1
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Lynch RP, Ugras TJ, Robinson RD. Discovery of Isomerization Intermediates in CdS Magic-Size Clusters. ACS NANO 2024; 18:27524-27536. [PMID: 39234998 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.4c08319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/06/2024]
Abstract
Isomerization, the process by which a molecule is coherently transformed into another molecule with the same molecular formula but a different atomic structure, is an important and well-known phenomenon of organic chemistry, but has only recently been observed for inorganic nanoclusters. Previously, CdS nanoclusters were found to isomerize between two end point structures rapidly and reversibly (the α-phase and β-phase), mediated by hydroxyl groups on the surface. This observation raised many significant structural and pathway questions. One critical question is why no intermediate states were observed during the isomerization; it is not obvious why an atomic cluster should only have two stable end points rather than multiple intermediate arrangements. In this study, we report that the use of amide functional groups can stabilize intermediate phases during the transformation of CdS magic-size clusters between the α-phase and the β-phase. When treated with amides in organic solvents, the amides not only facilitate the α-phase to β-phase isomerization but also exhibit three distinct excitonic features, which we call the β340-phase, β350-phase, and β367-phase. Based on pair distribution function analysis, these intermediates strongly resemble the β-phase structure but deviate greatly from the α-phase structure. All phases (β340-phase, β350-phase, and β367-phase) have nearly identical structures to the β-phase, with the β340-phase having the largest deviation. Despite these intermediates having similar atomic structures, they have up to a 583 meV difference in band gap compared to the β-phase. Kinetic studies show that the isomers and intermediates follow a traditional progression in the thermodynamic stability of β340-phase/β350-phase < α-phase < β367-phase < β-phase. The solvent identity and polarity play a crucial role in kinetically arresting these intermediates. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy studies paired with simple density functional theory calculations reveal that the likely mechanism is due to the multifunctional nature of the amides that form an amphoteric surface binding bond motif, which promotes a change in the carboxylic acid binding mode. This change from chelating binding modes to bridging binding modes initiates the isomerization. We propose that the carbonyl group is responsible for the direct interaction with the surface, acting as an L-type ligand which then pulls electron density away from the electron-poor nitrogen site, enabling them to interact with the carboxylate ligands and initiate the change in the binding mode. The isomerization of CdS nanoclusters continues to be a topic of interest, giving insight into fundamental nanoscale chemistry and physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reilly P Lynch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Thomas J Ugras
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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2
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Xue J, Wang S, Wang Z, Luan C, Li Y, Chen X, Yu K. Pathway of Room-Temperature Formation of CdSeS Magic-Size Clusters from Mixtures of CdSe and CdS Samples. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2402121. [PMID: 38634202 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202402121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
The synthetic application of prenucleation-stage samples of colloidal semiconductor quantum dots (QDs) is in its infancy. It is shown that when two prenucleation-stage samples of binary CdSe and CdS are mixed, ternary CdSeS magic-size clusters (MSCs) grow at room temperature in dispersion. As the amount of the CdS sample increases, the optical absorption of the CdSeS MSCs blueshifts from ≈380 to ≈360 nm. It is proposed that the cluster in the CdSe sample reacts with the CdS monomer from the CdS sample. The monomer substitution reaction of CdSe by CdS can proceed continuously; thus, CdSeS MSCs with tunable compositions are obtained. The present study provides compelling evidence that clusters formed in the prenucleation stage of QDs. The clusters are precursor compounds (PCs) of MSCs, transforming at room temperature with the thermoneutrality principle of isodesmic reactions. The nucleation and growth of QDs follows a multi-step non-classical instead of one-step classical nucleation model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Xue
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shasha Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yang Li
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610065, P. R. China
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3
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Liu M, Wang Z, Qi T, Zhang M, Shi H, Song J. Carboxylic acid isomer-directed synthesis of CdS nanocluster isomers. Chem Sci 2024; 15:10585-10591. [PMID: 38994410 PMCID: PMC11234825 DOI: 10.1039/d4sc01569j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 07/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Selective synthesis of nanocluster (NC) isomers with tailored structures holds significant importance for enhancing their applications. Here, we develop an effective strategy for the selective synthesis of CdS NC isomers through the judicious choice of a pair of carboxylic acid isomer additives. Specifically, CdS NC-312 and NC-323 (denoted by their UV-vis absorption peak position) could be selectively produced by introducing a conventional mixture of Cd and S precursors, with the addition of 2-methylbutyric acid (2-MA) and 3-methylbutyric acid (3-MA), respectively. The synthesized NC isomers demonstrated a precise isomeric relationship, sharing both the isomeric inorganic core and organic surface. Alternatively, the as-synthesized NCs were interconvertible by re-adding the acid isomers. The density functional theory calculations further support that 2-MA and 3-MA have specific selectivity for producing CdS NC isomers by interfacial tuning. Finally, the generality of this methodology was also evidenced with applications in other CdS NC synthetic systems. This study unveils the intriguing correlation between additive structures and the configuration of NCs, providing a foundation for the selective synthesis of NC isomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 P. R. China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 P. R. China
| | - Mingyang Liu
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) 1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Zhenzhu Wang
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 P. R. China
| | - Ting Qi
- Antibiotics Research and Re-evaluation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics, School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University Chengdu 610106 P. R. China
| | - Mingming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
| | - Hao Shi
- College of Materials and Chemistry & Chemical Engineering, Chengdu University of Technology Chengdu 610059 P. R. China
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University Shenzhen 518060 P. R. China
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4
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Ming Y, Cheng Z, Shi S, Su J, Io WF, Wu H, Li J, Fei B. Nanoarchitectonics toward Full Coverage of CdZnS Nanospheres by Layered Double Hydroxides for Enhanced Visible-Light-Driven H 2 Evolution. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2309750. [PMID: 38299490 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2024]
Abstract
Nanoarchitectonics of semiconductors shed light on efficient photocatalytic hydrogen evolution by precisely controlling the surface microenvironment of cocatalysts. Taking cadmium zinc sulfide (CZS) nanoparticles as a target, the spontaneous modifications are conducted by interactions between surface Cd2+/Zn2+ atoms and thiol groups in thioglycolic acid. The capping ligand impacts the semiconductor surface with a negative electronic environment, contributing to the full coverage of CZS by nickel-cobalt hydroxides (NiCo-LDHs) cocatalysts. The obtained core-shell CZS@NiCo-LDHs, possessing a shell thickness of ≈20 nm, exhibits a distinguished topology (SBET = 87.65m2 g-1), long surface carrier lifetime, and efficient charge-hole separation. Further photocatalytic hydrogen evaluation demonstrates an enhanced H2 evolution rate of 18.75 mmol g-1 h-1 with an apparent quantum efficiency of 16.3% at 420 nm. The recorded catalytic performance of the core-shell sample is 44.6 times higher than that of pure CZS nanospheres under visible light irradiation. Further density functional theory simulations indicate that sulfur atoms play the role of charge acceptor and surface Ni/Co atoms are electron donors, as well as a built-in electric field effect can be established. Altogether, this work takes advantage of strong S affinity from surface metal atoms, revealing the interfacial engineering toward improved visible-light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ming
- School of Fashion & Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zhixing Cheng
- School of Fashion & Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Shi
- School of Fashion & Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jing Su
- College of Textile Science and Engineering, Jiangnan University, Jiangsu, 214122, P. R. China
| | - Weng-Fu Io
- Department of Applied Physics, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Hanbai Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
| | - Jiashen Li
- Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Bin Fei
- School of Fashion & Textiles, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
- Research Centre for Resources Engineering towards Carbon Neutrality, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, 999077, P. R. China
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5
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Shin J, Choi M, Shim D, Ziehl TJ, Park S, Cho E, Zhang P, Lee H, Kang J, Jeong S. Unveiling the Nanocluster Conversion Pathway for Highly Monodisperse InAs Colloidal Quantum Dots. JACS AU 2024; 4:1097-1106. [PMID: 38559718 PMCID: PMC10976596 DOI: 10.1021/jacsau.3c00809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Colloidal quantum dots (CQDs) have garnered significant attention in nanoscience and technology, with a particular emphasis on achieving high monodispersity in their synthesis. Recent advances in understanding the chemistry of reaction intermediates such as magic-sized nanoclusters (MSC) have paved the way for innovative synthetic strategies. Notably, monodisperse CQDs of various compositions, including indium phosphide, indium arsenide, and cadmium chalcogenide, have been successfully prepared using nanocluster intermediates as single-source precursors. Still, the early stage conversion chemistry of these nanoclusters preceding CQD formation has not been fully unveiled yet. Herein, we report the first-order conversion of amorphous nanoclusters (AMCs) to InAs MSCs prior to the formation of CQDs. We find that MSC, isolated via gel-permeation chromatography, is more stable than purified AMCs, as demonstrated in various chemical and thermolytic reactions. While the surface of InAs AMCs and MSC is similarly bound with carboxylate ligands, detailed structural analyses employing synchrotron X-ray scattering and X-ray absorption spectroscopy unveil subtle distinctions arising from the distinct surface properties and structural disorder characteristics of InAs nanoclusters. We propose that InAs AMCs undergo a surface reduction and structural ordering process, resulting in the formation of an InAs MSC in a thermodynamically local minimum state. Furthermore, we demonstrate that both types of nanoclusters serve as viable precursors, providing a similar monomer supply rate at elevated temperatures of around 300 °C. This study offers invaluable insights into the interplay of structure and chemical stability in binary nanoclusters, enhancing our ability to design these nanoclusters as precursors for highly monodisperse CQDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Shin
- Department of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Mahnmin Choi
- Department of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Doeun Shim
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Tyler Joe Ziehl
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Seongmin Park
- Department of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Eunhye Cho
- Department of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, 6299 South Street, Halifax NSB3H 4R2, Canada
| | - Hangil Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, South Korea
| | - Joongoo Kang
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, DGIST, Daegu 42988, South Korea
| | - Sohee Jeong
- Department of Energy Science (DOES) and Center for Artificial Atoms, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
- Sungkyunkwan Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
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6
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Sandeno SF, Schnitzenbaumer KJ, Krajewski SM, Beck RA, Ladd DM, Levine KR, Dayton D, Toney MF, Kaminsky W, Li X, Cossairt BM. Ligand Steric Profile Tunes the Reactivity of Indium Phosphide Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3102-3113. [PMID: 38254269 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c10203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Indium phosphide quantum dots have become an industrially relevant material for solid-state lighting and wide color gamut displays. The synthesis of indium phosphide quantum dots from indium carboxylates and tris(trimethylsilyl)phosphine (P(SiMe3)3) is understood to proceed through the formation of magic-sized clusters, with In37P20(O2CR)51 being the key isolable intermediate. The reactivity of the In37P20(O2CR)51 cluster is a vital parameter in controlling the conversion to quantum dots. Herein, we report structural perturbations of In37P20(O2CR)51 clusters induced by tuning the steric properties of a series of substituted phenylacetate ligands. This approach allows for control over reactivity with P(SiMe3)3, where meta-substituents enhance the susceptibility to ligand displacement, and para-substituents hinder phosphine diffusion to the core. Thermolysis studies show that with complete cluster dissolution, steric profile can modulate the nucleation period, resulting in a nanocrystal size dependence on ligand steric profile. The enhanced stability from ligand engineering also allows for the isolation and structural characterization by single-crystal X-ray diffraction of a new III-V magic-sized cluster with the formula In26P13(O2CR)39. This intermediate precedes the In37P20(O2CR)51 cluster on the InP QD reaction coordinate. The physical and electronic structure of this cluster are analyzed, providing new insight into previously unrecognized relationships between II-VI and III-V materials and the discrete growth of III-V cluster intermediates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soren F Sandeno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Kyle J Schnitzenbaumer
- Division of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, Transylvania University, Lexington, Kentucky 40508-1797, United States
| | - Sebastian M Krajewski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Ryan A Beck
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Dylan M Ladd
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kelsey R Levine
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Damara Dayton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael F Toney
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Werner Kaminsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Xiaosong Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
| | - Brandi M Cossairt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Box 351700, Seattle, Washington 98195-1700, United States
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7
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Xu R, Wang Z, Yang Y, Gu C, Luan C, Wang S, Chen X, Yu K. Formation and Transformation of CdS Clusters during the Prenucleation Stage and in a Dilute Dispersion at Room Temperature. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:1294-1302. [PMID: 38230964 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c04287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
The formation and transformation of colloidal semiconductor clusters remain poorly understood. With CdS as a model system, we show that, in the reaction of cadmium myristate (Cd(MA)2) and S powder in 1-octadecene (ODE), clusters form in the prenucleation stage of quantum dots (QDs). Called precursor compounds (PCs), the clusters can transform to magic-size clusters (MSCs) in reaction at a relatively high temperature (MSC-322 displaying optical absorption peaking at 322 nm) or in a dispersion at room temperature (MSC-360). When the reaction temperature is increased, PC-360 forms at 140 °C, while PC-322 and MSC-322 form at 180 °C. In a dispersion of cyclohexane and octylamine, MSC-322 transforms to MSC-360 via MSC-345. The MSC-345 to MSC-360 transformation displays continuous and discontinuous shifts in the optical absorption. The PCs and MSCs are a group of isomers. The present findings bring insight into the cluster formation and isomerization in the prenucleation stage of QDs and in a dispersion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongkuan Xu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Yusha Yang
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Gu
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- College of Biomedical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P. R. China
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8
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Chen Z, Ashokan A, Russo SP, Mulvaney P. Temperature Dependence of the CdS Bandgap in the Extreme Confinement Regime. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:9287-9294. [PMID: 37811888 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c02368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/10/2023]
Abstract
A non-empirical equation describing the effect of size on the temperature dependence of the optical bandgap of CdS (dEg/dT) is obtained on the basis of the Brus equation. Intriguingly, we find that dEg/dT diverges strongly from bulk values only within the "extreme confinement" (EC) regime. We conducted both experimental and theoretical investigations of the absorption spectra of CdS clusters and quantum dots as a function of temperature above room temperature. Our results show that the value of dEg/dT obtained from absorption spectra in the EC regime is 2.5 times higher than in the strong confinement regime. Notable ligand sensitivities are also observed for dEg/dT in the case of CdS clusters. Ab initio molecular dynamics simulations and density functional theory calculations reveal that thermal fluctuations are the crucial factor influencing the bandgap temperature coefficient. Our results help resolve some long-standing debates regarding the dEg/dT behavior of semiconductor quantum dots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Arun Ashokan
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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9
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Chen Z, Manian A, Dong Y, Russo SP, Mulvaney P. Ligand and solvent effects on the absorption spectra of CdS magic-sized clusters. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:2887770. [PMID: 37129143 DOI: 10.1063/5.0147609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The absorption spectra of congenetic wurtzite (WZ) and zincblende (ZB) CdS magic-sized clusters are investigated. We demonstrate that the exciton peak positions can be tuned by up to 500 meV by varying the strong coupling between X-type ligands and the semiconductor cores, while the addition of L-type ligands primarily affects cluster midgap states. When Z-type ligands are displaced by L-type ligands, red shifts in the absorption spectra are observed, despite the fact there is a small decrease in cluster size. Density functional theory calculations are used to explain these findings and they reveal the importance of Cd and S dangling bonds on the midgap states during the Z- to L-type ligand exchange process. Overall, ZB CdS clusters show higher chemical stability than WZ clusters but their optical properties exhibit greater sensitivity to the solvent. Conversely, WZ CdS clusters are not stable in a Lewis base-rich environment, resulting in various changes in their spectra. Our findings enable researchers to select capping ligands that modulate the optical properties of semiconductor clusters while maintaining precise control over their solvent interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zifei Chen
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Anjay Manian
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Yihan Dong
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Salvy P Russo
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne 3000, Australia
| | - Paul Mulvaney
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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10
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Shin J, Choi M, Kim M, Jeong S. Semiconductor clusters: Synthetic precursors for colloidal quantum dots. FRONTIERS IN NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fnano.2022.1069178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Semiconductor clusters have been implicated as reaction intermediates between molecular precursors and colloidal quantum dots (CQDs). The success of isolation of semiconductor clusters have enabled detailed investigation of the atomic information of semiconductor clusters. The identification of atomic information has emerged as an important topic because knowledge of the structure-function relationship of intermediate clusters has been helpful to reveal the synthetic mechanism of CQDs. Recently, they have been utilized as the synthetic precursors for CQDs, which was not readily achieved using conventional molecular precursors. This mini review briefly introduces the current understanding of their atomic information such as the composition, structure, and surface. We then discuss advantages, limitations, and the perspective of semiconductor clusters as a precursor for synthesis of CQDs.
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11
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Han H, Kallakuri S, Yao Y, Williamson CB, Nevers DR, Savitzky BH, Skye RS, Xu M, Voznyy O, Dshemuchadse J, Kourkoutis LF, Weinstein SJ, Hanrath T, Robinson RD. Multiscale hierarchical structures from a nanocluster mesophase. NATURE MATERIALS 2022; 21:518-525. [PMID: 35422509 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-022-01223-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Spontaneous hierarchical self-organization of nanometre-scale subunits into higher-level complex structures is ubiquitous in nature. The creation of synthetic nanomaterials that mimic the self-organization of complex superstructures commonly seen in biomolecules has proved challenging due to the lack of biomolecule-like building blocks that feature versatile, programmable interactions to render structural complexity. In this study, highly aligned structures are obtained from an organic-inorganic mesophase composed of monodisperse Cd37S18 magic-size cluster building blocks. Impressively, structural alignment spans over six orders of magnitude in length scale: nanoscale magic-size clusters arrange into a hexagonal geometry organized inside micrometre-sized filaments; self-assembly of these filaments leads to fibres that then organize into uniform arrays of centimetre-scale bands with well-defined surface periodicity. Enhanced patterning can be achieved by controlling processing conditions, resulting in bullseye and 'zigzag' stacking patterns with periodicity in two directions. Overall, we demonstrate that colloidal nanomaterials can exhibit a high level of self-organization behaviour at macroscopic-length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shantanu Kallakuri
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Yuan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Curtis B Williamson
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Douglas R Nevers
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | | | - Rachael S Skye
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Mengyu Xu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Julia Dshemuchadse
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Steven J Weinstein
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Tobias Hanrath
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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12
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Busatto S, de Mello Donega C. Magic-Size Semiconductor Nanostructures: Where Does the Magic Come from? ACS MATERIALS AU 2022; 2:237-249. [PMID: 35578704 PMCID: PMC9100663 DOI: 10.1021/acsmaterialsau.1c00075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The quest for atomically precise synthesis of colloidal semiconductor nanostructures has attracted increasing attention in recent years and remains a formidable challenge. Nevertheless, atomically precise clusters of semiconductors, known as magic-size clusters (MSCs), are readily accessible. Ultrathin one-dimensional nanowires and two-dimensional nanoplatelets and nanosheets can also be categorized as magic-size nanocrystals (MSNCs). Further, the magic-size growth regime has been recently extended into the size range of colloidal QDs (up to 3.5 nm). Nevertheless, the underlying reasons for the enhanced stability of magic-size nanostructures and their formation mechanisms remain obscure. In this Perspective, we address these intriguing questions by critically analyzing the currently available knowledge on the formation and stability of both MSCs and MSNCs (0D, 1D, and 2D). We conclude that research on magic-size colloidal nanostructures is still in its infancy, and many fundamental questions remain unanswered. Nonetheless, we identify several correlations between the formation of MSCs and 0D, 1D and 2D MSNSs. From our analysis, it appears that the "magic" originates from the complexity of a dynamic and multivariate system running under reaction control. Under conditions that impose a prohibitively high energy barrier for classical nucleation and growth, the reaction proceeds through a complex and dynamic potential landscape, searching for the pathway with the lowest energy barrier, thereby sequentially forming metastable products as it jumps from one local minimum to the next until it eventually becomes trapped into a minimum that is too deep with respect to the available thermal energy. The intricacies of this complex interplay between several synergistic and antagonistic processes are, however, not yet understood and should be further investigated by carefully designed experiments combining multiple complementary in situ characterization techniques.
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13
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Nguyen KA, Pachter R, Day PN. Theoretical analysis of structures and electronic spectra of molecular colloidal cadmium sulfide clusters and nanoplatelets. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:094302. [PMID: 34496584 DOI: 10.1063/5.0057089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, we systematically examine structures and absorption spectra for CdS nanoplatelets (NPLs) with thicknesses of two and three monolayers (2 MLs and 3 MLs) and extended lateral dimensions. These nanoplatelet model systems, passivated with formate and acetate ligands, are used to analyze the effects of quantum confinement in the lateral dimension within an extended monolayer and the effects of thickness when changing from two to three monolayers. Based on the computed cubic structures using density functional theory (DFT), we found good agreement between observed and time-dependent DFT-calculated spectra, revealing little ligand participation to influence the color and intensity of low-energy absorption bands as the structures are laterally extended to eight and seven monolayers for 2-ML and 3-ML systems, respectively. The spectral redshift for 3-ML CdS NPLs is attributed to the electron delocalization due to expansion of the nanoplatelet in the lateral and vertical directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Nguyen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
| | - Paul N Day
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA
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14
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Bootharaju MS, Baek W, Lee S, Chang H, Kim J, Hyeon T. Magic-Sized Stoichiometric II-VI Nanoclusters. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2002067. [PMID: 33164322 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202002067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Metal chalcogenide nanomaterials have gained widespread interest in the past two decades for their potential optoelectronic, energy, and catalytic applications. The colloidal growth of various forms of these materials, such as nanowires, platelets, and lamellar assemblies, proceeds through certain thermodynamically stable, ultrasmall (<2 nm) intermediates called magic-sized nanoclusters (MSCs). Due to quantum confinement and its resultant intriguing properties, isolation or direct synthesis of MSCs and their structure characterization, which is very much challenging, are current topics of fundamental and applied scientific research. By comprehensive understanding of the structure-activity relationships in MSCs, the nucleation and growth processes can be manipulated, resulting in the synthesis of novel metal chalcogenide materials for various applications. This review focuses on recent advances in the chemical synthesis, characterization, and theoretical calculations of CdSe and its related II-VI nanoclusters. It highlights the studies of photophysical and magneto-optical properties as well as heteroatom doping of MSCs followed by their chemical transformation to high-dimensional nanostructures. At the end of the review, future directions and possible ways to overcome the challenges in the research of semiconductor MSCs are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megalamane S Bootharaju
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Woonhyuk Baek
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sanghwa Lee
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hogeun Chang
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Junhee Kim
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeghwan Hyeon
- Center for Nanoparticle Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
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15
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Pun AB, Mazzotti S, Mule AS, Norris DJ. Understanding Discrete Growth in Semiconductor Nanocrystals: Nanoplatelets and Magic-Sized Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:1545-1554. [PMID: 33660971 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusSemiconductor nanocrystals (NCs) fluoresce with a color that strongly depends on their size and shape. Thus, to obtain homogeneous optical properties, researchers have strived to synthesize particles that are uniform. However, because NCs typically grow through continuous, incremental addition of material, slight differences in the growth process between individual crystallites yield statistical distributions in size and shape, leading to inhomogeneities in their optical characteristics. Much work has focused on improving synthetic protocols to control these distributions and enhance performance. Interestingly, during these efforts, several syntheses were discovered that exhibit a different type of growth process. The NCs jump from one discrete size to the next. Through purification methods, one of these sizes can then be isolated, providing a different approach to uniform NCs. Unfortunately, the fundamental mechanism behind such discrete growth and how it differs from the conventional continuous process have remained poorly understood.Discrete growth has been observed in two major classes of NCs: semiconductor nanoplatelets (NPLs) and magic-sized clusters (MSCs). NPLs are quasi-two-dimensional crystallites that exhibit a precise thickness of only a few atomic layers but much larger lateral dimensions. During growth, NPLs slowly appear with an increasing number of monolayers. By halting this process at a specific time, NPLs with a desired thickness can then be isolated (e.g., four monolayers). Because the optical properties are primarily governed by this thickness, which is uniform, NPLs exhibit improved optical properties such as narrower fluorescence line widths.While NPLs have highly anisotropic shapes and show discrete growth only in one dimension (thickness), MSCs are isotropic particles. The name "magic" arose because a specific set of NC sizes appear during synthesis. They have been believed to represent special atomic arrangements that possess enhanced structural stability. Historically, they were very small, hence molecular-scale "clusters." Isolation of one of the MSC sizes can then, in principle, provide a uniform sample of NCs. More recently, MSC growth has been extended to larger sizes, beyond what is commonly considered to be the "cluster" regime, challenging the conventional explanation for these materials.This Account summarizes recent work by our group to understand the mechanism that governs discrete growth in semiconductor NCs. We begin by describing the synthesis of NPLs. Next, we discuss the mechanism behind the highly anisotropic shape of NPLs. We build on this by examining the ripening process in NPLs. We show that NPLs slowly appear with increasing thickness, counterintuitively through lateral growth. Then, we turn to the synthesis of MSCs, in particular focusing on their growth mechanism. Our findings indicate a strong connection between NPLs and MSCs. Finally, we review several remaining challenges for the growth of NPLs and MSCs and give a brief outlook on the future of discrete growth. By understanding the underlying process, we believe that it can be exploited more broadly, potentially moving us toward more uniform nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew B. Pun
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sergio Mazzotti
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Aniket S. Mule
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David J. Norris
- Optical Materials Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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16
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He L, Luan C, Rowell N, Zhang M, Chen X, Yu K. Transformations Among Colloidal Semiconductor Magic-Size Clusters. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:776-786. [PMID: 33533599 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge of colloidal semiconductor magic-size clusters (MSCs) is essential for understanding how fundamental properties evolve during transformations from individual molecules to semiconductor quantum dots (QDs). Compared to QDs, MSCs display much narrower optical absorption bands; the higher cluster stability gives rise to a narrower size distribution. During the production of binary QDs such as II-VI metal (M) chalcogenide (E) ones, binary ME MSCs observed were interpreted as side products and/or the nuclei of QDs. Prior to the current development of our two-step approach followed by our two-pathway model, it had been extremely challenging to synthesize MSCs as a unique product without the nucleation and growth of QDs. With the two-step approach, we have demonstrated that MSCs can be readily engineered as a sole product at room temperature from a prenucleation stage sample, also called an induction period (IP) sample. It is important that we were able to discover that the evolution of the MSCs follows first-order reaction kinetics behavior. Accordingly, we proposed that a new type of compound, termed as "precursor compounds" (PCs) of MSCs, was produced in an IP sample. Such PCs are optically transparent at the absorption peak positions of their MSC counterparts as well as to longer wavelengths. It is thought that quasi isomerization of a single PC results in the development of one MSC.In this Account, we provide an overview of our latest advances regarding the transformations among binary CdE MSCs as well as from binary CdTe to ternary CdTeSe MSCs. Optical absorption spectroscopy has been employed to study these transformations, all of which display well-defined isosbestic points. We have proposed that these MSC to MSC transformations occur via their corresponding PCs, also called immediate PCs. It is reasonable that the as-synthesized PC (in an IP sample) and the immediate PC (in an incubated and/or diluted sample) probably have different configurations. A transformation between two PCs may involve an intermolecular reaction, with either first-order reaction kinetics or a more complicated time profile. A transformation between one immediate PC and its counterpart MSC may contain an intramolecular reaction. The present Account, which addresses the PC-enabled MSC transformations with isosbestic points probed by optical absorption spectroscopy, calls for more experimental and theoretical attention to understand these magic species and their transformation processes more precisely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Department of Ophthalmology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoqin Chen
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Han H, Yao Y, Robinson RD. Interplay between Chemical Transformations and Atomic Structure in Nanocrystals and Nanoclusters. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:509-519. [PMID: 33434011 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusChemically induced transformations are postsynthetic processing reactions applied to first generation (as-synthesized) nanomaterials to modify property-defining factors such as atomic structure, chemical composition, surface chemistry, and/or morphology. Compared with conditions for direct synthesis of colloidal nanocrystals, postsynthetic chemical transformations can be conducted in relatively mild conditions with a more controllable process, which makes them suitable for the precise manipulation of nanomaterials and for trapping metastable phases that are typically inaccessible from the conventional synthetic routes. Each of the chemically induced transformations methods can result in substantial restructuring of the atomic structure, but their transformation pathways can be very different. And the converse is also true: the atomic structure of the parent material plays a large role in the pathway toward and the resulting chemically transformed product. Additionally, the characteristic length of the parent material greatly affects the structure, which affects the outcome of the reaction.In this Account, we show how the atomic structure and nanoscale size directs the product formation into materials that are inaccessible from analogous chemically transformations in bulk materials. Through examples from the three chemical transformation processes (cation/anion exchange, redox reactions, and ligand exchange and ligand etching), the effect of the atomic structure on chemical transformations is made apparent, and vice versa. For cation exchange, an anisotropic atomic lattice results in a unidirectional exchange boundary. And because the interface can extend through the full crystal, a substantial strain field can form, influencing the phase of the material. In the redox reaction that leads to the nanoscale Kirkendall effect, the atomic structure is the key to inverting the diffusion rates in a diffusion couple to form the hollow cores. And for ligand etching, if one of the materials in a heterostructure has a defected and\or defect-tolerant atomic structure, it can be preferentially etched and its atomic structure can undergo phase transformations while the other composition remains intact. For length scales, we show how the chemically induced transformations greatly differ between bulk, nanocrystal, and nanocluster characteristic sizes. For instance, the structural transformation on relatively large nanocrystals (2-100 nm) can be a continuous process when the activation volume is smaller than the nanocrystal, while for smaller nanoclusters (<2 nm) the transformation kinetics could be swift resulting in only discrete thermodynamic states. Comparing the two nanosystems (nanocrystals to small nanoclusters), we address how their atomic structural differences can direct the divergent transformation phenomena and the corresponding mechanisms. Understanding the nanoscale mechanisms of chemically induced transformations and how they differ from bulk processes is key to unlocking new science and for implementing this processing for functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Han
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Yuan Yao
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Richard D. Robinson
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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18
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Vickers ET, Chen Z, Cherrette V, Smart T, Zhang P, Ping Y, Zhang JZ. Interplay between Perovskite Magic-Sized Clusters and Amino Lead Halide Molecular Clusters. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2021; 2021:6047971. [PMID: 33623920 PMCID: PMC7877386 DOI: 10.34133/2021/6047971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent progress has been made on the synthesis and characterization of metal halide perovskite magic-sized clusters (PMSCs) with ABX 3 composition (A = CH3NH3 + or Cs+, B = Pb2+, and X = Cl-, Br-, or I-). However, their mechanism of growth and structure is still not well understood. In our effort to understand their structure and growth, we discovered that a new species can be formed without the CH3NH3 + component, which we name as molecular clusters (MCs). Specifically, CH3NH3PbBr3 PMSCs, with a characteristic absorption peak at 424 nm, are synthesized using PbBr2 and CH3NH3Br as precursors and butylamine (BTYA) and valeric acid (VA) as ligands, while MCs, with an absorption peak at 402 nm, are synthesized using solely PbBr2 and BTYA, without CH3NH3Br. Interestingly, PMSCs are converted spontaneously overtime into MCs. An isosbestic point in their electronic absorption spectra indicates a direct interplay between the PMSCs and MCs. Therefore, we suggest that the MCs are precursors to the PMSCs. From spectroscopic and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) results, we propose some tentative structural models for the MCs. The discovery of the MCs is critical to understanding the growth of PMSCs as well as larger perovskite quantum dots (PQDs) or nanocrystals (PNCs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T. Vickers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Ziyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Vivien Cherrette
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Tyler Smart
- Department of Physics, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada B3H 4R2
| | - Yuan Ping
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - Jin Z. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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19
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Nguyen KA, Pachter R, Day PN. Systematic Study of the Properties of CdS Clusters with Carboxylate Ligands Using a Deep Neural Network Potential Developed with Data from Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:10472-10481. [PMID: 33271016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c06965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Although structures of the inorganic core of CdS atomically precise quantum dots were reported, characterizing the nature of the metal-carboxylate coordination in these materials remains a challenge due to the large number of possible isomers. The computational cost imposed by first-principles methods is prohibitive for such a configurational search, and empirical potentials are not available. In this work, we applied deep neural network algorithms to train a potential for CdS clusters with carboxylate ligands using a database of energies and gradients obtained from density functional theory calculations. The derived potential provided energies and gradients based on a set of reference structures. Our trained potential was then used to accelerate genetic algorithm and molecular dynamics simulations searches of low-energy structures, which in turn, were used to compute the X-ray diffraction and electronic absorption spectra. Our results for CdS clusters with carboxylate ligands, analyzed and compared with experimental findings, demonstrated that the structure of a cluster whose properties agree better with experiment may deviate from the one previously assumed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiet A Nguyen
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States.,UES, Inc. Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
| | - Ruth Pachter
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States
| | - Paul N Day
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, United States.,UES, Inc. Dayton, Ohio 45432, United States
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20
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Chen M, Luan C, Zhang M, Rowell N, Willis M, Zhang C, Wang S, Zhu X, Fan H, Huang W, Yu K, Liang B. Evolution of CdTe Magic-Size Clusters with Single Absorption Doublet Assisted by Adding Small Molecules during Prenucleation. JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2020; 11:2230-2240. [PMID: 32134665 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
An approach is reported for the exclusive production of CdTe magic-size clusters (MSCs) that exhibit an optical absorption doublet peaking at 385/427 nm, with an explanation of the synthesis procedure. The MSCs, defined as dMSC-427, were produced from the reaction of cadmium oleate (Cd(OA)2) and tri-n-octylphosphine telluride in octadecene at 100 °C, with the addition of acetic acid (HOAc) or acetate (M(OAc)2) during the prenucleation stage (40 °C). Without such an addition or when it was performed in the postnucleation stage (100 °C), quantum dots (QDs) developed. The production of dMSC-427 or QDs is hypothesized to be related to the solubility of the Cd precursor, such as Cd(OA)1(OAc)1 or Cd(OA)2, respectively. Also, the reactions that lead to Cd(OA)1(OAc)1 are proposed. The present study provides an in-depth understanding of the two-pathway model proposed for the prenucleation stage of binary colloidal QDs, as well as of the formation of MSCs and/or QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Chaoran Luan
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Meng Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- Metrology Research Centre, National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Maureen Willis
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Chunchun Zhang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Shanling Wang
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Analytical & Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hongsong Fan
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, West China School of Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China.,Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Bin Liang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
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21
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Palencia C, Yu K, Boldt K. The Future of Colloidal Semiconductor Magic-Size Clusters. ACS NANO 2020; 14:1227-1235. [PMID: 32003556 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c00040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Atomically defined, zero-dimensional magic-size clusters play pivotal roles in the nucleation and growth of semiconductor nanocrystals. Thus, they provide new opportunities to understand and to control nucleation and growth reactions beyond classical nucleation theory and to employ these reactions in the colloidal synthesis of increasingly complex and anisotropic nanomaterials with atomic level monodispersity. Both challenges require reliable determination of the exact structure and size of these ultrasmall and metastable nanoclusters. In this Perspective, we review and discuss the current challenges in analytics of magic-size clusters, in elucidating their formation mechanism, and in using them as next-generation reagents in colloidal chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Palencia
- Institute of Physical Chemistry , University of Hamburg , Grindelallee 117 , 20146 Hamburg , Germany
- The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, CUI-AIM , Luruper Chaussee 149 , 22761 Hamburg , Germany
| | - Kui Yu
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials , Sichuan University , Chengdu , 610065 , P. R. China
| | - Klaus Boldt
- Department of Chemistry & Zukunftskolleg , University of Konstanz , Universitätsstraße 10 , 78457 Konstanz , Germany
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22
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Tan L, Misquitta AJ, Sapelkin A, Fang L, Wilson RM, Keeble DS, Zhang B, Zhu T, Riehle FS, Han S, Yu K, Dove MT. X-ray total scattering study of magic-size clusters and quantum dots of cadmium sulphide. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21900-21908. [PMID: 31701975 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr06355b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Four types of magic-size CdS clusters and three different CdS quantum dots have been studied using the technique of X-ray total scattering and pair distribution function analysis. We found that the CdS quantum dots could be modelled as a mixed phase of atomic structures based on the two bulk crystalline phases, which is interpreted as representing the effects of random stacking of layers. However, the results for the magic-size clusters are significantly different. On one hand, the short-range features in the pair distribution function reflect the bulk, indicating that these structures are based on the same tetrahedral coordination found in the bulk phases (and therefore excluding new types of structures such as cage-like arrangements of atoms). But on the other hand, the longer-range atomic structure clearly does not reflect the layer structures found in the bulk and the quantum dots. We compare the effect of two ligands, phenylacetic acid and oleic acid, showing that in one case the ligand has little effect on the atomic structure of the magic-size nanocluster, and in another it has a significant effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Tan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London, E1 4NS, UK.
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23
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Kurihara T, Noda Y, Takegoshi K. Capping Structure of Ligand-Cysteine on CdSe Magic-Sized Clusters. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3476-3483. [PMID: 31459562 PMCID: PMC6648626 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b02752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Ligand molecules capping on clusters largely affect the formation and stabilization mechanism and the property of clusters. In semiconductor CdSe clusters, cysteine is used as one of the ligands and allows the formation of ultrastable (CdSe)34 magic-sized clusters. Cysteine has sulfhydryl, amine, and carboxylate groups, all of which have coordination ability to the CdSe surface, and the bonding states of the three functional groups of ligand-cysteine on the CdSe core have not been determined. In this work, the capping structure of ligand-cysteine is examined by performing Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. FT-IR, XPS, and 1H, 13C, and 23Na magic-angle spinning NMR show that the sulfhydryl group of ligand-cysteine forms a sulfur-cadmium bond with a cadmium atom at the CdSe surface, while the carboxylate group does not contribute to the protection of the CdSe core and binds to a sodium ion contained as a counterion. 15N-{77Se} through-bond J-single quantum filtered NMR experiment reveals that the amine group of ligand-cysteine has no coordination to selenium atoms. By considering the N-Cd bond forming ratio (∼43%) revealed in our previous work, which is confirmed in this work by analyzing 13Cα signal intensity (∼42%), we concluded that cysteine capping on (CdSe)34 occurs in two ways: one involves both the sulfur-cadmium and nitrogen-cadmium bonds, and the other bears only the sulfur-cadmium bond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Kurihara
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yasuto Noda
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Kiyonori Takegoshi
- Division
of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwakecho,
Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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24
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Williamson CB, Nevers DR, Nelson A, Hadar I, Banin U, Hanrath T, Robinson RD. Chemically reversible isomerization of inorganic clusters. Science 2019; 363:731-735. [PMID: 30765565 DOI: 10.1126/science.aau9464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Structural transformations in molecules and solids have generally been studied in isolation, whereas intermediate systems have eluded characterization. We show that a pair of cadmium sulfide (CdS) cluster isomers provides an advantageous experimental platform to study isomerization in well-defined, atomically precise systems. The clusters coherently interconvert over an ~1-electron volt energy barrier with a 140-milli-electron volt shift in their excitonic energy gaps. There is a diffusionless, displacive reconfiguration of the inorganic core (solid-solid transformation) with first order (isomerization-like) transformation kinetics. Driven by a distortion of the ligand-binding motifs, the presence of hydroxyl species changes the surface energy via physisorption, which determines "phase" stability in this system. This reaction possesses essential characteristics of both solid-solid transformations and molecular isomerizations and bridges these disparate length scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Curtis B Williamson
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Douglas R Nevers
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Andrew Nelson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Ido Hadar
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 91904, Israel.
| | - Tobias Hanrath
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA.
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25
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Zhang B, Zhu T, Ou M, Rowell N, Fan H, Han J, Tan L, Dove MT, Ren Y, Zuo X, Han S, Zeng J, Yu K. Thermally-induced reversible structural isomerization in colloidal semiconductor CdS magic-size clusters. Nat Commun 2018; 9:2499. [PMID: 29950666 PMCID: PMC6021431 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Structural isomerism of colloidal semiconductor nanocrystals has been largely unexplored. Here, we report one pair of structural isomers identified for colloidal nanocrystals which exhibit thermally-induced reversible transformations behaving like molecular isomerization. The two isomers are CdS magic-size clusters with sharp absorption peaks at 311 and 322 nm. They have identical cluster masses, but slightly different structures. Furthermore, their interconversions follow first-order unimolecular reaction kinetics. We anticipate that such isomeric kinetics are applicable to a variety of small-size functional nanomaterials, and that the methodology developed for our kinetic study will be helpful to investigate and exploit solid–solid transformations in other semiconductor nanocrystals. The findings on structural isomerism should stimulate attention toward advanced design and synthesis of functional nanomaterials enabled by structural transformations. Few structural isomers of colloids, with identical masses but different structures, have been identified. Here, the authors observe an interesting example of structural isomerism in a pair of semiconductor magic-size clusters, which reversibly transform between one another with first-order unimolecular reaction kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baowei Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Tingting Zhu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Mingyang Ou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Nelson Rowell
- National Research Council of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Hongsong Fan
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Jiantao Han
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science & Technology, 430074, Wuhan, PR China
| | - Lei Tan
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK
| | - Martin T Dove
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Queen Mary University of London, London, E1 4NS, UK.,School of Physical Science and Technology, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China
| | - Yang Ren
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Xiaobing Zuo
- X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Shuo Han
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China.
| | - Jianrong Zeng
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201204, Shanghai, PR China.
| | - Kui Yu
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China. .,Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China. .,School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University, 610065, Chengdu, PR China.
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26
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Nevers DR, Williamson CB, Savitzky BH, Hadar I, Banin U, Kourkoutis LF, Hanrath T, Robinson RD. Mesophase Formation Stabilizes High-Purity Magic-Sized Clusters. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:3652-3662. [PMID: 29376343 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Magic-sized clusters (MSCs) are renowned for their identical size and closed-shell stability that inhibit conventional nanoparticle (NP) growth processes. Though MSCs have been of increasing interest, understanding the reaction pathways toward their nucleation and stabilization is an outstanding issue. In this work, we demonstrate that high concentration synthesis (1000 mM) promotes a well-defined reaction pathway to form high-purity MSCs (>99.9%). The MSCs are resistant to typical growth and dissolution processes. On the basis of insights from in situ X-ray scattering analysis, we attribute this stability to the accompanying production of a large (>100 nm grain size), hexagonal organic-inorganic mesophase that arrests growth of the MSCs and prevents NP growth. At intermediate concentrations (500 mM), the MSC mesophase forms, but is unstable, resulting in NP growth at the expense of the assemblies. These results provide an alternate explanation for the high stability of MSCs. Whereas the conventional mantra has been that the stability of MSCs derives from the precise arrangement of the inorganic structures (i.e., closed-shell atomic packing), we demonstrate that anisotropic clusters can also be stabilized by self-forming fibrous mesophase assemblies. At lower concentration (<200 mM or >16 acid-to-metal), MSCs are further destabilized and NPs formation dominates that of MSCs. Overall, the high concentration approach intensifies and showcases inherent concentration-dependent surfactant phase behavior that is not accessible in conventional (i.e., dilute) conditions. This work provides not only a robust method to synthesize, stabilize, and study identical MSC products but also uncovers an underappreciated stabilizing interaction between surfactants and clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas R Nevers
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Curtis B Williamson
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Benjamin H Savitzky
- Department of Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Ido Hadar
- The Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Uri Banin
- The Institute of Chemistry and Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology , The Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
| | - Lena F Kourkoutis
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States.,Kavli Institute for Nanoscale Science , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Tobias Hanrath
- Robert F. Smith School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
| | - Richard D Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Cornell University , Ithaca , New York 14850 , United States
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27
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Garcia-Gutierrez D, Hernandez-Casillas LP, Cappellari MV, Fungo F, Martínez-Guerra E, García-Gutiérrez DI. Influence of the Capping Ligand on the Band Gap and Electronic Levels of PbS Nanoparticles through Surface Atomistic Arrangement Determination. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:393-405. [PMID: 31457900 PMCID: PMC6641336 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Lead sulfide (PbS) nanoparticles were synthesized by chemical methods with different sizes and different capping ligands (oleic acid, myristic acid, and hexanoic acid), avoiding ligand exchange procedures, to study the effect of characteristics of the capping ligands on their energy levels and band gap values. Experimental results (UV-vis-NIR, Fourier transform infrared, and Raman spectroscopies, cyclic voltammetry, transmission electron microscopy, and electron energy loss spectroscopy) showed a marked influence of the capping ligand nature on the electro-optical properties of PbS nanoparticles with a very similar size. Differences were observed in the atomistic arrangement on the nanoparticle surface and phonon vibrations with the different capping ligands. These observations suggest that the electro-optical properties of PbS nanoparticles are not only determined by their size, through quantum confinement effects, but also strongly affected by the atomistic arrangement on the nanoparticle surface, which is determined by the capping ligand nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana
Fabiola Garcia-Gutierrez
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
FIME and Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66450 Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro
de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería
y Tecnología, CIIDIT, Universidad
Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Km. 10 de la nueva carretera al Aeropuerto Internacional
de Monterrey, PIIT Monterrey, Apodaca, C.P. 66600 Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Laura Patricia Hernandez-Casillas
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
FIME and Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66450 Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro
de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería
y Tecnología, CIIDIT, Universidad
Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Km. 10 de la nueva carretera al Aeropuerto Internacional
de Monterrey, PIIT Monterrey, Apodaca, C.P. 66600 Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Maria Victoria Cappellari
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Nacional
de Rio Cuarto, UNRC. CONICET, RN36
601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Fernando Fungo
- Departamento
de Química, Universidad Nacional
de Rio Cuarto, UNRC. CONICET, RN36
601, X5804BYA Río Cuarto, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Edgar Martínez-Guerra
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
FIME and Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66450 Nuevo León, Mexico
| | - Domingo Ixcoatl García-Gutiérrez
- Facultad
de Ingeniería Mecánica y Eléctrica,
FIME and Facultad de Ciencias Físico Matemáticas, FCFM, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Av. Universidad S/N, Cd. Universitaria, San Nicolás de los Garza, C.P. 66450 Nuevo León, Mexico
- Centro
de Innovación, Investigación y Desarrollo en Ingeniería
y Tecnología, CIIDIT, Universidad
Autónoma de Nuevo León, UANL, Km. 10 de la nueva carretera al Aeropuerto Internacional
de Monterrey, PIIT Monterrey, Apodaca, C.P. 66600 Nuevo León, Mexico
- E-mail: . Phone: +52 (81) 1340-4000 ext. 1525 (D.I.G.-G.)
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28
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Wurmbrand D, Fischer JWA, Rosenberg R, Boldt K. Morphogenesis of anisotropic nanoparticles: self-templating via non-classical, fibrillar Cd2Se intermediates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:7358-7361. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02058b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor nanorods nucleate via a fibrillar intermediate that is able to template its own preferential growth direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Wurmbrand
- University of Konstanz
- Department of Chemistry
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | | | - Rose Rosenberg
- University of Konstanz
- Department of Chemistry
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
| | - Klaus Boldt
- University of Konstanz
- Department of Chemistry
- 78457 Konstanz
- Germany
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29
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Functionalisation of Colloidal Transition Metal Sulphides Nanocrystals: A Fascinating and Challenging Playground for the Chemist. CRYSTALS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst7040110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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