1
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Majhi D, Stevensson B, Nguyen TM, Edén M. 1H and 13C chemical shift-structure effects in anhydrous β-caffeine and four caffeine-diacid cocrystals probed by solid-state NMR experiments and DFT calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:14345-14363. [PMID: 38700003 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp06197c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
By using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we refined the H atom positions in the structures of β-caffeine (C), α-oxalic acid (OA; (COOH)2), α-(COOH)2·2H2O, β-malonic acid (MA), β-glutaric acid (GA), and I-maleic acid (ME), along with their corresponding cocrystals of 2 : 1 (2C-OA, 2C-MA) or 1 : 1 (C-GA, C-ME) stoichiometry. The corresponding 13C/1H chemical shifts obtained by gauge including projector augmented wave (GIPAW) calculations agreed overall very well with results from magic-angle-spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy experiments. Chemical-shift/structure trends of the precursors and cocrystals were examined, where good linear correlations resulted for all COO1H sites against the H⋯O and/or H⋯N H-bond distance, whereas a general correlation was neither found for the aliphatic/caffeine-stemming 1H sites nor any 13C chemical shift against either the intermolecular hydrogen- or tetrel-bond distance, except for the 13COOH sites of the 2C-OA, 2C-MA, and C-GA cocrystals, which are involved in a strong COOH⋯N bond with caffeine that is responsible for the main supramolecular stabilization of the cocrystal. We provide the first complete 13C NMR spectral assignment of the structurally disordered anhydrous β-caffeine polymorph. The results are discussed in relation to previous literature on the disordered α-caffeine polymorph and the ordered hydrated counterpart, along with recommendations for NMR experimentation that will secure sufficient 13C signal-resolution for reliable resonance/site assignments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debashis Majhi
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Baltzar Stevensson
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Tra Mi Nguyen
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Mattias Edén
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE-106 91, Stockholm, Sweden.
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2
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Szell PMJ, Rehman Z, Tatman BP, Hughes LP, Blade H, Brown SP. Exploring the Potential of Multinuclear Solid-State 1 H, 13 C, and 35 Cl Magnetic Resonance To Characterize Static and Dynamic Disorder in Pharmaceutical Hydrochlorides. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200558. [PMID: 36195553 PMCID: PMC10099218 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Crystallographic disorder, whether static or dynamic, can be detrimental to the physical and chemical stability, ease of crystallization and dissolution rate of an active pharmaceutical ingredient. Disorder can result in a loss of manufacturing control leading to batch-to-batch variability and can lengthen the process of structural characterization. The range of NMR active nuclei makes solid-state NMR a unique technique for gaining nucleus-specific information about crystallographic disorder. Here, we explore the use of high-field 35 Cl solid-state NMR at 23.5 T to characterize both static and dynamic crystallographic disorder: specifically, dynamic disorder occurring in duloxetine hydrochloride (1), static disorder in promethazine hydrochloride (2), and trifluoperazine dihydrochloride (3). In all structures, the presence of crystallographic disorder was confirmed by 13 C cross-polarization magic-angle spinning (CPMAS) NMR and supported by GIPAW-DFT calculations, and in the case of 3, 1 H solid-state NMR provided additional confirmation. Applying 35 Cl solid-state NMR to these compounds, we show that higher magnetic fields are beneficial for resolving the crystallographic disorder in 1 and 3, while broad spectral features were observed in 2 even at higher fields. Combining the data obtained from 1 H, 13 C, and 35 Cl NMR, we show that 3 exhibits a unique case of disorder involving the + N-H hydrogen positions of the piperazinium ring, driving the chloride anions to occupy three distinct sites.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zainab Rehman
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Ben P Tatman
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Leslie P Hughes
- Oral Product Development Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Helen Blade
- Oral Product Development Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, UK
| | - Steven P Brown
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
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3
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Al-Ani A, Szell PMJ, Rehman Z, Blade H, Wheatcroft HP, Hughes LP, Brown SP, Wilson CC. Combining X-ray and NMR Crystallography to Explore the Crystallographic Disorder in Salbutamol Oxalate. CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2022; 22:4696-4707. [PMID: 35971412 PMCID: PMC9374327 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c01093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salbutamol is an active pharmaceutical ingredient commonly used to treat respiratory distress and is listed by the World Health Organization as an essential medicine. Here, we establish the crystal structure of its oxalate form, salbutamol oxalate, and explore the nature of its crystallographic disorder by combined X-ray crystallography and 13C cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR. The *C-OH chiral center of salbutamol (note that the crystal structures are a racemic mixture of the two enantiomers of salbutamol) is disordered over two positions, and the tert-butyl group is rotating rapidly, as revealed by 13C solid-state NMR. The impact of crystallization conditions on the disorder was investigated, finding variations in the occupancy ratio of the *C-OH chiral center between single crystals and a consistency across samples in the bulk powder. Overall, this work highlights the contrast between investigating crystallographic disorder by X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR experiment, and gauge-including projector-augmented-wave (GIPAW) density functional theory (DFT) calculations, with their combined use, yielding an improved understanding of the nature of the crystallographic disorder between the local (i.e., as viewed by NMR) and longer-range periodic (i.e., as viewed by diffraction) scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aneesa
J. Al-Ani
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies (CSCT), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
| | | | - Zainab Rehman
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Helen Blade
- Oral
Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development,
Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Helen P. Wheatcroft
- Chemical
Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Leslie P. Hughes
- Oral
Product Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development,
Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Brown
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Chick C. Wilson
- Centre
for Sustainable and Circular Technologies (CSCT), University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath BA2
7AY, U.K.
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4
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Southern SA, Bryce DL. To what extent do bond length and angle govern the 13C and 1H NMR response to weak CH⋯O hydrogen bonds? A case study of caffeine and theophylline cocrystals. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 119:101795. [PMID: 35569343 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Weak hydrogen bonds are important structure-directing elements in supramolecular chemistry and biochemistry. We consider here weak CH⋯O hydrogen bonds in a series of cocrystals of theophylline and caffeine and assess to what extent the CH⋯O distance and angle govern the observed 13C and 1H isotropic chemical shifts. Gauge-including projector-augmented wave density functional theory (GIPAW DFT) calculations consistently predict a decrease in the 13C and 1H magnetic shielding constants upon hydrogen bond formation on the order of 2-5 ppm (13C) and 1-2 ppm (1H). These trends are reproduced using the machine-learning approach implemented in ShiftML. Experimental 13C and 1H chemical shifts obtained for powdered samples using one-dimensional NMR spectroscopy as well as heteronuclear correlation (HETCOR) spectroscopy correlate well with the GIPAW DFT results. However, the experimental 13C NMR response only correlates moderately well with the hydrogen bond length and angle, while the experimental 1H chemical shifts only show very weak correlations to these local structural elements. DFT computations on isolated imidazole-formaldehyde models show that the 13C and 1H chemical shifts generally decrease with the C⋯O distance but show no clear dependence on the CH⋯O angle. These results demonstrate that the 13C and 1H response to weak CH⋯O hydrogen bonding is influenced significantly by additional weak contacts within cocrystal heterodimeric units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Southern
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada
| | - David L Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario, K1N 6N5, Canada.
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5
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Mathew R, Sergeyev IV, Aussenac F, Gkoura L, Rosay M, Baias M. Complete resonance assignment of a pharmaceutical drug at natural isotopic abundance from DNP-Enhanced solid-state NMR. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2022; 119:101794. [PMID: 35462269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2022.101794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state dynamic nuclear polarization enhanced magic angle spinning (DNP-MAS) NMR measurements coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations enable the full resonance assignment of a complex pharmaceutical drug molecule without the need for isotopic enrichment. DNP dramatically enhances the NMR signals, thereby making possible previously intractable two-dimensional correlation NMR spectra at natural abundance. Using inputs from DFT calculations, herein we describe a significant improvement to the structure elucidation process for complex organic molecules. Further, we demonstrate that a series of two-dimensional correlation experiments, including 15N-13C TEDOR, 13C-13C INADEQUATE/SARCOSY, 19F-13C HETCOR, and 1H-13C HETCOR, can be obtained at natural isotopic abundance within reasonable experiment times, thus enabling a complete resonance assignment of sitagliptin, a pharmaceutical used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renny Mathew
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Ivan V Sergeyev
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Fabien Aussenac
- Bruker France, 34 rue de l'industrie, 67166, Wissembourg, France.
| | - Lydia Gkoura
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Melanie Rosay
- Bruker Biospin Corporation, 15 Fortune Drive, Billerica, MA, USA
| | - Maria Baias
- Division of Science, New York University Abu Dhabi, P.O. Box 129188, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Pawlak T, Oszajca M, Szczesio M, Potrzebowski MJ. Solid-State Study of the Structure, Dynamics, and Thermal Processes of Safinamide Mesylate─A New Generation Drug for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Mol Pharm 2021; 19:287-302. [PMID: 34856803 PMCID: PMC8728732 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.1c00779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Safinamide mesylate
(SM), the pure active pharmaceutical
ingredient (API) recently used in Parkinson disease treatment, recrystallized
employing water–ethanol mixture of solvents (vol/vol 1:9) gives
a different crystallographic form compared to SM in Xadago
tablets. Pure SM crystallizes as a hemihydrate in the
monoclinic system with the P21 space group.
Its crystal and molecular structure were determined by means of cryo
X-ray crystallography at 100 K. SM in the Xadago tablet
exists in anhydrous form in the orthorhombic crystallographic system
with the P212121 space group. The water migration and thermal processes in the crystal
lattice were monitored by solid-state NMR spectroscopy, differential
scanning calorimetry, and thermogravimetric analysis. SM in Xadago in the high-humidity environment undergoes phase transformation
to the P21 form which can be easily reversed
just by heating up to 80 °C. For the commercial form of the API,
there is also a reversible thermal transformation observed between Z′ = 1 ↔ Z′ = 3 crystallographic
forms in the 0–20 °C temperature range. Analysis of molecular
motion in the crystal lattice proves that the observed conformational
polymorphism is forced by intramolecular dynamics. All above-mentioned
processes were analyzed and described employing the NMR crystallography
approach with the support of advanced theoretical calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Oszajca
- Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Krakow, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Szczesio
- Institute of General and Ecological Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Lodz University of Technology, Żeromskiego 116, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Marek J Potrzebowski
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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7
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Single-Crystal X-ray and Solid-State NMR Characterisation of AND-1184 and Its Hydrochloride Form. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14237175. [PMID: 34885329 PMCID: PMC8658117 DOI: 10.3390/ma14237175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we report on a structural investigation of AND-1184, with the chemical name N-[3-[4-(6-fluoro-1,2-benzoxazol-3-yl)piperidin-1-yl]propyl]-3-methylbenzenesulfonamide (MBS), and its hydrochloride form (MBSHCl); AND-1184 is a potential API for the treatment of dementia. The single-crystal X-ray investigation of both forms results in monoclinic crystal systems with P21/c and C2/c symmetry for MBS and MBSHCl, respectively. This solid-state NMR study, combined with quantum-chemical calculations, allowed us to assign all 13C and most 1H signals. The MBS structure was defined as a completely rigid system without significant dynamic behaviours, whereas MBSHCl exhibited limited dynamic motion of the aromatic part of the molecule.
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8
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Pawlak T, Sudgen I, Bujacz G, Iuga D, Brown SP, Potrzebowski MJ. Synergy of Solid-State NMR, Single-Crystal X-ray Diffraction, and Crystal Structure Prediction Methods: A Case Study of Teriflunomide (TFM). CRYSTAL GROWTH & DESIGN 2021; 21:3328-3343. [PMID: 34267599 PMCID: PMC8273857 DOI: 10.1021/acs.cgd.1c00123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this work, for the first time, we present the X-ray diffraction crystal structure and spectral properties of a new, room-temperature polymorph of teriflunomide (TFM), CSD code 1969989. As revealed by DSC, the low-temperature TFM polymorph recently reported by Gunnam et al. undergoes a reversible thermal transition at -40 °C. This reversible process is related to a change in Z' value, from 2 to 1, as observed by variable-temperature 1H-13C cross-polarization (CP) magic-angle spinning (MAS) solid-state NMR, while the crystallographic system is preserved (triclinic). Two-dimensional 13C-1H and 1H-1H double-quantum MAS NMR spectra are consistent with the new room-temperature structure, including comparison with GIPAW (gauge-including projector augmented waves) calculated NMR chemical shifts. A crystal structure prediction procedure found both experimental teriflunomide polymorphs in the energetic global minimum region. Differences between the polymorphs are seen for the torsional angle describing the orientation of the phenyl ring relative to the planarity of the TFM molecule. In the low-temperature structure, there are two torsion angles of 4.5 and 31.9° for the two Z' = 2 molecules, while in the room-temperature structure, there is disorder that is modeled with ∼50% occupancy between torsion angles of -7.8 and 28.6°. These observations are consistent with a broad energy minimum as revealed by DFT calculations. PISEMA solid-state NMR experiments show a reduction in the C-H dipolar coupling in comparison to the static limit for the aromatic CH moieties of 75% and 51% at 20 and 40 °C, respectively, that is indicative of ring flips at the higher temperature. Our study shows the power of combining experiments, namely DSC, X-ray diffraction, and MAS NMR, with DFT calculations and CSP to probe and understand the solid-state landscape, and in particular the role of dynamics, for pharmaceutical molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Pawlak
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
| | - Isaac Sudgen
- Molecular
Systems Engineering Group, Centre for Process Systems Engineering,
Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial
College London, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Grzegorz Bujacz
- Institute
of Molecular and Industrial Biotechnology, Lodz University of Technology, Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924, Lodz, Poland
| | - Dinu Iuga
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Steven P. Brown
- Department
of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, U.K.
| | - Marek J. Potrzebowski
- Centre
of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland
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9
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Wang L, Elliott AB, Moore SD, Beran GJO, Hartman JD, Harper JK. Modeling Small Structural and Environmental Differences in Solids with 15 N NMR Chemical Shift Tensors. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:1008-1017. [PMID: 33604988 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The ability to theoretically predict accurate NMR chemical shifts in solids is increasingly important due to the role such shifts play in selecting among proposed model structures. Herein, two theoretical methods are evaluated for their ability to assign 15 N shifts from guanosine dihydrate to one of the two independent molecules present in the lattice. The NMR data consist of 15 N shift tensors from 10 resonances. Analysis using periodic boundary or fragment methods consider a benchmark dataset to estimate errors and predict uncertainties of 5.6 and 6.2 ppm, respectively. Despite this high accuracy, only one of the five sites were confidently assigned to a specific molecule of the asymmetric unit. This limitation is not due to negligible differences in experimental data, as most sites exhibit differences of >6.0 ppm between pairs of resonances representing a given position. Instead, the theoretical methods are insufficiently accurate to make assignments at most positions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luther Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Alexander B Elliott
- Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, 4111 Libra Drive, 32816, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sean D Moore
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida, 4110 Libra Drive, 32816, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Gregory J O Beran
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, 92521, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Joshua D Hartman
- Department of Chemistry, Mt. San Jacinto College, 92583, San Jacinto, CA, USA
| | - James K Harper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Brigham Young University, 84602, Provo, UT, USA
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10
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Jurczak E, Mazurek AH, Szeleszczuk Ł, Pisklak DM, Zielińska-Pisklak M. Pharmaceutical Hydrates Analysis-Overview of Methods and Recent Advances. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12100959. [PMID: 33050621 PMCID: PMC7601571 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12100959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review discusses a set of instrumental and computational methods that are used to characterize hydrated forms of APIs (active pharmaceutical ingredients). The focus has been put on highlighting advantages as well as on presenting some limitations of the selected analytical approaches. This has been performed in order to facilitate the choice of an appropriate method depending on the type of the structural feature that is to be analyzed, that is, degree of hydration, crystal structure and dynamics, and (de)hydration kinetics. The presented techniques include X-ray diffraction (single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD)), spectroscopic (solid state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (ssNMR), Fourier-transformed infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), Raman spectroscopy), thermal (differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)), gravimetric (dynamic vapour sorption (DVS)), and computational (molecular mechanics (MM), Quantum Mechanics (QM), molecular dynamics (MD)) methods. Further, the successful applications of the presented methods in the studies of hydrated APIs as well as studies on the excipients' influence on these processes have been described in many examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Jurczak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Anna Helena Mazurek
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Łukasz Szeleszczuk
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-501-255-121
| | - Dariusz Maciej Pisklak
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Chair and Department of Physical Pharmacy and Bioanalysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland; (E.J.); (A.H.M.); (D.M.P.)
| | - Monika Zielińska-Pisklak
- Department of Biomaterials Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Warsaw, Banacha 1 str., 02-093 Warsaw, Poland;
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11
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Dračínský M, Vícha J, Bártová K, Hodgkinson P. Towards Accurate Predictions of Proton NMR Spectroscopic Parameters in Molecular Solids. Chemphyschem 2020; 21:2075-2083. [PMID: 32691463 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The factors contributing to the accuracy of quantum-chemical calculations for the prediction of proton NMR chemical shifts in molecular solids are systematically investigated. Proton chemical shifts of six solid amino acids with hydrogen atoms in various bonding environments (CH, CH2 , CH3 , OH, SH and NH3 ) were determined experimentally using ultra-fast magic-angle spinning and proton-detected 2D NMR experiments. The standard DFT method commonly used for the calculations of NMR parameters of solids is shown to provide chemical shifts that deviate from experiment by up to 1.5 ppm. The effects of the computational level (hybrid DFT functional, coupled-cluster calculation, inclusion of relativistic spin-orbit coupling) are thoroughly discussed. The effect of molecular dynamics and nuclear quantum effects are investigated using path-integral molecular dynamics (PIMD) simulations. It is demonstrated that the accuracy of the calculated proton chemical shifts is significantly better when these effects are included in the calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Dračínský
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague, CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Vícha
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague, CZ-16610, Czech Republic.,Centre of Polymer Systems, Tomas Bata University in Zlín, Tomáše Bati 5678, Zlín, CZ-760 01, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Bártová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Flemingovo nám. 2, Prague, CZ-16610, Czech Republic
| | - Paul Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, South Road, DH1 3LE, Durham, UK
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12
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Hodgkinson P. NMR crystallography of molecular organics. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 118-119:10-53. [PMID: 32883448 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2020.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 02/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Developments of NMR methodology to characterise the structures of molecular organic structures are reviewed, concentrating on the previous decade of research in which density functional theory-based calculations of NMR parameters in periodic solids have become widespread. With a focus on demonstrating the new structural insights provided, it is shown how "NMR crystallography" has been used in a spectrum of applications from resolving ambiguities in diffraction-derived structures (such as hydrogen atom positioning) to deriving complete structures in the absence of diffraction data. As well as comprehensively reviewing applications, the different aspects of the experimental and computational techniques used in NMR crystallography are surveyed. NMR crystallography is seen to be a rapidly maturing subject area that is increasingly appreciated by the wider crystallographic community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Hodgkinson
- Department of Chemistry, Durham University, Stockton Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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13
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Chernyshov IY, Vener MV, Shenderovich IG. Local-structure effects on 31P NMR chemical shift tensors in solid state. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:144706. [PMID: 30981271 DOI: 10.1063/1.5075519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of the local structure on the 31P NMR chemical shift tensor (CST) has been studied experimentally and simulated theoretically using the density functional theory gauge-independent-atomic-orbital approach. It has been shown that the dominating impact comes from a small number of noncovalent interactions between the phosphorus-containing group under question and the atoms of adjacent molecules. These interactions can be unambiguously identified using the Bader analysis of the electronic density. A robust and computationally effective approach designed to attribute a given experimental 31P CST to a certain local morphology has been elaborated. This approach can be useful in studies of surfaces, complex molecular systems, and amorphous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Yu Chernyshov
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Mikhail V Vener
- Department of Quantum Chemistry, D. Mendeleev University of Chemical Technology, Moscow 125047, Russia
| | - Ilya G Shenderovich
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
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Zhao L, Pinon AC, Emsley L, Rossini AJ. DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy of active pharmaceutical ingredients. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2018; 56:583-609. [PMID: 29193278 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Solid-state NMR spectroscopy has become a valuable tool for the characterization of both pure and formulated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). However, NMR generally suffers from poor sensitivity that often restricts NMR experiments to nuclei with favorable properties, concentrated samples, and acquisition of one-dimensional (1D) NMR spectra. Here, we review how dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) can be applied to routinely enhance the sensitivity of solid-state NMR experiments by one to two orders of magnitude for both pure and formulated APIs. Sample preparation protocols for relayed DNP experiments and experiments on directly doped APIs are detailed. Numerical spin diffusion models illustrate the dependence of relayed DNP enhancements on the relaxation properties and particle size of the solids and can be used for particle size determination when the other factors are known. We then describe the advanced solid-state NMR experiments that have been enabled by DNP and how they provide unique insight into the molecular and macroscopic structure of APIs. For example, with large sensitivity gains provided by DNP, natural isotopic abundance, 13 C-13 C double-quantum single-quantum homonuclear correlation NMR spectra of pure APIs can be routinely acquired. DNP also enables solid-state NMR experiments with unreceptive quadrupolar nuclei such as 2 H, 14 N, and 35 Cl that are commonly found in APIs. Applications of DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR spectroscopy for the molecular level characterization of low API load formulations such as commercial tablets and amorphous solid dispersions are described. Future perspectives for DNP-enhanced solid-state NMR experiments on APIs are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Arthur C Pinon
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Aaron J Rossini
- Department of Chemistry, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
- US DOE Ames Laboratory, Ames, IA, USA
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15
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Nilsson Lill SO, Widdifield CM, Pettersen A, Svensk Ankarberg A, Lindkvist M, Aldred P, Gracin S, Shankland N, Shankland K, Schantz S, Emsley L. Elucidating an Amorphous Form Stabilization Mechanism for Tenapanor Hydrochloride: Crystal Structure Analysis Using X-ray Diffraction, NMR Crystallography, and Molecular Modeling. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:1476-1487. [PMID: 29490140 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b01047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
By the combined use of powder and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, solid-state NMR, and molecular modeling, the crystal structures of two systems containing the unusually large tenapanor drug molecule have been determined: the free form, ANHY, and a dihydrochloride salt form, 2HCl. Dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) assisted solid-state NMR (SSNMR) crystallography investigations were found essential for the final assignment and were used to validate the crystal structure of ANHY. From a structural informatics analysis of ANHY and 2HCl, conformational ring differences in one part of the molecule were observed which influence the relative orientation of a methyl group on a ring nitrogen and thereby impact the crystallizability of the dihydrochloride salt. From quantum chemistry calculations, the dynamics between different ring conformations in tenapanor is predicted to be fast. Addition of HCl to tenapanor results in general in a mixture of protonated ring conformers and hence a statistical mix of diastereoisomers which builds up the amorphous form, a-2HCl. This was qualitatively verified by 13C CP/MAS NMR investigations of the amorphous form. Thus, to form any significant amount of the crystalline material 2HCl, which originates from the minor (i.e., energetically less stable) ring conformations, one needs to involve nitrogen deprotonation to allow exchange between the minor and major conformations of ANHY in solution. Thus, by controlling the solution pH value to well below the p Ka of ANHY, the equilibrium between ANHY and 2HCl can be controlled and by this mechanism the crystallization of 2HCl can be avoided and the amorphous form of the dichloride salt can therefore be stabilized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sten O Nilsson Lill
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Cory M Widdifield
- Institut des Sciences Analytiques (CNRS/ENS de Lyon/UCB Lyon 1), Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs , Université de Lyon , 69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Anna Pettersen
- Early Product Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Anna Svensk Ankarberg
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Maria Lindkvist
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Peter Aldred
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Sandra Gracin
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Norman Shankland
- CrystallografX Ltd , 2 Stewart Street , Milngavie, Glasgow G62 6BW , United Kingdom
| | - Kenneth Shankland
- CrystallografX Ltd , 2 Stewart Street , Milngavie, Glasgow G62 6BW , United Kingdom.,School of Pharmacy , University of Reading , Whiteknights, P.O. Box 224, Reading , RG6 6AD , United Kingdom
| | - Staffan Schantz
- Pharmaceutical Technology & Development , AstraZeneca Gothenburg , SE-431 83 , Mölndal , Sweden
| | - Lyndon Emsley
- Institut des Sciences Ingénierie Chimiques , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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16
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Rekis T, Bērziņš A. On the structural aspects of solid solutions of enantiomers: an intriguing case study of enantiomer recognition in the solid state. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce01245h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The structural aspects of type 1 and type 2 solid solutions have been revised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toms Rekis
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Latvia
- Riga
- Latvia
| | - Agris Bērziņš
- Department of Physical Chemistry
- University of Latvia
- Riga
- Latvia
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17
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Healy AM, Worku ZA, Kumar D, Madi AM. Pharmaceutical solvates, hydrates and amorphous forms: A special emphasis on cocrystals. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 117:25-46. [PMID: 28342786 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) may exist in various solid forms, which can lead to differences in the intermolecular interactions, affecting the internal energy and enthalpy, and the degree of disorder, affecting the entropy. Differences in solid forms often lead to differences in thermodynamic parameters and physicochemical properties for example solubility, dissolution rate, stability and mechanical properties of APIs and excipients. Hence, solid forms of APIs play a vital role in drug discovery and development in the context of optimization of bioavailability, filing intellectual property rights and developing suitable manufacturing methods. In this review, the fundamental characteristics and trends observed for pharmaceutical hydrates, solvates and amorphous forms are presented, with special emphasis, due to their relative abundance, on pharmaceutical hydrates with single and two-component (i.e. cocrystal) host molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Marie Healy
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland.
| | - Zelalem Ayenew Worku
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Dinesh Kumar
- Synthesis and Solid State Pharmaceutical Centre, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
| | - Atif M Madi
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
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18
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Bryce DL. NMR crystallography: structure and properties of materials from solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance observables. IUCRJ 2017; 4:350-359. [PMID: 28875022 PMCID: PMC5571798 DOI: 10.1107/s2052252517006042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/21/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This topical review provides a brief overview of recent developments in NMR crystallography and related NMR approaches to studying the properties of molecular and ionic solids. Areas of complementarity with diffraction-based methods are underscored. These include the study of disordered systems, of dynamic systems, and other selected examples where NMR can provide unique insights. Highlights from the literature as well as recent work from my own group are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L. Bryce
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Sciences and Centre for Catalysis Research and Innovation, University of Ottawa, 10 Marie Curie Private, Ottawa, Ontario K1N 6N5, Canada
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19
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Holmes ST, Iuliucci RJ, Mueller KT, Dybowski C. Semi-empirical refinements of crystal structures using 17O quadrupolar-coupling tensors. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:064201. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4975170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sean T. Holmes
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Robbie J. Iuliucci
- Department of Chemistry, Washington and Jefferson College, Washington, Pennsylvania 15301, USA
| | - Karl T. Mueller
- Department of Chemistry, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, USA
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, USA
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
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20
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Vigilante NJ, Mehta MA. A 13C solid-state NMR investigation of four cocrystals of caffeine and theophylline. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2017; 73:234-243. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229617000869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Accepted: 01/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
We report an analysis of the 13C solid-state NMR chemical shift data in a series of four cocrystals involving two active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) mimics (caffeine and theophylline) and two diacid coformers (malonic acid and glutaric acid). Within this controlled set, we make comparisons of the isotropic chemical shifts and the principal values of the chemical shift tensor. The dispersion at 14.1 T (600 MHz 1H) shows crystallographic splittings in some of the resonances in the magic angle spinning spectra. By comparing the isotropic chemical shifts of individual C atoms across the four cocrystals, we are able to identify pronounced effects on the local electronic structure at some sites. We perform a similar analysis of the principal values of the chemical shift tensors for the anisotropic C atoms (most of the ring C atoms for the API mimics and the carbonyl C atoms of the diacid coformers) and link them to differences in the known crystal structures. We discuss the future prospects for extending this type of study to incorporate the full chemical shift tensor, including its orientation in the crystal frame of reference.
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