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Landaeta VR, Horsley Downie TM, Wolf R. Low-Valent Transition Metalate Anions in Synthesis, Small Molecule Activation, and Catalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:1323-1463. [PMID: 38354371 PMCID: PMC10906008 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
This review surveys the synthesis and reactivity of low-oxidation state metalate anions of the d-block elements, with an emphasis on contributions reported between 2006 and 2022. Although the field has a long and rich history, the chemistry of transition metalate anions has been greatly enhanced in the last 15 years by the application of advanced concepts in complex synthesis and ligand design. In recent years, the potential of highly reactive metalate complexes in the fields of small molecule activation and homogeneous catalysis has become increasingly evident. Consequently, exciting applications in small molecule activation have been developed, including in catalytic transformations. This article intends to guide the reader through the fascinating world of low-valent transition metalates. The first part of the review describes the synthesis and reactivity of d-block metalates stabilized by an assortment of ligand frameworks, including carbonyls, isocyanides, alkenes and polyarenes, phosphines and phosphorus heterocycles, amides, and redox-active nitrogen-based ligands. Thereby, the reader will be familiarized with the impact of different ligand types on the physical and chemical properties of metalates. In addition, ion-pairing interactions and metal-metal bonding may have a dramatic influence on metalate structures and reactivities. The complex ramifications of these effects are examined in a separate section. The second part of the review is devoted to the reactivity of the metalates toward small inorganic molecules such as H2, N2, CO, CO2, P4 and related species. It is shown that the use of highly electron-rich and reactive metalates in small molecule activation translates into impressive catalytic properties in the hydrogenation of organic molecules and the reduction of N2, CO, and CO2. The results discussed in this review illustrate that the potential of transition metalate anions is increasingly being tapped for challenging catalytic processes with relevance to organic synthesis and energy conversion. Therefore, it is hoped that this review will serve as a useful resource to inspire further developments in this dynamic research field.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Robert Wolf
- University of Regensburg, Institute
of Inorganic Chemistry, 93040 Regensburg, Germany
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2
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Dianionic or tetraanionic ligand: Synthesis, Hirshfeld surface analysis, DFT, electrochemical and magnetic properties of mono- and dinuclear Cu(II) complexes derived from a deprotonated Schiff base. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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3
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Zhao Q, Wu XF, Xiao X, Wang ZY, Zhao J, Wang BW, Lei H. Group 4 Metallocene Complexes Supported by a Redox-Active O, C-Chelating Ligand. Organometallics 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.2c00084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuting Zhao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiao-Fan Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiang Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zi-Yu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Bing-Wu Wang
- Beijing National Laboratory of Molecular Science, Beijing Key Laboratory for Magnetoelectric Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hao Lei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Supramolecular Coordination Materials and Applications, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Ghana P, Schrader S, Rajeshkumar T, Spaniol TP, Englert U, Maron L, Okuda J. Reduced Arene Complexes of Hafnium Supported by a Triamidoamine Ligand. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:14179-14187. [PMID: 33890350 PMCID: PMC8252659 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A series of hafnium complexes with a reduced arene of the general formula [K(L)][Hf(Xy-N3 N)(arene)] (Xy-N3 N={(3,5-Me2 C6 H3 )NCH2 CH2 }3 N3- , L=THF, 18-crown-6; arene=C10 H8 2- , C14 H10 2- ) mimic the chemistry of hafnium in its formal oxidation state +II. All compounds were obtained upon reduction of the chlorido complex [HfCl(Xy-N3 N)(thf)] with two equivalents of potassium naphthalenide or anthracenide. The reducing nature and the basicity of the reduced anthracene ligand were explored in the reaction of benzonitrile and azobenzene, and by deprotonation of tert-butylacetylene, respectively. The reduction of benzonitrile provides an initial double nitrile insertion product under kinetic control that rearranges after extrusion of one of the inserted nitriles to a hafnium imido complex as the thermodynamic product. The reduction of azobenzene resulted in a diphenylhydrazido(2-) complex. Treatment of terminal alkynes with the anthracene or diphenylhydrazido(2-) complex led to the selective protonation of the corresponding dianionic ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Sebastian Schrader
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Université de Toulouse et CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNO135 Avenue de RangueilF-31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Ulli Englert
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRSINSAUPSUMR 5215LPCNO135 Avenue de RangueilF-31077ToulouseFrance
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
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Ghana P, Schrader S, Rajeshkumar T, Spaniol TP, Englert U, Maron L, Okuda J. Reduzierte Arenkomplexe von Hafnium mit einem Triamidoaminliganden. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202103755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Institut für anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Schrader
- Institut für anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Thayalan Rajeshkumar
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institut für anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Ulli Englert
- Institut für anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
| | - Laurent Maron
- Université de Toulouse et CNRS INSA UPS UMR 5215 LPCNO 135 Avenue de Rangueil F-31077 Toulouse Frankreich
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institut für anorganische Chemie RWTH Aachen Landoltweg 1 52056 Aachen Deutschland
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Sattler W, Shlian DG, Sambade D, Parkin G. Synthesis and structural characterization of bis(2-pyridylthio)(p-tolylthio)methyl zinc complexes and the catalytic hydrosilylation of CO2. Polyhedron 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2020.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Abstract
Alkali metal naphthalenide or anthracenide reacted with scandium(III) anilides [Sc(X){N(tBu)Xy}2 (thf)] (X=N(tBu)Xy (1); X=Cl (2); Xy=C6 H3 -3,5-Me2 ) to give scandium complexes [M(thf)n ][Sc{N(tBu)Xy}2 (RA)] (M=Li-K; n=1-6; RA=C10 H8 2- (3-Naph-K) and C14 H10 2- (3-Anth-M)) containing a reduced arene ligand. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction revealed the scandium(III) center bonded to the naphthalene dianion in a σ2 :π-coordination mode, whereas the anthracene dianion is symmetrically attached to the scandium(III) center in a σ2 -fashion. All compounds have been characterized by multinuclear, including 45 Sc NMR spectroscopy. Quantum chemical calculations of these intensely colored arene complexes confirm scandium to be in the oxidation state +3. The intense absorptions observed in the UV/Vis spectra are due to ligand-to-metal charge transfers. Whereas nitriles underwent C-C coupling reaction with the reduced arene ligand, the reaction with one equivalent of [NEt3 H][BPh4 ] led to the mono-protonation of the reduced arene ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyabrata Ghana
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Alexander Hoffmann
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Thomas P. Spaniol
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
| | - Jun Okuda
- Institute of Inorganic ChemistryRWTH Aachen UniversityLandoltweg 152056AachenGermany
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Zhong T, Zhao J, Lei H. Trianionic binucleating bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands and their lithium, magnesium, and zinc complexes. CAN J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1139/cjc-2020-0139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of lithium complexes with trianionic bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands were prepared by triple deprotonation of phenols with two ortho-diarylmethyl substituents. Transmetalation with one of the lithium complexes via salt metathesis resulted in the synthesis of corresponding Mg and Zn complexes, which showed distinct coordination stoichiometry and structures. The metal complexes were characterized by multi-nuclear NMR, UV–vis, and infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, the redox property of a trilithium compound was investigated by electrochemical methods. X-ray crystallography revealed that the new bis(trityl)/aryloxide ligands could simultaneously bind to two nearby metal centers both in chelating κ2-O,C fashion, making themselves rare examples of tridentate binucleating alkyl/aryloxo scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingshan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center, Shihezi University, Shihezi, Xinjiang 832003, China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Huang Z, Zhong T, Feng T, Zhao J, Zhong H, Lei H. Metal Complexes Bearing Dianionic Trityl/Aryloxide Ligands: Rational Synthesis, Structural Diversity, and Redox Properties. Eur J Inorg Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.202000157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuanying Huang
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Tingshan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Tangbiao Feng
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Jixing Zhao
- Analysis and Testing Center College of Chemistry and Materials Science Shihezi University 832003 Shihezi Xinjiang China
| | - Hailan Zhong
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
| | - Hao Lei
- Department of Chemistry College of Chemistry and Materials Science Jinan University 510632 Guangzhou China
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Aguilar-Calderón JR, Murillo J, Gomez-Torres A, Saucedo C, Jordan A, Metta-Magaña AJ, Pink M, Fortier S. Redox Character and Small Molecule Reactivity of a Masked Titanium(II) Synthon. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Rolando Aguilar-Calderón
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Jesse Murillo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alejandra Gomez-Torres
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Carlos Saucedo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Aldo Jordan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Alejandro J. Metta-Magaña
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
| | - Maren Pink
- Indiana University Molecular Structure Center, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Skye Fortier
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas 79968, United States
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Ruccolo S, Rauch M, Parkin G. Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Tris(isopropylbenzimidazol-2-ylthio)methyl Zinc Complexes, [TitmPriBenz]ZnX: Modulation of Transannular Zn–C Interactions. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
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Al-Harbi A, Hammond MJ, Parkin G. Organometallic Zirconium Compounds in an Oxygen-Rich Coordination Environment: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Tris(oxoimidazolyl)hydroboratozirconium Compounds. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:1426-1437. [PMID: 29314851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A series of tris(oxoimidazolyl)hydroborato ligands, which serve as L2X [O3] donors, have been employed to obtain organometallic zirconium compounds in an uncommon oxygen-rich coordination environment. For example, Cp[ToMeBenz]ZrCl2 has been synthesized via the reaction of [ToMeBenz]Na with CpZrCl3 and bears a structural resemblance to the bent metallocene dichloride derivative Cp2ZrCl2. In addition, the half-sandwich counterparts [ToMeBenz]ZrCl3 and [ToBut]ZrCl3 have been obtained by metathesis of ZrCl4 with [ToMeBenz]Na and [ToBut]Na, respectively. The structurally related zirconium benzyl compounds [ToRBenz]Zr(CH2Ph)3 (R = Me, But, 1-Ad) have also been synthesized via the reactions of [ToRBenz]Tl with Zr(CH2Ph)4, and X-ray diffraction studies demonstrate that the benzyl ligands in these compounds are conformationally flexible and exhibit a large range of Zr-CH2-Ph bond angles (94.7-131.7°). Protolytic cleavage of one of the benzyl ligands of [ToRBenz]Zr(CH2Ph)3 (R = But, 1-Ad) may be achieved by treatment with [PhNHMe2][B(C6F5)4] to generate {[ToRBenz]Zr(CH2Ph)2}[B(C6F5)4], which are catalysts for the polymerization of ethylene. The molecular structure of the ether adduct, {[ToButBenz]Zr(CH2Ph)2(OEt2)}[B(C6F5)4], has been determined by X-ray diffraction. In addition to the use of tris(oxoimidazolyl)hydroborato ligands, bis(oxoimidazolyl)hydroborato ligands have also been used to obtain zirconium benzyl compounds in oxygen-rich environments, namely, [BoMeBenz]2Zr(CH2Ph)2 and [BoAdBenz]2Zr(CH2Ph)2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Al-Harbi
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Matthew J Hammond
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University , New York, New York 10027, United States
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Nakanishi Y, Ishida Y, Kawaguchi H. An anionic η2-naphthalene complex of titanium supported by a tripodal [O3C] ligand and its reactions with dinitrogen, anthracene and THF. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:6903-6907. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01161c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
An η2-naphthalene titanium complex supported by a tripodal ligand reacts with N2 to produce a strongly activated N2 complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry
- Tokyo Institute of Technology
- Tokyo 152-8551
- Japan
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Nakanishi Y, Ishida Y, Kawaguchi H. Nitrogen-Carbon Bond Formation by Reactions of a Titanium-Potassium Dinitrogen Complex with Carbon Dioxide, tert
-Butyl Isocyanate, and Phenylallene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:9193-9197. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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Nakanishi Y, Ishida Y, Kawaguchi H. Nitrogen-Carbon Bond Formation by Reactions of a Titanium-Potassium Dinitrogen Complex with Carbon Dioxide, tert
-Butyl Isocyanate, and Phenylallene. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakanishi
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Yutaka Ishida
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kawaguchi
- Department of Chemistry; Tokyo Institute of Technology; Ookayama, Meguro-ku Tokyo 152-8551 Japan
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Ruccolo S, Rauch M, Parkin G. Tris[(1-isopropylbenzimidazol-2-yl)dimethylsilyl]methyl metal complexes, [Tism PriBenz]M: a new class of metallacarbatranes, isomerization to a tris(N-heterocyclic carbene) derivative, and evidence for an inverted ligand field. Chem Sci 2017; 8:4465-4474. [PMID: 30155219 PMCID: PMC6100236 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc00499k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The tris[(1-isopropylbenzimidazol-2-yl)dimethylsilyl]methyl ligand, [TismPriBenz], has been employed to form carbatrane compounds of both the main group metals and transition metals, namely [TismPriBenz]Li, [TismPriBenz]MgMe, [TismPriBenz]Cu and [TismPriBenz]NiBr. In addition to the formation of atranes, a zinc compound that exhibits κ3-coordination, namely [κ3-TismPriBenz]ZnMe, has also been obtained. Furthermore, the [TismPriBenz] ligand may undergo a thermally induced rearrangement to afford a novel tripodal tris(N-heterocyclic carbene) variant, as shown by the conversion of [TismPriBenz]Cu to [κ4-C4-TismPriBenz*]Cu. The transannular M-C bond lengths in the atrane compounds are 0.19-0.32 Å longer than the sum of the respective covalent radii, which is consistent with a bonding description that features a formally zwitterionic component. Interestingly, computational studies demonstrate that the Cu-Catrane interactions in [TismPriBenz]Cu and [κ4-C4-TismPriBenz*]Cu are characterized by an "inverted ligand field", in which the occupied antibonding orbitals are localized more on carbon than on copper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serge Ruccolo
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Michael Rauch
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York 10027 , USA .
| | - Gerard Parkin
- Department of Chemistry , Columbia University , New York 10027 , USA .
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