, 20125 Milano, Italy
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42
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Hori K, Yamada NL, Fujii Y, Masui T, Kishimoto H, Seto H. Structure and Mechanical Properties of Polybutadiene Thin Films Bound to Surface-Modified Carbon Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8883-8890. [PMID: 28799335 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The structure and mechanical properties of polybutadiene (PB) films on bare and surface-modified carbon films were examined. There was an interfacial layer of PB near the carbon layer whose density was higher (lower) than that of the bulk material on the hydrophobic (hydrophilic) carbon surface. To glean information about the structure and mechanical properties of PB at the carbon interface, a residual layer (RL) adhering to the carbon surface, which was considered to be a model of "bound rubber layer", was obtained by rinsing the PB film with toluene. The density and thickness of the RLs were identical to those of the interfacial layer of the PB film. In accordance with the change in the density, normal stress of the RLs evaluated by atomic force microscopy was also dependent on the surface free energy: the RLs on the hydrophobic carbon were hard like glass, whereas those on the hydrophilic carbon were soft like rubber. Similarly, the wear test revealed that the RLs on the hydrophilic carbon could be peeled off by scratching under a certain stress, whereas the RLs on the hydrophobic carbons were resistant to scratching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichiro Hori
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Norifumi L Yamada
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Fujii
- Department of Chemistry for Materials, Graduate School of Engineering, Mie University , 1577 Kurimamachiya, Tsu, Mie 514-8507, Japan
| | - Tomomi Masui
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. , 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0071, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kishimoto
- Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. , 1-1, 2-chome, Tsutsui-cho, Chuo-ku, Kobe 651-0071, Japan
| | - Hideki Seto
- Institute of Materials Structure Science, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization , 203-1 Shirakata, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1106, Japan
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43
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Song L, Wang Z, Tang X, Chen L, Chen P, Yuan Q, Li L. Visualizing the Toughening Mechanism of Nanofiller with 3D X-ray Nano-CT: Stress-Induced Phase Separation of Silica Nanofiller and Silicone Polymer Double Networks. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b00539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lixian Song
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
- State
Key Laboratory Cultivation
Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, Sichuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhen Wang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Tang
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Chen
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Pinzhang Chen
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qingxi Yuan
- Beijing
Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liangbin Li
- National
Synchrotron Radiation Lab and CAS Key Laboratory of Soft Matter Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, People’s Republic of China
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44
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Mai TT, Morishita Y, Urayama K. Induced anisotropy by Mullins effect in filled elastomers subjected to stretching with various geometries. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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45
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Nakajima K, Ito M, Nguyen HK, Liang X. NANOMECHANICS OF THE RUBBER–FILLER INTERFACE. RUBBER CHEMISTRY AND TECHNOLOGY 2017. [DOI: 10.5254/rct.17.82642] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Atomic force microscope (AFM)–based nanomechanics is one of the most promising tools for accessing the rubber–filler interface while providing not only structural information but also mechanical–property evaluation. An AFM-based static modulus map is used to close in on the understanding of the filler reinforcement effect. As an example, a famous Guth–Gold equation is verified by comparing tensile testing and AFM. Two different novel methods are also introduced to visualize viscoelastic quantities such as storage and loss moduli, loss tangent, relaxation modulus, and viscosity. The difference in segmental dynamics between a rubber matrix and an interfacial region will be reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Nakajima
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
- Advanced Institute for Materials Research, Tohoku University, Katahira, Aoba, Sendai, 980-8577 Japan
| | - Makiko Ito
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
| | - Hung Kim Nguyen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyushu University, Motooka, Nishi, Fukuoka, 819-0395 Japan
| | - Xiaobin Liang
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Tokyo Institute of Technology, O-Okayama, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8552 Japan
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46
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Klonos P, Kyritsis A, Bokobza L, Gun’ko VM, Pissis P. Interfacial effects in PDMS/titania nanocomposites studied by thermal and dielectric techniques. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2016.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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47
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Mai TT, Morishita Y, Urayama K. Novel features of the Mullins effect in filled elastomers revealed by stretching measurements in various geometries. SOFT MATTER 2017; 13:1966-1977. [PMID: 28155954 DOI: 10.1039/c6sm02833k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stretching experiments with various geometries are performed using a custom-built tensile tester to reveal the intriguing features of the mechanical softening phenomena of filled elastomers in loading-unloading cycles, commonly known as the Mullins effect. The dissipated energy (D), residual strain (εr), and dissipation factor (Δ; the ratio of D to input strain energy) in the loading-unloading cycles are evaluated as a function of the maximum stretch in cyclic loading (λm) using three types of extension, i.e., uniaxial, planar, and equibiaxial extension, for silica-filled elastomers with various filler contents, and with or without a silane coupling agent. The dissipated energy D and εr increase with an increase in λm, and they depend on the type of extension when compared at the same λm: D and εr increase in the order of equibiaxial, planar, and uniaxial extension. In contrast, the values of Δ obtained for various degrees and types of extension are collapsed into a single curve when the first invariant of the deformation tensor (I1,m) corresponding to λm is employed as a variable: Δ steeply increases with an increase in I1,m in the small deformation regime of I1,m < 3.2, while Δ levels off in the large deformation regime of I1,m > 3.5. The plateau values of Δ increase with an increase in filler content. The characteristic dependence of Δ on I1,m in each of the small and large deformation regimes is expected to reflect the destruction process of the inherent structures, including filler networks and the filler-polymer interface, and the friction between the fillers and the rubber matrix, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh-Tam Mai
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Morishita
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan. and Research Department I, Central Research, Bridgestone Corporation, Tokyo 187-8531, Japan
| | - Kenji Urayama
- Department of Macromolecular Science & Engineering, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8585, Japan.
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48
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Klonos P, Pissis P. Effects of interfacial interactions and of crystallization on rigid amorphous fraction and molecular dynamics in polylactide/silica nanocomposites: A methodological approach. POLYMER 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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49
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Masurel RJ, Gelineau P, Cantournet S, Dequidt A, Long DR, Lequeux F, Montes H. Role of Dynamical Heterogeneities on the Mechanical Response of Confined Polymer. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2017; 118:047801. [PMID: 28186782 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.118.047801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Confinement induces various modifications in the dynamics of polymers as compared to bulk. We focus here on the role of dynamical heterogeneities on the mechanics of confined polymers. Using a simple model that allows computation of the mechanical response over 10 decades in frequency, we show that the local mechanical coupling controlling the macroscopic response in the bulk disappears in a confined geometry. The slowest domains significantly contribute to the mechanical response for increasing confinement. As a consequence, the apparent glass transition is broadened and shifted towards lower frequencies as confinement increases. We compare our numerical predictions with experiments performed on poly(ethylacrylate) chains in model filled elastomers. We suggest that the change of elastic coupling between domains induced by confinement should contribute significantly to the polymer mobility shift observed on filled systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Masurel
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - P Gelineau
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - S Cantournet
- MINES ParisTech, PSL-Research University, MAT-Centre des Matériaux, CNRS UMR 7633, BP 87 91003 Evry, France
| | - A Dequidt
- Univ. Clermont Ferrand, Inst. Chim. Clermont Ferrand, UMR 6296, F-63171 Aubiere, France
| | - D R Long
- Laboratoire Polymères et Matériaux Avancés, UMR 5268 CNRS/Solvay, 87, rue des frères Perret, F-69192 Saint Fons, France
| | - F Lequeux
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - H Montes
- Laboratoire Sciences et Ingénierie de la Matière Molle (SIMM), CNRS-UMR 7615, Ecole Supérieure de Physique et Chimie Industrielles de Paris (ESPCI Paris), PSL Research University, Université Pierre et Marie Curie (UPMC), Sorbonne-Universités, 10 rue Vauquelin, F-75005 Paris, France
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Klonos P, Terzopoulou Z, Koutsoumpis S, Zidropoulos S, Kripotou S, Papageorgiou GZ, Bikiaris DN, Kyritsis A, Pissis P. Rigid amorphous fraction and segmental dynamics in nanocomposites based on poly(l–lactic acid) and nano-inclusions of 1–3D geometry studied by thermal and dielectric techniques. Eur Polym J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2016.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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