1
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Tessore F, Pargoletti E, Di Carlo G, Albanese C, Soave R, Trioni MI, Marelli F, Cappelletti G. How the Interplay between SnO 2 and Zn(II) Porphyrins Impacts on the Electronic Features of Gaseous Acetone Chemiresistors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024. [PMID: 39049749 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Herein, the integration of SnO2 nanoparticles with two Zn(II) porphyrins─Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnTPP) and its perfluorinated counterpart, Zn(II) 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)porphyrin (ZnTPPF20)─was investigated for the sensing of gaseous acetone at 120 °C, adopting three Zn-porphyrin/SnO2 weight ratios (1:4, 1:32, and 1:64). For the first time, we were able to provide evidence of the correlation between the materials' conductivity and these nanocomposites' sensing performances, obtaining optimal results with a 1:32 ratio for ZnTPPF20/SnO2 and showcasing a remarkable detection limit of 200 ppb together with a boosted sensing signal with respect to bare SnO2. To delve deeper, the combination of experimental data with density functional theory calculations unveiled an electron-donating behavior of both porphyrins when interacting with tin dioxide semiconductor, especially for the nonfluorinated one. The study suggested that the interplay between electrons injected, from the porphyrins' highest occupied molecular orbital to SnO2 conduction band, and the latter's available electronic states has a dramatic impact to boost the chemiresistive sensing. Indeed, we highlighted that the key lies in preventing the full saturation of SnO2 electronic states concomitantly increasing the materials' conductivity: in this respect, the best compromise turned out to be the perfluorinated porphyrin. A further corroboration of our findings was obtained by illuminating the sensors during measurements with light-emitting diode (LED) light. Actually, we demonstrated that it does not have any impact on improving the sensing behavior, most probably due to the electronic oversaturation and scattering caused by LED excitation in porphyrins. Lastly, the most effective hybrids (1:32 ratio) were physicochemically characterized, confirming the physisorption of the macrocycles onto the SnO2 surface. In conclusion, herein, we underscore the feasibility of customizing the porphyrin chemistry and porphyrin-to-SnO2 ratio to enhance the gaseous sensing of bare metal oxides, providing valuable insights for the engineering of highly performing light-free chemiresistors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Tessore
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Eleonora Pargoletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
| | - Cecilia Albanese
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaella Soave
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta", Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Italo Trioni
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Technologies "Giulio Natta", Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Marelli
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Cappelletti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Consorzio Interuniversitario Nazionale per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali (INSTM), Giusti 9, 50121 Florence, Italy
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2
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Limosani F, Tessore F, Forni A, Lembo A, Di Carlo G, Albanese C, Bellucci S, Tagliatesta P. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Zn(II) Porphyrin, Graphene Nanoplates, and Ferrocene Hybrid Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:5427. [PMID: 37570131 PMCID: PMC10419410 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Following some previous work by some of us on the second order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of Zn(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (ZnP), fullerene, and ferrocene (Fc) diads and triads, in the present research, we explore the NLO response of some new hybrids with two-dimensional graphene nanoplates (GNP) instead of a zero-dimensional fullerene moiety as the acceptor unit. The experimental data, collected by Electric Field Induced Second Harmonic generation (EFISH) technique in CH2Cl2 solution with a 1907 nm incident wavelength, combined with Coupled-Perturbed (CP) and Finite Field (FF) Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculations, show a strongly enhanced contribution of the cubic electronic term γ(-2ω; ω, ω, 0), due to the extended π-conjugation of the carbonaceous acceptor moiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Limosani
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (A.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Francesca Tessore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Alessandra Forni
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta”, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Angelo Lembo
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (A.L.); (P.T.)
| | - Gabriele Di Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Cecilia Albanese
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy; (G.D.C.); (C.A.)
| | - Stefano Bellucci
- INFN-National Laboratories of Frascati Via Enrico Fermi 54, 00044 Frascati, Italy;
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.L.); (A.L.); (P.T.)
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3
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An Investigation on Gel-State Electrolytes for Solar Cells Sensitized with β-Substituted Porphyrinic Dyes. Processes (Basel) 2023. [DOI: 10.3390/pr11020463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of a liquid electrolyte in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) is known to limit the time stability of these devices due to leakage and evaporation phenomena. To overcome this issue, gel-state electrolytes may represent a good solution in order to maintain stability and good performances, albeit at lower costs. In the present work, two different kinds of gel-electrolytes, based on poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and nanoclay agents, were investigated in DSSC-devices sensitized using β-substituted Zn-porphyrins (namely ZnPC4 and ZnPC12) with enveloping alkoxy chains of different lengths, able to produce a coverage of the photoanode surface. The highest power conversion efficiency (PCE) values equal to 1.06 ± 0.04% and 1.55 ± 0.26% were obtained for ZnPC12 (with longer alkoxy chains) with PMMA- and nanoclay-based electrolytes respectively. The properties of the photoanode/electrolyte interface as well as the influence of the gelling agents on the final properties of the obtained devices were thoroughly characterized.
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4
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Meng X, Möller J, Mansouri M, Sánchez-Portal D, Garcia-Lekue A, Weismann A, Li C, Herges R, Berndt R. Controlling the Spin States of FeTBrPP on Au(111). ACS NANO 2022; 17:1268-1274. [PMID: 36440841 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c09310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Spin-flip excitations of iron porphyrin molecules on Au(111) are investigated with a low-temperature scanning tunneling microscope. The molecules adopt two distinct adsorption configurations on the surface that exhibit different magnetic anisotropy energies. Density functional theory calculations show that the different structures and excitation energies reflect unlike occupations of the Fe 3d levels. We demonstrate that the magnetic anisotropy energy can be controlled by changing the adsorption site, the orientation, or the tip-molecule distance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangzhi Meng
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Jenny Möller
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Masoud Mansouri
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Daniel Sánchez-Portal
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Centro de Física de Materiales CSIC-UPV/EHU, 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Aran Garcia-Lekue
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013Bilbao, Spain
| | - Alexander Weismann
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Chao Li
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Rainer Herges
- Otto-Diels-Institut für Organische Chemie, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
| | - Richard Berndt
- Institut für Experimentelle und Angewandte Physik, Christian-Albrechts-Universität, 24098Kiel, Germany
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Satoh Y, Fujita Y, Muramatsu N, Furukawa K, Ikoma T, Minoura M, Nakano H, Matano Y. Synthesis, Optical Properties, and Electrochemical Behavior of 5,10,15,20-Tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrin-Amine Hybrids. Chempluschem 2021; 86:1476-1486. [PMID: 34669265 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.202100429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This work reports a series of covalently linked hybrids comprising 5,10,15,20-tetraaryl-5,15-diazaporphyrinoids (M-TADAP; M = Ni, Zn, Cu) and amines. M-TADAP-amine hybrids were prepared via the metal-templated cyclization of the corresponding metal(II)-dipyrrin complexes and redox reactions on the DAP unit. In the UV/vis/near-IR absorption spectra of the hybrids containing an 18π-electron DAP ring, broad charge-transfer bands were observed, reflecting the electron-donating property of the para-aminophenyl groups and the electron-accepting property of the 18π TADAP dication. The electrochemical behavior of the M-TADAP-amine hybrids was strongly dependent on the structure of the peripheral amine units. Further electrochemical oxidation of the hybrids bearing N-Ph groups conceivably generated amine-centered radicals, which sequentially underwent irreversible coupling to form benzidine-linked M-TADAP polymer films. The Ni-TADAP-benzidine polymer exhibited the electric conductivity of 1×10-3 S m-1 .
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuna Satoh
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Yutaro Fujita
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Naoya Muramatsu
- Department of Fundamental Sciences, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Ko Furukawa
- Center for Coordination of Research Facilities, Institute for Research Promotion, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Ikoma
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
| | - Mao Minoura
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Rikkyo University, Toshima-ku, Tokyo, 171-8501, Japan
| | - Haruyuki Nakano
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyushu University, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Matano
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Niigata University, Nishi-ku, Niigata, 950-2181, Japan
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6
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Limosani F, Tessore F, Di Carlo G, Forni A, Tagliatesta P. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Porphyrin, Fullerene and Ferrocene Hybrid Materials. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:4404. [PMID: 34442930 PMCID: PMC8401996 DOI: 10.3390/ma14164404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this research, we investigated the second-order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of multicomponent hybrid materials formed by meso-tetraphenylporphyrin P (both as free base and ZnII complex), carrying in 2 or 2,12 β-pyrrolic position an electron donor ferrocene (Fc), and/or an electron acceptor fullerene (C60) moiety, connected to the porphyrin core via an ethynyl or an ethynylphenyl spacer. We measured the NLO response by the electric-field-induced second-harmonic generation (EFISH) technique in CH2Cl2 solution with a 1907 nm incident wavelength, recording for all the investigated compounds unexpected negative values of μβ1907. Since density functional theory (DFT) calculations evidenced for P-Fc dyads almost null ground state dipole moments and very low values for P-C60 dyads and Fc-P-C60 triads, our EFISH results suggested a significant contribution to γEFISH of the purely electronic cubic term γ(-2ω; ω, ω, 0), which prevails on the quadratic dipolar orientational one μβ(-2ω; ω, ω)/5kT, as confirmed by computational evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Limosani
- Photonics Micro and Nanostructures Laboratory, Physical Technologies for Safety and Health Division, Fusion and Technologies for Nuclear Safety and Security Department, ENEA C.R. Frascati, Via E. Fermi 45, 00044 Frascati, Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Tessore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Gabriele Di Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Forni
- CNR-SCITEC, Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “G. Natta”, c/o University of Milan, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Pietro Tagliatesta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133 Rome, Italy;
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7
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Medina DP, Fernández-Ariza J, Urbani M, Sauvage F, Torres T, Rodríguez-Morgade MS. Tuning the Acceptor Unit of Push-Pull Porphyrazines for Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26082129. [PMID: 33917225 PMCID: PMC8068076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26082129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A family of four push–pull porphyrazines of A3B type, where each unit A contains two peripheral propyl chains and the unit B is endowed with a carboxylic acid, were prepared. The carboxylic acid was attached to the β-position of the pyrrolic unit, either directly (Pz 10), or through cyanovinyl (Pz 11) and phenyl (Pz 7) groups. The fourth Pz (14) consisted in a pyrazinoporphyrazine wherein the dinitrogenated heterocycle provided intrinsic donor–acceptor character to the macrocycle and contained a carboxyphenyl substituent. The direct attachment of the carboxylic acid functions and their linkers to the porphyrazine core produces stronger perturbation on the electronic properties of the macrocycle, with respect to their connection through fused benzene or pyrazine rings in TT112 and 14, respectively. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the Pzs, which were estimated with DFT calculations, show little variation within the series, except upon introduction of the cyanovinyl spacer, which produces a decrease in both frontier orbital energetic levels. This effective interaction of cyanovinyl substitution with the macrocycle is also evidenced in UV/Vis spectroscopy, where a large splitting of the Q-band indicates strong desymmetrization of the Pz. The performance of the four Pzs as photosensitizers in DSSCs were also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana-Paola Medina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
| | - Javier Fernández-Ariza
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
| | - Maxence Urbani
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Frédéric Sauvage
- Laboratoire de Réactivité et Chimie des Solides, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, CNRS UMR7314, Hub de L’énergie, 15 rue Baudelocque, 80039 Amiens, France;
| | - Tomás Torres
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados (IMDEA)-Nanociencia, c/ Faraday, 9, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain;
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (M.S.R.-M.)
| | - M. Salomé Rodríguez-Morgade
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, 28049 Madrid, Spain; (D.-P.M.); (J.F.-A.)
- Correspondence: (T.T.); (M.S.R.-M.)
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8
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Second Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of 4-Styrylpyridines Axially Coordinated to A4 ZnII Porphyrins: A Comparative Experimental and Theoretical Investigation. INORGANICS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics8080045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this research, two 4-styrylpyridines carrying an acceptor –NO2 (L1) or a donor –NMe2 group (L2) were axially coordinated to A4 ZnII porphyrins displaying in 5,10,15,20 meso position aryl moieties with remarkable electron withdrawing properties (pentafluorophenyl (TFP)), and with moderate to strong electron donor properties (phenyl (TPP) < 3,5-di-tert-butylphenyl (TBP) < bis(4-tert-butylphenyl)aniline) (TNP)). The second order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of the resulting complexes were measured in CHCl3 solution by the Electric-Field-Induced Second Harmonic generation technique, and the quadratic hyperpolarizabilities βλ were compared to the Density Functional Theory (DFT)-calculated scalar quantities β||. Our combined experimental and theoretical approach shows that different interactions are involved in the NLO response of L1- and L2-substituted A4 ZnII porphyrins, suggesting a role of backdonation-type mechanisms in the determination of the negative sign of Electric-Field-Induced Second Harmonic generation (EFISH) βλ, and a not negligible third order contribution for L1-carrying complexes.
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9
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Eddahmi M, Sousa V, Moura NMM, Dias CJ, Bouissane L, Faustino MAF, Cavaleiro JAS, Gomes ATPC, Almeida A, Neves MGPMS, Mostapha Rakib E. New nitroindazole-porphyrin conjugates: Synthesis, characterization and antibacterial properties. Bioorg Chem 2020; 101:103994. [PMID: 32569896 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2020.103994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis of new porphyrin-indazole hybrids by a Knoevenagel condensation of 2-formyl-5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrin and N-methyl-nitroindazolylacetonitrile derivatives is reported. The target compounds were isolated in moderate to good yields (32-57%) and some of the isolated porphyrin-indazole conjugates showed good performance in the generation of singlet oxygen when irradiated with visible light. Their efficiency as photosensitizers in the photoinactivation of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus-MRSA was evaluated. All derivatives showed to be able to photoinactivate the MRSA bacteria. Compound 3a appears to be the most promising photosensitiser (PS) in the photoinactivation of these bacteria, despite being the least efficient in singlet oxygen generation. The addition of potassium iodide (KI) significantly potentiated the antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy (aPDT) process mediated by all the analysed porphyrin-indazole conjugates. The combined action of nitroindazole-porphyrins with potassium iodide (KI) action appears to be promising in the photoinactivation of MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Eddahmi
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal; Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, 2300 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Vera Sousa
- CESAM and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno M M Moura
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Cristina J Dias
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Latifa Bouissane
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, 2300 Beni-Mellal, Morocco
| | - Maria A F Faustino
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - José A S Cavaleiro
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana T P C Gomes
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, 2300 Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
| | - Adelaide Almeida
- CESAM and Biology Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria G P M S Neves
- LAQV-REQUIMTE, Chemistry Department, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - El Mostapha Rakib
- Laboratory of Organic and Analytic Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences and Technics, Sultan Moulay Slimane University, BP 523, 2300 Beni-Mellal, Morocco.
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10
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Di Carlo G, Pizzotti M, Righetto S, Forni A, Tessore F. Electric-Field-Induced Second Harmonic Generation Nonlinear Optic Response of A 4 β-Pyrrolic-Substituted Zn II Porphyrins: When Cubic Contributions Cannot Be Neglected. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:7561-7570. [PMID: 32412749 PMCID: PMC8007098 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c00451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we have prepared a series of A4 ZnII porphyrins, carrying in the β-pyrrolic-position one or two π-delocalized ethynylphenyl moieties with a -NO2 acceptor or a -NMe2 donor pendant, and measured their second-order NLO response in CHCl3 solution at 1907 nm via the electric-field-induced second harmonic generation (EFISH) technique. For some of these compounds, we have recorded an unexpected sign and/or absolute value of μβ1907. Since their sterically hindered A4 structure should ensure the lack of significant aggregation processes in solution, we explain such anomalous EFISH results by invoking a non-negligible contribution of the electronic cubic term γ(-2ω; ω, ω, 0) to γEFISH, as supported by a qualitative evaluation of the third-order response through the measure of the cubic hyperpolarizability (γTHG) and by computational evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Carlo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pizzotti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Stefania Righetto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessandra Forni
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "G. Natta" (SCITEC), Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tessore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Milan, INSTM Research Unit, Via C. Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
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11
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Gangadhar PS, Gonuguntla S, Madanaboina S, Islavath N, Pal U, Giribabu L. Unravelling the impact of thiophene auxiliary in new porphyrin sensitizers for high solar energy conversion. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jphotochem.2020.112408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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12
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Di Carlo G, Orbelli Biroli A, Pizzotti M, Tessore F. Efficient Sunlight Harvesting by A 4 β-Pyrrolic Substituted Zn II Porphyrins: A Mini-Review. Front Chem 2019; 7:177. [PMID: 31032244 PMCID: PMC6470396 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2019.00177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (DSSCs) are a highly promising alternative to conventional photovoltaic silicon-based devices, due to the potential low cost and the interesting conversion efficiencies. A key-role is played by the dye, and porphyrin sensitizers have drawn great interest because of their excellent light harvesting properties mimicking photosynthesis. Indeed, porphyrins are characterized by strong electronic absorption bands in the visible region up to the near infrared and by long-lived π* singlet excited states. Moreover, the presence of four meso and eight β-pyrrolic positions allows a fine tuning of their photoelectrochemical properties through structural modification. Trans-A2BC push-pull ZnII porphyrins, characterized by a strong and directional electron excitation process along the push-pull system, have been extensively investigated. On the other hand, A4 β-pyrrolic substituted tetraaryl ZnII porphyrins, which incorporate a tetraaryl porphyrinic core as a starting material, have received lower attention, even if they are synthetically more attractive and show several advantages such as a more sterically hindered architecture and enhanced solubility in most common organic solvents. The present contribution intends to review the most prominent A4 β-substituted ZnII porphyrins reported in the literature so far for application in DSSCs, focusing on the strategies employed to enhance the light harvesting capability of the dye and on a comparison with meso-substituted analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR INSTM Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessio Orbelli Biroli
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM), SmartMatLab Centre, Milan, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pizzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR INSTM Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Tessore
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università degli Studi di Milano, UdR INSTM Milano, Milan, Italy
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Abstract
This short review outlines the main results obtained by our research group over the last 15 years in the field of porphyrins and metal porphyrins for second order nonlinear optics (NLO). This overview aims to provide a general framework of the key factors which affect the second order NLO response of porphyrin chromophores. The pivotal role of the porphyrin ring as π-conjugated linker, the nature of the metal center, the substitution pattern which features the geometrical arrangement of donor and acceptor substituents in the different classes of porphyrin NLO-phores, as well as the aggregation phenomena and the role of solvents are addressed in detail.
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Parsa Z, Naghavi SS, Safari N. Designing Push-Pull Porphyrins for Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:5870-5877. [PMID: 29921128 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b03668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, tremendous effort has been made to improve the light-harvesting ability of push-pull porphyrin dyes. Despite notable success achieved in this direction, push-pull porphyrin dyes still suffer from a poor light-harvesting efficiency owing to the lack of absorption between the Soret and Q-bands. To tackle this issue, here we design a series of push-pull porphyrin dyes with anchoring groups either at meso- or β-position using calculations based on first-principles time-dependent density functional theory. In contrast to the common perception, we find that porphyrin dyes bearing an electron-donor at the meso-position and an electron-acceptor at the β-position produce an additional extended band between the Soret and Q-bands appearing at around 500 nm due to S0 → S3 excitation, leading to a much higher light-harvesting performances compared to meso- and β-disubstituted ones. In addition, changing the π-conjugated linker at the acceptor site from ethylene linker (C═C) to acetylene linker (C≡C) further improves the light-harvesting ability of meso-β-porphyrin dyes, making them promising candidates for dye-sensitized solar cell application.
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15
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β-Substituted ZnII porphyrins as dyes for DSSC: A possible approach to photovoltaic windows. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Xie M, Bai FQ, Wang J, Zheng YQ, Lin Z. Theoretical investigations on the unsymmetrical effect of β-link Zn-porphyrin sensitizers on the performance for dye-sensitized solar cells. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:3741-3751. [PMID: 29345699 DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Dye sensitizers play an important role in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs). As a promising strategy for the design of novel porphyrin sensitizers, the asymmetric modification of the porphyrin ring to meso-link porphyrin sensitizer has emerged in recent years, which can improve the light-harvesting properties and enhance the electron distribution. In this work, in order to reveal the essence of the effect of unsymmetrical substitution on the performance of β-link porphyrin dyes in DSSCs, four kinds of common β-link porphyrin dyes with different structures are calculated by using density functional theory (DFT) and time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT). The electronic structures and optical properties of these studied dyes in dimethylformamide (DMF) are also investigated. The key parameters of the short-circuit current density (Jsc), including light harvesting efficiency (LHE), electron injection driving force (ΔGinject), and intra-molecular charge transfer (ICT) are discussed in detail. In addition, the periodic DFT calculations in the dye-TiO2 systems are also employed to investigate the geometrical and electronic injection process of the different connection types of these studied dyes adsorbed on the periodic TiO2 model with an exposed anatase (101) surface. We expect the present study would deepen the understanding of the alternative function of unsymmetrical substitution and may contribute to future DSSC design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Xie
- Research Center of Applied Solid State Chemistry, Chemistry Institute for Synthesis and Green Application, Ningbo University, 818 Fenghua Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province 315211, People's Republic of China.
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17
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Colombo A, Di Carlo G, Dragonetti C, Magni M, Orbelli Biroli A, Pizzotti M, Roberto D, Tessore F, Benazzi E, Bignozzi CA, Casarin L, Caramori S. Coupling of Zinc Porphyrin Dyes and Copper Electrolytes: A Springboard for Novel Sustainable Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14189-14197. [PMID: 29091412 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The combination of β-substituted Zn2+ porphyrin dyes and copper-based electrolytes represents a sustainable route for economic and environmentally friendly dye-sensitized solar cells. Remarkably, a new copper electrolyte, [Cu(2-mesityl-1,10-phenanthroline)2]+/2+, exceeds the performance reached by Co2+/3+ and I-/I3- reference electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessia Colombo
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Gabriele Di Carlo
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Claudia Dragonetti
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Mirko Magni
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Alessio Orbelli Biroli
- UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Maddalena Pizzotti
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Dominique Roberto
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesca Tessore
- Dipartimento di Chimica dell'Università degli Studi di Milano , Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,UdR INSTM di Milano , via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy.,Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari del CNR (CNR-ISTM) , SmartMatLab Centre, Via Golgi 19, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benazzi
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , Via F. di Mortara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Carlo Alberto Bignozzi
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , Via F. di Mortara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Laura Casarin
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , Via F. di Mortara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Dipartimento Scienze Chimiche e Farmaceutiche, Università di Ferrara , Via F. di Mortara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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