1
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Mishra A, Djoko KY, Lee YH, Lord RM, Kaul G, Akhir A, Saxena D, Chopra S, Walton JW. Water-soluble copper pyrithione complexes with cytotoxic and antibacterial activity. Org Biomol Chem 2023; 21:2539-2544. [PMID: 36877005 DOI: 10.1039/d2ob01224c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Copper Pyrithione, [Cu(PyS)2] has shown excellent biological activity against cancer cells and bacterial cells, however, it has extremely low aqueous solubility, limiting its applicability. Herein, we report a series of PEG-substituted pyrithione copper(II) complexes with significantly increased aqueous solubility. While long PEG chains lead to a decrease in bioactivity, the addition of short PEG chains leads to improved aqueous solubility with retention of activity. One novel complex, [Cu(PyS1)2], has particularly impressive anticancer activity, surpassing that of the parent complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atreyee Mishra
- Durham University, Department of Chemistry, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
| | - Karrera Y Djoko
- Durham University, Department of Biosciences, Upper Mountjoy, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Yi-Hsuan Lee
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Rianne M Lord
- School of Chemistry, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, Norfolk, NR4 7TJ, UK
| | - Grace Kaul
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - Abdul Akhir
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Deepanshi Saxena
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sidharth Chopra
- Division of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Sitapur Road, Sector 10, Janakipuram Extension, Lucknow-226031, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad 201002, India
| | - James W Walton
- Durham University, Department of Chemistry, Lower Mountjoy, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK.
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2
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Kljun J, Rebernik M, Balsa LM, Kladnik J, Rapuš U, Trobec T, Sepčić K, Frangež R, León IE, Turel I. Exploring pta Alternatives in the Development of Ruthenium-Arene Anticancer Compounds. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062499. [PMID: 36985471 PMCID: PMC10058425 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Organoruthenium pyrithione (1-hydroxypyridine-2-thione) complexes have been shown in our recent studies to be a promising family of compounds for development of new anticancer drugs. The complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(pyrithionato)(pta)]PF6 contains phosphine ligand pta (1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane) as a functionality that improves the stability of the complex and its aqueous solubility. Here, we report our efforts to find pta alternatives and discover new structural elements to improve the biological properties of ruthenium anticancer drugs. The pta ligand was replaced by a selection of phosphine, phosphite, and arsine ligands to identify new functionalities, leading to improvement in inhibitory potency towards enzyme glutathione S-transferase. In addition, cytotoxicity in breast, bone, and colon cancers was investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Mihaela Rebernik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Lucía M Balsa
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Uroš Rapuš
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of LjubljanaJamnikarjeva 101, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ignacio E León
- CEQUINOR (UNLP, CCT-CONICET La Plata, Asociado a CIC), Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Blvd. 120 N°1465, La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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3
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Sumithaa C, Ganeshpandian M. Half-Sandwich Ruthenium Arene Complexes Bearing Clinically Approved Drugs as Ligands: The Importance of Metal-Drug Synergism in Metallodrug Design. Mol Pharm 2023; 20:1453-1479. [PMID: 36802711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.2c01027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
Abstract
A novel strategy in metallodrug discovery today is incorporating clinically approved drugs into metal complexes as coordinating ligands. Using this strategy, various drugs have been repurposed to prepare organometallic complexes to overcome the resistance of drugs and to design promising alternatives to currently available metal-based drugs. Notably, the combination of organoruthenium moiety and clinical drug in a single molecule has been shown, in some instances, to enhance pharmacological activity and reduce toxicity in comparison to the parent drug. Thus, for the past two decades, there has been increasing interest in exploiting metal-drug synergism to develop multifunctional organoruthenium drug candidates. Herein, we summarized the recent reports of rationally designed half-sandwich Ru(arene) complexes containing different FDA-approved drugs. This review also focuses on the mode of coordination of drugs, ligand-exchange kinetics, mechanism of action, and structure-activity relationship of organoruthenated complexes containing drugs. We hope this discussion may serve to shed light on future developments in ruthenium-based metallopharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chezhiyan Sumithaa
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
| | - Mani Ganeshpandian
- Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur 603 203, India
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4
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Liu Y, Chen Y, Jiang J, Chu X, Guo Q, Zhao L, Feng F, Liu W, Zhang X, He S, Yang P, Fang P, Sun H. Development of highly potent and specific AKR1C3 inhibitors to restore the chemosensitivity of drug-resistant breast cancer. Eur J Med Chem 2023; 247:115013. [PMID: 36566714 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2022.115013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductase 1C3 (AKR1C3) is overexpressed in multiple hormone related cancers, such as breast and prostate cancer, and is correlated with tumor development and aggressiveness. As a phase I biotransformation enzyme, AKR1C3 catalyzes the metabolic processes that lead to resistance to anthracyclines, the "gold standard" for breast cancer treatment. Novel approaches to restore the chemotherapy sensitivity of breast cancer are urgently required. Herein, we developed a new class of AKR1C3 inhibitors that demonstrated potent inhibitory activity and exquisite selectivity for closely related isoforms. The best derivative 27 (S19-1035) exhibits an IC50 value of 3.04 nM for AKR1C3 and >3289-fold selectivity over other isoforms. We determined the co-crystal structures of AKR1C3 with three of the inhibitors, providing a solid foundation for further structure-based drug optimization. Co-administration of these AKR1C3 inhibitors significantly reversed the doxorubicin (DOX) resistance in a resistant breast cancer cell line. Therefore, the novel AKR1C3 specific inhibitors developed in this work may serve as effective adjuvants to overcome DOX resistance in breast cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Academy for Advance Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuting Chen
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiheng Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China
| | - Xianglin Chu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China; Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolong Zhang
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, 223005, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Peng Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
| | - Pengfei Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioorganic and Natural Products Chemistry, Center for Excellence in Molecular Synthesis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 345 Lingling Road, Shanghai, 200032, China; School of Chemistry and Materials Science, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 1 Sub-lane Xiangshan, Hangzhou, 310024, China.
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 211198, People's Republic of China.
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5
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Novel Organoruthenium(II) Complex C1 Selectively Inhibits Butyrylcholinesterase without Side Effects on Neuromuscular Transmission. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032681. [PMID: 36769002 PMCID: PMC9916964 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Enzyme butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) shows increased activity in some brain regions after progression of Alzheimer's disease and is therefore one of the therapeutic targets for symptomatic treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder. The organoruthenium(II) complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(II)(1-hydroxy-3-methoxypyridine-2(1H)-thionato)pta]PF6 (C1) was designed based on the results of our previous structure-activity studies. Inhibitory activity toward cholinesterase enzymes shows that this complex selectively, competitively, and reversibly inhibits horse serum BChE (hsBChE) with an IC50 value of 2.88 µM. When tested at supra-pharmacological concentrations (30, 60, 90, and 120 µM), C1 had no significant effect on the maximal amplitude of nerve-evoked and directly elicited single-twitch and tetanic contractions. At the highest tested concentration (120 µM), C1 had no effect on resting membrane potential, but significantly decreased the amplitude of miniature end-plate potentials (MEPP) without reducing their frequency. The same concentration of C1 had no effect on the amplitude of end-plate potentials (EPP), however it shortened the half-decay time of MEPPs and EPPs. The decrease in the amplitude of MEPPs and shortening of the half-decay time of MEPPs and EPPs suggest a possible weak inhibitory effect on muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChR). These combined results show that, when applied at supra-pharmacological concentrations up to 120 µM, C1 does not importantly affect the physiology of neuromuscular transmission and skeletal muscle contraction.
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6
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Kladnik J, Dolinar A, Kljun J, Perea D, Grau-Expósito J, Genescà M, Novinec M, Buzon MJ, Turel I. Zinc pyrithione is a potent inhibitor of PL Pro and cathepsin L enzymes with ex vivo inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2022; 37:2158-2168. [PMID: 35943189 PMCID: PMC9367663 DOI: 10.1080/14756366.2022.2108417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc pyrithione (1a), together with its analogues 1b–h and ruthenium pyrithione complex 2a, were synthesised and evaluated for the stability in biologically relevant media and anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity. Zinc pyrithione revealed potent in vitro inhibition of cathepsin L (IC50=1.88 ± 0.49 µM) and PLPro (IC50=0.50 ± 0.07 µM), enzymes involved in SARS-CoV-2 entry and replication, respectively, as well as antiviral entry and replication properties in an ex vivo system derived from primary human lung tissue. Zinc complexes 1b–h expressed comparable in vitro inhibition. On the contrary, ruthenium complex 2a and the ligand pyrithione a itself expressed poor inhibition in mentioned assays, indicating the importance of the selection of metal core and structure of metal complex for antiviral activity. Safe, effective, and preferably oral at-home therapeutics for COVID-19 are needed and as such zinc pyrithione, which is also commercially available, could be considered as a potential therapeutic agent against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ana Dolinar
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - David Perea
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judith Grau-Expósito
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Meritxell Genescà
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marko Novinec
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Maria J Buzon
- Infectious Diseases Department, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, VHIR Task Force COVID-19, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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7
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Murillo MI, Gaiddon C, Le Lagadec R. Targeting of the intracellular redox balance by metal complexes towards anticancer therapy. Front Chem 2022; 10:967337. [PMID: 36034648 PMCID: PMC9405673 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.967337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of cancers is often linked to the alteration of essential redox processes, and therefore, oxidoreductases involved in such mechanisms can be considered as attractive molecular targets for the development of new therapeutic strategies. On the other hand, for more than two decades, transition metals derivatives have been leading the research on drugs as alternatives to platinum-based treatments. The success of such compounds is particularly due to their attractive redox kinetics properties, favorable oxidation states, as well as routes of action different to interactions with DNA, in which redox interactions are crucial. For instance, the activity of oxidoreductases such as PHD2 (prolyl hydroxylase domain-containing protein) which can regulate angiogenesis in tumors, LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) related to glycolysis, and enzymes, such as catalases, SOD (superoxide dismutase), TRX (thioredoxin) or GSH (glutathione) involved in controlling oxidative stress, can be altered by metal effectors. In this review, we wish to discuss recent results on how transition metal complexes have been rationally designed to impact on redox processes, in search for effective and more specific cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Isabel Murillo
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Christian Gaiddon
- Strasbourg Université, Inserm UMR_S U1113, IRFAC, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ronan Le Lagadec
- Instituto de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Ronan Le Lagadec,
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8
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Kljun J, Pavlič R, Hafner E, Lipec T, Moreno-Da Silva S, Tič P, Turel I, Büdefeld T, Stojan J, Rižner TL. Ruthenium complexes show potent inhibition of AKR1C1, AKR1C2, and AKR1C3 enzymes and anti-proliferative action against chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell line. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:920379. [PMID: 36034868 PMCID: PMC9403717 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.920379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we present the synthesis, kinetic studies of inhibitory activity toward aldo-keto reductase 1C (AKR1C) enzymes, and anticancer potential toward chemoresistant ovarian cancer of 10 organoruthenium compounds bearing diketonate (1–6) and hydroxyquinolinate (7–10) chelating ligands with the general formula [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(chel)(X)]n+ where chel represents the chelating ligand and X the chlorido or pta ligand. Our studies show that these compounds are potent inhibitors of the AKR enzymes with an uncommon inhibitory mechanism, where two inhibitor molecules bind to the enzyme in a first fast and reversible step and a second slower and irreversible step. The binding potency of each step is dependent on the chemical structure of the monodentate ligands in the metalloinhibitors with the chlorido complexes generally acting as reversible inhibitors and pta complexes as irreversible inhibitors. Our study also shows that compounds 1–9 have a moderate yet better anti-proliferative and anti-migration action on the chemoresistant ovarian cancer cell line COV362 compared to carboplatin and similar effects to cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Kljun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Renata Pavlič
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Eva Hafner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Lipec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Sara Moreno-Da Silva
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Chemical Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Primož Tič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Iztok Turel, ; Tea Lanišnik Rižner,
| | - Tomaž Büdefeld
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jure Stojan
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tea Lanišnik Rižner
- Institute of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- *Correspondence: Iztok Turel, ; Tea Lanišnik Rižner,
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9
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Pitto-Barry A, Azmanova M, Rafols L, Cooper PA, Seaton CC, Shnyder SD. Anticancer water-soluble organoruthenium complexes: synthesis and preclinical evaluation. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202200259. [PMID: 35838006 PMCID: PMC9545474 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202200259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis, characterisation, and evaluation of the in vitro cytotoxicity of five maleonitriledithiolate‐based ruthenium metal complexes bearing various phosphine ligands towards two ovarian cancer cell lines (A2780 and A2780cisR), one non‐small‐cell lung cancer cell line (H460) and one normal prostate cell line (PNT2) are presented herein. These 18‐electron complexes were designed with four water‐soluble phosphine ligands to increase the water‐solubility character of the corresponding electron‐deficient ruthenium complex which showed great in vitro promises, and triphenylphosphine for comparison. The complexes with triphenylphosphine‐3,3′,3′′‐trisulfonic acid and triphenylphosphine present similar cytotoxicity compared to the 16‐electron precursor, with equal cytotoxicity to both A2780 and A2780cisR. Hints at the mechanism of action suggest an apoptotic pathway based on reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. No toxicity was observed in preliminary in vivo pilot studies for these two complexes in subcutaneous A2780 and A2780cisR xenograft models, with some evidence of tumour growth delay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Pitto-Barry
- CNRS: Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Paris-Saclay, 5 rue J.-B. Clément, 92290, Châtenay-Malabry, FRANCE
| | - Maria Azmanova
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Laia Rafols
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, UNITED KINGDOM
| | | | - Colin C Seaton
- University of Bradford, School of Chemistry and Biosciences, UNITED KINGDOM
| | - Steven D Shnyder
- University of Bradford, Institute of Cancer Therapeutics, UNITED KINGDOM
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10
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Pyrithione metal (Cu, Ni, Ru) complexes as photo-catalysts for styrene oxide production. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23810. [PMID: 34893654 PMCID: PMC8664809 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03085-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Selective photochemical oxidation of styrene was performed in an active acetonitrile medium, using H2O2 with or without ultraviolet (UV) light radiation. Pyrithione metal complexes (M-Pth: M = Cu(II), Ni(II), Ru(II); Pth = 2-mercaptopyridine-N-oxide) were used as catalysts. Catalytic testing measurements were done by varying the time, chemical reaction temperature and H2O2 concentration with or without UV energy. Epoxide styrene oxide (SO), benzaldehyde and acetophenone were the major synthesized products. A high batch rate, conversion and selectivity towards SO was shown in the presence of UV. A minor constant formation of CO2 was observed in the stream. Coordinated Ru-based compounds demonstrated the highest process productivity of SO at 60 °C. The effect of the functional alkyl substituent on the ligand Pth, attached to the specific ruthenium(II) centre, decreased the activity of the substance. Ni-Pth selectively yielded benzaldehyde. The stability of the catalysts was examined by applying nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis coupled with mass spectrometry. Tested metal complexes with pyrithione (M-Pth) exhibited excellent reuse recyclability up to 3 cycles.
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11
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Trobec T, Sepčić K, Žužek MC, Kladnik J, Podjed N, Cardoso Páscoa C, Turel I, Frangež R. Fine Tuning of Cholinesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Activities by Organoruthenium(II) Complexes. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9091243. [PMID: 34572429 PMCID: PMC8467340 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9091243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinesterases (ChEs) show increased activities in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, and remain one of the main therapeutic targets for treatment of this neurodegenerative disorder. A library of organoruthenium(II) complexes was prepared to investigate the influence of their structural elements on inhibition of ChEs, and on another pharmacologically important group of enzymes, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs). Two groups of organoruthenium(II) compounds were considered: (i) organoruthenium(II) complexes with p-cymene as an arene ligand, and (ii) organoruthenium(II) carbonyl complexes as CO-releasing molecules. Eight organoruthenium complexes were screened for inhibitory activities against ChEs and GSTs of human and animal origins. Some compounds inhibited all of these enzymes at low micromolar concentrations, while others selectively inhibited either ChEs or GSTs. This study demonstrates the importance of the different structural elements of organoruthenium complexes for their inhibitory activities against ChEs and GSTs, and also proposes some interesting compounds for further preclinical testing as ChE or GST inhibitory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
| | - Monika Cecilija Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Nina Podjed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
| | - Catarina Cardoso Páscoa
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
- NOVA School of Science and Technology, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campus de Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Iztok Turel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (N.P.); (C.C.P.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (T.T.); (M.C.Ž.)
- Correspondence: (K.S.); (I.T.); (R.F.); Tel.: +386-1-3203419 (K.S.); +386-1-4798525 (I.T.); +386-1-4779131 (R.F.)
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Pivarcsik T, Tóth G, Szemerédi N, Bogdanov A, Spengler G, Kljun J, Kladnik J, Turel I, Enyedy ÉA. Comparison of Solution Chemical Properties and Biological Activity of Ruthenium Complexes of Selected β-Diketone, 8-Hydroxyquinoline and Pyrithione Ligands. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:518. [PMID: 34072270 PMCID: PMC8226722 DOI: 10.3390/ph14060518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, the various biological activities of eight organoruthenium(II) complexes were evaluated to reveal correlations with their stability and reactivity in aqueous media. Complexes with general formula [Ru(η6-p-cymene)(X,Y)(Z)] were prepared, where (X,Y) represents either an O,O-ligand (β-diketone), N,O-ligand (8-hydroxyquinoline) or O,S-pyrithione-type ligands (pyrithione = 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione) with Cl- or 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (PTA) as a co-ligand (Z). The tested complexes inhibit the chlamydial growth on HeLa cells, and one of the complexes inhibits the growth of the human herpes simplex virus-2. The chlorido complexes with N,O- and O,S-ligands displayed strong antibacterial activity on Gram-positive strains including the resistant S. aureus (MRSA) and were cytotoxic in adenocarcinoma cell lines. Effect of the structural variation on the biological properties and solution stability was clearly revealed. The decreased bioactivity of the β-diketone complexes can be related to their lower stability in solution. In contrast, the O,S-pyrithione-type complexes are highly stable in solution and the complexation prevents the oxidation of the O,S-ligands. Comparing the binding of PTA and the chlorido co-ligands, it can be concluded that PTA is generally more strongly coordinated to ruthenium, which at the same time decreased the reactivity of complexes with human serum albumin or 1-methylimidazole as well as diminished their bioactivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamás Pivarcsik
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Gábor Tóth
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
| | - Nikoletta Szemerédi
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Anita Bogdanov
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Gabriella Spengler
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Györgyi Health Center, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Semmelweis u. 6, H-6725 Szeged, Hungary; (N.S.); (A.B.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Éva A. Enyedy
- MTA-SZTE Lendület Functional Metal Complexes Research Group, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary; (T.P.); (G.T.)
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, University of Szeged, Dóm Tér 7, H-6720 Szeged, Hungary
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13
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Kladnik J, Coverdale JPC, Kljun J, Burmeister H, Lippman P, Ellis FG, Jones AM, Ott I, Romero-Canelón I, Turel I. Organoruthenium Complexes with Benzo-Fused Pyrithiones Overcome Platinum Resistance in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2493. [PMID: 34065335 PMCID: PMC8160969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13102493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug resistance to existing anticancer agents is a growing clinical concern, with many first line treatments showing poor efficacy in treatment plans of some cancers. Resistance to platinum agents, such as cisplatin, is particularly prevalent in the treatment of ovarian cancer, one of the most common cancers amongst women in the developing world. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop next generation of anticancer agents which can overcome resistance to existing therapies. We report a new series of organoruthenium(II) complexes bearing structurally modified pyrithione ligands with extended aromatic scaffold, which overcome platinum and adriamycin resistance in human ovarian cancer cells. The mechanism of action of such complexes appears to be unique from that of cisplatin, involving G1 cell cycle arrest without generation of cellular ROS, as is typically associated with similar ruthenium complexes. The complexes inhibit the enzyme thioredoxin reductase (TrxR) in a model system and reduce cell motility towards wound healing. Importantly, this work highlights further development in our understanding of the multi-targeting mechanism of action exhibited by transition metal complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - James P. C. Coverdale
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
| | - Hilke Burmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Petra Lippman
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Francesca G. Ellis
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Alan M. Jones
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106 Braunschweig, Germany; (H.B.); (P.L.); (I.O.)
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; (J.P.C.C.); (F.G.E.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (J.K.); (J.K.)
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Structural Isomerism and Enhanced Lipophilicity of Pyrithione Ligands of Organoruthenium(II) Complexes Increase Inhibition on AChE and BuChE. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165628. [PMID: 32781544 PMCID: PMC7460603 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing number of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) cases requires the development of new improved drug candidates, possessing the ability of more efficient treatment as well as less unwanted side effects. Cholinesterase enzymes are highly associated with the development of AD and thus represent important druggable targets. Therefore, we have synthesized eight organoruthenium(II) chlorido complexes 1a–h with pyrithione-type ligands (pyrithione = 1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thione, a), bearing either pyrithione a, its methyl (b-e) or bicyclic aromatic analogues (f–h) and tested them for their inhibition towards electric eel acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE) and horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (hsBuChE). The experimental results have shown that the novel complex 1g with the ligand 1-hydroxyquinoline-2-(1H)-thione (g) improves the inhibition towards eeAChE (IC50 = 4.9 μM) and even more potently towards hsBuChE (IC50 = 0.2 μM) in comparison with the referenced 1a. Moreover, computational studies on Torpedo californica AChE have supported the experimental outcomes for 1g, possessing the lowest energy value among all tested complexes and have also predicted several interactions of 1g with the target protein. Consequently, we have shown that the aromatic ring extension of the ligand a, though only at the appropriate position, is a viable strategy to enhance the activity against cholinesterases.
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15
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Liu Y, He S, Chen Y, Liu Y, Feng F, Liu W, Guo Q, Zhao L, Sun H. Overview of AKR1C3: Inhibitor Achievements and Disease Insights. J Med Chem 2020; 63:11305-11329. [PMID: 32463235 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.9b02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human aldo-keto reductase family 1 member C3 (AKR1C3) is known as a hormone activity regulator and prostaglandin F (PGF) synthase that regulates the occupancy of hormone receptors and cell proliferation. Because of the overexpression in metabolic diseases and various hormone-dependent and -independent carcinomas, as well as the emergence of clinical drug resistance, an increasing number of studies have investigated AKR1C3 inhibitors. Here, we briefly review the physiological and pathological function of AKR1C3 and then summarize the recent development of selective AKR1C3 inhibitors. We propose our viewpoints on the current problems associated with AKR1C3 inhibitors with the aim of providing a reference for future drug discovery and potential therapeutic perspectives on novel, potent, selective AKR1C3 inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Siyu He
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Chen
- Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Yijun Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Feng
- Jiangsu Food and Pharmaceuticals Science College, Institute of Food and Pharmaceuticals Research, Huaian 223005, People's Republic of China.,Department of Natural Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Intervention, School of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haopeng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, People's Republic of China
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Structural and functional characterization of an organometallic ruthenium complex as a potential myorelaxant drug. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 127:110161. [PMID: 32380389 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to antibacterial and antitumor effects, synthetic ruthenium complexes have been reported to inhibit several medicinally important enzymes, including acetylcholinesterase (AChE). They may also interact with muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) and thus affect the neuromuscular transmission and muscle function. In the present study, the effects of the organometallic ruthenium complex of 5-nitro-1,10-phenanthroline (nitrophen) were evaluated on these systems. The organoruthenium-nitrophen complex [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(nitrophen)Cl]Cl; C22H21Cl2N3O2Ru (C1-Cl) was synthesized, structurally characterized and evaluated in vitro for its inhibitory activity against electric eel acetylcholinesterase (eeAChE), human recombinant acetylcholinesterase (hrAChE), horse serum butyrylcholinesterase (hsBChE) and horse liver glutathione-S-transferase. The physiological effects of C1-Cl were then studied on isolated mouse phrenic nerve-hemidiaphragm muscle preparations, by means of single twitch measurements and electrophysiological recordings. The compound C1-Cl acted as a competitive inhibitor of eeAChE, hrAChE and hsBChE with concentrations producing 50 % inhibition (IC50) of enzyme activity ranging from 16 to 26 μM. Moreover, C1-Cl inhibited the nerve-evoked isometric muscle contraction (IC50 = 19.44 μM), without affecting the directly-evoked muscle single twitch up to 40 μM. The blocking effect of C1-Cl was rapid and almost completely reversed by neostigmine, a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor. The endplate potentials were also inhibited by C1-Cl in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 7.6 μM) without any significant change in the resting membrane potential of muscle fibers up to 40 μM. Finally, C1-Cl (5-40 μM) decreased (i) the amplitude of miniature endplate potentials until a complete block by concentrations higher than 25 μM and (ii) their frequency at 10 μM or higher concentrations. The compound C1-Cl reversibly blocked the neuromuscular transmission in vitro by a non-depolarizing mechanism and mainly through an action on postsynaptic nAChRs. The compound C1-Cl may be therefore interesting for further preclinical testing as a new competitive neuromuscular blocking, and thus myorelaxant, drug.
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Marković K, Milačič R, Marković S, Kladnik J, Turel I, Ščančar J. Binding Kinetics of Ruthenium Pyrithione Chemotherapeutic Candidates to Human Serum Proteins Studied by HPLC-ICP-MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071512. [PMID: 32225069 PMCID: PMC7180866 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of ruthenium-based complexes for cancer treatment requires a variety of pharmacological studies, one of them being a drug's binding kinetics to serum proteins. In this work, speciation analysis was used to study kinetics of ruthenium-based drug candidates with human serum proteins. Two ruthenium (Ru) complexes, namely [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thionato)Cl] (1) and [(η6-p-cymene)Ru(1-hydroxypyridine-2(1H)-thionato)pta]PF6 (2) (where pta = 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane), were selected. Before a kinetics study, their stability in relevant media was confirmed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Conjoint liquid chromatography (CLC) monolithic column, assembling convective interaction media (CIM) protein G and diethylamino (DEAE) disks, was used for separation of unbound Ru species from those bound to human serum transferrin (Tf), albumin (HSA) and immunoglobulins G (IgG). Eluted proteins were monitored by UV spectrometry (278 nm), while Ru species were quantified by post-column isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ID-ICP-MS). Binding kinetics of chlorido (1) and pta complex (2) to serum proteins was followed from 5 min up to 48 h after incubation with human serum. Both Ru complexes interacted mainly with HSA. Complex (1) exhibited faster and more extensive interaction with HSA than complex (2). The equilibrium concentration for complex (1) was obtained 6 h after incubation, when about 70% of compound was bound to HSA, 5% was associated with IgG, whereas 25% remained unbound. In contrast, the rate of interaction of complex (2) with HSA was much slower and less extensive and the equilibrium concentration was obtained 24 h after incubation, when about 50% of complex (2) was bound to HSA and 50% remained unbound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (R.M.); (S.M.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Radmila Milačič
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (R.M.); (S.M.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Stefan Marković
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (R.M.); (S.M.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia;
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.Š.); Tel.: +386-14-79-8525 (I.T.); +386-14-77-3846 (J.Š.)
| | - Janez Ščančar
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Jožef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; (K.M.); (R.M.); (S.M.)
- Jožef Stefan International Postgraduate School, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence: (I.T.); (J.Š.); Tel.: +386-14-79-8525 (I.T.); +386-14-77-3846 (J.Š.)
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18
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General toxicity assessment of the novel aldose reductase inhibitor cemtirestat. Interdiscip Toxicol 2020; 12:120-128. [PMID: 32210700 PMCID: PMC7085302 DOI: 10.2478/intox-2019-0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cemtirestat, 3-mercapto-5H-[1,2,4]-triazino[5,6-b] indole-5-acetic acid was recently designed and patented as a highly selective and efficient aldose reductase inhibitor endowed with antioxidant activity. The aim of the present study was to assess the general toxicity of cemtirestat using in silico predictions, in vitro and in vivo assays. ProTox-II toxicity prediction software gave 17 "Inactive" outputs, a mild hepatotoxicity score (0.52 probability) along with a predicted LD50 of 1000 mg/kg. Five different cell lines were used including the immortalized mouse microglia BV-2, the primary human fibroblasts VH10, the insulinoma pancreatic β-cells INS-1E, the human colon cancer cells HCT116 and the human immortalized epithelial endometrial cell lines HIEEC. In contrast to the clinically used epalrestat, cemtirestat showed remarkably low cytotoxicity in several different cell culture viability tests such as MTT proliferation assay, neutral red uptake, BrdU incorporation, WST-1 proliferation assay and propidium iodide staining followed by flow cytometry. In a yeast spotting assay, the presence of cemtirestat in incubation of Saccaromyces cerevisiae at concentrations as high as 1000 μM did not affect cell growth rate significantly. In the 120-day repeated oral toxicity study in male Wistar rats with daily cemtirestat dose of 6.4 mg/kg, no significant behavioral alterations or toxicological manifestations were observed in clinical and pathological examinations or in hematological parameters. In summary, these results suggest that cemtirestat is a safe drug that can proceed beyond preclinical studies.
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Kladnik J, Kljun J, Burmeister H, Ott I, Romero-Canelón I, Turel I. Towards Identification of Essential Structural Elements of Organoruthenium(II)-Pyrithionato Complexes for Anticancer Activity. Chemistry 2019; 25:14169-14182. [PMID: 31461189 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201903109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
An organoruthenium(II) complex with pyrithione (2-mercaptopyridine N-oxide) 1 a has previously been identified by our group as a compound with promising anticancer potential without cytotoxicity towards non-cancerous cells. To expand the rather limited research on compounds of this type, an array of novel chlorido and 1,3,5-triaza-7-phosphaadamantane (pta) organoruthenium(II) complexes with methyl-substituted pyrithiones has been prepared. After thorough investigation of the aqueous stability of these complexes, their modes of action have been elucidated at the cellular level. Minor structural alterations in the ruthenium-pyrithionato compounds resulted in fine-tuning of their cytotoxicities. The best performing compounds, 1 b and 2 b, with a chlorido or pta ligand bound to ruthenium, respectively, and a methyl group at the 3-position of the pyrithione scaffold, have been further investigated. Both compounds trigger early apoptosis, induce the generation of reactive oxygen species and G1 arrest in A549 cancer cells, and show no strong interaction with DNA. However, only 1 b also inhibits thioredoxin reductase. Wound healing assays and mitochondrial function evaluation have revealed differences between these two compounds at the cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerneja Kladnik
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Hilke Burmeister
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Ingo Ott
- Institute of Medicinal and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Technische Universität Braunschweig, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Isolda Romero-Canelón
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Clinical Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Iztok Turel
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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20
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Kenny RG, Marmion CJ. Toward Multi-Targeted Platinum and Ruthenium Drugs-A New Paradigm in Cancer Drug Treatment Regimens? Chem Rev 2019; 119:1058-1137. [PMID: 30640441 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 398] [Impact Index Per Article: 79.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
While medicinal inorganic chemistry has been practised for over 5000 years, it was not until the late 1800s when Alfred Werner published his ground-breaking research on coordination chemistry that we began to truly understand the nature of the coordination bond and the structures and stereochemistries of metal complexes. We can now readily manipulate and fine-tune their properties. This had led to a multitude of complexes with wide-ranging biomedical applications. This review will focus on the use and potential of metal complexes as important therapeutic agents for the treatment of cancer. With major advances in technologies and a deeper understanding of the human genome, we are now in a strong position to more fully understand carcinogenesis at a molecular level. We can now also rationally design and develop drug molecules that can either selectively enhance or disrupt key biological processes and, in doing so, optimize their therapeutic potential. This has heralded a new era in drug design in which we are moving from a single- toward a multitargeted approach. This approach lies at the very heart of medicinal inorganic chemistry. In this review, we have endeavored to showcase how a "multitargeted" approach to drug design has led to new families of metallodrugs which may not only reduce systemic toxicities associated with modern day chemotherapeutics but also address resistance issues that are plaguing many chemotherapeutic regimens. We have focused our attention on metallodrugs incorporating platinum and ruthenium ions given that complexes containing these metal ions are already in clinical use or have advanced to clinical trials as anticancer agents. The "multitargeted" complexes described herein not only target DNA but also contain either vectors to enable them to target cancer cells selectively and/or moieties that target enzymes, peptides, and intracellular proteins. Multitargeted complexes which have been designed to target the mitochondria or complexes inspired by natural product activity are also described. A summary of advances in this field over the past decade or so will be provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reece G Kenny
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
| | - Celine J Marmion
- Centre for Synthesis and Chemical Biology, Department of Chemistry , Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland , 123 St. Stephen's Green , Dublin 2 , Ireland
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21
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Ristovski S, Uzelac M, Kljun J, Lipec T, Uršič M, Zemljič Jokhadar Š, Žužek MC, Trobec T, Frangež R, Sepčić K, Turel I. Organoruthenium Prodrugs as a New Class of Cholinesterase and Glutathione-S-Transferase Inhibitors. ChemMedChem 2018; 13:2166-2176. [PMID: 30126080 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201800432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A small library of 17 organoruthenium compounds with the general formula [RuII (fcl)(chel)(L)]n+ (in which fcl=face capping ligand, chel=chelating bidentate ligand, and L=monodentate ligand) were screened for inhibitory activity against cholinesterases and glutathione-S-transferases of human and animal origins. Compounds were selected to include different chelating ligands (i.e., N,N-, N,O-, O,O-, S,O-) and monodentate ligands that can modulate the aquation rate of the metal species. Compounds with a labile ruthenium chloride bond that provided rapid aquation were found to inhibit both sets of enzymes in reversible competitive modes and at pharmaceutically relevant concentrations. When applied at concentrations that completely abolish the activity of human acetylcholinesterase, the lead compound [(η6 -p-cymene)Ru(pyrithionato)Cl] (C1 a) showed no undesirable physiological responses on the neuromuscular system. Finally, C1 a was not cytotoxic against non-transformed cells at pharmaceutically relevant concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Ristovski
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika Uzelac
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia.,Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000, Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Jakob Kljun
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Lipec
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matija Uršič
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Zemljič Jokhadar
- Institute of Biophysics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Monika C Žužek
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tomaž Trobec
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Frangež
- Institute of Preclinical Sciences, Veterinary Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Gerbičeva 60, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Kristina Sepčić
- Department of Biology, Biotechnical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Jamnikarjeva 101, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Iztok Turel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, University of Ljubljana, Večna pot 113, 1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Kljun J, León IE, Peršič Š, Cadavid-Vargas JF, Etcheverry SB, He W, Bai Y, Turel I. Synthesis and biological characterization of organoruthenium complexes with 8-hydroxyquinolines. J Inorg Biochem 2018; 186:187-196. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2018.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Revised: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Traven K, Turel I, Koziskova J, Bučinský L, Kožíšek J. Concomitant polymorphism in an organometallic ruthenium(II) complex with an N,N′-donor ligand. ACTA CRYSTALLOGRAPHICA SECTION C-STRUCTURAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 74:683-689. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229618006654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The simultaneous crystallization of different polymorphs, i.e. concomitant polymorphism, is a phenomenon which, when properly recognized and studied, can provide useful information for a variety of disciplines. It is rare for ruthenium complexes, although it has been observed. In the synthesis of the ruthenium(II) complex chlorido(η6-p-cymene)(dimethyl 2,2′-bypyridine-4,5-dicarboxylate-κ2
N,N′)ruthenium(II) hexafluoridophosphate, [RuCl(C10H14)(C14H12N2O4)]PF6, concomitant polymorphs were crystallized under the same conditions. The colour of both crystals was orange, but the shapes, as well as the orientation of the p-cymene and methoxycarbonyl groups, were different. The crystal structures of both isomers show approximately the same bond lengths. In the asymmetric unit, there is one cation and one anion. Due to the absence of strong hydrogen bonds, only weak intermolecular interactions were observed. The Hirshfeld surface and two-dimensional fingerprint plots of both isomers satisfactorily explain the difference in the melting points.
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Zhang HR, Liu YC, Chen ZF, Guo J, Peng YX, Liang H. Crystal Structures, Cytotoxicity, Cell Apoptosis Mechanism, and DNA Binding of Two 8-Hydroxylquinoline Zinc(II) Complexes. RUSS J COORD CHEM+ 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s107032841805007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Abstract
Background Despite chemotherapy intensification, a subgroup of high-risk paediatric T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) patients still experience treatment failure. In this context, we hypothesised that therapy resistance in T-ALL might involve aldo-keto reductase 1C (AKR1C) enzymes as previously reported for solid tumors. Methods Expression of NRF2-AKR1C signaling components has been analysed in paediatric T-ALL samples endowed with different treatment outcomes as well as in patient-derived xenografts of T-ALL. The effects of AKR1C enzyme modulation has been investigated in T-ALL cell lines and primary cultures by combining AKR1C inhibition, overexpression, and gene silencing approaches. Results We show that T-ALL cells overexpress AKR1C1-3 enzymes in therapy-resistant patients. We report that AKR1C1-3 enzymes play a role in the response to vincristine (VCR) treatment, also ex vivo in patient-derived xenografts. Moreover, we demonstrate that the modulation of AKR1C1-3 levels is sufficient to sensitise T-ALL cells to VCR. Finally, we show that T-ALL chemotherapeutics induce overactivation of AKR1C enzymes independent of therapy resistance, thus establishing a potential resistance loop during T-ALL combination treatment. Conclusions Here, we demonstrate that expression and activity of AKR1C enzymes correlate with response to chemotherapeutics in T-ALL, posing AKR1C1-3 as potential targets for combination treatments during T-ALL therapy.
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Synthesis and antiproliferatory activity of ruthenium complexes containing N -heterocyclic carboxylates. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2017.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zeng CM, Chang LL, Ying MD, Cao J, He QJ, Zhu H, Yang B. Aldo-Keto Reductase AKR1C1-AKR1C4: Functions, Regulation, and Intervention for Anti-cancer Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2017; 8:119. [PMID: 28352233 PMCID: PMC5349110 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2017.00119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Aldo-keto reductases comprise of AKR1C1-AKR1C4, four enzymes that catalyze NADPH dependent reductions and have been implicated in biosynthesis, intermediary metabolism, and detoxification. Recent studies have provided evidences of strong correlation between the expression levels of these family members and the malignant transformation as well as the resistance to cancer therapy. Mechanistically, most studies focus on the catalytic-dependent function of AKR1C isoforms, like their impeccable roles in prostate cancer, breast cancer, and drug resistance due to the broad substrates specificity. However, accumulating clues showed that catalytic-independent functions also played critical roles in regulating biological events. This review summarizes the catalytic-dependent and -independent roles of AKR1Cs, as well as the small molecule inhibitors targeting these family members.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hong Zhu
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
| | - Bo Yang
- Zhejiang Province Key Laboratory of Anti-cancer Drug Research, Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang UniversityHangzhou, China
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