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Liu J, Cabral H, Mi P. Nanocarriers address intracellular barriers for efficient drug delivery, overcoming drug resistance, subcellular targeting and controlled release. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2024; 207:115239. [PMID: 38437916 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2024.115239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
The cellular barriers are major bottlenecks for bioactive compounds entering into cells to accomplish their biological functions, which limits their biomedical applications. Nanocarriers have demonstrated high potential and benefits for encapsulating bioactive compounds and efficiently delivering them into target cells by overcoming a cascade of intracellular barriers to achieve desirable therapeutic and diagnostic effects. In this review, we introduce the cellular barriers ahead of drug delivery and nanocarriers, as well as summarize recent advances and strategies of nanocarriers for increasing internalization with cells, promoting intracellular trafficking, overcoming drug resistance, targeting subcellular locations and controlled drug release. Lastly, the future perspectives of nanocarriers for intracellular drug delivery are discussed, which mainly focus on potential challenges and future directions. Our review presents an overview of intracellular drug delivery by nanocarriers, which may encourage the future development of nanocarriers for efficient and precision drug delivery into a wide range of cells and subcellular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Liu
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17 South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Horacio Cabral
- Department of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Peng Mi
- Department of Radiology, Huaxi MR Research Center (HMRRC), State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17 South Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China.
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2
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Xi Z, Jiang Y, Ma Z, Li Q, Xi X, Fan C, Zhu S, Zhang J, Xu L. Using Mesoporous Silica-Based Dual Biomimetic Nano-Erythrocytes for an Improved Antitumor Effect. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2785. [PMID: 38140125 PMCID: PMC10747987 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15122785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The nano-delivery system with a dual biomimetic effect can penetrate deeper in tumor microenvironments (TMEs) and release sufficient antitumor drugs, which has attracted much attention. In this study, we synthesized erythrocyte-like mesoporous silica nanoparticles (EMSNs) as the core loaded with doxorubicin (DOX) and coated them with calcium phosphate (CaP) and erythrocyte membrane (EM) to obtain DOX/EsPMs. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fluorescent co-localization and protein bands of SDS-PAGE were used to confirm the complete fabrication of EsPMs. The EsPMs with erythrocyte-like shape exhibited superior penetration ability in in vitro diffusion and tumor-sphere penetration experiments. Intracellular Ca2+ and ROS detection experiments showed that the CaP membranes of EsPMs with pH-sensitivity could provide Ca2+ continuously to induce reactive oxide species' (ROS) generation in the TME. The EM as a perfect "camouflaged clothing" which could confuse macrophagocytes into prolonging blood circulation. Hemolysis and non-specific protein adsorption tests proved the desirable biocompatibility of EsPMs. An in vivo pharmacodynamics evaluation showed that the DOX/EsPMs group had a satisfactory tumor-inhibition effect. These advantages of the nano-erythrocytes suggest that by modifying the existing materials to construct a nano-delivery system, nanoparticles will achieve a biomimetic effect from both their structure and function with a facilitated and sufficient drug release profile, which is of great significance for antitumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Lu Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; (Z.X.); (Y.J.); (Z.M.); (Q.L.); (X.X.); (C.F.); (S.Z.); (J.Z.)
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3
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pH-responsive organic/inorganic hybrid nanocolloids for transcellular delivery of ribonucleolytic payloads toward targeted anti-glioma therapy. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:388-401. [PMID: 36542969 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Proteins have been appreciated to be a superlative modality of therapeutics in view of their direct roles in regulating diverse sets of biological events, nonetheless, the clinical applications of the proteinic therapeutics have been strictly limited to act on the cell surface receptors owing to their inherent cell-impermeable character of the proteins. To this obstacle, we contrived carboxylation reaction upon the proteins (RNase A) into the overall negatively charged pro-RNase, followed by elaboration of intelligent pH-responsive pro-RNase delivery nanocolloids based on co-precipitation of pro-RNase and Arg-Gly-Asp (RGD)-functionalized poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)-block-polyanion with aids of inorganic calcium phosphate (CaP). The resulting nanocolloids appeared to actively accumulate into glioma due to the specific binding affinities of RGD and glioma-enriched αVβ3 and αVβ5 integrins. Furthermore, the pH responsiveness to the acidic endolysosomal microenvironment of all compositions of nanocolloids (including: decarboxylation of pro-RNase composition to restore the native RNase A, ionization of CaP composition to elicit osmotic pressure, and charge reversal of PEG-block-polyanion into membrane-disruptive polycation) could stimulate not only efficient endolysosomal escape for translocation into the cytosol but also structural disassembly for ready liberation of the RNase A payloads, eventually exerting non-specific RNA degradation for apoptosis of the affected cells. Systemic dosage of the proposed nanocolloids demonstrated potent anti-tumor efficacies towards xenograft glioma due to massive RNA degradation. Therefore, our proposed RNase A prodrug nanocolloids could represent as a versatile platform for engineering transcellular protein delivery systems, which are expected to spur thriving emergence of a spectrum of proteins in precision intervention of intractable diseases.
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4
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Kolarikova M, Hosikova B, Dilenko H, Barton-Tomankova K, Valkova L, Bajgar R, Malina L, Kolarova H. Photodynamic therapy: Innovative approaches for antibacterial and anticancer treatments. Med Res Rev 2023. [PMID: 36757198 DOI: 10.1002/med.21935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy is an alternative treatment mainly for cancer but also for bacterial infections. This treatment dates back to 1900 when a German medical school graduate Oscar Raab found a photodynamic effect while doing research for his doctoral dissertation with Professor Hermann von Tappeiner. Unexpectedly, Raab revealed that the toxicity of acridine on paramecium depends on the intensity of light in his laboratory. Photodynamic therapy is therefore based on the administration of a photosensitizer with subsequent light irradiation within the absorption maxima of this substance followed by reactive oxygen species formation and finally cell death. Although this treatment is not a novelty, there is an endeavor for various modifications to the therapy. For example, selectivity and efficiency of the photosensitizer, as well as irradiation with various types of light sources are still being modified to improve final results of the photodynamic therapy. The main aim of this review is to summarize anticancer and antibacterial modifications, namely various compounds, approaches, and techniques, to enhance the effectiveness of photodynamic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Kolarikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Hosikova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hanna Dilenko
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Barton-Tomankova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Valkova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Robert Bajgar
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Malina
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Kolarova
- Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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5
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Chen C, Wu C, Yu J, Zhu X, Wu Y, Liu J, Zhang Y. Photodynamic-based combinatorial cancer therapy strategies: Tuning the properties of nanoplatform according to oncotherapy needs. Coord Chem Rev 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2022.214495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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6
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Khan MI, Hossain MI, Hossain MK, Rubel MHK, Hossain KM, Mahfuz AMUB, Anik MI. Recent Progress in Nanostructured Smart Drug Delivery Systems for Cancer Therapy: A Review. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2022; 5:971-1012. [PMID: 35226465 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.2c00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traditional treatment approaches for cancer involve intravenous chemotherapy or other forms of drug delivery. These therapeutic measures suffer from several limitations such as nonspecific targeting, poor biodistribution, and buildup of drug resistances. However, significant technological advancements have been made in terms of superior modes of drug delivery over the last few decades. Technical capability in analyzing the molecular mechanisms of tumor biology, nanotechnology─particularly the development of biocompatible nanoparticles, surface modification techniques, microelectronics, and material sciences─has increased. As a result, a significant number of nanostructured carriers that can deliver drugs to specific cancerous sites with high efficiency have been developed. This particular maneuver that enables the introduction of a therapeutic nanostructured substance in the body by controlling the rate, time, and place is defined as the nanostructured drug delivery system (NDDS). Because of their versatility and ability to incorporate features such as specific targeting, water solubility, stability, biocompatibility, degradability, and ability to reverse drug resistance, they have attracted the interest of the scientific community, in general, and nanotechnologists as well as biomedical scientists. To keep pace with the rapid advancement of nanotechnology, specific technical aspects of the recent NDDSs and their prospects need to be reported coherently. To address these ongoing issues, this review article provides an overview of different NDDSs such as lipids, polymers, and inorganic nanoparticles. In addition, this review also reports the challenges of current NDDSs and points out the prospective research directions of these nanocarriers. From our focused review, we conclude that still now the most advanced and potent field of application for NDDSs is lipid-based, while other significantly potential fields include polymer-based and inorganic NDDSs. However, despite the promises, challenges remain in practical implementations of such NDDSs in terms of dosage and stability, and caution should be exercised regarding biocompatibility of materials. Considering these aspects objectively, this review on NDDSs will be particularly of interest for small-to-large scale industrial researchers and academicians with expertise in drug delivery, cancer research, and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Ishak Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States
| | - M Imran Hossain
- Institute for Micromanufacturing, Louisiana Tech University, Ruston, Louisiana 71270, United States
| | - M Khalid Hossain
- Interdisciplinary Graduate School of Engineering Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 816-8580, Japan.,Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh
| | - M H K Rubel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - K M Hossain
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - A M U B Mahfuz
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Muzahidul I Anik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rhode Island, South Kingston, Rhode Island 02881, United States
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7
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Liu Y, Wang Y, Song S, Zhang H. Tumor Diagnosis and Therapy Mediated by Metal Phosphorus-Based Nanomaterials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2103936. [PMID: 34596931 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202103936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Metal phosphorus-based nanomaterials (Metal-P NMs) including metal phosphate nanomaterials, metal phosphide nanomaterials, and metal-black phosphorus (Metal-BP) nanocomposite are widely used in the field of biomedicine owing to their excellent physical and chemical properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability. In recent years, metal phosphate nanomaterials and Metal-BP nanocomposite acted as medicine delivery system have made breakthroughs in tumor diagnosis including magnetic resonance imaging, fluorescence imaging, photoacoustic imaging, nuclear imaging, and therapies including chemotherapy, gene therapy, photothermal therapy, photodynamic therapy, and radiation therapy. Metal phosphate nanomaterials have good biodegradability, especially calcium-based metal phosphate nanomaterials can be dissolved into nontoxic ions and participate in the metabolisms of normal organs. Compared with metal phosphate nanomaterials, metal phosphide nanomaterials have excellent optical, magnetic, and catalytic properties, which can be used as multifunctional diagnostic nanoplatforms and therapeutic agents for chemodynamic therapy, photothermal therapy, or immunotherapy. The latest developments in Metal-P NMs, covering the range of preparation methods and biological applications, such as serving as drug carriers, tumor diagnosis, and therapy, are focused. All in all, the current trends, key issues, future prospects and challenges of Metal-P NMs are concluded and discussed, which are important for the development of this research field and shining more lights on this direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Yinghui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Shuyan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Hongjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, 130022, P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, P. R. China
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8
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Yang Y, Wu H, Liu B, Liu Z. Tumor microenvironment-responsive dynamic inorganic nanoassemblies for cancer imaging and treatment. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 179:114004. [PMID: 34662672 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.114004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dynamic inorganic nanoassemblies (DINAs) have emerged as smart nanomedicine platforms with promising potential for bioimaging and targeted drug delivery. In this review, we keep abreast of the advances in development of tumor microenvironment (TME)-responsive DINAs to meet the challenges associated with precise cancer therapy. TME-responsive DINAs are designed to achieve precise switches of structures/functions in response to TME-specific stimuli including reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced pH and hypoxia, so as to enhance the tumor accumulation of nanoassemblies, overcome the biological barriers during intratumoral penentration of therapeutics, and achieve tumor-specific imaging and therapy. This progress report will summarize various types of recently reported smart DINAs for TME-responsive tumor imaging and therapy. Their future development towards potential clinical translation will also be discussed.
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9
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Zhou H, Wang Y, Lu H. Intracellular delivery of His-tagged proteins via a hybrid organic–inorganic nanoparticle. Polym J 2021. [DOI: 10.1038/s41428-021-00526-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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10
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Zhang S, Ma X, Sha D, Qian J, Yuan Y, Liu C. A novel strategy for tumor therapy: targeted, PAA-functionalized nano-hydroxyapatite nanomedicine. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:9589-9600. [PMID: 33006361 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb01603a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The rapid development of nanotechnology has provided new strategies for the treatment of tumors. Nano-scale hydroxyapatite (HAP), as the main component of hard tissues in humans and vertebrates, have been found to specifically inhibit tumor cells. However, achieving controllable synthesis of HAP and endowing it with cancer cell-targeting properties remain enormous challenges. To solve this problem, we developed polyacrylic acid-coordinated hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (HAP-PAA) and further chemically grafted them with folic acid (HAP-PAA-FA) for cancer treatment in this study. The nucleation sites and steric hindrance provided by the PAA greatly inhibited the agglomeration of the nanoparticles, and at the same time, the excess functional groups further modified the surface of nanoparticles to achieve targeting efficiency. The spherical, low-crystallinity HAP-PAA nanoparticles exhibited good tumor cell lethality. After grafting the nanoparticles with folic acid for molecular targeting, their cellular uptake and specific killing ability of tumor cells were further enhanced. The HAP-PAA-FA nanoparticle system exerted a regulatory effect on the tumor microenvironment and had good biological safety. All the above results indicate that this research will broaden the application of hydroxyapatite in tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuiquan Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Ma
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Dongyong Sha
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jiangchao Qian
- The State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Yuan
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Changsheng Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, and School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China and Engineering Research Center for Biomedical Materials of Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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11
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Cook A, Decuzzi P. Harnessing Endogenous Stimuli for Responsive Materials in Theranostics. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2068-2098. [PMID: 33555171 PMCID: PMC7905878 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c09115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Materials that respond to endogenous stimuli are being leveraged to enhance spatiotemporal control in a range of biomedical applications from drug delivery to diagnostic tools. The design of materials that undergo morphological or chemical changes in response to specific biological cues or pathologies will be an important area of research for improving efficacies of existing therapies and imaging agents, while also being promising for developing personalized theranostic systems. Internal stimuli-responsive systems can be engineered across length scales from nanometers to macroscopic and can respond to endogenous signals such as enzymes, pH, glucose, ATP, hypoxia, redox signals, and nucleic acids by incorporating synthetic bio-inspired moieties or natural building blocks. This Review will summarize response mechanisms and fabrication strategies used in internal stimuli-responsive materials with a focus on drug delivery and imaging for a broad range of pathologies, including cancer, diabetes, vascular disorders, inflammation, and microbial infections. We will also discuss observed challenges, future research directions, and clinical translation aspects of these responsive materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander
B. Cook
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology
for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Decuzzi
- Laboratory of Nanotechnology
for Precision Medicine, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, Via Morego
30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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12
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Liu J, Shi J, Nie W, Wang S, Liu G, Cai K. Recent Progress in the Development of Multifunctional Nanoplatform for Precise Tumor Phototherapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2021; 10:e2001207. [PMID: 33000920 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202001207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Phototherapy, including photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy, mainly relies on phototherapeutic agents (PAs) to produce heat or toxic reactive oxygen species (ROS) to kill tumors. It has attracted wide attention due to its merits of noninvasive properties and negligible drug resistance. However, the phototoxicity of conventional PAs is one of the main challenges for its potential clinical application. This is mainly caused by the uncontrolled distribution of PA in vivo, as well as the inevitable damage to healthy cells along the light path. Ensuring the generation of ROS or heat specific at tumor site is the key for precise tumor phototherapy. In this review, the progress of targeted delivery of PA and activatable phototherapy strategies based on nanocarriers for precise tumor therapy is summarized. The research progress of passive targeting, active targeting, and activatable targeting strategies in the delivery of PA is also described. Then, the switchable nanosystems for tumor precise phototherapy in response to tumor microenvironment, including pH, glutathione (GSH), protein, and nucleic acid, are highlighted. Finally, the challenges and opportunities of nanocarrier-based precise phototherapy are discussed for clinical application in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Jinjin Shi
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Weimin Nie
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Sijie Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Genhua Liu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
| | - Kaiyong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology Ministry of Education College of Bioengineering Chongqing University Chongqing 400044 P. R. China
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13
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Oliveira P, Lopes T, Tedesco A, Rahal P, Calmon M. Effect of berberine associated with photodynamic therapy in cell lines. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102045. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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14
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Muttaqien SE, Nomoto T, Dou X, Takemoto H, Matsui M, Nishiyama N. Photodynamic therapy using LCST polymers exerting pH-responsive isothermal phase transition. J Control Release 2020; 328:608-616. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Gu X, Shen C, Li H, Goldys EM, Deng W. X-ray induced photodynamic therapy (PDT) with a mitochondria-targeted liposome delivery system. J Nanobiotechnology 2020; 18:87. [PMID: 32522291 PMCID: PMC7288491 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-020-00644-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we constructed multifunctional liposomes with preferentially mitochondria-targeted feature and gold nanoparticles-assisted synergistic photodynamic therapy. We systemically investigated the in vitro X-ray triggered PDT effect of these liposomes on HCT 116 cells including the levels of singlet oxygen, mitochondrial membrane potential, cell apoptosis/necrosis and the expression of apoptosis-related proteins. The results corroborated that synchronous action of PDT and X-ray radiation enhance the generation of cytotoxic reactive oxygen species produced from the engineered liposomes, causing mitochondrial dysfunction and increasing the levels of apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuefan Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China.,ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.,Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Chao Shen
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, 2109, Australia
| | - Hua Li
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
| | - Wei Deng
- ARC Centre of Excellence for Nanoscale Biophotonics, Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, 2052, Australia.
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16
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Mi P. Stimuli-responsive nanocarriers for drug delivery, tumor imaging, therapy and theranostics. Theranostics 2020; 10:4557-4588. [PMID: 32292515 PMCID: PMC7150471 DOI: 10.7150/thno.38069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, much progress has been motivated in stimuli-responsive nanocarriers, which could response to the intrinsic physicochemical and pathological factors in diseased regions to increase the specificity of drug delivery. Currently, numerous nanocarriers have been engineered with physicochemical changes in responding to external stimuli, such as ultrasound, thermal, light and magnetic field, as well as internal stimuli, including pH, redox potential, hypoxia and enzyme, etc. Nanocarriers could respond to stimuli in tumor microenvironments or inside cancer cells for on-demanded drug delivery and accumulation, controlled drug release, activation of bioactive compounds, probes and targeting ligands, as well as size, charge and conformation conversion, etc., leading to sensing and signaling, overcoming multidrug resistance, accurate diagnosis and precision therapy. This review has summarized the general strategies of developing stimuli-responsive nanocarriers and recent advances, presented their applications in drug delivery, tumor imaging, therapy and theranostics, illustrated the progress of clinical translation and made prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Mi
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No.17 South Renmin Road, Chengdu, 610041, China
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17
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Wang X, Li Y, Cui Y, Deng X, Lu J, Jia F, Pan Z, Cui X, Hu F, Hu W, Zhang X, Wu Y. Hierarchical assembly of dual-responsive biomineralized polydopamine–calcium phosphate nanocomposites for enhancing chemo-photothermal therapy by autophagy inhibition. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:5172-5182. [DOI: 10.1039/d0bm00142b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Hierarchically assembled biomineralized nanocomposites would be used to sensitize chemo-photothermal therapy by complementary autophagy inhibition.
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18
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Liu S, Li W, Dong S, Gai S, Dong Y, Yang D, Dai Y, He F, Yang P. Degradable Calcium Phosphate-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles for Highly Efficient Chemo-Photodynamic Therapy. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:47659-47670. [PMID: 31713407 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b11973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The development of a stimulus-responsive nanosystem provides an effective method for improving the accuracy and efficiency of chemotherapy. Meanwhile, traditional photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been substantially restricted by the low dosage of photosensitizer and limited penetration depth of the ultraviolet (UV) or visible light used for excitation. Here, we designed a smart multifunctional nanoplatform by coating core-shell composite mesoporous silica-encapsulated upconversion nanoparticles and chlorin e6 (Ce6) with degradable calcium phosphate, followed by the loading of doxorubicin (DOX). In our structure, the as-synthesized nanoplatform exhibits high responsiveness to a low pH value and degrades rapidly in the weakly acidic tumor microenvironment, allowing the quick release of loaded DOX in tumor sites. Interestingly, the loaded DOX, whose release depends on the pH value and positively correlates with the calcium-ion concentration, enables drug release to be monitored in real time. Combined with photosensitizer Ce6-induced PDT triggered by an 808 nm near-infrared light, synergistic chemo-photodynamic therapy is achieved, thus leading to a highly efficient anticancer treatment in vitro and in vivo. Importantly, the inherent properties of rare earth ions (Gd3+, Yb3+, and Nd3+) make the nanoplatform possess UCL, MRI, and CT trimode imaging capabilities, thus achieving a multiple imaging modality-guided synergistic therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Liu
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Wenting Li
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Shuming Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Shili Gai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Yushan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Dan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Yunlu Dai
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Fei He
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
| | - Piaoping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Superlight Materials and Surface Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Sciences and Chemical Engineering , Harbin Engineering University , Harbin 150001 , P. R. China
- College of Sciences , Heihe University , Heihe 164300 , P. R. China
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19
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Wang G, Liu J, Zhu L, Guo Y, Yang L. Silver sulfide nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy of human lymphoma cells via disruption of energy metabolism. RSC Adv 2019; 9:29936-29941. [PMID: 35531500 PMCID: PMC9072148 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra05432d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Recently, studies on the application of light-responsive semiconductor nanomaterials for photodynamic therapy (PDT) of non-solid tumors have attracted tremendous attention. Herein, 6.98 nm Ag2S nanoparticles (Ag2S NPs) with excellent aqueous dispersibility, stability, and biocompatibility were synthesized by a facile strategy without any post-modification. In vitro studies indicated that Ag2S NPs could significantly inhibit the growth of human lymphoma cells (Raji cells) compared with hepatoma carcinoma cells (Hep G2 cells) under light irradiation. Further studies revealed that Ag2S NPs could specifically induce the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxidative species in Raji cells under light irradiation, and induce significant disruption of energy metabolism. This finding provides inspiration for the potential application of Ag2S semiconductor nanoparticles as a photosensitizer to significantly and specifically treat human lymphoma through PDT. Ag2S/BSA hybrid nanoparticles were prepared and studied for their ability to inhibit the growth of human lymphoma cells under light irradiation, via inducing the accumulation of intracellular reactive oxidative species to disrupt energy metabolism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Ge Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China .,School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University Xinxiang Henan 453003 P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Yuming Guo
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Media and Reactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University Xinxiang Henan 453007 P. R. China
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20
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Huang D, He B, Mi P. Calcium phosphate nanocarriers for drug delivery to tumors: imaging, therapy and theranostics. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:3942-3960. [PMID: 31414096 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00831d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Calcium phosphate (CaP) was engineered as a drug delivery nanocarrier nearly 50 years ago due to its biocompatibility and biodegradability. In recent years, several approaches have been developed for the preparation of size-controllable, stable and multifunctional CaP nanocarriers, and several targeting moieties have also been decorated on the surface of these nanocarriers for active targeting. The CaP nanocarriers have been utilized for loading probes, nucleic acids, anticancer drugs and photosensitizers for cancer imaging, therapy and theranostics. Herein, we reviewed the recent advances in the preparation strategies of CaP nanocarriers and the applications of these nanocarriers in tumor diagnosis, gene delivery, drug delivery and theranostics and finally provided perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Number 17, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Bin He
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Number 17, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.
| | - Peng Mi
- Department of Radiology, Center for Medical Imaging, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Number 17, 3rd Section, Renmin South Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China.
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21
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Kim H, Kwak G, Kim K, Yoon HY, Kwon IC. Theranostic designs of biomaterials for precision medicine in cancer therapy. Biomaterials 2019; 213:119207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Qi C, Musetti S, Fu LH, Zhu YJ, Huang L. Biomolecule-assisted green synthesis of nanostructured calcium phosphates and their biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2698-2737. [PMID: 31080987 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00489g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calcium phosphates (CaPs) are ubiquitous in nature and vertebrate bones and teeth, and have high biocompatibility and promising applications in various biomedical fields. Nanostructured calcium phosphates (NCaPs) are recognized as promising nanocarriers for drug/gene/protein delivery owing to their high specific surface area, pH-responsive degradability, high drug/gene/protein loading capacity and sustained release performance. In order to control the structure and surface properties of NCaPs, various biomolecules with high biocompatibility such as nucleic acids, proteins, peptides, liposomes and phosphorus-containing biomolecules are used in the synthesis of NCaPs. Moreover, biomolecules play important roles in the synthesis processes, resulting in the formation of various NCaPs with different sizes and morphologies. At room temperature, biomolecules can play the following roles: (1) acting as a biocompatible organic phase to form biomolecule/CaP hybrid nanostructured materials; (2) serving as a biotemplate for the biomimetic mineralization of NCaPs; (3) acting as a biocompatible modifier to coat the surface of NCaPs, preventing their aggregation and increasing their colloidal stability. Under heating conditions, biomolecules can (1) control the crystallization process of NCaPs by forming biomolecule/CaP nanocomposites before heating; (2) prevent the rapid and disordered growth of NCaPs by chelating with Ca2+ ions to form precursors; (3) provide the phosphorus source for the controlled synthesis of NCaPs by using phosphorus-containing biomolecules. This review focuses on the important roles of biomolecules in the synthesis of NCaPs, which are expected to guide the design and controlled synthesis of NCaPs. Moreover, we will also summarize the biomedical applications of NCaPs in nanomedicine and tissue engineering, and discuss their current research trends and future prospects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- State Key Laboratory of High Performance Ceramics and Superfine Microstructure, Shanghai Institute of Ceramics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, P. R. China.
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23
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Jia T, Xu J, Dong S, He F, Zhong C, Yang G, Bi H, Xu M, Hu Y, Yang D, Yang P, Lin J. Mesoporous cerium oxide-coated upconversion nanoparticles for tumor-responsive chemo-photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Chem Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9sc01615e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
A hollow structured biophotocatalyst comprising an UCNP core and mesoporous cerium oxide shell was constructed to realize oxygen self-efficient photodynamic therapy upon 980 nm laser irradiation under multiple imaging guidance.
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24
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Zhao N, Yan L, Zhao X, Chen X, Li A, Zheng D, Zhou X, Dai X, Xu FJ. Versatile Types of Organic/Inorganic Nanohybrids: From Strategic Design to Biomedical Applications. Chem Rev 2018; 119:1666-1762. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nana Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Liemei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoyi Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xinyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Aihua Li
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute for Graphene Applied Technology Innovation, Laboratory of Fiber Materials and Modern Textiles, Growing Base for State Key Laboratory, Collaborative Innovation Center for Marine Biomass Fibers Materials and Textiles of Shandong Province, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Di Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaoguang Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Fu-Jian Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Laboratory of Biomedical Materials, Key Laboratory of Carbon Fiber and Functional Polymers (Beijing University of Chemical Technology), Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
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25
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Lamch Ł, Pucek A, Kulbacka J, Chudy M, Jastrzębska E, Tokarska K, Bułka M, Brzózka Z, Wilk KA. Recent progress in the engineering of multifunctional colloidal nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy and bioimaging. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 261:62-81. [PMID: 30262128 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 09/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This up-to-date review summarizes the design and current fabrication strategies that have been employed in the area of mono- and multifunctional colloidal nanoparticles - nanocarriers well suited for photodynamic therapy (PDT) and diagnostic purposes. Rationally engineered photosensitizer (PS)-loaded nanoparticles may be achieved via either noncovalent (i.e., self-aggregation, interfacial deposition, interfacial polymerization, or core-shell entrapment along with physical adsorption) or covalent (chemical immobilization or conjugation) processes. These PS loading approaches should provide chemical and physical stability to PS payloads. Their hydrophilic surfaces, capable of appreciable surface interactions with biological systems, can be further modified using functional groups (stealth effect) to achieve prolonged circulation in the body after administration and/or grafted by targeting agents (such as ligands, which bind to specific receptors uniquely expressed on the cell surface) or stimuli (e.g., pH, temperature, and light)-responsive moieties to improve their action and targeting efficiency. These attempts may in principle permit efficacious PDT, combination therapies, molecular diagnosis, and - in the case of nanotheranostics - simultaneous monitoring and treatment. Nanophotosensitizers (nano-PSs) should possess appropriate morphologies, sizes, unimodal distributions and surface processes to be successfully delivered to the place of action after systemic administration and should be accumulated in certain tumors by passive and/or active targeting. Additionally, physically facilitating drug delivery systems emerge as a promising approach to enhancing drug delivery, especially for the non-invasive treatment of deep-seated malignant tissues. Recent advances in nano-PSs are scrutinized, with an emphasis on design principles, via the promising use of colloid chemistry and nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Łukasz Lamch
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Agata Pucek
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy with Division of Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Wrocław, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michał Chudy
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Jastrzębska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Tokarska
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Bułka
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zbigniew Brzózka
- The Chair of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kazimiera A Wilk
- Department of Organic and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
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26
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Nomoto T, Nishiyama N. Design of drug delivery systems for physical energy-induced chemical surgery. Biomaterials 2018; 178:583-596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.03.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 03/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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27
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Li Y, Lv S, Song Z, Dang J, Li X, He H, Xu X, Zhou Z, Yin L. Photodynamic therapy-mediated remote control of chemotherapy toward synergistic anticancer treatment. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14554-14562. [PMID: 30024587 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr03611j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive nanomedicine (NM) with an on-demand drug release property has demonstrated promising utility toward cancer therapy. However, sensitivity and cancer selectivity still remain critical challenges for intelligent NM, which will compromise its therapeutic efficacy and lead to undesired toxicity to normal tissues. Herein, we report a convenient and universal approach to spatiotemporally control the chemodrug release via the photodynamic therapy (PDT)-mediated alteration of the tumor microenvironment. An arylboronic ester (BE)-modified amphiphilic copolymer (mPEG-PBAM) was designed to form micelles and encapsulate doxorubicin (Dox) and hematoporphyrin (Hp). The Dox/Hp co-encapsulated micelles (PB-DH) were stable under normal physiological environment with a uniform size distribution (∼100 nm). In contrast, under tumor-specific light irradiation, extensive reactive oxygen species (ROS) will be generated from Hp in the tumor sites, thus quickly dissociating the micelles and selectively releasing the chemodrug Dox as a consequence of the ROS-mediated cleavage of the hydrophobic BE moieties on the polymers. As such, synergistic anti-cancer efficacy was achieved between the Dox-mediated chemotherapy and the Hp-mediated PDT. This study therefore provides a useful approach to realize the precise and selective control over chemodrug delivery, and it renders promising utilities for the programmable combination of PDT and chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjuan Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
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28
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Min KH, Lee HJ, Lee SC, Park K. Biomineralized hybrid nanoparticles for imaging and therapy of cancers. Quant Imaging Med Surg 2018; 8:694-708. [PMID: 30211036 PMCID: PMC6127522 DOI: 10.21037/qims.2018.08.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we describe the research trends of hybrid nanocarriers developed based on a biomimetic mineralization process, and their recent applications in imaging and therapy of cancers. Organic-inorganic hybrid nanostructures formed by diverse biomimetic mineralization approaches are briefly reviewed, and particularly, the biomedical applications of these hybrid nanocarriers for the diagnosis and therapy of cancers are discussed. Biomineralization is an important process in which living organisms produce biominerals, such as calcium phosphate (CaP), calcium carbonate (CaCO3), and silica (SiO2), to strengthen their tissues, as found in the formation of bone and teeth. Introducing the artificial biomimetic mineralization process to nanobiotechnology has inspired researchers to develop smart stimuli-responsive nanoparticles for multiple purposes, such as improved therapeutic activity and activatable imaging of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hyun Min
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jae Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeongsoon Park
- Department of Systems Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Gyeonggi 17546, Republic of Korea
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Liu J, Liu K, Feng L, Liu Z, Xu L. Comparison of nanomedicine-based chemotherapy, photodynamic therapy and photothermal therapy using reduced graphene oxide for the model system. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:331-340. [PMID: 27935610 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00526h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Given the complexity of tumors, several nanomaterial-based treatment modalities like chemotherapy (CT), photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) have been developed for combating cancers. However, it is still unclear which strategy is better or how to select optimal approaches for combination treatment since each strategy has been investigated under different conditions. Inspired by its good payload capacity and unique near-infrared absorption, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was selected in this study as the carrier for loading of doxorubicin (DOX), a chemotherapy drug, and chlorin e6 (Ce6), a photosensitizer. The therapeutic efficacies of PTT, CT and PDT were systematically investigated in vitro using 2D culture and multicellular tumor spheroid (3D) models. Interestingly, while all three types of therapies delivered by rGO appeared to be effective in the conventional 2D cell culture model, only PTT but not CT and PDT showed great treatment efficacy in the 3D tumor spheroid model at the tested concentrations. Such a difference is due to the fact that heat diffusion is much more efficient than the diffusion of therapeutic molecules inside the tumor. Furthermore, in vivo evidence also confirmed the unique advantage of PTT compared to the other two treatment modalities using the TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining assay. This study highlights the unique advantages of nanomedicine-based photothermal therapy among these three modalities in cancer treatment in terms of killing tumor cells located far from tumor blood vessels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Liangzhu Feng
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Zhuang Liu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
| | - Ligeng Xu
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-based Functional Materials & Devices, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215123, China.
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30
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Zhang NN, Yu RS, Xu M, Cheng XY, Chen CM, Xu XL, Lu CY, Lu KJ, Chen MJ, Zhu ML, Weng QY, Hui JG, Zhang Q, Du YZ, Ji JS. Visual targeted therapy of hepatic cancer using homing peptide modified calcium phosphate nanoparticles loading doxorubicin guided by T1 weighted MRI. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2167-2178. [PMID: 30017962 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Effective treatment and real-time monitoring of hepatic cancer are essential. A multifunctional calcium phosphate nanoparticles loading chemotherapeutic agent doxorubicin and magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid gadolinium (A54-CaP/Gd-DTPA/DOX) was developed for visual targeted therapy of hepatic cancer via T1-weighted MRI in real-time. A54-CaP/Gd-DTPA/DOX exhibited a higher longitudinal relaxivity (6.02 mM-1 s-1) than commercial MR contrast agent Gd-DTPA (3.3765 mM-1 s-1). The DOX release from the nanoparticles exhibited a pH dependent behavior. The cellular uptake results showed that the internalization of A54-CaP/Gd-DTPA/DOX into BEL-7402 cells was1.9-fold faster than that of HepG2 cells via A54 binding. In vivo experiments presented that A54-CaP/Gd-DTPA/DOX had higher distribution and longer retention time in tumor tissue than CaP/Gd-DTPA/DOX and free DOX, and also displayed great antitumor efficacy (95.38% tumor inhibition rate) and lower toxicity. Furthermore, the Gd-DTPA entrapped in the nanoparticles could provide T1-weighted MRI for real-time monitoring the progress of tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Nan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China; Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ri-Sheng Yu
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Xing-Yao Cheng
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Chun-Miao Chen
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Xu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Ying Lu
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Kong-Jun Lu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min-Jiang Chen
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Meng-Lu Zhu
- Department of Pharmacy, Fourth Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Yiwu, PR China
| | - Qiao-You Weng
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Jun-Guo Hui
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Jian-Song Ji
- Department of Radiology, Lishui Hospital of Zhejiang University, Lishui, China.
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Abstract
Light as an external stimulus can be precisely manipulated in terms of irradiation time, site, wavelength, and density. As such, photoresponsive drug/gene delivery systems have been increasingly pursued and utilized for the spatiotemporal control of drug/gene delivery to enhance their therapeutic efficacy and safety. In this review, we summarized the recent research progress on photoresponsive drug/gene delivery, and two major categories of delivery systems were discussed. The first category is the direct responsive systems that experience photoreactions on the vehicle or drug themselves, and different materials as well as chemical structures responsive to UV, visible, and NIR light are summarized. The second category is the indirect responsive systems that require a light-generated mediator signal, such as heat, ROS, hypoxia, and gas molecules, to cascadingly trigger the structural transformation. The future outlook and challenges are also discussed at the end.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Huan Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
| | - Yongbing Chen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215004 , China
| | - Rongying Zhu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery , The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University , Suzhou 215004 , China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices, Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Collaborative Innovation Center of Suzhou Nano Science and Technology , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , China
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Steric shielding protected and acidity-activated pop-up of ligand for tumor enhanced photodynamic therapy. J Control Release 2018; 279:198-207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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Ding Z, Liu P, Hu D, Sheng Z, Yi H, Gao G, Wu Y, Zhang P, Ling S, Cai L. Redox-responsive dextran based theranostic nanoparticles for near-infrared/magnetic resonance imaging and magnetically targeted photodynamic therapy. Biomater Sci 2018; 5:762-771. [PMID: 28256661 DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00846a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a site-specific treatment of cancer using much lower optical power densities with minimal nonspecific damage to normal tissues. To improve the therapeutic efficiency of PDT, we fabricated a multifunctional theranostic nanoparticle system (DSSCe6@Fe3O4 NPs) by loading Fe3O4 nanoparticles in redox-responsive chlorin e6 (Ce6)-conjugated dextran nanoparticles for near-infrared (NIR)/magnetic resonance (MR) dual-modality imaging and magnetic targeting. The obtained DSSCe6@Fe3O4 NPs demonstrated a uniform nanospherical morphology consisting of Fe3O4 clusters. The fluorescence signal of Ce6 of this theranostic system could turn "ON" from a self-quenching state in a reductive intracellular environment. T2-Weighted MR imaging revealed a high transverse relaxivity (r2) measured to be 194.4 S-1 mM-1, confirming that it was also a distinctive contrast agent in T2-weighted MR imaging. Confocal images and flow cytometry results showed that the cellular uptake of DSSCe6@Fe3O4 NPs was enhanced effectively under an extra magnetic field, which resulted in promoted PDT therapeutic efficiency. In vivo MR imaging showed that DSSCe6@Fe3O4 NPs effectively accumulated in tumors under an extra magnetic field. These results illustrated that the DSSCe6@Fe3O4 NPs could be a promising theranostic system for both NIR/MR imaging-guided PDT precision therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zexuan Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China. and Nano Science and Technology Institute, University of Science & Technology of China, Suzhou, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge 117576, Singapore
| | - Dehong Hu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Zonghai Sheng
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Huqiang Yi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Yayun Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Shaozhi Ling
- General Hospital of Chinese Armed Police Forces, Beijing 100039, P.R. China
| | - Lintao Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
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Senapati S, Mahanta AK, Kumar S, Maiti P. Controlled drug delivery vehicles for cancer treatment and their performance. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2018; 3:7. [PMID: 29560283 PMCID: PMC5854578 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-017-0004-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1048] [Impact Index Per Article: 174.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although conventional chemotherapy has been successful to some extent, the main drawbacks of chemotherapy are its poor bioavailability, high-dose requirements, adverse side effects, low therapeutic indices, development of multiple drug resistance, and non-specific targeting. The main aim in the development of drug delivery vehicles is to successfully address these delivery-related problems and carry drugs to the desired sites of therapeutic action while reducing adverse side effects. In this review, we will discuss the different types of materials used as delivery vehicles for chemotherapeutic agents and their structural characteristics that improve the therapeutic efficacy of their drugs and will describe recent scientific advances in the area of chemotherapy, emphasizing challenges in cancer treatments. Improving the delivery of cancer therapies to tumor sites is crucial to reduce unwanted side effects and patient mortality rates. Pralay Maiti and colleagues at the Indian Institute of Technology in Varanasi, India, review the latest developments in drug delivery vehicles and treatment approaches designed to enhance the effectiveness of current cancer therapies. New nanoparticle-based carriers, hydrogels and hybrid materials that offer controlled and sustained drug release are showing great promise in animal models. Furthermore, materials that respond to stimuli such as heat, light, magnetic or electric fields are also being tested to aid target-specific drug delivery and, thus, avoid damage to healthy tissues. Although there are some challenges in translating these findings to the clinic, there is no doubt that technological advances are shaping better and safer treatment options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudipta Senapati
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Arun Kumar Mahanta
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Sunil Kumar
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
| | - Pralay Maiti
- School of Materials Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology (Banaras Hindu University), Varanasi, India
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Noh I, Lee D, Kim H, Jeong C, Lee Y, Ahn J, Hyun H, Park J, Kim Y. Enhanced Photodynamic Cancer Treatment by Mitochondria-Targeting and Brominated Near-Infrared Fluorophores. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700481. [PMID: 29593951 PMCID: PMC5867131 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2017] [Revised: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A noninvasive and selective therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely researched in clinical fields; however, the lower efficiency of PDT can induce unexpected side effects. Mitochondria are extensively researched as target sites to maximize PDT effects because they play crucial roles in metabolism and can be used as cancer markers due to their high transmembrane potential. Here, a mitochondria targeting photodynamic therapeutic agent (MitDt) is developed. This photosensitizer is synthesized from heptamethine cyanine dyes, which are conjugated or modified as follows. The heptamethine meso-position is conjugated with a triphenylphosphonium derivative for mitochondrial targeting, the N-alkyl side chain is modified for regulation of charge balance and solubility, and the indolenine groups are brominated to enhance reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) after laser irradiation. The synthesized MitDt increases the cancer uptake efficiency due to the lipo-cationic properties of the triphenylphosphonium, and the PDT effects of MitDt are amplified after laser irradiation because mitochondria are susceptible to ROS, the response to which triggers an apoptotic anticancer effect. Consequently, these hypotheses are demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies, and the results indicate strong potential for use of MitDts as efficient single-molecule-based PDT agents for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilkoo Noh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - DaeYong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - Heegon Kim
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - Chan‐Uk Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - Yunsoo Lee
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - Jung‐Oh Ahn
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology52 Eoeun‐dongDaejon305‐333South Korea
| | - Hoon Hyun
- Department of Biomedical SciencesChonnam National University Medical SchoolGwangju501‐746South Korea
| | - Ji‐Ho Park
- Department of Bio and Brain EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
| | - Yeu‐Chun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular EngineeringKorea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST)Daejeon305‐701South Korea
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36
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Lin T, Zhao X, Zhao S, Yu H, Cao W, Chen W, Wei H, Guo H. O 2-generating MnO 2 nanoparticles for enhanced photodynamic therapy of bladder cancer by ameliorating hypoxia. Theranostics 2018; 8:990-1004. [PMID: 29463995 PMCID: PMC5817106 DOI: 10.7150/thno.22465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 10/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging effective treatment for cancer. However, the great promise of PDT for bladder cancer therapy has not yet been realized because of tumor hypoxia. To address this challenge, we fabricated O2-generating HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs (HSA for human serum albumin, Ce6 for chlorin e6, and NPs for nanoparticles) to overcome tumor hypoxia and thus enhance the photodynamic effect for bladder cancer therapy. Methods: The HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs were prepared. We investigated the O2 generation of NPs in vitro and in vivo. The orthotopic bladder cancer model in C57BL/6 mice was established for in vivo study, and dual-modal imaging of NPs were demonstrated. Therapeutic efficacy of NPs for bladder cancer was evaluated. Results: HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs had an excellent performance in generating O2in vitro upon reaction with H2O2 at endogenous levels. Moreover, 1O2 generation was increased two-fold by using HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs instead of HSA-Ce6 NPs in the presence of H2O2 under 660 nm laser irradiation. In vitro cell viability assays showed that HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs themselves were non-toxic but greatly enhanced PDT effects on bladder cancer cells under laser irradiation. In vivo near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence and magnetic resonance (MR) imaging suggested the excellent bladder tumor-targeting property of HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs. O2 content in orthotopic bladder cancer was increased 3.5-fold after injection of HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs as compared with pre-injection. Given the excellent tumor-targeting ability and negligible toxicity, HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs were then used to treat orthotopic bladder cancer by PDT. The PDT with HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs showed remarkably improved therapeutic efficacy and significantly prolonged lifetime of mice as compared with controls. Conclusion: This study not only demonstrated the great potential of HSA-MnO2-Ce6 NPs for bladder cancer photodynamic ablation but also provided a new therapeutic strategy to overcoming tumor hypoxia.
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Ma X, Sun Z, Su W, Yi Z, Cui X, Guo B, Li X. Biologically inspired, catechol-coordinated, hierarchical organization of raspberry-like calcium phosphate nanospheres with high specific surface area. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3811-3819. [PMID: 32254843 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb03156d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Catechol directs the assembly of mesoporous CaP spheres with a hierarchically reticulated architecture and excellent interconnectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ma
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Zhe Sun
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Wen Su
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Zeng Yi
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Cui
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
| | - Bo Guo
- Department of Ophthalmology
- West China Hospital
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610041
- P. R. China
| | - Xudong Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Biomaterials
- Sichuan University
- Chengdu 610064
- P. R. China
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38
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Qi C, Lin J, Fu LH, Huang P. Calcium-based biomaterials for diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:357-403. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00746e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Calcium-based biomaterials with good biosafety and bio-absorbability are promising for biomedical applications such as diagnosis, treatment, and theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Qi
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Jing Lin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Lian-Hua Fu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
| | - Peng Huang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Biomedical
- Measurements and Ultrasound Imaging
- Laboratory of Evolutionary Theranostics
- School of Biomedical Engineering
- Health Science Center
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Kamimura M, Omoto A, Chiu HC, Soga K. Enhanced Red Upconversion Emission of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+, Mn2+ Nanoparticles for Near-infrared-induced Photodynamic Therapy and Fluorescence Imaging. CHEM LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1246/cl.170322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masao Kamimura
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
- Imaging Frontier Center (IFC), Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
| | - Ayumu Omoto
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
| | - Hsin-Cheng Chiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and Environmental Sciences, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Kohei Soga
- Department of Materials Science and Technology, Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
- Imaging Frontier Center (IFC), Research Institute for Science and Technology (RIST), Tokyo University of Science, 6-3-1 Niijuku, Katsushika-ku, Tokyo 125-8585
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40
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Nam HY, Min KH, Kim DE, Choi JR, Lee HJ, Lee SC. Mussel-inspired poly(L-DOPA)-templated mineralization for calcium phosphate-assembled intracellular nanocarriers. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 157:215-222. [PMID: 28599182 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
We developed a calcium phosphate (CaP)-assembled polymer nanocarrier for intracellular doxorubicin (DOX) delivery based on a mussel-inspired mineralization approach. A DOX-loaded core-shell polymer nanoparticle (DOX-NP) consisting of a poly(3,4-dihydroxy-l-phenylalanine) (PDOPA) core and a poly (ethylene glycol) (PEG) shell was utilized as a nanotemplate for CaP mineralization. The mean hydrodynamic diameter of the DOX-loaded CaP-mineralized polymer nanoparticles (DOX-CaP-NPs) was 154.3nm. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed that the DOX-CaP-NPs contained substantial amounts of Ca and P, elements found only in the CaP mineral. The loading efficiency and content of DOX, estimated by fluorescence spectroscopy, were 54.0% and 10.8wt%, respectively. The CaP deposited in the PDOPA core domain enabled the DOX-CaP-NPs to maintain a robust structure and effectively inhibit DOX release at extracellular pH, whereas at endosomal pH, the CaP core dissolved to trigger a facilitated DOX release. The DOX-CaP-NPs may serve as robust nanocarriers with a high delivery efficacy for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Young Nam
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Hyun Min
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Kim
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ryul Choi
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Jae Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Cheon Lee
- Department of Maxillofacial Biomedical Engineering and Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 130-701, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Reactive oxygen species activated nanoparticles with tumor acidity internalization for precise anticancer therapy. J Control Release 2017; 255:142-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Ding Y, Zhai K, Pei P, Lin Y, Ma Y, Zhu H, Shao M, Yang X, Tao W. Encapsulation of cisplatin in a pegylated calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CPNP) for enhanced cytotoxicity to cancerous cells. J Colloid Interface Sci 2017; 493:181-189. [PMID: 28092816 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2017.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 01/07/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Exchange of the chloride ion (Cl-) ligands of cisplatin with carboxylates is widely used in fabricating cisplatin loaded nanoparticles for improved cancer therapy. However, the dynamic exchange may cause premature cisplatin release and even disintegration of the nanoparticles in Cl--containing medium such as in plasma. Molecules bearing carboxylates are capable of mediating the mineralization process of calcium phosphate; therefore, it is possible to overcome the disadvantage by sequestering cisplatin in a calcium phosphate nanoparticle (CPNP). EXPERIMENTS With the hypothesis, precipitation reaction of calcium nitrate and disodium hydrogen phosphate was performed in a solution of poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(acrylic acid) block copolymers with their carboxylates partly conjugated with cisplatin. Then, structure, physicochemical properties, and bioactivity of the product were carefully investigated with multiple characterization methods. FINDINGS It was revealed a pegylated, cisplatin encapsulated CPNP was prepared; and with appropriate mole ratio of cisplatin to carboxylates, the nanoparticle encapsulated cisplatin efficiently (>90%), was stable and almost entirely prevented the cisplatin release in Cl--containing medium at pH 7.4 but released them in an acidic condition, and showed moderately and greatly enhanced cytotoxicities to the lung cancer cell line A549 and its cisplatin resistance form A549R respectively in comparison with the free cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ding
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Kang Zhai
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Pei Pei
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Yue Lin
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yinchu Ma
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Huixia Zhu
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China
| | - Mingfeng Shao
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui 230031, PR China.
| | - Xianzhu Yang
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China.
| | - Wei Tao
- School of Biological and Medical Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei 230009, PR China.
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Liu Y, Li H, Xie J, Zhou M, Huang H, Lu H, Chai Z, Chen J, Hu Y. Facile construction of mitochondria-targeting nanoparticles for enhanced phototherapeutic effects. Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1022-1031. [DOI: 10.1039/c6bm00878j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
An illustration of the preparation of ICG/rPAA@SWCNT nanoparticles which target mitochondria for amplifying photodynamic therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Heping Li
- Key Laboratory of Road Structure and Material of Ministry of Transport
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Materials Protection for Electric Power and Transportation
- Changsha University of Science and Technology
- Changsha 410114
- P.R. China
| | - Jin Xie
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Mengxue Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Hui Huang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Huiru Lu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Zhifang Chai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Jun Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
| | - Yi Hu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterials and Nanosafety
- Multi-disciplinary Research Division
- Institute of High Energy Physics
- Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS)
- Beijing 100049
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44
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Dang J, He H, Chen D, Yin L. Manipulating tumor hypoxia toward enhanced photodynamic therapy (PDT). Biomater Sci 2017; 5:1500-1511. [DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00392g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 199] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This mini-review summarizes various methods for overcoming or utilizing hypoxia for enhanced PDT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanjuan Dang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P.R. China
| | - Hua He
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P.R. China
| | - Donglai Chen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery
- Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital
- Tongji University School of Medicine
- Shanghai
- P.R. China
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano and Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P.R. China
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45
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Song Z, Han Z, Lv S, Chen C, Chen L, Yin L, Cheng J. Synthetic polypeptides: from polymer design to supramolecular assembly and biomedical application. Chem Soc Rev 2017; 46:6570-6599. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00460e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights the recent advances in the chemical design, supramolecular assembly, and biomedical application of synthetic polypeptides fromN-carboxyanhydrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyuan Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Zhiyuan Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Shixian Lv
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
| | - Chongyi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Department of Chemistry
| | - Lichen Yin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM)
- Soochow University
- Suzhou 215123
- P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
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Zhou Z, Song J, Nie L, Chen X. Reactive oxygen species generating systems meeting challenges of photodynamic cancer therapy. Chem Soc Rev 2016; 45:6597-6626. [PMID: 27722328 PMCID: PMC5118097 DOI: 10.1039/c6cs00271d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1187] [Impact Index Per Article: 148.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mechanism is the major cause underlying the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT). The PDT procedure is based on the cascade of synergistic effects between light, a photosensitizer (PS) and oxygen, which greatly favors the spatiotemporal control of the treatment. This procedure has also evoked several unresolved challenges at different levels including (i) the limited penetration depth of light, which restricts traditional PDT to superficial tumours; (ii) oxygen reliance does not allow PDT treatment of hypoxic tumours; (iii) light can complicate the phototherapeutic outcomes because of the concurrent heat generation; (iv) specific delivery of PSs to sub-cellular organelles for exerting effective toxicity remains an issue; and (v) side effects from undesirable white-light activation and self-catalysation of traditional PSs. Recent advances in nanotechnology and nanomedicine have provided new opportunities to develop ROS-generating systems through photodynamic or non-photodynamic procedures while tackling the challenges of the current PDT approaches. In this review, we summarize the current status and discuss the possible opportunities for ROS generation for cancer therapy. We hope this review will spur pre-clinical research and clinical practice for ROS-mediated tumour treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijian Zhou
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China. and Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
| | - Liming Nie
- Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnostics, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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