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Liu Q, Zhang M, Gao X, Cheng L. Planar σ-Aromaticity in Ga-Doped Au Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:2697-2704. [PMID: 36939847 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c08741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
Recently, the first example of Au-Ga clusters is synthesized and characterized, which can be described by the jellium model as a superatom with 8 valence electrons that come from the joint contribution of Au and Ga atoms, opening a whole new field for further research. Here, the structure features and stability of one Ga-doped Au cluster with magic number electrons (6 and 8) are analyzed in detail. Moreover, the valence electron fillings and chemical bonding of them are also further explored. It is found that Au3Ga and Au5Ga clusters present planar configurations, and they have higher stability than that of neighbor clusters. The AIMD simulations show that these two clusters still have a good thermal stability at 500 K. The molecular orbital analyses show that the Au3Ga and Au5Ga have three and one typical delocalization orbital throughout the whole planar spaces, respectively, following the planar σ-aromaticity rule. The ELF and LOL analyses are further performed, and the results are consistent with the molecular orbital analyses. The NICSzz-scan curves confirm that the Au3Ga is more aromatic than the Au5Ga, and the reason is that the former has more delocalized electrons than the latter. Our work opens up aromaticity studies in the Au-Ga clusters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiman Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China.,Anhui Provincial Institute of Modern Coal Processing Technology, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232038, P. R. China
| | - Manli Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China
| | - Xing Gao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Huainan Normal University, Huainan 232038, P. R. China
| | - Longjiu Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Structure and Functional Regulation of Hybrid Materials, Ministry of Education, Anhui University, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P. R. China
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Gao Y, Jiao J, Meng Y, Liu Q, Cheng L. Structural growth, stability and electronic characteristics of Al-Sc clusters. COMPUT THEOR CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.comptc.2022.113942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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3
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Cruz-Martínez H, Cervantes-Flores A, Solorza-Feria O, Medina DI, Calaminici P. On the growth behavior, structures, energy, and magnetic properties of bimetallic $$\hbox {M}_{{n}}\hbox {Pd}_{{n}}$$ (M = Co, Ni; n = 1–10) clusters. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02738-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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4
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Wang M, Leff AC, Li Y, Woehl TJ. Visualizing Ligand-Mediated Bimetallic Nanocrystal Formation Pathways with in Situ Liquid-Phase Transmission Electron Microscopy Synthesis. ACS NANO 2021; 15:2578-2588. [PMID: 33496576 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c07131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal synthesis of alloyed multimetallic nanocrystals with precise composition control remains a challenge and a critical missing link in theory-driven rational design of functional nanomaterials. Liquid-phase transmission electron microscopy (LP-TEM) enables direct visualization of nanocrystal formation mechanisms that can inform discovery of design rules for nanocrystal synthesis, but it remains unclear whether the salient flask synthesis chemistry is preserved under electron beam irradiation during LP-TEM. Here, we demonstrate controlled in situ LP-TEM synthesis of alloyed AuCu nanocrystals while maintaining the molecular structure of electron beam sensitive metal thiolate precursor complexes. Ex situ flask synthesis experiments formed alloyed nanocrystals containing on average 70 atomic% Au using heteronuclear metal thiolate complexes as a precursor, while gold-rich alloys with nearly no copper formed in their absence. Systematic dose rate-controlled in situ LP-TEM synthesis experiments established a range of electron beam synthesis conditions that formed alloyed AuCu nanocrystals that had statistically indistinguishable alloy composition, aggregation state, and particle size distribution shape compared to ex situ flask synthesis, indicating the flask synthesis chemistry was preserved under these conditions. Reaction kinetic simulations of radical-ligand reactions revealed that polymer capping ligands acted as effective hydroxyl radical scavengers during LP-TEM synthesis and prevented oxidation of metal thiolate complexes at low dose rates. Our results revealed a key role of the capping ligands aside from their well-known functions, which was to prevent copper oxidation and facilitate formation of prenucleation cluster intermediates via formation of metal thiolate complexes. This work demonstrates that complex ion precursor chemistry can be maintained during LP-TEM imaging, enabling probing nonclassical nanocrystal formation mechanisms with LP-TEM under reaction conditions representative of ex situ flask synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Asher C Leff
- Sensors and Electron Devices Directorate, Combat Capabilities Development Command, United States Army Research Laboratory, Adelphi, Maryland 20783, United States
- General Technical Services, LLC, Wall Township, New Jersey 07727, United States
| | - Yue Li
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Taylor J Woehl
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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Baraiya BA, Mankad V, Jha PK. Uncovering the structural, electronic and vibrational properties of atomically precise Pd mCu n clusters and their interaction with CO 2 molecule. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 229:117912. [PMID: 31865109 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we address the structural stability, electronic properties and effect of metal-metal interaction on Raman spectra of icosahedral (Ih) PdmCun (m + n = 13) clusters using first principles calculations based on dispersion-corrected density functional theory (DFT-D2). Initially, we investigated the relative stability of Ih PdmCun clusters over monometallic Ih Pd13 and Cu13 clusters by calculating the average binding energy per atom, mixing energy, second order energy difference and average bond length. The Ih Pd5Cu8 is the most stable bimetallic cluster with the 2.88 eV, -0.218 eV and 0.678 eV average binding energy per atom, mixing energy and second order energy difference, respectively. The main goals of the present study are to figure out the chemical enhancement, modulation in electronic properties and Pd-Cu bond length in Ih PdmCun clusters after systematic doping of Cu-atom. Further, to examine the doping effect of Cu atom in Pd cluster, we have also analysed the Raman spectra of Ih PdmCun clusters. In case of Ih Cu13 cluster, the contraction of Cu-Cu bond length as compared to its bulk form resulted in a significant blue-shift of characteristic Raman peak (212 cm-1) of Ih Pd13 cluster. Finally, the interaction mechanism of the CO2 gas molecule over Pd-Cu alloy clusters have also been studied to understand the effect of composition on reactivity of CO2 gas molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhumi A Baraiya
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India
| | - Venu Mankad
- Department of Physics, School of Science, GITAM University, Hyderabad Campus, Hyderabad 502329, Telangana, India
| | - Prafulla K Jha
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Maharaja Sayajirao University of Baroda, Vadodara 390002, Gujarat, India.
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Moon SY, Kim WS. The Synergistic Effect of a Bimetallic Catalyst for the Synthesis of Carbon Nanotube Aerogels and their Predominant Chirality. Chemistry 2019; 25:13635-13639. [PMID: 31407390 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of continuous spinnable carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers is the most promising method for producing CNT fibers for commercial applications. The floating-catalyst chemical vapor deposition (FC-CVD) method is a rapid process that achieves catalyst formation, CNT nucleation and growth, and aerogel-like sock formation within a few seconds. However, the formation mechanism is unknown. Herein, the progress of CNT fiber formation with bimetallic catalysts was studied, and the effect of catalyst composition to CNT fiber synthesis and their structural properties was investigated. In the case of bimetallic catalysts, the carbon source rapidly decomposes and generates various secondary hydrocarbon species, such as CH4 , C2 H4 , C2 H2 , C3 H6 , and C4 H10 whereas monometallic catalysts generate only CH4 and C2 H4 on decomposition. CNT fiber formation with Fe1 Ni0 begins about 400 mm from the reactor entrance, whereas CNT formation with Fe0.8 Ni0.2 and Fe0.5 Ni0.5 begins at about 500 and 300 mm, respectively. The formed CNT bundles and individual CNTs are oriented along the gas flow at these locations. The enhanced rate of fiber formation and lowering of growth temperature associated with bimetallic catalysts is explained by the synergistic effects between the two metals. The synthesized CNTs become predominantly semiconducting with increasing Ni contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sook Young Moon
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Chudong-ro 92, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeonbuk, 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Woo Sik Kim
- Ceramic Fiber & Composite Center, Korea Institute of Ceramic Engineering & Technology, 101 Soho-ro, Jinju-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, 52851, Republic of Korea
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Jo YR, Koo B, Seo MJ, Kim JK, Lee S, Kim K, Han JW, Jung W, Kim BJ. Growth Kinetics of Individual Co Particles Ex-solved on SrTi 0.75Co 0.25O 3-δ Polycrystalline Perovskite Thin Films. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:6690-6697. [PMID: 30938992 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b01882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
A precise control of the size, density, and distribution of metal nanoparticles dispersed on functional oxide supports is critical for promoting catalytic activity and stability in renewable energy and catalysis devices. Here, we measure the growth kinetics of individual Co particles ex-solved on SrTi0.75Co0.25O3-δ polycrystalline thin films under a high vacuum, and at various temperatures and grain sizes using in situ transmission electron microscopy. The ex-solution preferentially occurs at grain boundaries and corners which appear essential for controlling particle density and distribution, and enabling low temperature ex-solution. The particle reaches a saturated size after a few minutes, and the size depends on temperature. Quantitative measurements with a kinetic model determine the rate limiting step, vacancy formation enthalpy, ex-solution enthalpy, and activation energy for particle growth. The ex-solved particles are tightly socketed, preventing interactions among them over 800 °C. Furthermore, we obtain the first direct clarification of the active reaction site for CO oxidation-the Co-oxide interface, agreeing well with density functional theory calculations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ryun Jo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , Korea
| | - Bonjae Koo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea
| | - Min-Ji Seo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , Korea
| | - Jun Kyu Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea
| | - Siwon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea
| | - Kyeounghak Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , Korea
| | - Jeong Woo Han
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH) , 77 Cheongam-ro , Nam-gu, Pohang , Korea
| | - WooChul Jung
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , 291 Daehak-ro , Yuseong-gu, Daejeon , Korea
| | - Bong-Joong Kim
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST) , 123 Cheomdangwagi-ro , Buk-gu, Gwangju , Korea
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Nasibullin R, Kveglis L, Nyavro A, Cherepanov V. Magnetic properties of Ni-Ti clusters of the lower hierarchical level. Chem Phys Lett 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Liao TW, Yadav A, Hu KJ, van der Tol J, Cosentino S, D'Acapito F, Palmer RE, Lenardi C, Ferrando R, Grandjean D, Lievens P. Unravelling the nucleation mechanism of bimetallic nanoparticles with composition-tunable core-shell arrangement. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:6684-6694. [PMID: 29589035 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01481g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The structure and atomic ordering of Au-Ag nanoparticles grown in the gas phase are determined by a combination of HAADF-STEM, XPS and Refl-XAFS techniques as a function of composition. It is shown consistently from all the techniques that an inversion of chemical ordering takes place by going from Au-rich to Ag-rich compositions, with the minority element always occupying the nanoparticle core, and the majority element enriching the shell. With the aid of DFT calculations, this composition-tunable chemical arrangement is rationalized in terms of a four-step growth process in which the very first stage of cluster nucleation plays a crucial role. The four-step growth mechanism is based on mechanisms of a general character, likely to be applicable to a variety of binary systems besides Au-Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Wei Liao
- Laboratory of Solid-State Physics and Magnetism, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200D - Box 2414, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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10
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Huo PY, Zhang XR, Yu ZC, Gao K. DFT study of NO and H2O co-adsorption on Cu Co (m+n=2∼7) clusters. J Mol Struct 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2017.07.062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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11
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Improved Cluster Structure Optimization: Hybridizing Evolutionary Algorithms with Local Heat Pulses. INORGANICS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/inorganics5040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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12
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Zhai H, Gao T, Qi T, Zhang Y, Zeng G, Xiao D. Iron-Cobalt Phosphomolybdate with High Electrocatalytic Activity for Oxygen Evolution Reaction. Chem Asian J 2017; 12:2694-2702. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201700905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haoying Zhai
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Neijiang Normal University; 705 Dongtong Road Neijiang 641112 P.R. China
| | - Taotao Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Ting Qi
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Guangfeng Zeng
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
| | - Dan Xiao
- College of Chemical Engineering; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
- College of Chemistry; Sichuan University; 29 Wangjiang Road Chengdu 610064 P.R. China
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Seifried C, Longo L, Pollak P, Weigend F. The chemical space of PbN−nBin and (PbN−nBin)+: A systematic study for N = 3–13. J Chem Phys 2017; 146:034304. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4973838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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15
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Li X, Yan Z, Li S. The nature of structure and bonding between transition metal and mixed Si-Ge tetramers: A 20-electron superatom system. J Comput Chem 2016; 37:2316-23. [PMID: 27452479 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.24456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Revised: 06/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
A novel superatom species with 20-electron system, Six Gey M(+) (x + y = 4; M = Nb, Ta), was properly proposed. The trigonal bipyramid structures for the studied systems were identified as the putative global minimum by means of the density functional theory calculations. The high chemical stability can be explained by the strong p-d hybridization between transition metal and mixed Si-Ge tetramers, and closed-shell valence electron configuration [1S(2) 1P(6) 2S(2) 1D(10) ]. Meanwhile, the chemical bondings between metal atom and the tetramers can be recognized by three localized two-center two-electron (2c-2e) and delocalized 3c-2e σ-bonds. For all the doped structures studied here, it was found that the π- and σ-electrons satisfy the 2(N + 1)(2) counting rule, and thus these clusters possess spherically double (π and σ) aromaticity, which is also confirmed by the negative nucleus-independent chemical shifts values. Consequently, all the calculated results provide a further understanding for structural stabilities and electronic properties of transition metal-doped semiconductor clusters. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojun Li
- The Key Laboratory for Surface Engineering and Remanufacturing in Shaanxi Province, School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Zhijun Yan
- The Key Laboratory for Surface Engineering and Remanufacturing in Shaanxi Province, School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
| | - Shuna Li
- The Key Laboratory for Surface Engineering and Remanufacturing in Shaanxi Province, School of Chemical Engineering, Xi'an University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710065, China
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Schmidt T, Albuquerque RQ, Kempe R, Kümmel S. Investigating the electronic structure of a supported metal nanoparticle: Pd in SiCN. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:31966-31972. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp06520a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A supporting matrix of SiCN does not significantly change the electronic properties of catalytically active Pd nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Schmidt
- Theoretical Physics IV
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Rodrigo Q. Albuquerque
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry
- University of São Paulo
- 13560-970 São Carlos
- Brazil
- School of Pharmacy & Biomolecular Sciences
| | - Rhett Kempe
- Inorganic Chemistry II
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
| | - Stephan Kümmel
- Theoretical Physics IV
- University of Bayreuth
- 95440 Bayreuth
- Germany
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