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Murray C, Maynard-Casely HE, Harrington R, McCready S, Sneddon DJ, Thomas L, Warren AJ. Crystals in the community and the classroom. J Appl Crystallogr 2024; 57:181-186. [PMID: 38322722 PMCID: PMC10840310 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576724000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024] Open
Abstract
The growing pressure on school curricula has meant crystals and the science of crystallography have been cut from or made optional for many educational programs. This omission is a serious disservice to the history and understanding of modern sciences, given that crystallography underpins many of the greatest advancements in science over the past century, is a critical component of many modern research papers and patents, and has 29 Nobel Prizes awarded in the field. This contribution describes a simple activity to target classroom and public engagement with crystallography, using marshmallows or equivalent sweets/candy to represent atoms and cocktail sticks to represent bonds, together with examples of how crystals are studied and how they are useful. Though it has a simple basis, this activity can be extended in numerous ways to reflect the aims of the demonstrator, and a few of these are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Murray
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Helen E. Maynard-Casely
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Ross Harrington
- School of Chemistry, Newcastle University, Bedson Building, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, United Kingdom
| | - Stephanie McCready
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, Sydney, New South Wales 2234, Australia
| | - Duncan J. Sneddon
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
| | - Lynne Thomas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, Bath and North-East Somerset BA2 7AY, United Kingdom
| | - Anna J. Warren
- Diamond Light Source, Harwell Science Campus, Didcot OX11 0DE, United Kingdom
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Alimi OA, Meijboom R. Current and future trends of additive manufacturing for chemistry applications: a review. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS SCIENCE 2021; 56:16824-16850. [PMID: 34413542 PMCID: PMC8363067 DOI: 10.1007/s10853-021-06362-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3-D) printing, also known as additive manufacturing, refers to a method used to generate a physical object by joining materials in a layer-by-layer process from a three-dimensional virtual model. 3-D printing technology has been traditionally employed in rapid prototyping, engineering, and industrial design. More recently, new applications continue to emerge; this is because of its exceptional advantage and flexibility over the traditional manufacturing process. Unlike other conventional manufacturing methods, which are fundamentally subtractive, 3-D printing is additive and, therefore, produces less waste. This review comprehensively summarises the application of additive manufacturing technologies in chemistry, chemical synthesis, and catalysis with particular attention to the production of general laboratory hardware, analytical facilities, reaction devices, and catalytically active substances. It also focuses on new and upcoming applications such as digital chemical synthesis, automation, and robotics in a synthetic environment. While discussing the contribution of this research area in the last decade, the current, future, and economic opportunities of additive manufacturing in chemical research and material development were fully covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oyekunle Azeez Alimi
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
| | - Reinout Meijboom
- Research Centre for Synthesis and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, P.O. Box 524, Johannesburg, 2006 South Africa
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Rumpel C, Ann V, Bahri H, Calabi Floody M, Cheik S, Doan TT, Harit A, Janeau JL, Jouquet P, Mora ML, Podwojewski P, Tran TM, Ngo QA, Rossi PL, Sanaullah M. Research for development in the 21st century. GEODERMA 2020; 378:114558. [PMID: 32836329 DOI: 10.1016/j.geoderma.2020.114588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Rumpel
- CNRS, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR (CNRS, IRD, INRA, Sorbonne University, UPEC), Paris, France
| | - V Ann
- Institute of Technology of Cambodia, Phnom Penh, Cambodia
| | - H Bahri
- Institut National de Recherches en Génie Rural, Eaux et Forêts, Université de Carthage, Tunisia
| | | | - S Cheik
- Gachamaleh, lot 18, 1095 Djibouti, Djibouti
| | - T T Doan
- Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - A Harit
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, India
| | - J L Janeau
- CNRS, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR (CNRS, IRD, INRA, Sorbonne University, UPEC), Paris, France
| | - P Jouquet
- CNRS, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR (CNRS, IRD, INRA, Sorbonne University, UPEC), Paris, France
| | | | - P Podwojewski
- CNRS, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR (CNRS, IRD, INRA, Sorbonne University, UPEC), Paris, France
| | - T M Tran
- Soils and Fertilizers Research Institute, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Q A Ngo
- Institute of Chemistry, VAST, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - P L Rossi
- CNRS, IRD, Institute of Ecology and Environmental Sciences - Paris, UMR (CNRS, IRD, INRA, Sorbonne University, UPEC), Paris, France
| | - M Sanaullah
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
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Macrae CF, Sovago I, Cottrell SJ, Galek PTA, McCabe P, Pidcock E, Platings M, Shields GP, Stevens JS, Towler M, Wood PA. Mercury 4.0: from visualization to analysis, design and prediction. J Appl Crystallogr 2020; 53:226-235. [PMID: 32047413 PMCID: PMC6998782 DOI: 10.1107/s1600576719014092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1962] [Impact Index Per Article: 490.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The program Mercury, developed at the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, was originally designed primarily as a crystal structure visualization tool. Over the years the fields and scientific communities of chemical crystallography and crystal engineering have developed to require more advanced structural analysis software. Mercury has evolved alongside these scientific communities and is now a powerful analysis, design and prediction platform which goes a lot further than simple structure visualization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare F. Macrae
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Ioana Sovago
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Simon J. Cottrell
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Peter T. A. Galek
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Patrick McCabe
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Elna Pidcock
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Michael Platings
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Greg P. Shields
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Joanna S. Stevens
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Matthew Towler
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
| | - Peter A. Wood
- Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre, 12 Union Road, Cambridge CB2 1EZ, UK
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Brown ML, Hartling D, Tailor HN, Van Wieren K, Houghton GB, McGregor IG, Hansen CD, Merbouh N. Piecewise 3D printing of crystallographic data for post-printing construction. CrystEngComm 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9ce00986h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A method of 3D printing complex or challenging structures by breaking them into parts with connectors, printing each part separately, and then assembling the structure post-printing has been developed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ken Van Wieren
- Science Technical Center
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Gary B. Houghton
- School of Engineering Science
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | - Ian G. McGregor
- School of Engineering Science
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | | | - Nabyl Merbouh
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
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Brown ML, Van Wieren K, Tailor HN, Hartling D, Jean A, Merbouh N. Three-dimensional printing of ellipsoidal structures using Mercury. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ce01901g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A simple method of 3D printing ellipsoidal crystal structure models from X-ray diffraction data using CCDC Mercury.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ken Van Wieren
- Science Technical Center
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
| | | | | | | | - Nabyl Merbouh
- Department of Chemistry
- Simon Fraser University
- Burnaby
- Canada
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