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Yang J, Feng J, Yang S, Xu Y, Shen Z. Exceedingly Small Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for T 1 -Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Imaging-Guided Therapy of Tumors. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2302856. [PMID: 37596716 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (MIONs) based T2 -weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents (CAs) are liver-specific with good biocompatibility, but have been withdrawn from the market and replaced with Eovist (Gd-EOB-DTPA) due to their inherent limitations (e.g., susceptibility to artifacts, high magnetic moment, dark signals, long processing time of T2 imaging, and long waiting time for patients after administration). Without the disadvantages of Gd-chelates and MIONs, the recently emerging exceedingly small MIONs (ES-MIONs) (<5 nm) are promising T1 CAs for MRI. However, there are rare review articles focusing on ES-MIONs for T1 -weighted MRI. Herein, the recent progress of ES-MIONs, including synthesis methods (the current basic synthesis methods and improved methods), surface modifications (artificial polymers, natural polymers, zwitterions, and functional protein), T1 -MRI visual strategies (structural remodeling, reversible self-assemblies, metal ions doped, T1 /T2 dual imaging modes, and PET/MRI strategy), and imaging-guided cancer therapy (chemotherapy, gene therapy, ferroptosis therapy, photothermal therapy, photodymatic therapy, radiotherapy, immuotherapy, sonodynamic therapy, and multimode therapy), is summarized. The detailed description of synthesis methods and applications of ES-MIONs in this review is anticipated to attract extensive interest from researchers in different fields and promote their participation in the establishment of ES-MIONs based nanoplatforms for tumor theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Jie Feng
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Sugeun Yang
- Department of Biomedical Science, BK21 FOUR Program in Biomedical Science and Engineering, Inha University College of Medicine, Incheon, 22212, South Korea
| | - Yikai Xu
- Medical Imaging Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
| | - Zheyu Shen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Southern Medical University, 1023 Shatai South Road, Baiyun, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510515, China
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2
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Mansur S, Habib S, Hawkins M, Brown SR, Weinman ST, Bao Y. Preparation of Nanoparticle-Loaded Extracellular Vesicles Using Direct Flow Filtration. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051551. [PMID: 37242792 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) have shown great potential as cell-free therapeutics and biomimetic nanocarriers for drug delivery. However, the potential of EVs is limited by scalable, reproducible production and in vivo tracking after delivery. Here, we report the preparation of quercetin-iron complex nanoparticle-loaded EVs derived from a breast cancer cell line, MDA-MB-231br, using direct flow filtration. The morphology and size of the nanoparticle-loaded EVs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering. The SDS-PAGE gel electrophoresis of those EVs showed several protein bands in the range of 20-100 kDa. The analysis of EV protein markers by a semi-quantitative antibody array confirmed the presence of several typical EV markers, such as ALIX, TSG101, CD63, and CD81. Our EV yield quantification suggested a significant yield increase in direct flow filtration compared with ultracentrifugation. Subsequently, we compared the cellular uptake behaviors of nanoparticle-loaded EVs with free nanoparticles using MDA-MB-231br cell line. Iron staining studies indicated that free nanoparticles were taken up by cells via endocytosis and localized at a certain area within the cells while uniform iron staining across cells was observed for cells treated with nanoparticle-loaded EVs. Our studies demonstrate the feasibility of using direct flow filtration for the production of nanoparticle-loaded EVs from cancer cells. The cellular uptake studies suggested the possibility of deeper penetration of the nanocarriers because the cancer cells readily took up the quercetin-iron complex nanoparticles, and then released nanoparticle-loaded EVs, which can be further delivered to regional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shomit Mansur
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Shahriar Habib
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Mikayla Hawkins
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Spenser R Brown
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Steven T Weinman
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Yuping Bao
- Chemical & Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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3
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Mekonnen TW, Darge HF, Tsai HC, Birhan YS, Hanurry EY, Gebrie HT, Chou HY, Lai JY, Lin SZ, Harn HJ, Chen YS. Combination of ovalbumin-coated iron oxide nanoparticles and poly(amidoamine) dendrimer-cisplatin nanocomplex for enhanced anticancer efficacy. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 213:112391. [PMID: 35158218 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Enhancement of drug efficacy is essential in cancer treatment. The immune stimulator ovalbumin (Ova)-coated citric acid (AC-)-stabilized iron oxide nanoparticles (AC-IO-Ova NPs) and enhanced permeability and retention (EPR)-based tumor targeted 4.5 generation poly(amidoamine) dendrimer(4.5GDP)-cisplatin (Cis-pt) nanocomplex (NC) (4.5GDP-Cis-pt NC) were used for enhanced anticancer efficiency. The formations of 4.5GDP-Cis-pt NC, AC-IO, and AC-IO-Ova NPs were examined via FTIR spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The conjugation of Cis-pt with 4.5GDP was confirmed using carbon NMR spectroscopy. The tumor-specific 4.5GDP-Cis-pt NC provided 45%and 28% cumulative cisplatin release in 72 h at pH 6.5 and 7.4, respectively. A significant immune response with high TNF-α and IL-6 cytokine secretion was confirmed for the co-incubation of AC-IO-Ova with RAW 264.7 or HaCaT cells. AC-IO-Ova NPs were biocompatible with different cell lines, even at a high concentration (200 µg mL-1). However, AC-IO-Ova NPs mixed with 4.5GDP-Cis-pt NC (Cis-pt at 15 µg mL-1) significantly increased the cytotoxicity against the cancer cells in a dose-dependent manner with the increasing AC-IO-Ova NPs concentrations. The increased anticancer effects may be attributed to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Moreover, AC-IO-Ova NPs might assist the efficiency of anticancer cells, inducing an innate immune response via M1 macrophage polarization. We provide a novel synergistic chemoimmunotherapeutic strategy to enhance the anticancer efficacy of cisplatin via a chemotherapeutic agent 4.5GDP-Cis-pt NC and induce proinflammatory cytokines stimulating innate immunity through AC-IO-Ova NPs against tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tefera Worku Mekonnen
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Haile Fentahun Darge
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsieh-Chih Tsai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC.
| | - Yihenew Simegniew Birhan
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Endiries Yibru Hanurry
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hailemichael Tegenu Gebrie
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Ying Chou
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Juin-Yih Lai
- Graduate Institute of Applied Science and Technology, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; Advanced Membrane Materials Center, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan, ROC; R&D Center for Membrane Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Chungli, Taoyuan 320, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Department of Pathology, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Tzu Chi University, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Shuan Chen
- Bioinnovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Medical Research, Hualien Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan, ROC; Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Taiwan, ROC.
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4
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Cytostatic and Cytotoxic Effects of Hollow-Shell Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Containing Magnetic Iron Oxide. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11092455. [PMID: 34578771 PMCID: PMC8467190 DOI: 10.3390/nano11092455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Among the different types of nanoparticles used in biomedical applications, Fe nanoparticles and mesoporous siliceous materials have been extensively investigated because of their possible theranostic applications. Here, we present hollow-shell mesoporous silica nanoparticles that encapsulate iron oxide and that are prepared using a drug-structure-directing agent concept (DSDA), composed of the model drug tryptophan modified by carbon aliphatic hydrocarbon chains. The modified tryptophan can behave as an organic template that allows directing the hollow-shell mesoporous silica framework, as a result of its micellisation and subsequent assembly of the silica around it. The one-pot synthesis procedure facilitates the incorporation of hydrophobically stabilised iron oxide nanoparticles into the hollow internal silica cavities, with the model drug tryptophan in the shell pores, thus enabling the incorporation of different functionalities into the all-in-one nanoparticles named mesoporous silica nanoparticles containing magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4@MSNs). Additionally, the drug loading capability and the release of tryptophan from the silica nanoparticles were examined, as well as the cytostaticity and cytotoxicity of the Fe3O4@MSNs in different colon cancer cell lines. The results indicate that Fe3O4@MSNs have great potential for drug loading and drug delivery into specific target cells, thereby overcoming the limitations associated with conventional drug formulations, which are unable to selectively reach the sites of interest.
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Wei H, Hu Y, Wang J, Gao X, Qian X, Tang M. Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: Cytotoxicity, Metabolism, and Cellular Behavior in Biomedicine Applications. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:6097-6113. [PMID: 34511908 PMCID: PMC8418330 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s321984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) have been widely investigated and applied in the field of biomedicine due to their excellent superparamagnetic properties and reliable traceability. However, with the optimization of core composition, shell types and transfection agents, the cytotoxicity and metabolism of different SPIONs have great differences, and the labeled cells also show different cellular behaviors. Therefore, a holistic review of the construction and application of SPIONs is desired. This review focuses the advances of SPIONs in the field of biomedicine in recent years. After summarizing the toxicity of different SPIONs, the uptake, distribution and metabolism of SPIONs in vitro were discussed. Then, the regulation of labeled-cells behavior is outlined. Furthermore, the major challenges in the optimization process of SPIONs and insights on its future developments are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangnan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China
| | - Junguo Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xia Gao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyun Qian
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Jiangsu Provincial Key Medical Discipline, Nanjing, 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingliang Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Life Sciences and Technology, Jiangsu Province High-Tech Key Laboratory for Bio-Medical Research, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096, People's Republic of China.,Co-Innovation Center of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, People's Republic of China.,Department of Cardiovascular Surgery of the First Affiliated Hospital & Institute for Cardiovascular Science, Medical College, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215000, People's Republic of China
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6
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Elahi N, Rizwan M. Progress and prospects of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles in biomedical applications: A review. Artif Organs 2021; 45:1272-1299. [PMID: 34245037 DOI: 10.1111/aor.14027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanoscience has been considered as one of the most substantial research in modern science. The utilization of nanoparticle (NP) materials provides numerous advantages in biomedical applications due to their unique properties. Among various types of nanoparticles, the magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) of iron oxide possess intrinsic features, which have been efficiently exploited for biomedical purposes including drug delivery, magnetic resonance imaging, Magnetic-activated cell sorting, nanobiosensors, hyperthermia, and tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The size and shape of nanostructures are the main factors affecting the physicochemical features of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles, which play an important role in the improvement of MNP properties, and can be controlled by appropriate synthesis strategies. On the other hand, the proper modification and functionalization of the surface of iron oxide nanoparticles have significant effects on the improvement of physicochemical and mechanical features, biocompatibility, stability, and surface activity of MNPs. This review focuses on popular methods of fabrication, beneficial surface coatings with regard to the main required features for their biomedical use, as well as new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narges Elahi
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advance Technologies in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran.,Department of Medical Nanotechnology, School of Advance Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Muhammad Rizwan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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7
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Sun J, Li L, Cai W, Chen A, Zhang R. Multifunctional Hybrid Nanoprobe for Photoacoustic/PET/MR Imaging-Guided Photothermal Therapy of Laryngeal Cancer. ACS APPLIED BIO MATERIALS 2021; 4:5312-5323. [PMID: 35007012 DOI: 10.1021/acsabm.1c00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal cancer is highly aggressive and insensitive to conventional targeted therapies, which often result in poor therapeutic outcomes. Image-guided precision therapy is a promising strategy in oncology that has superior safety and efficacy versus conventional therapies. Here, we present a multifunctional theranostic nanoplatform based on melanin-coated gold nanorod (GNR) that exhibits excellent multimodal imaging ability and photothermal effects. These attributes make the platform applicable for multimodal photoacoustic (PA)/positron emission tomography (PET)/magnetic resonance (MR) image-guided photothermal treatment of laryngeal cancer. The melanin nanoparticles markedly suppress the cytotoxicity of the template cetyltrimethylammonium bromide bilayer and conferred the GNR with excellent PET/MR imaging performances, due to their native biocompatibilities and strong affinities to metal ions. Moreover, the introduction of GNR to the melanin nanoparticles greatly improved the near-infrared absorbances and passive targeting capabilities, leading to exceptional PA imaging and photothermal ablation of tumors. The nanoplatform exhibits high stability and dispersity under physiological conditions. After intravenous injection, the nanoplatform could be precisely tracked in vivo and enabled laryngopharyngeal superficial cancer to be located and imaged. Combined photothermal therapy effectively ablated tumors with negligible side effects. Thus, this work presents a unique and biocompatible nanoplatform that allows multimodal imaging, high anti-tumor PTT efficacy, and negligible side effects in the treatment of laryngeal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Sun
- Imaging Department, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China.,Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Liping Li
- Imaging Department, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China.,Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Wenwen Cai
- Imaging Department, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Anqi Chen
- Imaging Department, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Imaging Department, The Third Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030032, China
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8
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Lin Y, Zhang K, Zhang R, She Z, Tan R, Fan Y, Li X. Magnetic nanoparticles applied in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging: crucial preparation parameters, indispensable pre-treatments, updated research advancements and future perspectives. J Mater Chem B 2021; 8:5973-5991. [PMID: 32597454 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb00552e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) have attracted much attention in cancer treatment as carriers for drug delivery and imaging contrast agents due to their distinctive performances based on their magnetic properties and nanoscale structure. In this review, we aim to comprehensively dissect how the applications of MNPs in targeted therapy and magnetic resonance imaging are achieved and their specificities by focusing on the following aspects: (1) several important preparation parameters (pH, temperature, ratio of the reactive substances, etc.) that have crucial effects on the properties of MNPs, (2) indispensable treatments to improve the biocompatibility, stability, and targeting ability of MNPs and prolong their circulation time for biomedical applications, (3) the mechanism for MNPs to deliver and release medicine to the desired sites and be applied in magnetic hyperthermia as well as related updated research advancements, (4) comparatively promising research directions of MNPs in magnetic resonance imaging, and (5) perspectives in the further optimization of their preparations, pre-treatments and applications in cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaping Lin
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ruihong Zhang
- Department of Research and Teaching, the Fourth Central Hospital of Baoding City, Baoding 072350, Hebei Province, China
| | - Zhending She
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Rongwei Tan
- Shenzhen Lando Biomaterials Co., Ltd., Shenzhen 518057, China
| | - Yubo Fan
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaoming Li
- Key Laboratory for Biomechanics and Mechanobiology of Ministry of Education, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China. and Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Biomedical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100083, China
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9
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Bloise N, Okkeh M, Restivo E, Della Pina C, Visai L. Targeting the "Sweet Side" of Tumor with Glycan-Binding Molecules Conjugated-Nanoparticles: Implications in Cancer Therapy and Diagnosis. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:289. [PMID: 33499388 PMCID: PMC7911724 DOI: 10.3390/nano11020289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology is in the spotlight of therapeutic innovation, with numerous advantages for tumor visualization and eradication. The end goal of the therapeutic use of nanoparticles, however, remains distant due to the limitations of nanoparticles to target cancer tissue. The functionalization of nanosystem surfaces with biological ligands is a major strategy for directing the actions of nanomaterials specifically to tumor cells. Cancer formation and metastasis are accompanied by profound alterations in protein glycosylation. Hence, the detection and targeting of aberrant glycans are of great value in cancer diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we provide a brief update on recent progress targeting aberrant glycosylation by functionalizing nanoparticles with glycan-binding molecules (with a special focus on lectins and anti-glycan antibodies) to improve the efficacy of nanoparticles in cancer targeting, diagnosis, and therapy and outline the challenges and limitations in implementing this approach. We envision that the combination of nanotechnological strategies and cancer-associated glycan targeting could remodel the field of cancer diagnosis and therapy, including immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nora Bloise
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Mohammad Okkeh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Restivo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Della Pina
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università Degli Studi di Milano e CNR-ISTM, Via C. Golgi, 19, 20133 Milan, Italy;
| | - Livia Visai
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Center for Health Technologies (CHT), INSTM UdR of Pavia, University of Pavia, Viale Taramelli, 3/B-27100 Pavia, Italy; (M.O.); (E.R.); (L.V.)
- Medicina Clinica-Specialistica, UOR5 Laboratorio Di Nanotecnologie, ICS Maugeri, IRCCS, Pavia, Via Boezio, 28-27100 Pavia, Italy
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10
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Ultrasmall Fe@Fe 3O 4 nanoparticles as T 1-T 2 dual-mode MRI contrast agents for targeted tumor imaging. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2020; 32:102335. [PMID: 33220508 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2020.102335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Targeted T1-T2 MRI contrast agents, which can eliminate the difficulty of image matching across multiple imaging instruments and permit specific localization of lesions, are promising candidates for more accurate diagnosis of tumors. In this study, ultrasmall Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were designed and synthesized as T1-T2 dual-mode MRI contrast agents for accurate tumor imaging. First, to investigate the influence of nanoparticle size, Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles with diameters of 4, 8, and 12 nm were prepared, among which the 8 nm 3-(3,4-dihydroxyphenyl)propionic acid (DHCA)-modified nanoparticles exhibited the optimal T1-T2 dual-mode MRI performance. Next, to develop a tumor-targeted contrast agent, the DHCA-Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were conjugated with the F56 peptide, which targets the vascular endothelial growth factor receptor, and the resulting F56-DHCA-Fe@Fe3O4 nanoparticles were found to exhibit good T1-T2 dual-mode imaging and tumor-targeting performance both in vitro and in vivo, indicating the nanoparticles represent a new research tool for accurate tumor diagnosis.
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11
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Li Q, Chen K, Huang W, Ma H, Zhao X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Fang C, Nie L. Minimally invasive photothermal ablation assisted by laparoscopy as an effective preoperative neoadjuvant treatment for orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 496:169-178. [PMID: 32987139 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle-based photothermal ablation (PTA) has been intensively investigated recently. However, the poor biocompatibility of most PTA agents and potential long-term toxicity obstruct their clinical translation. Meanwhile, previous PTA studies are limited to surface tumors because of insufficient light penetration depth of near-infrared (NIR) light for deep abdominal tumors. Therefore, minimally invasive PTA combined with biocompatible agents may pave a promising way to treat deep orthotopic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Herein, a multifunctional agent based on superparamagnetic iron oxide (SPIO) and new indocyanine green (IR820) was constructed with good biocompatibility. Outstanding fluorescence, photoacoustic and magnetic resonance imaging capabilities were observed in vitro. Additionally, in vivo results indicated that early-stage HCC (diameter less than 2 mm) could be effectively detected by this agent. Furthermore, for the first time, we developed minimally invasive laparoscopic-assisted photothermal ablation (L-A PTA) method coupled with this agent to completely ablate orthotopic HCC in nude mice model, neither recurrences nor obvious side effects were observed during the experiments. Remarkable shrinkage of primary tumor and disappearance of intrahepatic metastasis were also observed. In summary, minimally invasive L-A PTA is an effective preoperative neoadjuvant treatment for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaolin Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China; Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China
| | - Kang Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China; Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China
| | - Wenchao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Haosong Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Xingyang Zhao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China; Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China
| | - Jinde Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China
| | - Yueming Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China
| | - Chihua Fang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China; Provincial Clinical and Engineering Center of Digital Medicine, Guangzhou, 510280, PR China.
| | - Liming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Vaccinology and Molecular Diagnosis, Center for Molecular Imaging and Translational Medicine, School of Public Health, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, PR China.
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12
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Rich MC, Sherwood J, Bartley AF, Whitsitt QA, Lee M, Willoughby WR, Dobrunz LE, Bao Y, Lubin FD, Bolding M. Focused ultrasound blood brain barrier opening mediated delivery of MRI-visible albumin nanoclusters to the rat brain for localized drug delivery with temporal control. J Control Release 2020; 324:172-180. [PMID: 32376461 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.04.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
There is an ongoing need for noninvasive tools to manipulate brain activity with molecular, spatial and temporal specificity. Here we have investigated the use of MRI-visible, albumin-based nanoclusters for noninvasive, localized and temporally specific drug delivery to the rat brain. We demonstrated that IV injected nanoclusters could be deposited into target brain regions via focused ultrasound facilitated blood brain barrier opening. We showed that nanocluster location could be confirmed in vivo with MRI. Additionally, following confirmation of nanocluster delivery, release of the nanocluster payload into brain tissue can be triggered by a second focused ultrasound treatment performed without circulating microbubbles. Release of glutamate from nanoclusters in vivo caused enhanced c-Fos expression, indicating that the loading capacity of the nanoclusters is sufficient to induce neuronal activation. This novel technique for noninvasive stereotactic drug delivery to the brain with temporal specificity could provide a new way to study brain circuits in vivo preclinically with high relevance for clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan C Rich
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Jennifer Sherwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - Aundrea F Bartley
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Quentin A Whitsitt
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Magdelene Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
| | - W R Willoughby
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Lynn E Dobrunz
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
| | - Farah D Lubin
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Mark Bolding
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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13
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Chen A, Sun J, Liu S, Li L, Peng X, Ma L, Zhang R. The effect of metal ions on endogenous melanin nanoparticles used as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents. Biomater Sci 2020; 8:379-390. [PMID: 31728481 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm01580a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The effect of chelated metal ions on endogenous melanin nanoparticles as magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Chen
- Imaging Department
- The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030000
- China
- Shanxi Medical University
| | - Jinghua Sun
- Imaging Department
- The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030000
- China
- Shanxi Medical University
| | - Shijie Liu
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Liping Li
- Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | | | - Lixin Ma
- Department of Radiology
- University of Missouri
- Columbia
- USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans’ Hospital
| | - Ruiping Zhang
- Imaging Department
- The Affiliated Da Yi Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030000
- China
- Shanxi Medical University
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14
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Llenas M, Sandoval S, Costa PM, Oró-Solé J, Lope-Piedrafita S, Ballesteros B, Al-Jamal KT, Tobias G. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of SPION-Reduced Graphene Oxide Hybrids for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1364. [PMID: 31554159 PMCID: PMC6835838 DOI: 10.3390/nano9101364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a useful tool for disease diagnosis and treatment monitoring. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION) show good performance as transverse relaxation (T2) contrast agents, thus facilitating the interpretation of the acquired images. Attachment of SPION onto nanocarriers prevents their agglomeration, improving the circulation time and efficiency. Graphene derivatives, such as graphene oxide (GO) and reduced graphene oxide (RGO), are appealing nanocarriers since they have both high surface area and functional moieties that make them ideal substrates for the attachment of nanoparticles. We have employed a fast, simple and environmentally friendly microwave-assisted approach for the synthesis of SPION-RGO hybrids. Different iron precursor/GO ratios were used leading to SPION, with a median diameter of 7.1 nm, homogeneously distributed along the RGO surface. Good relaxivity (r2*) values were obtained in MRI studies and no significant toxicity was detected within in vitro tests following GL261 glioma and J774 macrophage-like cells for 24 h with SPION-RGO, demonstrating the applicability of the hybrids as T2-weighted MRI contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Llenas
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Stefania Sandoval
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Pedro M Costa
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Judith Oró-Solé
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Silvia Lope-Piedrafita
- Servei de Ressonància Magnètica Nuclear, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red-Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Belén Ballesteros
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), CSIC and the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
| | - Khuloud T Al-Jamal
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London SE1 9NH, UK.
| | - Gerard Tobias
- Institut de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), Campus de la UAB, 08193 Bellaterra (Barcelona), Spain.
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15
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Akakuru OU, Iqbal MZ, Saeed M, Liu C, Paunesku T, Woloschak G, Hosmane NS, Wu A. The Transition from Metal-Based to Metal-Free Contrast Agents for T1 Magnetic Resonance Imaging Enhancement. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:2264-2286. [PMID: 31380621 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has received significant attention as the noninvasive diagnostic technique for complex diseases. Image-guided therapeutic strategy for diseases such as cancer has also been at the front line of biomedical research, thanks to the innovative MRI, enhanced by the prior delivery of contrast agents (CAs) into patients' bodies through injection. These CAs have contributed a great deal to the clinical utility of MRI but have been based on metal-containing compounds such as gadolinium, manganese, and iron oxide. Some of these CAs have led to cytotoxicities such as the incurable Nephrogenic Systemic Fibrosis (NSF), resulting in their removal from the market. On the other hand, CAs based on organic nitroxide radicals, by virtue of their structural composition, are metal free and without the aforementioned drawbacks. They also have improved biocompatibility, ease of functionalization, and long blood circulation times, and have been proven to offer tissue contrast enhancement with longitudinal relaxivities comparable with those for the metal-containing CAs. Thus, this Review highlights the recent progress in metal-based CAs and their shortcomings. In addition, the remarkable goals achieved by the organic nitroxide radical CAs in the enhancement of MR images have also been discussed extensively. The focal point of this Review is to emphasize or demonstrate the crucial need for transition into the use of organic nitroxide radicals-metal-free CAs-as against the metal-containing CAs, with the aim of achieving safer application of MRI for early disease diagnosis and image-guided therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ozioma Udochukwu Akakuru
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - M Zubair Iqbal
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,Department of Materials Engineering, College of Materials and Textiles , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , No. 2 Road of Xiasha , Hangzhou 310018 , P.R. China
| | - Madiha Saeed
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Chuang Liu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences , No. 19(A) Yuquan Road , Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049 , P.R. China
| | - Tatjana Paunesku
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Gayle Woloschak
- Department of Radiation Oncology , Northwestern University , Chicago , Illinois 60611 , United States
| | - Narayan S Hosmane
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , Northern Illinois University , DeKalb , Illinois 60115 , United States
| | - Aiguo Wu
- Cixi Institute of Biomedical Engineering, CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, & Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province , Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Ningbo 315201 , P.R. China
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16
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Abstract
Magnetic iron oxide nanoclusters, which refers to a group of individual nanoparticles, have recently attracted much attention because of their distinctive behaviors compared to individual nanoparticles. In this review, we discuss preparation methods for creating iron oxide nanoclusters, focusing on synthetic procedures, formation mechanisms, and the quality of the products. Then, we discuss the emerging applications for iron oxide nanoclusters in various fields, covering traditional and novel applications in magnetic separation, bioimaging, drug delivery, and magnetically responsive photonic crystals.
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17
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Narkhede AA, Sherwood JA, Antone A, Coogan KR, Bolding MS, Deb S, Bao Y, Rao SS. Role of Surface Chemistry in Mediating the Uptake of Ultrasmall Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Cancer Cells. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:17157-17166. [PMID: 31017392 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles (USIONPs) (<4 nm) have recently attracted significant attention because of their potential as positive T1 magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agent contrary to larger superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (>6 nm) which act as negative T2 MRI contrast agents. However, studies on the cellular uptake behavior of these nanoparticles are very limited compared to their counterpart, larger-sized superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. In particular, the effects of specific nanoparticle parameters on the cellular uptake behavior of USIONPs by various cancer cells are not available. Here, we specifically investigated the role of USIONPs' surface functionalities [tannic acid (TA) and quinic acid (QA)] in mediating cellular uptake behavior of cancer cells pertaining to primary (U87 cells) and metastatic (MDA-MB-231Br cells) brain malignancies. Here, we chose TA and QA as representative capping molecules, wherein TA coating provides a general negatively charged nontargeting surface while QA provides a tumor-targeting surface as QA and its derivatives are known to interact with selectin receptors expressed on tumor cells and tumor endothelium. We observed differential cellular uptake in the case of TA- and QA-coated USIONPs by cancer cells. Both the cell types showed significantly higher cellular uptake of QA-coated USIONPs compared to TA-coated USIONPs at 4, 24, and 72 h. Blocking studies indicated that P-selectin cell surface receptors, in part, mediated the cellular uptake of QA-coated USIONPs. Given that P-selectin is overexpressed in cancer cells, tumor microenvironment, and at the metastatic niche, QA-coated USIONPs hold potential to be utilized as a platform for tumor-targeted drug delivery and in imaging and detection of primary and metastatic tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akshay A Narkhede
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Jennifer A Sherwood
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Angelo Antone
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Kasie R Coogan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Mark S Bolding
- Department of Radiology , The University of Alabama at Birmingham , Birmingham , Alabama 35233 , United States
| | - Sanghamitra Deb
- Central Analytical Facility , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Yuping Bao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
| | - Shreyas S Rao
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering , The University of Alabama , Tuscaloosa , Alabama 35487 , United States
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18
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Mu Q, Wang H, Gu X, Stephen ZR, Yen C, Chang FC, Dayringer CJ, Zhang M. Biconcave Carbon Nanodisks for Enhanced Drug Accumulation and Chemo-Photothermal Tumor Therapy. Adv Healthc Mater 2019; 8:e1801505. [PMID: 30856295 PMCID: PMC6483846 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201801505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
It is considered a significant challenge to construct nanocarriers that have high drug loading capacity and can overcome physiological barriers to deliver efficacious amounts of drugs to solid tumors. Here, the development of a safe, biconcave carbon nanodisk to address this challenge for treating breast cancer is reported. The nanodisk demonstrates fluorescent imaging capability, an exceedingly high loading capacity (947.8 mg g-1 , 94.78 wt%) for doxorubicin (DOX), and pH-responsive drug release. It exhibits a higher uptake rate by tumor cells and greater accumulation in tumors in a mouse model than its carbon nanosphere counterpart. In addition, the nanodisk absorbs and transforms near-infrared (NIR) light to heat, which enables simultaneous NIR-responsive drug release for chemotherapy and generation of thermal energy for tumor cell destruction. Notably, this NIR-activated dual therapy demonstrates a near complete suppression of tumor growth in a mouse model of triple-negative breast cancer when DOX-loaded nanodisks are administered systemically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxin Mu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
- The Anhui Key Laboratory of Condensed Matter Physics at Extreme Conditions, High Magnetic Field Laboratory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui, 230031, China
| | - Xinyu Gu
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Washington Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Zachary R Stephen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Charles Yen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Fei-Chien Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Christopher J Dayringer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
| | - Miqin Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, DC, 98195, USA
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19
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Saeed M, Iqbal MZ, Ren W, Xia Y, Khan WS, Wu A. Tunable fabrication of new theranostic Fe3O4-black TiO2 nanocomposites: dual wavelength stimulated synergistic imaging-guided phototherapy in cancer. J Mater Chem B 2019; 7:210-223. [DOI: 10.1039/c8tb02704h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of a simplified theranostic system with high-efficiency for multifunctional imaging-guided photodynamic therapy/photothermal therapy (PDT/PTT) is a great challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madiha Saeed
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - M. Zubair Iqbal
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Yuanzhi Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Waheed S. Khan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices
- Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, & Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Ningbo
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20
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Xu LQ, Neoh KG, Kang ET. Natural polyphenols as versatile platforms for material engineering and surface functionalization. Prog Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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21
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Xu W, Sun J, Li L, Peng X, Zhang R, Wang B. Melanin-manganese nanoparticles with ultrahigh efficient clearance in vivo for tumor-targeting T 1 magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent. Biomater Sci 2018; 6:207-215. [PMID: 29210372 DOI: 10.1039/c7bm00635g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Endogenous biomaterials in organisms, with native biocompatibility and biodegradability, appear more advantageous in the development of nanoscale diagnostic and therapeutic systems for future clinical translation. Herein, a novel tumor-targeting Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) contrast agent was developed based on Mn2+-chelating ultrasmall water-soluble melanin nanoparticles (MNP-PEG-Mn). The nanoparticles, with a size of about 5.6 nm, presented high chelation stability and showed negligible cytotoxicity as estimated by MTT assay. Moreover, the r1 longitudinal relaxivity (20.56 mM-1 s-1) of MNP-PEG-Mn was much higher than that of Gadodiamide (6.00 mM-1 s-1), which is a clinically approved MRI contrast agent. In vivo MRI experiments revealed excellent tumor-targeting specificity after tumor-bearing mice were intravenously injected with MNP-PEG-Mn. Additionally, MNP-PEG-Mn could be excreted via renal and hepatobiliary pathways with negligible toxicity to body tissues. These preliminary results indicated the clinically translatable potential of MNP-PEG-Mn as a T1 MRI contrast agent for tumor-targeted imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Xu
- Department of imaging of Shanxi Provincial Cancer Hospital, Molecular Imaging Precision Medical Collaborative Innovation Center, Shanxi Medical University, Platform of Shanxi Scientific and Technological Innovation, Taiyuan 030001, China
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22
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Sun J, Xu W, Li L, Fan B, Peng X, Qu B, Wang L, Li T, Li S, Zhang R. Ultrasmall endogenous biopolymer nanoparticles for magnetic resonance/photoacoustic dual-modal imaging-guided photothermal therapy. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:10584-10595. [PMID: 29808892 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr01215f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multi-modal imaging-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) has aroused extensive attention in biomedical research recently because it can provide more comprehensive information for accurate diagnosis and treatment. In this research, the manganese ion chelated endogenous biopolymer melanin nanoparticles were successfully prepared for magnetic resonance (MR)/photoacoustic (PA) dual-modal imaging-guided PTT. The obtained nanoparticles with an ultrasmall size of about 3.2 nm exhibited negligible cytotoxicity, high relaxivity for MRI, an excellent photothermal effect and PA activity. Moreover, in vivo MRI and PAI results all demonstrated that the nanoparticles began to diffuse in the blood after intratumoral injection into tumor-bearing mice and could spread throughout the whole tumor region at 3 h, indicating the optimal treatment time. The subsequent photothermal therapy of cancer cells in vivo was carried out and the result showed that tumor growth could be effectively inhibited without inducing any observed side effects. Besides, melanin as an endogenous biopolymer has native biocompatibility and biodegradability, and it can be excreted through both renal and hepatobiliary pathways after treatment. Therefore, the melanin-Mn nanoparticles may assist in better indicating the optimal treatment time, monitoring the therapeutic process and enhancing the therapeutic effect and showed great clinical translation potential for cancer diagnosis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Sun
- Center for Translational Medicine Research, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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23
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Chen B, Sun J, Fan F, Zhang X, Qin Z, Wang P, Li Y, Zhang X, Liu F, Liu Y, Ji M, Gu N. Ferumoxytol of ultrahigh magnetization produced by hydrocooling and magnetically internal heating co-precipitation. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:7369-7376. [PMID: 29644371 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr00736e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ferumoxytol, which is originally intended for MRI and anemia treatment, is currently the only inorganic nanodrug approved by FDA for clinical application in vivo. Common ferumoxytol seems incapable of meeting the requirements for diverse applications. Thus, the development of a novel strategy based on co-precipitation to produce ferumoxytol with high quality is an imminent task. Herein, we proposed a physically assisted strategy, namely hydrocooling and magnetically internal heating co-precipitation, to optimize the properties of ferumoxytol and thus significantly enhance its magnetic performance. Magnetization of the newly developed ferumoxytol can reach 104-105 emu g-1 Fe, which is the highest value among the reported results. It has been found that the crystalline structures of the newly developed ferumoxytol have been greatly improved on the basis of pharmaceutical quality criteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Biomaterials and Devices, Department of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 210009, P. R. China.
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24
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Shen Z, Chen T, Ma X, Ren W, Zhou Z, Zhu G, Zhang A, Liu Y, Song J, Li Z, Ruan H, Fan W, Lin L, Munasinghe J, Chen X, Wu A. Multifunctional Theranostic Nanoparticles Based on Exceedingly Small Magnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for T 1-Weighted Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Chemotherapy. ACS NANO 2017; 11:10992-11004. [PMID: 29039917 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.7b04924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The recently emerged exceedingly small magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (ES-MIONs) (<5 nm) are promising T1-weighted contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) due to their good biocompatibility compared with Gd-chelates. However, the best particle size of ES-MIONs for T1 imaging is still unknown because the synthesis of ES-MIONs with precise size control to clarify the relationship between the r1 (or r2/r1) and the particle size remains a challenge. In this study, we synthesized ES-MIONs with seven different sizes below 5 nm and found that 3.6 nm is the best particle size for ES-MIONs to be utilized as T1-weighted MR contrast agent. To enhance tumor targetability of theranostic nanoparticles and reduce the nonspecific uptake of nanoparticles by normal healthy cells, we constructed a drug delivery system based on the 3.6 nm ES-MIONs for T1-weighted tumor imaging and chemotherapy. The laser scanning confocal microscopy (LSCM) and flow cytometry analysis results demonstrate that our strategy of precise targeting via exposure or hiding of the targeting ligand RGD2 on demand is feasible. The MR imaging and chemotherapy results on the cancer cells and tumor-bearing mice reinforce that our DOX@ES-MION3@RGD2@mPEG3 nanoparticles are promising for high-resolution T1-weighted MR imaging and precise chemotherapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheyu Shen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Tianxiang Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Xuehua Ma
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Wenzhi Ren
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Zijian Zhou
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Guizhi Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Ariel Zhang
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Yijing Liu
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jibin Song
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Zihou Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Huimin Ruan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Wenpei Fan
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Lisen Lin
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Jeeva Munasinghe
- Mouse Imaging Facility, National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Xiaoyuan Chen
- Laboratory of Molecular Imaging and Nanomedicine, National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Aiguo Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Magnetic Materials and Devices, Key Laboratory of Additive Manufacturing Materials of Zhejiang Province, and Division of Functional Materials and Nanodevices, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences , 1219 Zhongguan West Road, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
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25
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Sherwood J, Rich M, Lovas K, Warram J, Bolding MS, Bao Y. T 1-Enhanced MRI-visible nanoclusters for imaging-guided drug delivery. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:11785-11792. [PMID: 28786462 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr04181k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron oxide nanoparticles with extremely low dimensions have recently been explored as positive (T1) contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, their small sizes lead to fast renal clearance and limit their use in elongated in vivo tracking or therapy monitoring. In this paper, we present a state of art approach to forming nanoclusters by crosslinking ultrasmall iron oxide nanoparticles with bovine serum albumin. This novel design not only maintains the T1 performance of the ultrasmall nanoparticles, but also significantly increases their blood circulation times from 15 minutes to over two hours. Our breast tumor model study also exhibited enhanced contrast at tumor sites for more than 24 hours. The ability of maintaining the T1 performance of the ultrasmall nanoparticles is significant, because previous studies have shown complete T1 loss or signal decrease upon polymer encapsulation. This design also shows great potential in encapsulating model drug molecules, which will greatly benefit the field of imaging-guided drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Sherwood
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA.
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26
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Salili SM, Worden M, Nemati A, Miller DW, Hegmann T. Synthesis of Distinct Iron Oxide Nanomaterial Shapes Using Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Solvents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2017; 7:E211. [PMID: 28767058 PMCID: PMC5575693 DOI: 10.3390/nano7080211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 07/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A room temperature reduction-hydrolysis of Fe(III) precursors such as FeCl₃ or Fe(acac)₃ in various lyotropic liquid crystal phases (lamellar, hexagonal columnar, or micellar) formed by a range of ionic or neutral surfactants in H₂O is shown to be an effective and mild approach for the preparation of iron oxide (IO) nanomaterials with several morphologies (shapes and dimensions), such as extended thin nanosheets with lateral dimensions of several hundred nanometers as well as smaller nanoflakes and nanodiscs in the tens of nanometers size regime. We will discuss the role of the used surfactants and lyotropic liquid crystal phases as well as the shape and size differences depending upon when and how the resulting nanomaterials were isolated from the reaction mixture. The presented synthetic methodology using lyotropic liquid crystal solvents should be widely applicable to several other transition metal oxides for which the described reduction-hydrolysis reaction sequence is a suitable pathway to obtain nanoscale particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyyed Muhammad Salili
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Matthew Worden
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Ahlam Nemati
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
| | - Donald W Miller
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada.
| | - Torsten Hegmann
- Chemical Physics Interdisciplinary Program, Liquid Crystal Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA.
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27
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Feng Y, Chen H, Ma L, Shao B, Zhao S, Wang Z, You H. Surfactant-Free Aqueous Synthesis of Novel Ba 2GdF 7:Yb 3+, Er 3+@PEG Upconversion Nanoparticles for in Vivo Trimodality Imaging. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:15096-15102. [PMID: 28409916 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, we developed the surfactant-free aqueous synthesis of novel polyethylene glycol (PEG) coated Ba2GdF7:Yb3+, Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles (named as, Ba2GdF7:Yb3+, Er3+@PEG UCNPs) for in vivo multimodality imaging including upconversion luminescence (UCL), X-ray computed tomography (CT), and T1-weighted magnetic resonance (MR). The as-prepared Ba2GdF7:Yb3+, Er3+@PEG UCNPs not only present bright UCL and reasonably high CT/MR enhancements but also exhibit excellent colloidal stability, inappreciable cytotoxicity, and negligible organ toxicity. In particular, the Ba2GdF7:Yb3+, Er3+@PEG UCNPs emit red UCL with high intensity in the tumor site after intravenous injection via the tail vein of a nude mouse. The Ba2GdF7:Yb3+, Er3+@PEG UCNPs as contrast agents exhibit high-performance for in vivo trimodality (UCL/CT/MR) imaging of a tumor during HepG2 tumor-bearing nude mouse experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | - Hongda Chen
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
| | | | | | - Shuang Zhao
- University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei 230026, P. R. China
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