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Meyer M, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Introducing sterically demanding substituents and π-π-interactions into [Cu(P^P)(N^N)] + complexes. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:5453-5465. [PMID: 38414289 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00276h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
A series of ten N^N chelating ligands based on a 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) metal-binding domain and featuring sterically hindering substituents in the 6- and 6,6'-positions has been synthesized and characterized. The ligands have been incorporated into a family of 15 heteroleptic complexes of type [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] where P^P is the wide bite-angle bisphosphane ligand bis(2(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)ether (POP) or (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane) (xantphos). Substituents in several of the N^N ligands ligands possess phenyl rings remotely tethered to enable intra- and intermolecular π-π-interactions in the [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ cations. Single crystal X-ray structures of 12 complexes are reported. The effects of the functional groups in the bpy ligand on the photophysical properties of the complexes have been studied; solid-state emission maxima range from 518 to 567 nm. Values of the solid-state photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of the [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] compounds respond to the nature of the N^N ligand. In general, we observed that the [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ complexes containing 6,6'-disubstituted complexes with phenyl moieties connected via a CH2CH2 or CH2CH2CH2 spacer to the bpy domain have the highest values of PLQY. The most significant compounds are [Cu(POP)((2-PhEt)2bpy)][PF6] (PLQY = 67%) and [Cu(POP)((3-PhPr)2bpy)][PF6] (PLQY = 72%) where (2-PhEt)2bpy = 6,6'-bis(2-phenylethyl)-2,2'-bipyridine and (3-PhPr)2bpy = 6,6'-bis(3-phenylpropyl)-2,2'-bipyridine. These PLQY values are among the best performing previously reported families of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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2
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Wang LX, Cheng SC, Liu Y, Leung CF, Liu JY, Ko CC, Lau TC, Xiang J. Synthesis, structure and photoluminescence of Cu(I) complexes containing new functionalized 1,2,3-triazole ligands. Dalton Trans 2023; 52:16032-16042. [PMID: 37850402 DOI: 10.1039/d3dt02242k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2023]
Abstract
The reaction of a triazole ligand, 2-(1H-1,2,3-triazol-4-yl)pyridine (L1), with 2-bromopyridine afforded three new ligands, 2,2'-(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,4-diyl)dipyridine (L2), 2,2'-(2H-1,2,3-triazole-2,4-diyl)dipyridine (L3) and 2,2'-(1H-1,2,3-triazole-1,5-diyl)dipyridine (L4). A series of luminescent mononuclear copper(I) complexes of these ligands [Cu(Ln)(P^P)](ClO4) [n = 1, P^P = (PPh3)2 (1); n = 1, P^P = POP (2); n = 2, P^P = (PPh3)2 (3); n = 2, P^P = POP (4); n = 3, P^P = (PPh3)2 (5); n = 3, P^P = POP (6); n = 4, P^P = (PPh3)2 (9); n = 4, P^P = POP (10)] have been obtained from the reaction of Ln with [Cu(MeCN)4]ClO4 in the presence of PPh3 and POP. L3 was also found to form dinuclear compounds [Cu2(L3)(PPh3)4](ClO4)2 (7) and [Cu2(L3)(POP)2](ClO4)2 (8). All of the Cu(I) compounds have been characterized by IR, UV/vis, CV, 1H NMR, and 31P{1H} NMR. The molecular structures of 1-3, 5, and 7 have been further determined by X-ray crystallography. In CH2Cl2 solutions, these Cu(I) complexes exhibit tunable green to orange emissions (563-621 nm) upon excitation at λex = 380 nm. In the solid state, these complexes show intense emissions and it is interesting to note that 1 and 3 are blue-light emitters. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that the lowest energy electronic transition associated with these complexes predominantly originates from metal-to-ligand charge transfer transitions (MLCT).
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Shun-Cheung Cheng
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Yingying Liu
- Institute of Intelligent Machines, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, P. R. China
| | - Chi-Fai Leung
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ji-Yan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
| | - Chi-Chiu Ko
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Tai-Chu Lau
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Jing Xiang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices (Ministry of Education), School of Optoelectronic Materials and Technology, Jianghan University, Wuhan, 430056, China.
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3
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Beaudelot J, Oger S, Peruško S, Phan TA, Teunens T, Moucheron C, Evano G. Photoactive Copper Complexes: Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16365-16609. [PMID: 36350324 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Photocatalyzed and photosensitized chemical processes have seen growing interest recently and have become among the most active areas of chemical research, notably due to their applications in fields such as medicine, chemical synthesis, material science or environmental chemistry. Among all homogeneous catalytic systems reported to date, photoactive copper(I) complexes have been shown to be especially attractive, not only as alternative to noble metal complexes, and have been extensively studied and utilized recently. They are at the core of this review article which is divided into two main sections. The first one focuses on an exhaustive and comprehensive overview of the structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of mononuclear copper(I) complexes, typical examples highlighting the most critical structural parameters and their impact on the properties being presented to enlighten future design of photoactive copper(I) complexes. The second section is devoted to their main areas of application (photoredox catalysis of organic reactions and polymerization, hydrogen production, photoreduction of carbon dioxide and dye-sensitized solar cells), illustrating their progression from early systems to the current state-of-the-art and showcasing how some limitations of photoactive copper(I) complexes can be overcome with their high versatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Beaudelot
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Samuel Oger
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Stefano Peruško
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Organic Synthesis Division, Department of Chemistry, University of Antwerp, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tuan-Anh Phan
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Titouan Teunens
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Nouveaux, Université de Mons, Place du Parc 20, 7000Mons, Belgium
| | - Cécile Moucheron
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique et Photochimie, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/08, 1050Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gwilherm Evano
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique, Service de Chimie et PhysicoChimie Organiques, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Avenue F. D. Roosevelt 50 - CP160/06, 1050Brussels, Belgium
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Paderina A, Melnikov A, Slavova S, Sizov V, Gurzhiy V, Petrovskii S, Luginin M, Levin O, Koshevoy I, Grachova E. The Tail Wags the Dog: The Far Periphery of the Coordination Environment Manipulates the Photophysical Properties of Heteroleptic Cu(I) Complexes. Molecules 2022; 27:2250. [PMID: 35408648 PMCID: PMC9000333 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27072250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work we show, using the example of a series of [Cu(Xantphos)(N^N)]+ complexes (N^N being substituted 5-phenyl-bipyridine) with different peripheral N^N ligands, that substituents distant from the main action zone can have a significant effect on the physicochemical properties of the system. By using the C≡C bond on the periphery of the coordination environment, three hybrid molecular systems with -Si(CH3)3, -Au(PR3), and -C2HN3(CH2)C10H7 fragments were produced. The Cu(I) complexes thus obtained demonstrate complicated emission behaviour, which was investigated by spectroscopic, electrochemical, and computational methods in order to understand the mechanism of energy transfer. It was found that the -Si(CH3)3 fragment connected to the peripheral C≡C bond changes luminescence to long-lived intra-ligand phosphorescence, in contrast to MLCT phosphorescence or TADF. The obtained results can be used for the design of new materials based on Cu(I) complexes with controlled optoelectronic properties on the molecular level, as well as for the production of hybrid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Paderina
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Alexey Melnikov
- Centre for Nano- and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 195251 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Sofia Slavova
- Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Vladimir Sizov
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Vladislav Gurzhiy
- Institute of Earth Sciences, St. Petersburg University, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Stanislav Petrovskii
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Maksim Luginin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Oleg Levin
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
| | - Igor Koshevoy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Eastern Finland, 80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Elena Grachova
- Institute of Chemistry, St. Petersburg University, Universitetskii pr. 26, 198504 St. Petersburg, Russia; (A.P.); (V.S.); (S.P.); (M.L.); (O.L.)
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5
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Li Q, Wang J, Wu Y, Zhao F, He H, Wang Y. Luminescent copper(I) complexes bearing benzothiazole-imidazolylidene ligand with various substituents: Synthesis, photophysical properties and computational studies. Polyhedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2022.115785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Nohara I, Wegeberg C, Devereux M, Prescimone A, Housecroft CE, Constable EC. The surprising effects of sulfur: achieving long excited-state lifetimes in heteroleptic copper(i) emitters. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:3089-3102. [PMID: 35340713 PMCID: PMC8870442 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05591g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A series of heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)][PF6] complexes is reported in which N^N is a di(methylsulfanyl)-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-(MeS)2phen) or di(methoxy)-1,10-phenanthroline (2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-(MeO)2phen) and P^P is bis(2-(diphenylphosphano)phenyl)ether (POP) or 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphano)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos). The effects of the different substituents are investigated through structural, electrochemical and photophysical studies and by using DFT and TD-DFT calculations. Introducing methylsulfanyl groups in the 2,9-, 3,8- or 4,7-positions of the phen domain alters the composition of the frontier molecular orbitals of the [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes significantly, so that ligand-centred (LC) transitions become photophysically relevant with respect to metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT). Within this series, [Cu(2,9-(MeS)2phen)(POP)][PF6] exhibits the highest photoluminescence quantum yield of 15% and the longest excited-state lifetime of 8.3 μs in solution. In the solid state and in frozen matrices at 77 K, the electronic effects of the methylsulfanyl or methoxy substituents are highlighted, thus resulting in luminescence lifetimes of 2 to 4.2 ms at 77 K with predominantly LC character for both the 3,8- and 4,7-(MeS)2phen containing complexes. The results of the investigation give new guidelines on how to influence the luminescence properties in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes which will aid in the development of new sustainable and efficient copper(i) emitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaak Nohara
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Christina Wegeberg
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel St Johanns-Ring 19 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Mike Devereux
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel Klingelbergstrasse 80 CH-4056 Basel Switzerland
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096 Mattenstrasse 24a CH-4058 Basel Switzerland
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7
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Vogt M, Smolentsev G. Time‐Resolved X‐Ray Spectroscopy to Study Luminophores with Relevance for OLEDs. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202100180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Vogt
- Fakultät für Naturwissenschaften II, Institut für Chemie Martin-Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg Kurt-Mothes-Str. 2 06120 Halle (Saale) Germany
| | - Grigory Smolentsev
- Energy and Environment Research Division Paul Scherrer Institute Forschungsstrasse 111 5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland
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Santander-Nelli M, Cortés-Arriagada D, Sanhueza L, Dreyse P. Dependence between luminescence properties of Cu( i) complexes and electronic/structural parameters derived from steric effects. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2nj00407k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Quantification of steric effects induced by bulky N^N ligands and their relationship with the luminescence properties of Cu(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Santander-Nelli
- Advanced Integrated Technologies (AINTECH), Chorrillo Uno, Parcela 21, Lampa, Santiago, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O’Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación, Desarrollo e Innovación. Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Ignacio Valdivieso, 2409, San Joaquín, Santiago 8940577, Chile
| | - Luis Sanhueza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos y Materiales Avanzados (BioMA), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Av. Rudecindo Ortega 02950, Temuco, Chile
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Avda. España 1680, Casilla 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile
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Santander-Nelli M, Sanhueza L, Navas D, Rossin E, Natali M, Dreyse P. Unusual fluorescence behaviour of a heteroleptic Cu( i) complex featuring strong electron donating groups on a diimine ligand. NEW J CHEM 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj04811b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Synthesis of a novel bulky diimine ligand and its corresponding heteroleptic Cu(i). Unusual fluorescence behavior of a novel Cu(i) complex due to a strong electron-donor diimine ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireya Santander-Nelli
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile
- Centro Integrativo de Biología y Química Aplicada (CIBQA), Universidad Bernardo O'Higgins, General Gana 1702, Santiago 8370854, Chile
| | - Luis Sanhueza
- Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Recursos Naturales, Universidad Católica de Temuco, Casilla 15-D, Temuco, Chile
- Núcleo de Investigación en Bioproductos y Materiales Avanzados (BioMA), Universidad Católica de Temuco, Av. Rudecindo Ortega, 02950 Temuco, Chile
| | - Daniel Navas
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Matemática y del Medio Ambiente, Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana, Las Palmeras 3360, Ñuñoa, Santiago 7800003, Chile
| | - Elena Rossin
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences (DOCPAS), University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España 1680, Casilla 2390123, Valparaíso, Chile
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10
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Meyer M, Mardegan L, Tordera D, Prescimone A, Sessolo M, Bolink HJ, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. A counterion study of a series of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][A] compounds with bis(phosphane) and 6-methyl and 6,6'-dimethyl-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine ligands for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:17920-17934. [PMID: 34757348 PMCID: PMC8669729 DOI: 10.1039/d1dt03239a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The syntheses and characterisations of a series of heteroleptic copper(I) compounds [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][A], [Cu(POP)(Me2bpy)][A], [Cu(xantphos)(Mebpy)][A] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][A] in which [A]- is [BF4]-, [PF6]-, [BPh4]- and [BArF4]- (Mebpy = 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine, Me2bpy = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, POP = oxydi(2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphane), xantphos = (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane), [BArF4]- = tetrakis(3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl)borate) are reported. Nine of the compounds have been characterised by single crystal X-ray crystallography, and the consequences of the different anions on the packing interactions in the solid state are discussed. The effects of the counterion on the photophysical properties of [Cu(POP)(N^N)][A] and [Cu(xantphos)(N^N)][A] (N^N = Mebpy and Me2bpy) have been investigated. In the solid-state emission spectra, the highest energy emission maxima are for [Cu(xantphos)(Mebpy)][BPh4] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BPh4] (λemmax = 520 nm) whereas the lowest energy λemmax values occur for [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][PF6] and [Cu(POP)(Mebpy)][BPh4] (565 nm and 563 nm, respectively). Photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) are noticeably affected by the counterion; in the [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][A] series, solid-state PLQY values decrease from 62% for [PF6]-, to 44%, 35% and 27% for [BF4]-, [BPh4]- and [BArF4]-, respectively. This latter series of compounds was used as active electroluminescent materials on light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The luminophores were mixed with ionic liquids (ILs) [EMIM][A] ([EMIM]+ = [1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium]+) containing the same or different counterions than the copper(I) complex. LECs containing [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BPh4] and [Cu(xantphos)(Me2bpy)][BArF4] failed to turn on under the LEC operating conditions, whereas those with the smaller [PF6]- or [BF4]- counterions had rapid turn-on times and exhibited maximum luminances of 173 and 137 cd m-2 and current efficiencies of 3.5 and 2.6 cd A-1, respectively, when the IL contained the same counterion as the luminophore. Mixing the counterions ([PF6]- and [BF4]-) of the active complex and the IL led to a reduction in all the figures of merit of the LECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Lorenzo Mardegan
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Daniel Tordera
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular (ICMol), Universidad de Valencia, Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980 Paterna, Spain.
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Mattenstrasse 24a, BPR 1096, 4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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Synthesis, structures, DFT studies and luminescent properties of copper(I)-diimine complexes and application in yellow-green light-emitting diode. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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12
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Pathaw L, Khamrang T, Selvakumaran B, Murali M, Arul Prakash P, Mohamed Jaabir MS, Velusamy M. Synthesis, structure, characterization and biological evaluation of 3‐substituted 1‐pyridin‐2‐ylimidazo[1,5‐
a
]pyridine‐based copper(I)–phosphine complexes for anticancer drug screening. Appl Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Larica Pathaw
- Department of Chemistry North‐Eastern Hill University Shillong India
| | | | - Balasubramaniam Selvakumaran
- Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry National College (Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Mariappan Murali
- Coordination and Bioinorganic Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Chemistry National College (Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli India
| | - Pitchan Arul Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology National College (Autonomous) Tiruchirappalli India
| | | | - Marappan Velusamy
- Department of Chemistry North‐Eastern Hill University Shillong India
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13
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Huang TH, Wu TC, Zhao FZ, Zheng D, Luo C, Liang GM, Zhao B. Structures, electronic and luminescent properties of Cu(I)-quinoline complex at different temperatures and its application to red light-emitting diode. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2020.120008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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14
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Yamazaki Y, Tsukuda T, Furukawa S, Dairiki A, Sawamura S, Tsubomura T. A Series of Mixed-Ligand Cu(I) Complexes Comprising Diphosphine-Disulfide Ligands: Effects of Diphosphine Ligands on Luminescent Properties. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12375-12384. [PMID: 32830956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Mixed-ligand Cu(I) complexes have attracted attention as alternatives to the noble- and/or rare-metal complexes, because of their remarkable photofunctions. To develop mixed-ligand Cu(I) complexes with rich photofunctions, an investigation of a suitable combination of ligands has captured more and more research interests. Herein, we report the first examples of emissive heteroleptic diphosphine-disulfide Cu(I) complexes combined with diphosphine ligands. The systematic study using a series of diphosphine ligands revealed that large π-conjugated bridging moieties between the two P atoms in the diphosphine ligands result in higher light-emission performance. When the diphosphine ligand was (R)-BINAP ((R)-BINAP = (R)-(+)-2,2'-bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1'-binaphthyl), the Cu(I) complex had an emission quantum yield (Φem) of 0.13 and a long emission lifetime (τem = 118 μs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuomi Yamazaki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tsukuda
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Shota Furukawa
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Ayumi Dairiki
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Shota Sawamura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
| | - Taro Tsubomura
- Department of Materials and Life Science, Seikei University, 3-3-1 Kichijoji-kitamachi, Musashino-shi, Tokyo, 180-8633, Japan
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15
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Positional Isomerism in the N^N Ligand: How Much Difference Does a Methyl Group Make in [Cu(P^P)(N^N)] + Complexes? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122760. [PMID: 32549279 PMCID: PMC7356218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and structural characterization of 5,6′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (5,6′-Me2bpy) are reported, along with the preparations and characterizations of [Cu(POP)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] (POP = bis(2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl)ether, xantphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene). Single-crystal X-ray structure determinations of [Cu(POP)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] confirmed distorted tetrahedral copper(I) coordination environments with the 5-methylpyridine ring of 5,6′-Me2bpy directed towards the (C6H4)2O unit of POP or the xanthene unit of xantphos. In the xantphos case, this preference may be attributed to C–H…π interactions involving both the 6-CH unit and the 5-methyl substituent in the 5-methylpyridine ring and the arene rings of the xanthene unit. 1H NMR spectroscopic data indicate that this ligand orientation is also preferred in solution. In solution and the solid state, [Cu(POP)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(5,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] are yellow emitters, and, for powdered samples, photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) are 12 and 11%, respectively, and excited-state lifetimes are 5 and 6 μs, respectively. These values are lower than PLQY and τ values for [Cu(POP)(6,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(6,6′-Me2bpy)][PF6], and the investigation points to the 6,6′-dimethyl substitution pattern in the bpy ligand being critical for enhancement of the PLQY.
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16
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Alkan-Zambada M, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. The Role of Percent Volume Buried in the Characterization of Copper(I) Complexes for Lighting Purposes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25112647. [PMID: 32517264 PMCID: PMC7321245 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25112647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The usefulness of percent volume buried (%Vbur) as a readily quantifiable property is investigated with regard to [Cu(NN)(PP)]+ complexes of interest for lighting purposes. Photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) and single crystal X-ray structures of 100 reported compounds were assembled, %Vbur of the ligand systems were calculated and analyzed for correlations. We found that increased shielding of the central Cu(I) cation relying on shared contributions of both (NN) and (PP) ligand systems led to increased PLQYs. These findings are of relevance for future characterizations of Cu(I)-based complexes and their photophysical behavior in the solid-state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murat Alkan-Zambada
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH 3305, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Edwin C. Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; (E.C.C.); (C.E.H.)
| | - Catherine E. Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland; (E.C.C.); (C.E.H.)
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17
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Extended π-Systems in Diimine Ligands in [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] Complexes: From 2,2′-Bipyridine to 2-(Pyridin-2-yl)Quinoline. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10040255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We describe the synthesis and characterization of [Cu(POP)(1)][PF6], [Cu(POP)(2)][PF6], [Cu(xantphos)(1)][PF6], and [Cu(xantphos)(2)][PF6] in which ligands 1 and 2 are 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline and 2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinoline, respectively. With 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) as a benchmark, we assess the impact of the extended π-system on structural and solid-state photophysical properties. The single crystal structures of [Cu(POP)(2)][PF6], [Cu(xantphos)(1)][PF6], and [Cu(xantphos)(2)][PF6] were determined and confirmed a distorted tetrahedral copper(I) coordination environment in each [Cu(P^P)(N^N)]+ cation. The xanthene unit in [Cu(xantphos)(1)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(2)][PF6] hosts the quinoline unit of 1, and the 6-methylpyridine group of 2. 1H NMR spectroscopic data indicate that these different ligand orientations are also observed in acetone solution. In their crystal structures, the [Cu(POP)(2)]+, [Cu(xantphos)(1)]+, and [Cu(xantphos)(2)]+ cations exhibit different edge-to-face and face-to-face π-interactions, but in all cases, the copper(I) centre is effectively protected by a ligand sheath. In [Cu(POP)(2)][PF6], pairs of cations engage in an efficient face-to-face π-stacking embrace, and we suggest that this may contribute to this compound having the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY = 21%) of the series. With reference to data from the Cambridge Structural Database, we compare packing effects and PLQY data for the complexes incorporating 2-(pyridin-2-yl)quinoline and 2-(6-methylpyridin-2-yl)quinoline, with those of the benchmark bpy-containing compounds. We also assess the effect that Cu⋯O distances in the {Cu(POP)} and {Cu(xantphos)} domains of [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][X] compounds have on solid-state PLQY values.
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18
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Keller S, Prescimone A, La Placa MG, Junquera-Hernández JM, Bolink HJ, Constable EC, Sessolo M, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. The shiny side of copper: bringing copper(i) light-emitting electrochemical cells closer to application. RSC Adv 2020; 10:22631-22644. [PMID: 35514545 PMCID: PMC9054616 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra03824e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Heteroleptic [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] complexes, where N^N is 5,5′-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (5,5′-Me2bpy), 4,5,6-trimethyl-2,2′-bipyridine (4,5,6-Me3bpy), 6-(tert-butyl)-2,2′-bipyridine (6-tBubpy) and 2-ethyl-1,10-phenanthroline (2-Etphen) and P^P is either bis(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)ether (POP, PIN [oxydi(2,1-phenylene)]bis(diphenylphosphane)) or 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos, PIN (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene-4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane)) have been synthesized and their NMR spectroscopic, mass spectrometric, structural, electrochemical and photophysical properties were investigated. The single-crystal structures of [Cu(POP)(5,5′-Me2bpy)][PF6], [Cu(xantphos)(5,5′-Me2bpy)][PF6], [Cu(POP)(6-tBubpy)][PF6], [Cu(POP)(4,5,6-Me3bpy)][PF6]·1.5Et2O, [Cu(xantphos)(4,5,6-Me3bpy)][PF6]·2.33CH2Cl2, [Cu(POP)(2-Etphen)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(2-Etphen)][PF6] are described. While alkyl substituents in general exhibit electron-donating properties, variation in the nature and substitution-position of the alkyl group in the N^N chelate leads to different effects in the photophysical properties of the [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] complexes. In the solid state, the complexes are yellow to green emitters with emission maxima between 518 and 602 nm, and photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) ranging from 1.1 to 58.8%. All complexes show thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). The complexes were employed in the active layer of light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The device performance properties are among the best reported for copper-based LECs, with maximum luminance values of up to 462 cd m−2 and device half-lifetimes of up to 98 hours. Heteroleptic copper(i) complexes with bisphosphanes and astutely tuned N^N chelating ligands as emitters give bright LECs with record-breaking stability.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | | | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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19
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Jin XX, Li T, Shi DP, Luo LJ, Su QQ, Xiang J, Xu HB, Leung CF, Zeng MH. Luminescent phosphine copper( i) complexes with various functionalized bipyridine ligands: synthesis, structures, photophysics and computational study. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05887g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A new series of luminescent phosphine copper(i) complexes with cyano- and hydroxyl-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Their luminescent properties have also been investigated in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Xin Jin
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Li
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Dong-Po Shi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Li-Juan Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Qian-Qian Su
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering
- Yangtze University
- Jingzhou 434020
- P. R. China
| | - Hai-Bing Xu
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
| | - Chi-Fai Leung
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies
- The Education University of Hong Kong
- Tai Po
- China
| | - Ming-Hua Zeng
- Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Organic Chemical Materials
- Ministry-of-Education Key Laboratory for the Synthesis and Application of Organic Functional Molecules & College of Chemistry & Chemical Engineering
- Hubei University
- Wuhan 430062
- China
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20
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Abstract
A series of [Cu(POP)(N^N][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(N^N][PF6] compounds has been prepared and characterized in which POP = bis[2-(diphenylphosphanyl)phenyl]ether (IUPAC PIN oxydi(2,1-phenylene)bis(diphenylphosphane), xantphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphanyl)-9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene (IUPAC PIN (9,9-dimethyl-9H-xanthene- 4,5-diyl)bis(diphenylphosphane)) and the N^N ligands are 4-(4-bromophenyl)-6,6′-dimethyl-2,2′- bipyridine (1), 5,5′-bis(3-methoxyphenyl)-6-methyl-2,2′-bipyridine (2), and 6-benzyl-2,2′-bipyridine (3). The single crystal structures of [Cu(xantphos)(1)][PF6]·CH2Cl2, [Cu(xantphos)(2)][PF6]·CH2Cl2 and [Cu(POP)(3)][PF6]·0.5H2O were determined by X-ray diffraction. Each complex contains a copper(I) ion in a distorted tetrahedral environment with chelating N^N and P^P ligands. In the [Cu(xantphos)(1)]+ and [Cu(xantphos)(2)]+ cations, there are face-to-face π-stackings of bpy and PPh2 phenyl rings (i.e., between the ligands); in addition in [Cu(xantphos)(2)][PF6]·CH2Cl2, inter-cation π-embraces lead to the formation of infinite chains as a primary packing motif. In [Cu(POP)(3)][PF6]·0.5H2O, centrosymmetric pairs of [Cu(POP)(3)]+ cations engage in C–H…π (phenyl to bpy) and offset face-to-face (bpy…bpy) contacts. The electrochemical and photophysical properties of the compounds containing ligands 1 and 2 are reported. They are green or yellow emitters in the solid-state (λem in the range 535–577 nm) with values for the photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) in the range 19%–41%.
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21
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Lundberg P, Tsuchiya Y, Lindh EM, Tang S, Adachi C, Edman L. Thermally activated delayed fluorescence with 7% external quantum efficiency from a light-emitting electrochemical cell. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5307. [PMID: 31757959 PMCID: PMC6874610 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13289-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
We report on light-emitting electrochemical cells, comprising a solution-processed single-layer active material and air-stabile electrodes, that exhibit efficient and bright thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Our optimized devices delivers a luminance of 120 cd m-2 at an external quantum efficiency of 7.0%. As such, it outperforms the combined luminance/efficiency state-of-the art for thermally activated delayed fluorescence light-emitting electrochemical cells by one order of magnitude. For this end, we employed a polymeric blend host for balanced electrochemical doping and electronic transport as well as uniform film formation, an optimized concentration (<1 mass%) of guest for complete host-to-guest energy transfer at minimized aggregation and efficient emission, and an appropriate concentration of an electrochemically stabile electrolyte for desired doping effects. The generic nature of our approach is manifested in the attainment of bright and efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence emission from three different light-emitting electrochemical cells with invariant host:guest:electrolyte number ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petter Lundberg
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Youichi Tsuchiya
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - E Mattias Lindh
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Shi Tang
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.,LunaLEC AB, Linnaeus väg 24, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Chihaya Adachi
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics Research (OPERA), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,JST, ERATO, Adachi Molecular Exciton Engineering Project, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan.,International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ludvig Edman
- The Organic Photonics and Electronics Group, Umeå University, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden. .,LunaLEC AB, Linnaeus väg 24, SE-901 87, Umeå, Sweden.
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22
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Keller S, Bantle M, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Hinged and Wide: A New P^P Ligand for Emissive [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF 6] Complexes. Molecules 2019; 24:E3934. [PMID: 31683579 PMCID: PMC6864541 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Heteroleptic [Cu(BIPHEP)(N^N)][PF6] complexes (BIPHEP = 1,1'-biphenyl-2,2'-diylbis(diphenylphosphane)), in which N^N is 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy), 6-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine (6-Mebpy), 6-ethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (6-Etbpy), or 5,5'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (5,5'-Me2bpy), have been synthesized and characterized using multinuclear NMR spectroscopies and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. The single crystal structures of [Cu(BIPHEP)(bpy)][PF6]∙CH2Cl2, [Cu(BIPHEP)(5,5'-Me2bpy)][PF6]∙CH2Cl2, [Cu(BIPHEP)(6-Mebpy)][PF6]∙Et2O∙0.5H2O and [Cu(BIPHEP)(6-Etbpy)][PF6] confirm distorted tetrahedral {Cu(P^P)(N^N)} coordination environments. Each compound shows a quasi-reversible Cu+/Cu2+ process. In deaerated solution, the compounds are weak emitters. Powdered samples are yellow emitters (λemmax in the range 558-583 nm) and [Cu(BIPHEP)(5,5'-Me2bpy)][PF6] exhibits the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY = 14%). On cooling to 77 K (frozen 2-methyloxolane), the emission maxima are red-shifted and the excited state lifetimes increase from τ1/2 < 8 μs, to τ1/2 values of up to 53 μs, consistent with the compounds with N^N = 6-Mebpy, 6-Etbpy and 5,5'-Me2bpy exhibiting thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University CNRS, Institute of Chemistry for Life and Health Sciences, Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France.
| | - Matthias Bantle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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23
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Yanagida S, Yoshida M, Sameera WMC, Kobayashi A, Kato M. Insight into the Origin of Competitive Emission of Copper(I) Complexes Bearing Diimine and Diphosphine Ligands. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2019. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20190128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sae Yanagida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masaki Yoshida
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - W. M. C. Sameera
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Atsushi Kobayashi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
| | - Masako Kato
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, North-10 West-8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-0810, Japan
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24
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Nierengarten JF, Nierengarten I, Holler M, Sournia-Saquet A, Delavaux-Nicot B, Leoni E, Monti F, Armaroli N. Dinuclear Copper(I) Complexes Combining Bis(diphenylphosphanyl)acetylene with 1,10-Phenanthroline Ligands. Eur J Inorg Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201900335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Iwona Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Michel Holler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux Moléculaires; Université de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA - UMR 7042), Ecole Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux; 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Alix Sournia-Saquet
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (UPR 8241); Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT); 205 Route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Béatrice Delavaux-Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (UPR 8241); Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT); 205 Route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 4 France
| | - Enrico Leoni
- Laboratorio Tecnologie dei Materiali Faenza, ENEA; Via Ravegnana 186 48018 Faenza (RA) Italy
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Filippo Monti
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
| | - Nicola Armaroli
- Istituto per la Sintesi Organica e la Fotoreattività, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche; Via P. Gobetti 101 40129 Bologna Italy
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25
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Holler M, Delavaux‐Nicot B, Nierengarten J. Topological and Steric Constraints to Stabilize Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes Combining Phenanthroline Ligands and Phosphines. Chemistry 2019; 25:4543-4550. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201805671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michel Holler
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA-UMR 7042), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
| | - Béatrice Delavaux‐Nicot
- Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination du CNRS (UPR 8241)Université de Toulouse (UPS, INPT) 205 Route de Narbonne 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04 France
| | - Jean‐François Nierengarten
- Laboratoire de Chimie des Matériaux MoléculairesUniversité de Strasbourg et CNRS (LIMA-UMR 7042), École Européenne de Chimie, Polymères et Matériaux (ECPM) 25 rue Becquerel 67087 Strasbourg Cedex 2 France
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Xiang J, Cheng SC, Jin XX, Su QQ, Zhou X, Chu WK, Leung CF, Ko CC. Polynuclear Cu(i) and Ag(i) phosphine complexes containing multi-dentate polytopic ligands: syntheses, crystal structures and photoluminescence properties. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:741-750. [PMID: 30560254 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03377c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of polynuclear metal complexes, [Cu2(L1)(PPh3)4](ClO4)2 (1), [Cu3(L2)(PPh3)6](ClO4) (2), [Cu3(L3)(PPh3)6] (3), [Ag2(L1)(PPh3)4](BF4)2 (4), [Ag4(L2)2(PPh3)6] (5) and [Ag3(L3)(PPh3)5] (6), have been obtained from the reactions of the highly conjugated bridging ligands 2,3-bis(2-pyridyl)pyrazine (L1), 2,3-bis(2-tetrazoyl)pyrazine (H2L2) and 2,3-bis(2-tetrazoyl)imidazole (H3L3) with [Cu(MeCN)4]ClO4 and AgBF4, respectively. Their crystal structures have been determined by X-ray crystallography and their photophysical properties have been investigated in detail. Complexes 1 and 3 show photoluminescence in CH2Cl2 solution, while all the complexes exhibit obvious luminescence in the solid state; detailed photophysical studies and density functional theory calculations of these complexes have revealed that their lowest energy absorptions and emissions are predominantly derived from either metal-to-ligand charge-transfer (MLCT) or intraligand (IL) excited states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xiang
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434020, Hubei, P. R. China.
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27
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Shi Y, Liu X, Shan Y, Zhang X, Kong W, Lu Y, Tan Z, Li XL. Naked-eye repeatable off–on–off and on–off–on switching luminescence of copper(i)-1H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline complexes with reversible acid–base responses. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:2430-2441. [PMID: 30688965 DOI: 10.1039/c8dt04538k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Repeatable off–on–off or on–off–on luminescence of a series of Cu(i) complexes is observed with reversible base–acid or acid–base responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shi
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Xia Liu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Yuyu Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Xia Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Weibo Kong
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Yuenan Lu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Zhidan Tan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
| | - Xiu-Ling Li
- School of Chemistry and Materials Science & Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Green Synthetic Chemistry for Functional Materials
- Jiangsu Normal University
- Xuzhou
- China
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28
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Brunner F, Babaei A, Pertegás A, Junquera-Hernández JM, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Bolink HJ, Sessolo M, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. Phosphane tuning in heteroleptic [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes for light-emitting electrochemical cells. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:446-460. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt03827a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The effects on photo-and electroluminescent properties of structurally modifying the bisphosphane in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes (N^N = bpy, 6-Mebpy, 6,6′-Me2bpy) are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Brunner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Azin Babaei
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Antonio Pertegás
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | | | | | | | - Henk J. Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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29
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Keller S, Prescimone A, Bolink H, Sessolo M, Longo G, Martínez-Sarti L, Junquera-Hernández JM, Constable EC, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. Luminescent copper(i) complexes with bisphosphane and halogen-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine ligands. Dalton Trans 2018. [PMID: 29790540 DOI: 10.1039/c8tc02882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/16/2023]
Abstract
Heteroleptic [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6] complexes, where N^N is a halo-substituted 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) and P^P is either bis(2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl)ether (POP) or 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos) have been synthesized and investigated. To stabilize the tetrahedral geometry of the copper(i) complexes, the steric demands of the bpy ligands have been increased by introducing 6- or 6,6'-halo-substituents in 6,6'-dichloro-2,2'-bipyridine (6,6'-Cl2bpy), 6-bromo-2,2'-bipyridine (6-Brbpy) and 6,6'-dibromo-2,2'-bipyridine (6,6'-Br2bpy). The solid-state structures of [Cu(POP)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6], [Cu(xantphos)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6]·CH2Cl2, [Cu(POP)(6-Brbpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(6-Brbpy)][PF6]·0.7Et2O obtained from single crystal X-ray diffraction are described including the pressure dependence of the structure of [Cu(POP)(6-Brbpy)][PF6]. The copper(i) complexes with either POP or xantphos and 6,6'-Cl2bpy, 6-Brbpy and 6,6'-Br2bpy are orange-to-red emitters in solution and yellow-to-orange emitters in the solid state, and their electrochemical and photophysical properties have been evaluated with the help of density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The emission properties are strongly influenced by the substitution pattern that largely affects the geometry of the emitting triplet state. [Cu(POP)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6] show photoluminescence quantum yields of 15 and 17%, respectively, in the solid state, and these compounds were tested as luminophores in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs). The devices exhibit orange electroluminescence and very short turn-on times (<5 to 12 s). Maximum luminance values of 121 and 259 cd m-2 for [Cu(POP)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6] and [Cu(xantphos)(6,6'-Cl2bpy)][PF6], respectively, were achieved at an average current density of 100 A m-2. External quantum efficiencies of 1.2% were recorded for both complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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30
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Alkan-Zambada M, Hu X. Cu Photoredox Catalysts Supported by a 4,6-Disubstituted 2,2′-Bipyridine Ligand: Application in Chlorotrifluoromethylation of Alkenes. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Murat Alkan-Zambada
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH
3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Xile Hu
- Laboratory of Inorganic Synthesis and Catalysis, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), ISIC-LSCI, BCH
3305, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
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31
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Mao S, Han X, Li C, Xu Y, Shen K, Shi X, Wu H. Cu(I) complexes regulated by N-heterocyclic ligands: Syntheses, structures, fluorescence and electrochemical properties. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 203:408-414. [PMID: 29894953 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Three mononuclear Cu(I) complexes, namely, [Cu(2-PBO)(PPh3)2]·ClO4·2CH2Cl2 (1), [Cu(3-PBO)(PPh3)2(ClO4)]·CH2Cl2 (2) and [Cu(PBM)(PPh3)2]·ClO4 (3) (2-PBO = 2-(2'-Pyridyl)benzoxazole, 3-PBO = 2-(3'-Pyridyl)benzoxazole, PBM = 2-(2'-Pyridyl)benzimidazole, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine) have been synthesized and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, X-ray single crystal diffraction and thermal analysis. Photoluminescent investigation shows that complexes 1-3 exhibit distinct tunable light green (512 nm)-to-yellow (557 nm) photoluminescence by varying the N-heterocyclic ligands. Three complexes show intense 2-PBO-based yellow, 3-PBO-based light green and intense PBM-based bright green luminescence upon irradiation with a standard UV lamp (λex = 254 nm) at room temperature. Moreover, the electrochemical properties of 1-3 have been investigated by cyclic voltammetry. The results suggest the frontier molecular orbits and the HOMO-LUMO energy gaps of these cuprous complexes are effectively adjusted through the introduction of different N-heterocyclic ligands, thus achieving the selective luminescence of the cuprous complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Mao
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xintong Han
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang Li
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuling Xu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Kesheng Shen
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinkui Shi
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China
| | - Huilu Wu
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Lanzhou Jiaotong University, Lanzhou, Gansu 730070, People's Republic of China.
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32
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Fresta E, Volpi G, Milanesio M, Garino C, Barolo C, Costa RD. Novel Ligand and Device Designs for Stable Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells Based on Heteroleptic Copper(I) Complexes. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:10469-10479. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.8b01914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fresta
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
| | - Giorgio Volpi
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Marco Milanesio
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, I-15121 Alessandria, Italy
- CrisDi, Interdepartmental Center for Crystallography, 10125 Turin, Italy
| | - Claudio Garino
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
| | - Claudia Barolo
- Department of Chemistry, NIS Interdepartmental Centre and INSTM Reference Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Via Pietro Giuria 7, 10125 Torino, Italy
- ICxT Interdepartmental Centre, Università degli Studi di Torino, Lungo Dora Siena 100, 10153 Torino, Italy
| | - Rubén D. Costa
- IMDEA Materials Institute, Calle Eric Kandel 2, 28906 Getafe, Madrid, Spain
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33
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Rodríguez-Santiago AJ, Cortés N, Pham K, Miksovska J, Raptis RG. 4,4′-Dihydroxy-2,2′-bipyridine complexes of Co(III), Cu(II) and Zn(II); structural and spectroscopic characterization. Polyhedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2018.04.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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34
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Namanga JE, Gerlitzki N, Smetana V, Mudring AV. Supramolecularly Caged Green-Emitting Ionic Ir(III)-Based Complex with Fluorinated C^N Ligands and Its Application in Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11026-11036. [PMID: 29190075 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b18159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Ionic Ir(III) complexes are the most promising emitters in light emitting electrochemical cells (LECs), especially in the high energy emission range for which it is difficult to find emitters with sufficient efficiencies and lifetimes. To overcome this challenge, we introduced the concept of intramolecular π-π stacking of an ancillary ligand (6-phenyl-2,2'-bipyridine, pbpy) in the design of a new green-emitting iridium ionic transition metal complex with a fluoro-substituted cyclometallated ligand, 2-(4-fluorophenyl)pyridinato (4Fppy). [Ir(4Fppy)2(pbpy)][PF6] has been synthesized and characterized and its photophysical and electrochemical properties have been studied. The complex emits green light with maxima at 561 and 556 nm under UV excitation from powder and thin film, respectively, and displays a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 78.5%. [Ir(4Fppy)2(pbpy)][PF6] based LECs driven under pulsed current conditions showed under an average current density of 100 A m-2 (at 50% duty cycle) a maximum luminance of 1443 cd m-2, resulting in 14.4 cd A-1 and 7.4 lm W-1 current and power efficiencies, respectively. A remarkable long device lifetime of 214 h was observed. Reducing the average current density to 18.5 A m-2 (at 75% duty cycle) led to an exceptional device performance of 19.3 cd A-1 and 14.4 lm W1- for current and power efficiencies, an initial maximum luminance of 352 cd m-2 and a lifetime of 617 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude E Namanga
- OSRAM GmbH, CI ANM EU , Berliner Allee 65 , 86153 Augsburg , Germany
- Anorganische Chemie III - Materials Engineering and Characterization, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
- Critical Materials Institute , Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
| | - Niels Gerlitzki
- OSRAM OLED GmbH , Wernerwerkstrassse 2 , 93049 Regensburg , Germany
| | - Volodymyr Smetana
- Critical Materials Institute , Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Anja-Verena Mudring
- Anorganische Chemie III - Materials Engineering and Characterization, Fakultät für Chemie und Biochemie , Ruhr-Universität Bochum , 44780 Bochum , Germany
- Critical Materials Institute , Ames Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy , Ames , Iowa 50011 , United States
- Department of Materials and Environmental Chemistry , Stockholm University , Svante Arrhenius väg 16 C , 106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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35
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McCullough BJ, Neyhouse BJ, Schrage BR, Reed DT, Osinski AJ, Ziegler CJ, White TA. Visible-Light-Driven Photosystems Using Heteroleptic Cu(I) Photosensitizers and Rh(III) Catalysts To Produce H 2. Inorg Chem 2018; 57:2865-2875. [PMID: 29446925 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b03273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of two new heteroleptic Cu(I) photosensitizers (PS), [Cu(Xantphos)(NN)]PF6 (NN = biq = 2,2'-biquinoline, dmebiq = 2,2'-biquinoline-4,4'-dimethyl ester; Xantphos = 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene), along with the associated structural, photophysical, and electrochemical properties, are described. The biquinoline diimine ligand extends the PS light absorbing properties into the visible with a maximum absorption at 455 and 505 nm for NN = biq and dmebiq, respectively, in CH2Cl2 solvent. Following photoexcitation, both Cu(I) PS are emissive at low energy, albeit displaying stark differences in their excited state lifetimes (τMLCT = 410 ± 5 (biq) and 44 ± 4 ns (dmebiq)). Cyclic voltammetry indicates a Cu-based HOMO and NN-based LUMO for both complexes, whereby the methyl ester substituents stabilize the LUMO within [Cu(Xantphos)(dmebiq)]+ by ∼0.37 V compared to the unsubstituted analogue. When combined with H2O, N,N-dimethylaniline (DMA) electron donor, and cis-[Rh(NN)2Cl2]PF6 (NN = Me2bpy = 4,4'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine, bpy = 2,2'-bipyridine, dmebpy = 2,2'-bipyridine-4,4'-dimethyl ester) water reduction catalysts (WRC), photocatalytic H2 evolution is only observed using the [Cu(Xantphos)(biq)]+ PS. Furthermore, the choice of cis-[Rh(NN)2Cl2]+ WRC strongly affects the catalytic activity with turnover numbers (TONRh = mol H2 per mol Rh catalyst) of 25 ± 3, 22 ± 1, and 43 ± 3 for NN = Me2bpy, bpy, and dmebpy, respectively. This work illustrates how ligand modification to carefully tune the PS light absorbing, excited state, and redox-active properties, along with the WRC redox potentials, can have a profound impact on the photoinduced intermolecular electron transfer between components and the subsequent catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley J McCullough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Bertrand J Neyhouse
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Briana R Schrage
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Demi T Reed
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
| | - Allen J Osinski
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Christopher J Ziegler
- Department of Chemistry, Knight Chemical Laboratory , University of Akron , Akron , Ohio 44325 , United States
| | - Travis A White
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Clippinger Laboratories , Ohio University , Athens , Ohio 45701 , United States
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Keller S, Brunner F, Junquera-Hernández JM, Pertegás A, La-Placa MG, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Bolink HJ, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. CF 3 Substitution of [Cu(P^P)(bpy)][PF 6 ] Complexes: Effects on Photophysical Properties and Light-Emitting Electrochemical Cell Performance. Chempluschem 2018; 83:217-229. [PMID: 31957280 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201700501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, [Cu(P^P)(N^N)][PF6 ] complexes (P^P=bis[2-(diphenylphosphino)phenyl]ether (POP) or 4,5-bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene (xantphos); N^N=CF3 -substituted 2,2'-bipyridines (6,6'-(CF3 )2 bpy, 6-CF3 bpy, 5,5'-(CF3 )2 bpy, 4,4'-(CF3 )2 bpy, 6,6'-Me2 -4,4'-(CF3 )2 bpy)) are reported. The effects of CF3 substitution on their structure as well as their electrochemical and photophysical properties are also presented. The HOMO-LUMO gap was tuned by the N^N ligand; the largest redshift in the metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) band was for [Cu(P^P){5,5'-(CF3 )2 bpy}][PF6 ]. In solution, the compounds are weak yellow to red emitters. The emission properties depend on the substitution pattern, but this cannot be explained by simple electronic arguments. Among powders, [Cu(xantphos){4,4'-(CF3 )2 bpy}][PF6 ] has the highest photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY; 50.3 %) with an emission lifetime of 12 μs. Compared to 298 K solution behavior, excited-state lifetimes became longer in frozen Me-THF (77 K; THF=tetrahydrofuran), thus indicating thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF). Time-dependent (TD)-DFT calculations show that the energy gap between the lowest-energy singlet and triplet excited states (0.12-0.20 eV) permits TADF. Light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) with [Cu(POP)+(6-CF3 bpy)][PF6 ], [Cu(xantphos)(6-CF3 bpy)][PF6 ], or [Cu(xantphos){6,6'-Me2 -4,4'-(CF3 )2 bpy}][PF6 ] emit yellow electroluminescence. The LEC with [Cu(xantphos){6,6'-Me2 -4,4'-(CF3 )2 bpy}][PF6 ] had the fastest turn-on time (8 min), and the LEC with the longest lifetime (t1/2 =31 h) contained [Cu(xantphos)(6-CF3 bpy)][PF6 ]; these LECs reached maximum luminances of 131 and 109 cd m-2 , respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Fabian Brunner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Antonio Pertegás
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 45980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria-Grazia La-Placa
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 45980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alessandro Prescimone
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Edwin C Constable
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Henk J Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 45980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 45980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Catherine E Housecroft
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, 4058, Basel, Switzerland
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37
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Zhang Y, Schulz M, Wächtler M, Karnahl M, Dietzek B. Heteroleptic diimine–diphosphine Cu(I) complexes as an alternative towards noble-metal based photosensitizers: Design strategies, photophysical properties and perspective applications. Coord Chem Rev 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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38
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Xu Y, Mao S, Shen K, Shi X, Wu H, Tang X. Different structures of two Cu(I) complexes constructed by bridging 2,2-(1,4-butanediyl)bis-1,3-benzoxazole ligand: Syntheses, structures and properties. Inorganica Chim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2017.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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39
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Keller S, Camenzind TN, Abraham J, Prescimone A, Häussinger D, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Self-assembly of heteroleptic dinuclear silver(i) complexes bridged by bis(diphenylphosphino)ethyne. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:946-957. [PMID: 29260149 DOI: 10.1039/c7dt03923a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present a study of the self-assembling behaviour in solution of Ag[PF6] with one equivalent of an N^N ligand (N^N = 6,6'-dimethyl-2,2'-bipyridine (6,6'-Me2bpy) or 2,2':6',2''-terpyridine (tpy)), together with either 0.5 or one equivalent of the bridging ligand bis(diphenylphosphino)ethyne (dppa). Each product contains a dinuclear cation, with one or two dppa ligands bridging the two Ag+ centres; 6,6'-Me2bpy and tpy, respectively, act as chelating ligands. The compounds have been analysed in solution using NMR spectroscopic methods (1H, 1H{31P}, COSY, NOESY, 13C, HMQC and HMBC), including room and low temperature measurements. 31P{1H} NMR spectra recorded at different temperatures allow a deeper insight into the dynamic equilibrium processes. In addition, solution 31P-109Ag HSQC spectroscopic measurements were performed and show, inter alia, the ratio of the splitting in the F1 dimension and the 1J31P-109Ag coupling constant in the fully coupled HSQC. Single crystal X-ray diffraction yielded two pseudo-polymorphic structures for the doubly-bridged [Ag2(dppa)2(tpy)2][PF6]2 and one for the singly-bridged [Ag2(dppa)(6,6'-Me2bpy)2][PF6]2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, BPR 1096, Mattenstrasse 24a, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland.
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40
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Keller S, Prescimone A, Bolink H, Sessolo M, Longo G, Martínez-Sarti L, Junquera-Hernández JM, Constable EC, Ortí E, Housecroft CE. Luminescent copper(i) complexes with bisphosphane and halogen-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands. Dalton Trans 2018; 47:14263-14276. [DOI: 10.1039/c8dt01338a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Light-emitting electrochemical cells with Cu(i) emitters with halo-substituted 2,2′-bipyridine ligands display orange electroluminescence and short turn-on times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4058 Basel
- Switzerland
| | | | - Henk Bolink
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecula
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Michele Sessolo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecula
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Giulia Longo
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecula
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | | | | | | | - Enrique Ortí
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecula
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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41
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González IA, Henríquez MA, Cortés-Arriagada D, Natali M, Daniliuc CG, Dreyse P, Maze J, Rojas RS, Salas CO, Cabrera AR. Heteroleptic Cu(i) complexes bearing methoxycarbonyl-imidoylindazole and POP ligands – an experimental and theoretical study of their photophysical properties. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj00699g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Substitutions in the ligand play a key role in the photophysical properties of new Cu(i) complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván A. González
- Instituto de Investigación e Innovación en Salud
- Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud
- Universidad Central de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Marco A. Henríquez
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Diego Cortés-Arriagada
- Programa Institucional de Fomento a la Investigación
- Desarrollo e Innovación
- Universidad Tecnológica Metropolitana
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara, and Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell’Energia Solare (SOLARCHEM)
- 44121 Ferrara
- Italy
| | | | - Paulina Dreyse
- Departamento de Química
- Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María
- Valparaíso
- Chile
| | - Jerónimo Maze
- Facultad de Fisca
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - René S. Rojas
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Cristian O. Salas
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
| | - Alan R. Cabrera
- Facultad de Química
- Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile
- Santiago
- Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Biológicas
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42
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Keller S, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. Copper(i) and silver(i) complexes of 9,9-dimethyl-4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)xanthene: photophysical properties and structural rigidity under pressure. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:375-385. [DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Structural, photophysical and electrochemical properties of heteroleptic copper(i) and silver(i) complexes [M(tBu-xantphos)(bpy)][PF6] are described where tBu-xantphos is 4,5-bis(di-tert-butylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Keller
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4058 Basel
- Switzerland
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43
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Zhang YR, Yu X, Lin S, Jin QH, Yang YP, Liu M, Li ZF, Zhang CL, Xin XL. Seven copper (I) complexes of diphosphine ligands and N^N ligands: Syntheses, structural characterizations and spectroscopic properties. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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44
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Over the LEC rainbow: Colour and stability tuning of cyclometallated iridium(III) complexes in light-emitting electrochemical cells. Coord Chem Rev 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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45
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Elie M, Weber MD, Di Meo F, Sguerra F, Lohier J, Pansu RB, Renaud J, Hamel M, Linares M, Costa RD, Gaillard S. Role of the Bridging Group in Bis‐Pyridyl Ligands: Enhancing Both the Photo‐ and Electroluminescent Features of Cationic (IPr)Cu
I
Complexes. Chemistry 2017; 23:16328-16337. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201703270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Elie
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Michael D. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florent Di Meo
- INSERM UMR 850 Univ. Limoges, Faculty of Pharmacy 2 rue du Dr. Marcland 87025 Limoges France
| | - Fabien Sguerra
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Robert B. Pansu
- PPSM, CNRS, UMR8531 & Inst. d'Alembert FR3242, ENS Cachan Paris Saclay University France
| | - Jean‐Luc Renaud
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
| | - Matthieu Hamel
- CEA, LIST Laboratoire Capteurs et Architectures Électroniques 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | - Mathieu Linares
- Division of Theoretical Chemistry and Biology, School of Biotechnology KTH Royal Institute of Technology 106 91 Stockholm Sweden
- Swedish e-Science Research Centre KTH Royal Institute of Technology 104 50 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Rubén D. Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Egerlandstr. 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- IMDEA Materials C/ Eric Kandel 2, Tecnogetafe 28906 Getafe, Madrid Spain
| | - Sylvain Gaillard
- Normandie University LCMT, ENSICAEN, UNICAEN, CNRS 14000 Caen France
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46
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Weber MD, Viciano-Chumillas M, Armentano D, Cano J, Costa RD. σ-Hammett parameter: a strategy to enhance both photo- and electro-luminescence features of heteroleptic copper(i) complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6312-6323. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Hammett was also right for devices. This work directly links the enhancement of both the photoluminescence properties in solid-state and the electroluminescence features in light-emitting electrochemical cells (LECs) with a rational ligand design using the σ-Hammett parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- D-91058 Erlangen
- Germany
| | | | - Donatella Armentano
- Dipartamento di Chimica e Tecnologie Chimiche (CTC)
- Università della Calabria
- 87030 Rende
- Italy
| | - Joan Cano
- Institut de Ciència Molecular (ICMol)
- Universitat de València
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
- Fundació General de la Universitat de València (FGUV)
| | - Rubén D. Costa
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy
- University of Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU)
- D-91058 Erlangen
- Germany
- IMDEA Materials Institute Eric Kandel 2
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47
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Brunner F, Graber S, Baumgartner Y, Häussinger D, Prescimone A, Constable EC, Housecroft CE. The effects of introducing sterically demanding aryl substituents in [Cu(N^N)(P^P)]+ complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:6379-6391. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt00782e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
[Cu(6-Arbpy)(POP)][PF6] and [Cu(6-Arbpy)(xantphos)][PF6] compounds in which Ar is a sterically hindered aryl substituent are described; structural and solution dynamical consequences of the bulky groups are investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Brunner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Stefan Graber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
| | - Yann Baumgartner
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Basel
- CH-4056 Basel
- Switzerland
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