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Xin Y, Zhou X, Bark H, Lee PS. The Role of 3D Printing Technologies in Soft Grippers. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2307963. [PMID: 37971199 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202307963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Soft grippers are essential for precise and gentle handling of delicate, fragile, and easy-to-break objects, such as glassware, electronic components, food items, and biological samples, without causing any damage or deformation. This is especially important in industries such as healthcare, manufacturing, agriculture, food handling, and biomedical, where accuracy, safety, and preservation of the objects being handled are critical. This article reviews the use of 3D printing technologies in soft grippers, including those made of functional materials, nonfunctional materials, and those with sensors. 3D printing processes that can be used to fabricate each class of soft grippers are discussed. Available 3D printing technologies that are often used in soft grippers are primarily extrusion-based printing (fused deposition modeling and direct ink writing), jet-based printing (polymer jet), and immersion printing (stereolithography and digital light processing). The materials selected for fabricating soft grippers include thermoplastic polymers, UV-curable polymers, polymer gels, soft conductive composites, and hydrogels. It is conclude that 3D printing technologies revolutionize the way soft grippers are being fabricated, expanding their application domains and reducing the difficulties in customization, fabrication, and production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Xinran Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
| | - Hyunwoo Bark
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pooi See Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Singapore-HUJ Alliance for Research and Enterprise (SHARE), Smart Grippers for Soft Robotics (SGSR), Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE), Singapore, 138602, Singapore
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Jeong YH, Kwon M, Shin S, Lee J, Kim KS. Biomedical Applications of CNT-Based Fibers. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:137. [PMID: 38534244 DOI: 10.3390/bios14030137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been regarded as emerging materials in various applications. However, the range of biomedical applications is limited due to the aggregation and potential toxicity of powder-type CNTs. To overcome these issues, techniques to assemble them into various macroscopic structures, such as one-dimensional fibers, two-dimensional films, and three-dimensional aerogels, have been developed. Among them, carbon nanotube fiber (CNTF) is a one-dimensional aggregate of CNTs, which can be used to solve the potential toxicity problem of individual CNTs. Furthermore, since it has unique properties due to the one-dimensional nature of CNTs, CNTF has beneficial potential for biomedical applications. This review summarizes the biomedical applications using CNTF, such as the detection of biomolecules or signals for biosensors, strain sensors for wearable healthcare devices, and tissue engineering for regenerating human tissues. In addition, by considering the challenges and perspectives of CNTF for biomedical applications, the feasibility of CNTF in biomedical applications is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ho Jeong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Mina Kwon
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsoo Shin
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaegeun Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Su Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Advanced Organic Materials, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
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Nazari P, Bäuerle R, Zimmermann J, Melzer C, Schwab C, Smith A, Kowalsky W, Aghassi-Hagmann J, Hernandez-Sosa G, Lemmer U. Piezoresistive Free-standing Microfiber Strain Sensor for High-resolution Battery Thickness Monitoring. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2212189. [PMID: 36872845 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202212189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Highly sensitive microfiber strain sensors are promising for the detection of mechanical deformations in applications where limited space is available. In particular for in situ battery thickness monitoring where high resolution and low detection limit are key requirements. Herein, the realization of a highly sensitive strain sensor for in situ lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery thickness monitoring is presented. The compliant fiber-shaped sensor is fabricated by an upscalable wet-spinning method employing a composite of microspherical core-shell conductive particles embedded in an elastomer. The electrical resistance of the sensor changes under applied strain, exhibiting a high strain sensitivity and extremely low strain detection limit of 0.00005 with high durability of 10 000 cycles. To demonstrate the accuracy and ease of applicability of this sensor, the real-time thickness change of a Li-ion battery pouch cell is monitored during the charge and discharge cycles. This work introduces a promising approach with the least material complexity for soft microfiber strain gauges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pariya Nazari
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rainer Bäuerle
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 270, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of High Frequency Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Universitätsplatz 2, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | | - Christopher Schwab
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Anna Smith
- Institute for Applied Materials, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Kowalsky
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of High Frequency Technology, Technical University of Braunschweig, Universitätsplatz 2, 38106, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Jasmin Aghassi-Hagmann
- Institute of Nanotechnology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Gerardo Hernandez-Sosa
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- InnovationLab, Speyerer Str. 4, 69115, Heidelberg, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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Design and performance analysis of a rectenna system for charging a mobile phone from ambient EM waves. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13964. [PMID: 36873516 PMCID: PMC9982631 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Advances in information technology have dramatically enhanced mobile phones. Power capacity is one of the most significant limitations of a mobile phone. As a result, efficient energy management in such devices is critical everywhere. The goal of this research is to find a way to charge electronic devices wirelessly using radio frequency (RF) electromagnetic (EM) waves (Rectenna using energy detection-based spectrum sensing). Mechanical deformations cause frequency detuning, which lowers the effectiveness of antennas and rectennas that would otherwise allow wireless communication and RF energy harvesting in the far field. A rectenna based on a stretchable multiband antenna is designed as a self-powered system to perform reliably and integrate RF power received across its multiband despite mechanical deformations. Depending on what the battery needs, the proposed multiband antenna will work at 900 MHz, 1800 MHz, 2100 MHz, and 2.45 GHz as both an RF transducer and an RF energy harvester. Depending on the received RF power density (high), the receiving RF wave will be utilized for both communication and RF energy harvesting (RF-EH) when the battery's current voltage is less than 20% (referred to as "low voltage"). Otherwise, the received RF wave will be used only for RF-EH. The installed multiband rectifiers function perfectly in terms of efficiency and bandwidth. This proposed technique would reduce the charging crisis by 60-90% depending on the location of the mobile phone or receiver of ambient EM signals. This paper could help researchers in the field of RF energy-based wireless charging systems.
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Nie M, Li B, Hsieh YL, Fu KK, Zhou J. Stretchable One-Dimensional Conductors for Wearable Applications. ACS NANO 2022; 16:19810-19839. [PMID: 36475644 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Continuous, one-dimensional (1D) stretchable conductors have attracted significant attention for the development of wearables and soft-matter electronics. Through the use of advanced spinning, printing, and textile technologies, 1D stretchable conductors in the forms of fibers, wires, and yarns can be designed and engineered to meet the demanding requirements for different wearable applications. Several crucial parameters, such as microarchitecture, conductivity, stretchability, and scalability, play essential roles in designing and developing wearable devices and intelligent textiles. Methodologies and fabrication processes have successfully realized 1D conductors that are highly conductive, strong, lightweight, stretchable, and conformable and can be readily integrated with common fabrics and soft matter. This review summarizes the latest advances in continuous, 1D stretchable conductors and emphasizes recent developments in materials, methodologies, fabrication processes, and strategies geared toward applications in electrical interconnects, mechanical sensors, actuators, and heaters. This review classifies 1D conductors into three categories on the basis of their electrical responses: (1) rigid 1D conductors, (2) piezoresistive 1D conductors, and (3) resistance-stable 1D conductors. This review also evaluates the present challenges in these areas and presents perspectives for improving the performance of stretchable 1D conductors for wearable textile and flexible electronic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Nie
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - Boxiao Li
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California at Davis, California95616, United States
| | - Kun Kelvin Fu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Jian Zhou
- School of Material Science and Engineering Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite & Functional Materials of Ministry of Education Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Flexible Electronic Materials and Wearable Devices, Sun Yat-sen University Guangzhou, Guangdong510275, China
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Zhao C, Chen Y, Guo M, Wu Y, Li Y, Xiang D, Li H, Wang L, Sun Z. Flexible, adhesive, strain‐sensitive, and skin‐matchable hydrogel strain sensors for human motion and handwritten signal monitoring. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxia Zhao
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yunxin Chen
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Min Guo
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuanpeng Wu
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Yuntao Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- State Key Laboratory Oil and Gas Reservoir Geology and Exploitation Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Dong Xiang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Hui Li
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Li Wang
- School of New Energy and Materials Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
- The Center of Functional Materials for Working Fluids of Oil and Gas Field, Sichuan Engineering Technology Research Center of Basalt Fiber Composites Development and Application Southwest Petroleum University Chengdu China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Disease Fuwai Hospital Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Shenzhen China
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Liu J, Wang P, Li G, Yang L, Yu W, Meng C, Guo S. A highly stretchable and ultra-sensitive strain sensing fiber based on a porous core-network sheath configuration for wearable human motion detection. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:12418-12430. [PMID: 35972043 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr03277e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Functional fibers have attracted much research attention due to their potential application in developing advanced electronic textiles for wearable devices. However, challenges still exist in preparing high-performance fiber-shaped sensors with superior flexibility and stretchability while achieving a high sensitivity and a wide detection range. Herein, we propose the design and fabrication of an ultra-flexible and super-elastic fiber-shaped strain sensor via a facile combining approach of wet-spinning and dip-coating. The sensor adopts a core-sheath configuration of liquid metal droplets dispersed in porous thermoplastic polyurethane as a substrate core and a carbon nanotube intertwined network embedding silver nanowires as a strain sensitive sheath. By taking advantage of both the composition of multiple functional materials and the design of a microstructured device configuration, the developed fiber-shaped sensor exhibits an ultrahigh sensitivity (maximum gauge factor of 7336.1), an extremely large workable strain range (500%), a low strain detection limit (0.5%), a fast response time (200 ms) and good stability (10 000 cycles). In addition, the sensor is temperature insensitive, inert under harsh solution conditions, degradable and recyclable. Intriguingly, the fiber-shaped sensor can be used to detect various human motions and gestures by directly attaching to skins or elaborately weaving into textiles, demonstrating its great potential in human healthcare monitoring and human-machine interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Peng Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Guoxian Li
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Li Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, School of Health Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300130, China
| | - Wei Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Chuizhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
| | - Shijie Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Reliability and Intelligence of Electrical Equipment, Hebei Key Laboratory of Smart Sensing and Human-Robot Interaction, School of Mechanical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, China.
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Reconfigurable, Stretchable Strain Sensor with the Localized Controlling of Substrate Modulus by Two-Phase Liquid Metal Cells. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12050882. [PMID: 35269370 PMCID: PMC8912465 DOI: 10.3390/nano12050882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2022] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Strain modulation based on the heterogeneous design of soft substrates is an effective method to improve the sensitivity of stretchable resistive strain sensors. In this study, a novel design for reconfigurable strain modulation in the soft substrate with two-phase liquid cells is proposed. The modulatory strain distribution induced by the reversible phase transition of the liquid metal provides reconfigurable strain sensing capabilities with multiple combinations of operating range and sensitivity. The effectiveness of our strategy is validated by theoretical simulations and experiments on a hybrid carbonous film-based resistive strain sensor. The strain sensor can be gradually switched between a highly sensitive one and a wide-range one by selectively controlling the phases of liquid metal in the cell array with a external heating source. The relative change of sensitivity and operating range reaches a maximum of 59% and 44%, respectively. This reversible heterogeneous design shows great potential to facilitate the fabrication of strain sensors and might play a promising role in the future applications of stretchable strain sensors.
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Wu F, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Zhao Y, Sui C, He X, Wang C, Tan H. Impact-resistant carbon nanotube woven films: a molecular dynamics study. NANOSCALE 2021; 13:5006-5013. [PMID: 33644785 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr07421g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Fiber-based fabrics have great potential in impacting protection. Here, we propose a novel nanostructure, wherein single-walled CNTs (SWCNTs) were employed to weave plain 2D films. The in-plane mechanical properties and impacting properties of SWCNT woven films (SWFs) were investigated via fully atomic molecular dynamics (MD) simulation. It was found that their fracture strength and Young's modulus present obvious anisotropy, depending on the loading direction. When the loading is along the CNT axis, the mechanical performances are the best. From the impacting test, we found that this SWF synchronously possesses high impacting strength and a percentage of absorbed energy. This is mainly a result of high intrinsic strength, excellent flexibility and radial deformation capability of CNTs. In addition, it was observed that the high-speed impact of projectile can lead to the intricate entanglements of CNTs, which also could dissipate some energy by friction between the CNTs. This study provides an in-depth understanding on the mechanical properties of SWFs and broadens the applications of CNT-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wu
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Yushun Zhao
- Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Yifan Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Yue Zhao
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China
| | - Chao Sui
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Xiaodong He
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China. and Shenzhen STRONG Advanced Materials Research Institute Co., Ltd, Shenzhen 518000, PR China
| | - Chao Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China.
| | - Huifeng Tan
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology for National Defence on Advanced Composites in Special Environments, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, PR China. and Center for Composite Materials and Structures, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150080, PR China
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Tolvanen J, Kilpijärvi J, Pitkänen O, Hannu J, Jantunen H. Stretchable Sensors with Tunability and Single Stimuli-Responsiveness through Resistivity Switching Under Compressive Stress. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:14433-14442. [PMID: 32119510 PMCID: PMC7145277 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c00023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The fascinating human somatosensory system with its complex structure is composed of numerous sensory receptors possessing distinct responsiveness to stimuli. It is a continuous source of inspiration for tactile sensors that mimic its functions. However, to achieve single stimulus-responsiveness with mechanical decoupling is particularly challenging in the light of structural design and has not been fully addressed to date. Here we propose a novel structural design inspired by combining the characteristics of electronic skin (e-skin) and electronic textile (e-textile) into a hybrid interface to achieve a stretchable single stimuli-responsive tactile sensor. The stencil printable biocarbon composite/silver-plated nylon hybrid interface possesses an extraordinary resistance switching (ΔR/R0 up to ∼104) under compressive stress which is controllable by the composite film-thickness. It achieves a very high normal pressure sensitivity (up to 60.8 kPa-1) in a wide dynamic range (up to ∼50 kPa) in the piezoresistive operation mode and can effectively decouple stresses induced by stretching or bending. In addition, the device is capable of high accuracy strain sensing in its capacitive operation mode through dimensional change dominant response. Because of these intriguing features, it has potential for the next-generation Internet of Things devices and user-interactive systems capable of providing visual feedback and more advanced robotics or even prosthetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarkko Tolvanen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Joni Kilpijärvi
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Olli Pitkänen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Jari Hannu
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
| | - Heli Jantunen
- Microelectronics
Research Unit, Faculty of Information Technology and Electrical Engineering, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 4500, Oulu FIN-90014, Finland
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Chang Y, Zuo J, Zhang H, Duan X. State-of-the-art and recent developments in micro/nanoscale pressure sensors for smart wearable devices and health monitoring systems. NANOTECHNOLOGY AND PRECISION ENGINEERING 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.npe.2019.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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12
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Xu D, Wang Q, Feng D, Liu P. Facile Fabrication of Multifunctional Poly(ethylene- co-octene)/Carbon Nanotube Foams Based on Tunable Conductive Network. Ind Eng Chem Res 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.9b06163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Qingqing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Dong Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Pengju Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, Polymer Research Institute of Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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Wu P, Xiao A, Zhao Y, Chen F, Ke M, Zhang Q, Zhang J, Shi X, He X, Chen Y. An implantable and versatile piezoresistive sensor for the monitoring of human-machine interface interactions and the dynamical process of nerve repair. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:21103-21118. [PMID: 31524919 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03925b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Flexible wearable and implantable piezoresistive sensors have attracted lots of attention in the applications of healthcare monitoring, disease diagnostics, and human-machine interactions. However, the restricted sensing range, low sensing sensitivity at small strains, limited mechanical stability at high strains, and sophisticated fabrication processes restrict the far-reaching applications of these sensors for ultrasensitive full-range healthcare monitoring. In this work, an implantable and versatile piezoresistive sensor was developed from a series of conductive composites. The conductive composites, hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC)/soy protein isolate (SPI)/polyaniline (PANI) sponges (HSPSs), were prepared by lyophilization of HEC/SPI solution and then in situ polymerization of aniline. The sensitivity, response time, and mechanical robustness of the HSPS sensors were characterized, and they can achieve a gauge factor of -0.29, a response time of 0.14 s, and sensing stability for at least 100 cycles. The HSPS sensors could efficiently work in vivo for 4 weeks for the measurement of stimuli, without severe inflammatory reaction. When the versatile HSPS sensors were attached to different parts of the human body, they could detect a variety of human motions including coughing, bending of fingers and elbow, abdominal breathing and walking. Notably, the HSPS sensors could be used to monitor the nerve repair in rats and the results are highly consistent with the electrophysiological data. At the same time a new score system was developed to evaluate rat nerve repair. These results indicate that the HSPS sensors exhibit good biocompatibility, sensitivity, sensing stability and fast response time. The HSPS sensors can be used not only as implantable sensors in vivo but also for analyzing human body motions. Furthermore, they provide an effective sensor device and a real-time, dynamic method for evaluating nerve repair without damage and death of animals. Hence, HSPSs might have great potential in in vivo detection, monitoring of human-machine interfacing interactions and the nerve tissue engineering field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Ao Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yanan Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Feixiang Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Meifang Ke
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaowen Shi
- School of Resource and Environmental Science, Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Sustainable Resource and Energy, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, China
| | - Xiaohua He
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China.
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China. and Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Allergy and Immune Related Diseases, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430071, China
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14
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Wang B, Facchetti A. Mechanically Flexible Conductors for Stretchable and Wearable E-Skin and E-Textile Devices. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1901408. [PMID: 31106490 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 03/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Considerable progress in materials development and device integration for mechanically bendable and stretchable optoelectronics will broaden the application of "Internet-of-Things" concepts to a myriad of new applications. When addressing the needs associated with the human body, such as the detection of mechanical functions, monitoring of health parameters, and integration with human tissues, optoelectronic devices, interconnects/circuits enabling their functions, and the core passive components from which the whole system is built must sustain different degrees of mechanical stresses. Herein, the basic characteristics and performance of several of these devices are reported, particularly focusing on the conducting element constituting them. Among these devices, strain sensors of different types, energy storage elements, and power/energy storage and generators are included. Specifically, the advances during the past 3 years are reported, wherein mechanically flexible conducting elements are fabricated from (0D, 1D, and 2D) conducting nanomaterials from metals (e.g., Au nanoparticles, Ag flakes, Cu nanowires), carbon nanotubes/nanofibers, 2D conductors (e.g., graphene, MoS2 ), metal oxides (e.g., Zn nanorods), and conducting polymers (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):poly(4-styrene sulfonate), polyaniline) in combination with passive fibrotic and elastomeric materials enabling, after integration, the so-called electronic skins and electronic textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Antonio Facchetti
- Department of Chemistry and the Materials Research Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
- Flexterra Corporation, 8025 Lamon Avenue, Skokie, IL, 60077, USA
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15
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Zhou Y, Zhan P, Ren M, Zheng G, Dai K, Mi L, Liu C, Shen C. Significant Stretchability Enhancement of a Crack-Based Strain Sensor Combined with High Sensitivity and Superior Durability for Motion Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:7405-7414. [PMID: 30698944 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b20768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have attracted tremendous interest due to their potential application as intelligent wearable sensing devices. Among them, crack-based flexible strain sensors have been studied extensively owing to their ultrahigh sensitivity. Nevertheless, the detection range of a crack-based sensor is quite narrow, limiting its application. In this work, a stretchable strain sensor based on a designed crack structure was fabricated by spray-coating carbon nanotube (CNT) ink onto an electrospun thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) fibrous mat and prestretching treatment to overcome the trade-off relationship. Our sensor exhibited combined features of high sensitivity in a greatly widened workable sensing range [a gauge factor of 428.5 within 100% strain, 9268.8 for a strain of 100-220%, and larger than 83982.8 for a strain of 220-300%], a fast response time (about 70 ms), superior durability (>10 000 stretching-releasing cycles), and excellent response toward bending. The microstructural evolution of CNT branches extending from two edges of the cracks and the excellent stretchability of TPU fibrous mats are mainly related to the remarkable sensing properties. Our sensor is then assembled to detect various human motions and physical vibrational signals, demonstrating its potential applications in intelligent devices, electronic skins, and wearable healthcare monitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Pengfei Zhan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Miaoning Ren
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Liwei Mi
- Center for Advanced Materials Research, School of Materials and Chemical Engineering , Zhongyuan University of Technology , Zhengzhou 450007 , China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
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16
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Yin F, Lu H, Pan H, Ji H, Pei S, Liu H, Huang J, Gu J, Li M, Wei J. Highly Sensitive and Transparent Strain Sensors with an Ordered Array Structure of AgNWs for Wearable Motion and Health Monitoring. Sci Rep 2019; 9:2403. [PMID: 30787401 PMCID: PMC6382792 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38931-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensitivity and transparency are critical properties for flexible and wearable electronic devices, and how to engineer both these properties simultaneously is dramatically essential. Here, for the first time, we report the assembly of ordered array structures of silver nanowires (AgNWs) via a simple water-bath pulling method to align the AgNWs embedded on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Compared with sensors prepared by direct drop-casting or transfer-printing methods, our developed sensor represents a considerable breakthrough in both sensitivity and transparency. The maximum transmittance was 86.3% at a wavelength of 550 nm, and the maximum gauge factor was as high as 84.6 at a strain of 30%. This remarkably sensitive and transparent flexible sensor has strictly stable and reliable responses to motion capture and human body signals; it is also expected to be able to help monitor disabled physical conditions or assist medical therapy while ensuring privacy protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanqi Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hongjun Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China. .,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.
| | - Shuai Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiayi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China.,Center of Flexible and Printable Electronics, Harbin Institute of Technology at Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, P. R. China
| | - Jun Wei
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, 73 Nanyang Drive, 637662, Singapore, Singapore
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17
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Lu L, Zhou Y, Pan J, Chen T, Hu Y, Zheng G, Dai K, Liu C, Shen C, Sun X, Peng H. Design of Helically Double-Leveled Gaps for Stretchable Fiber Strain Sensor with Ultralow Detection Limit, Broad Sensing Range, and High Repeatability. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:4345-4352. [PMID: 30609342 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b17666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Flexible strain sensors have attracted extensive attention in electronic skins and health monitoring systems. To date, it remains a great challenge for the development of a multifunctional strain sensor with simultaneous ultralow detection limit, broad sensing range, and high repeatability. In this paper, we report a new carbon nanotube/flexible fiber-shaped strain sensor. The fiber substrate has a novel microstructure where a highly elastic rubber fiber core is tightly wound by a continuous spring-like polypropylene fiber as the shell. Our sensor offers combined sensing performances of ultralow detection limit of 0.01% strain, wide sensing range of 200% strain, and high repeatability of 20 000 cycles by designing double-leveled helical gaps. This strain sensor shows a rapid response time of 70 ms under both stretching and releasing. In addition, it is available for a variety of other deformations such as bending and torsion. Due to the unique fiber structure, it can extend the torsion detection range to 1000 rad m-1. On the basis of the superior sensing performances, our sensor demonstrates to efficiently work for both subtle physiological activities and vigorous human motions. This work provides a general and effective strategy for designing smart wearable devices with high performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Lu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Yujie Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Jian Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Taiqiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Yajie Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Guoqiang Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Kun Dai
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Chuntai Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Changyu Shen
- School of Materials Science and Engineering and Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold (Zhengzhou University), Ministry of Education , Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou 450001 , China
| | - Xuemei Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
| | - Huisheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science and Laboratory of Advanced Materials , Fudan University , Shanghai 200438 , China
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18
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Chen S, Wu R, Li P, Li Q, Gao Y, Qian B, Xuan F. Acid-Interface Engineering of Carbon Nanotube/Elastomers with Enhanced Sensitivity for Stretchable Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37760-37766. [PMID: 30284440 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b16591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable strain sensors with high sensitivity or gauge factor (GF), large stretchability, and long-term durability are highly demanded in human motion detection, artificial intelligence, and electronic skins. Nevertheless, to develop high-sensitive sensors without sacrificing the stretchability cannot be realized using simple device configurations. In this work, an acid-interface engineering (AIE) method was proposed to develop a stretchable strain sensor with high GF and large stretchability. The AIE generates a layer of SiO x at the interface between the carbon nanotube (CNT) film and Ecoflex, playing a key role in enhancing the sensor's GF. Compared to devices without AIE (GF = 2.4), the ones with AIE are significantly improved. At an AIE time of 10 min, the GF up to 1665.9 is achieved without sacrificing the stretchability (>100%). The AIE-generated cracks are found to modulate the electrical behaviors and enhance the GFs of sensors with AIE through the crack-induced rapid reduction in the electrical conduction pathway, which is manipulated by the CNTs bridging over the cracks. The device with AIE proves its high mechanical durability through a cycling test (>10 000 cycles) at a high strain up to ∼80%, further paving its practical applications in various human motion detections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Chen
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Rongyao Wu
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Pei Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Qi Li
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Yang Gao
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Bo Qian
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
| | - Fuzhen Xuan
- School of Mechanical and Power Engineering , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , China
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19
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Fabrication of super-stretchable and electrical conductive membrane of spandex/multi-wall carbon nanotube/reduced graphene oxide composite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-018-1597-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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20
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Xin Y, Zhou J, Tao R, Xu X, Lubineau G. Making a Bilateral Compression/Tension Sensor by Pre-Stretching Open-Crack Networks in Carbon Nanotube Papers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33507-33515. [PMID: 30211536 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b08166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Highly stretchable strain sensors are key elements of new applications in wearable electronics and soft robotics. Most of the available technologies only measure positive strain (stretching), and cannot measure negative strains (compression). We propose here a stretchable technology that enables the measurement of both negative and positive strains with high sensitivity. A carbon nanotube paper is pre-cracked to introduce a well-controlled network of open cracks as the sensing element; then, the pre-cracked paper is sandwiched by a thermoplastic elastomer. The resulting sensor is also pre-stretched and subjected to thermal annealing, which removes any residual stress so that the pre-stretched configuration remains stable. This process results in a stretchable structure with a network of open cracks that is sensitive to both negative and positive strains. We demonstrate that such sensors can measure negative strains up to -13% with high sensitivity and robust stretchability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Zhou
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ran Tao
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- Physical Sciences and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Saudi Arabia
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21
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Mehrali M, Bagherifard S, Akbari M, Thakur A, Mirani B, Mehrali M, Hasany M, Orive G, Das P, Emneus J, Andresen TL, Dolatshahi‐Pirouz A. Blending Electronics with the Human Body: A Pathway toward a Cybernetic Future. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2018; 5:1700931. [PMID: 30356969 PMCID: PMC6193179 DOI: 10.1002/advs.201700931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
At the crossroads of chemistry, electronics, mechanical engineering, polymer science, biology, tissue engineering, computer science, and materials science, electrical devices are currently being engineered that blend directly within organs and tissues. These sophisticated devices are mediators, recorders, and stimulators of electricity with the capacity to monitor important electrophysiological events, replace disabled body parts, or even stimulate tissues to overcome their current limitations. They are therefore capable of leading humanity forward into the age of cyborgs, a time in which human biology can be hacked at will to yield beings with abilities beyond their natural capabilities. The resulting advances have been made possible by the emergence of conformal and soft electronic materials that can readily integrate with the curvilinear, dynamic, delicate, and flexible human body. This article discusses the recent rapid pace of development in the field of cybernetics with special emphasis on the important role that flexible and electrically active materials have played therein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehdi Mehrali
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Sara Bagherifard
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringPolitecnico di Milano20156MilanItaly
| | - Mohsen Akbari
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Ashish Thakur
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Bahram Mirani
- Laboratory for Innovations in MicroEngineering (LiME)Department of Mechanical EngineeringUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaBCV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Biomedical ResearchUniversity of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
- Center for Advanced Materials and Related Technologies (CAMTEC)University of VictoriaVictoriaV8P 5C2Canada
| | - Mohammad Mehrali
- Process and Energy DepartmentDelft University of TechnologyLeeghwaterstraat 392628CBDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Masoud Hasany
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
| | - Gorka Orive
- NanoBioCel GroupLaboratory of PharmaceuticsSchool of PharmacyUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHUPaseo de la Universidad 701006Vitoria‐GasteizSpain
- Biomedical Research Networking Centre in Bioengineering, Biomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Vitoria‐Gasteiz28029Spain
- University Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Oral Implantology—UIRMI (UPV/EHU‐Fundación Eduardo Anitua)Vitoria01007Spain
| | - Paramita Das
- School of Chemical and Biomedical EngineeringNanyang Technological University62 Nanyang DriveSingapore637459Singapore
| | - Jenny Emneus
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU Nanotech2800KgsDenmark
| | - Thomas L. Andresen
- Technical University of DenmarkDTU NanotechCenter for Nanomedicine and Theranostics2800KgsDenmark
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22
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Sun J, Zhao Y, Yang Z, Shen J, Cabrera E, Lertola MJ, Yang W, Zhang D, Benatar A, Castro JM, Wu D, Lee LJ. Highly stretchable and ultrathin nanopaper composites for epidermal strain sensors. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2018; 29:355304. [PMID: 29897348 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/aacc59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Multifunctional electronics are attracting great interest with the increasing demand and fast development of wearable electronic devices. Here, we describe an epidermal strain sensor based on an all-carbon conductive network made from multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) impregnated with poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS) matrix through a vacuum filtration process. An ultrasonication treatment was performed to complete the penetration of PDMS resin in seconds. The entangled and overlapped MWCNT network largely enhances the electrical conductivity (1430 S m-1), uniformity (remaining stable on different layers), reliable sensing range (up to 80% strain), and cyclic stability of the strain sensor. The homogeneous dispersion of MWCNTs within the PDMS matrix leads to a strong interaction between the two phases and greatly improves the mechanical stability (ca. 160% strain at fracture). The flexible, reversible and ultrathin (<100 μm) film can be directly attached on human skin as epidermal strain sensors for high accuracy and real-time human motion detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyao Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China. Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, United States of America
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23
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Zhou J, Hsieh YL. Conductive Polymer Protonated Nanocellulose Aerogels for Tunable and Linearly Responsive Strain Sensors. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:27902-27910. [PMID: 30091582 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Strong and highly conductive aerogels have been assembled from cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) protonated with conductive poly(3,4-ethylene dioxythiophene)/poly(styrene sulfonate) (PEDOT/PSS) complex at equal mass or less. Protonating CNF surface carboxylates and hydrogen-bonding CNF surface carboxyls with PSS in PEDOT/PSS generated PEDOT/PSS/CNF aerogels that were up to ten times stronger while as conductive as neat PEDOT/PSS aerogel, attributed to the transformation of PEDOT benzoid structure to the more electron transfer-preferred quinoid structure. Ethylene glycol vapor annealing further increased the conductivity of PEDOT/PSS/CNF aerogels by 2 orders of magnitude. The poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS)-infused conductive PEDOT/PSS/CNF aerogel (70 wt % CNF) transform a resistance-insensitive PDMS-infused PEDOT/PSS aerogel (gauge factor of 1.1 × 10-4) into a stretchable, sensitive, and linearly responsive strain sensor (gauge factor of 14.8 at 95% strain).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- Fiber and Polymer Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
| | - You-Lo Hsieh
- Fiber and Polymer Science , University of California , Davis , California 95616 , United States
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24
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Li C, Zhang D, Deng C, Wang P, Hu Y, Bin Y, Fan Z, Pan L. High performance strain sensor based on buckypaper for full-range detection of human motions. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14966-14975. [PMID: 30047969 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance strain sensor based on buckypaper has been fabricated and studied. The sensor with an ultrahigh gauge factor of 20 216 can detect a maximum and a minimum strain range of 75% and 0.1%, respectively. During stretching, the strain sensor achieves a high stability and reproducibility of 10 000 cycles, and a fast response time of less than 87 ms. On the other hand, the sensor shows an excellent sensing performance upon pressure. The pressure range, pressure sensitivity and loading-unloading cycles are 0-1.68 MPa, 89.7 kPa-1 and 3000 cycles, respectively. A concept of the optimal value is utilized to evaluate the strain and pressure performances of the sensor. The optimal values of the sensor upon tensile strain and pressure are calculated to be 3.07 × 108 and 1.35 × 107, respectively, which are much higher than those of most strain and pressure sensors reported in the literature. Precise detection of full-range human motions, acoustic vibrations and even pulse waves at a small scale has been successfully demonstrated by the buckypaper-based sensor. Owning to its advantages including ultrahigh sensitivity, wide detection range and good stability, the buckypaper-based sensor suggests a great potential for applications in wearable sensors, electronic skins, micro/nano electromechanical systems, vibration sensing devices and other strain sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengwei Li
- School of Physics, Dalian University of Technology, No. 2 Linggong Road, Ganjingzi District, Dalian 116024, P.R. China.
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25
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Liang B, Lin Z, Chen W, He Z, Zhong J, Zhu H, Tang Z, Gui X. Ultra-stretchable and highly sensitive strain sensor based on gradient structure carbon nanotubes. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:13599-13606. [PMID: 29978867 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr02528b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
High stretchability and sensitivity of strain sensors are two properties that are very difficult to combine together into one material, due to the intrinsic dilemma of the opposite requirements of robustness of the conductive network. Therefore, the improvement of one property is always achieved at the expense of decreasing the other property, and preventing its practical application. Inspired by the micro-structure of the copolymer, which consists of stretchable amorphous and strong crystal domains, we developed a highly stretchable and sensitive strain sensor, based on innovative gradient carbon nanotubes (CNTs). By integrating randomly oriented and well aligned CNTs, acting as sensitive and stretchable conductive elements, respectively, into a continuous changing structure, our strain sensors successfully combine both a high sensitivity (gauge factor (GF) = 13.5) and ultra-stretchability (>550%). With a fast response speed (<33 ms) and recovery speed (<60 ms), lossless detection of a 8 Hz mechanical signal has been easily realized. In addition, the gradient CNTs strain sensors also showed great durability in a dynamic test of 12 000 cycles, as well as extraordinary linearity and ultra-low working voltage (10 mV). These outstanding features mean our sensors have enormous potential for applications in health monitoring, sports performance monitoring and soft robotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binghao Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
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26
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Wei S, Qu G, Luo G, Huang Y, Zhang H, Zhou X, Wang L, Liu Z, Kong T. Scalable and Automated Fabrication of Conductive Tough-Hydrogel Microfibers with Ultrastretchability, 3D Printability, and Stress Sensitivity. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:11204-11212. [PMID: 29504395 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b00379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Creating complex three-dimensional structures from soft yet durable materials enables advances in fields such as flexible electronics, regenerating tissue engineering, and soft robotics. Tough hydrogels that mimic the human skin can bear enormous mechanical loads. By employing a spider-inspired biomimetic microfluidic nozzle, we successfully achieve continuous printing of tough hydrogels into fibers, two-dimensional networks, and even three-dimensional structures without compromising their extreme mechanical properties. The resultant thin fibers demonstrate a stretch up to 21 times of their original length at a water content of 52%, and are intrinsically transparent, biocompatible, and conductive at high stretches. Moreover, the printed robust tough-hydrogel networks can sense strain that are orders of magnitude lower than stretchable conductors by percolations of conductive particles. To demonstrate their potential application, we use printed tough-hydrogel fiber networks as wearable sensors for detecting human motions. The capability to shape tough hydrogels into complex structures by scalable continuous printing opens opportunities for new areas of applications such as tissue scaffolds, large-area soft electronics, and smart textiles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Hong Kong , Pokfulam Road, 999077 , Hong Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 310000 , Zhejiang , China
| | | | - Tiantian Kong
- HKU-Zhejiang Institute of Research and Innovation (HKU-ZIRI) , Hangzhou 310000 , Zhejiang , China
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27
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Herbert R, Kim JH, Kim YS, Lee HM, Yeo WH. Soft Material-Enabled, Flexible Hybrid Electronics for Medicine, Healthcare, and Human-Machine Interfaces. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2018; 11:E187. [PMID: 29364861 PMCID: PMC5848884 DOI: 10.3390/ma11020187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Flexible hybrid electronics (FHE), designed in wearable and implantable configurations, have enormous applications in advanced healthcare, rapid disease diagnostics, and persistent human-machine interfaces. Soft, contoured geometries and time-dynamic deformation of the targeted tissues require high flexibility and stretchability of the integrated bioelectronics. Recent progress in developing and engineering soft materials has provided a unique opportunity to design various types of mechanically compliant and deformable systems. Here, we summarize the required properties of soft materials and their characteristics for configuring sensing and substrate components in wearable and implantable devices and systems. Details of functionality and sensitivity of the recently developed FHE are discussed with the application areas in medicine, healthcare, and machine interactions. This review concludes with a discussion on limitations of current materials, key requirements for next generation materials, and new application areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Herbert
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Jong-Hoon Kim
- School of Engineering and Computer Science, Washington State University, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
| | - Yun Soung Kim
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
| | - Hye Moon Lee
- Functional Materials Division, Korea Institute of Materials Science (KIMS), 797 Changwondaero, Seongsan-gu, Changwon, Gyeongnam 641-831, Korea.
| | - Woon-Hong Yeo
- George W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
- Center for Flexible Electronics, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Bioengineering Program, Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Neural Engineering Center, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.
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28
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Yao S, Swetha P, Zhu Y. Nanomaterial-Enabled Wearable Sensors for Healthcare. Adv Healthc Mater 2018; 7. [PMID: 29193793 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201700889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 189] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Revised: 09/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Highly sensitive wearable sensors that can be conformably attached to human skin or integrated with textiles to monitor the physiological parameters of human body or the surrounding environment have garnered tremendous interest. Owing to the large surface area and outstanding material properties, nanomaterials are promising building blocks for wearable sensors. Recent advances in the nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors including temperature, electrophysiological, strain, tactile, electrochemical, and environmental sensors are presented in this review. Integration of multiple sensors for multimodal sensing and integration with other components into wearable systems are summarized. Representative applications of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors for healthcare, including continuous health monitoring, daily and sports activity tracking, and multifunctional electronic skin are highlighted. Finally, challenges, opportunities, and future perspectives in the field of nanomaterial-enabled wearable sensors are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Puchakayala Swetha
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
| | - Yong Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering North Carolina State University Raleigh NC 27695‐7910 USA
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29
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Xu X, Zhou J, Colombo V, Xin Y, Tao R, Lubineau G. Sodium Hypochlorite and Sodium Bromide Individualized and Stabilized Carbon Nanotubes in Water. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:10868-10876. [PMID: 28930637 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b00850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Aggregation is a major problem for hydrophobic carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in water because it reduces the effective particle concentration, prevents particles from entering the medium, and leads to unstable electronic device performances when a colloidal solution is used. Molecular ligands such as surfactants can help the particles to disperse, but they tend to degrade the electrical properties of CNTs. Therefore, self-dispersed particles without the need for surfactant are highly desirable. We report here, for the first time to our knowledge, that CNT particles with negatively charged hydrophobic/water interfaces can easily self-disperse themselves in water via pretreating the nanotubes with a salt solution with a low concentration of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) and sodium bromide (NaBr). The obtained aqueous CNT suspensions exhibit stable and superior colloidal performances. A series of pH titration experiments confirmed the presence and role of the electrical double layers on the surface of the salted carbon nanotubes and of functional groups and provided an in-depth understanding of the phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuezhu Xu
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jian Zhou
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Veronica Colombo
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Padua , Padova 35122, Italy
| | - Yangyang Xin
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ran Tao
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- Physical Science and Engineering Division (PSE), COHMAS Laboratory, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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30
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Xin Y, Zhou J, Xu X, Lubineau G. Laser-engraved carbon nanotube paper for instilling high sensitivity, high stretchability, and high linearity in strain sensors. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:10897-10905. [PMID: 28731088 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr01626c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
There is an increasing demand for strain sensors with high sensitivity and high stretchability for new applications such as robotics or wearable electronics. However, for the available technologies, the sensitivity of the sensors varies widely. These sensors are also highly nonlinear, making reliable measurement challenging. Here we introduce a new family of sensors composed of a laser-engraved carbon nanotube paper embedded in an elastomer. A roll-to-roll pressing of these sensors activates a pre-defined fragmentation process, which results in a well-controlled, fragmented microstructure. Such sensors are reproducible and durable and can attain ultrahigh sensitivity and high stretchability (with a gauge factor of over 4.2 × 104 at 150% strain). Moreover, they can attain high linearity from 0% to 15% and from 22% to 150% strain. They are good candidates for stretchable electronic applications that require high sensitivity and linearity at large strains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangyang Xin
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia.
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31
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Servati A, Zou L, Wang ZJ, Ko F, Servati P. Novel Flexible Wearable Sensor Materials and Signal Processing for Vital Sign and Human Activity Monitoring. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17071622. [PMID: 28703744 PMCID: PMC5539541 DOI: 10.3390/s17071622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Advances in flexible electronic materials and smart textile, along with broad availability of smart phones, cloud and wireless systems have empowered the wearable technologies for significant impact on future of digital and personalized healthcare as well as consumer electronics. However, challenges related to lack of accuracy, reliability, high power consumption, rigid or bulky form factor and difficulty in interpretation of data have limited their wide-scale application in these potential areas. As an important solution to these challenges, we present latest advances in novel flexible electronic materials and sensors that enable comfortable and conformable body interaction and potential for invisible integration within daily apparel. Advances in novel flexible materials and sensors are described for wearable monitoring of human vital signs including, body temperature, respiratory rate and heart rate, muscle movements and activity. We then present advances in signal processing focusing on motion and noise artifact removal, data mining and aspects of sensor fusion relevant to future clinical applications of wearable technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Servati
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Liang Zou
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Z Jane Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Frank Ko
- Department of Materials Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Peyman Servati
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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32
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Kundu S, Sriramdas R, Rafsanjani Amin K, Bid A, Pratap R, Ravishankar N. Crumpled sheets of reduced graphene oxide as a highly sensitive, robust and versatile strain/pressure sensor. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:9581-9588. [PMID: 28665438 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr02415k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Sensing of mechanical stimuli forms an important communication pathway between humans/environment and machines. The progress in such sensing technology has possible impacts on the functioning of automated systems, human machine interfacing, health-care monitoring, prosthetics and safety systems. The challenges in this field range from attaining high sensitivity to extreme robustness. In this article, sensing of complex mechanical stimuli with a patch of taped crumpled reduced graphene oxide (rGO) has been reported which can typically be assembled under household conditions. The ability of this sensor to detect a wide variety of pressures and strains in conventional day-to-day applications has been demonstrated. An extremely high gauge factor (∼103) at ultralow strains (∼10-4) with fast response times (<20.4 ms) could be achieved with such sensors. Pressure resulting from a gentle touch to over human body weight could be sensed successfully. The capability of the sensor to respond in a variety of environments could be exploited in the detection of water and air pressures both below and above atmospheric, with a single device.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhajit Kundu
- Materials Research Centre, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India.
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33
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Cho D, Park J, Kim J, Kim T, Kim J, Park I, Jeon S. Three-Dimensional Continuous Conductive Nanostructure for Highly Sensitive and Stretchable Strain Sensor. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:17369-17378. [PMID: 28452466 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The demand for wearable strain gauges that can detect dynamic human motions is growing in the area of healthcare technology. However, the realization of efficient sensing materials for effective detection of human motions in daily life is technically challenging due to the absence of the optimally designed electrode. Here, we propose a novel concept for overcoming the intrinsic limits of conventional strain sensors based on planar electrodes by developing highly periodic and three-dimensional (3D) bicontinuous nanoporous electrodes. We create a 3D bicontinuous nanoporous electrode by constructing conductive percolation networks along the surface of porous 3D nanostructured poly(dimethylsiloxane) with single-walled carbon nanotubes. The 3D structural platform allows fabrication of a strain sensor with robust properties such as a gauge factor of up to 134 at a tensile strain of 40%, a widened detection range of up to 160%, and a cyclic property of over 1000 cycles. Collectively, this study provides new design opportunities for a highly efficient sensing system that finely captures human motions, including phonations and joint movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwi Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Junyong Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Taehoon Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Inkyu Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokwoo Jeon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, KAIST Institute for the Nanocentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST) , Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
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34
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Rahimi R, Ochoa M, Tamayol A, Khalili S, Khademhosseini A, Ziaie B. Highly Stretchable Potentiometric pH Sensor Fabricated via Laser Carbonization and Machining of Carbon-Polyaniline Composite. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:9015-9023. [PMID: 28224783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The development of stretchable sensors has recently attracted considerable attention. These sensors have been used in wearable and robotics applications, such as personalized health-monitoring, motion detection, and human-machine interfaces. Herein, we report on a highly stretchable electrochemical pH sensor for wearable point-of-care applications that consists of a pH-sensitive working electrode and a liquid-junction-free reference electrode, in which the stretchable conductive interconnections are fabricated by laser carbonizing and micromachining of a polyimide sheet bonded to an Ecoflex substrate. This method produces highly porous carbonized 2D serpentine traces that are subsequently permeated with polyaniline (PANI) as the conductive filler, binding material, and pH-sensitive membrane. The experimental and simulation results demonstrate that the stretchable serpentine PANI/C-PI interconnections with an optimal trace width of 0.3 mm can withstand elongations of up to 135% and are robust to more than 12 000 stretch-and-release cycles at 20% strain without noticeable change in the resistance. The pH sensor displays a linear sensitivity of -53 mV/pH (r2 = 0.976) with stable performance in the physiological range of pH 4-10. The sensor shows excellent stability to applied longitudinal and transverse strains up to 100% in different pH buffer solutions with a minimal deviation of less than ±4 mV. The material biocompatibility is confirmed with NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells via PrestoBlue assays.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Tamayol
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shahla Khalili
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ali Khademhosseini
- Biomaterials Innovation Research Center, School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Division of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Bioindustrial Technologies, College of Animal Bioscience and Technology, Konkuk University , Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, King Abdulaziz University , Jeddah 21569, Saudi Arabia
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35
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Zhou J, Yu H, Xu X, Han F, Lubineau G. Ultrasensitive, Stretchable Strain Sensors Based on Fragmented Carbon Nanotube Papers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:4835-4842. [PMID: 28094915 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The development of strain sensors featuring both ultra high sensitivity and high stretchability is still a challenge. We demonstrate that strain sensors based on fragmented single-walled carbon nanotube (SWCNT) paper embedded in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) can sustain their sensitivity even at very high strain levels (with a gauge factor of over 107 at 50% strain). This record sensitivity is ascribed to the low initial electrical resistance (5-28 Ω) of the SWCNT paper and the wide change in resistance (up to 106 Ω) governed by the percolated network of SWCNT in the cracked region. The sensor response remains nearly unchanged after 10 000 strain cycles at 20% proving the robustness of this technology. This fragmentation based sensing system brings opportunities to engineer highly sensitive stretchable sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhou
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hu Yu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
- Shanghai Jiao Tong University , School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical Systems and Vibration, 800 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Xuezhu Xu
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fei Han
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gilles Lubineau
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST) , Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, COHMAS Laboratory, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
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