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Sankar K, Kuzmanović U, Schaus SE, Galagan JE, Grinstaff MW. Strategy, Design, and Fabrication of Electrochemical Biosensors: A Tutorial. ACS Sens 2024; 9:2254-2274. [PMID: 38636962 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.4c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Advanced healthcare requires novel technologies capable of real-time sensing to monitor acute and long-term health. The challenge relies on converting a real-time quantitative biological and chemical signal into a desired measurable output. Given the success in detecting glucose and the commercialization of glucometers, electrochemical biosensors continue to be a mainstay of academic and industrial research activities. Despite the wealth of literature on electrochemical biosensors, reports are often specific to a particular application (e.g., pathogens, cancer markers, glucose, etc.), and most fail to convey the underlying strategy and design, and if it is transferable to detection of a different analyte. Here we present a tutorial review for those entering this research area that summarizes the basic electrochemical techniques utilized as well as discusses the designs and optimization strategies employed to improve sensitivity and maximize signal output.
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Kumar P, Rajan R, Upadhyaya K, Behl G, Xiang XX, Huo P, Liu B. Metal oxide nanomaterials based electrochemical and optical biosensors for biomedical applications: Recent advances and future prospectives. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118002. [PMID: 38151147 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.118002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
The amalgamation of nanostructures with modern electrochemical and optical techniques gave rise to interesting devices, so-called biosensors. A biosensor is an analytical tool that incorporates various biomolecules with an appropriate physicochemical transducer. Over the past few years, metal oxide nanomaterials (MONMs) have significantly stimulated biosensing research due to their desired functionalities, versatile chemical stability, and low cost along with their unique optical, catalytic, electrical, and adsorption properties that provide an attractive platform for linking the biomolecules, for example, antibodies, nucleic acids, enzymes, and receptor proteins as sensing elements with the transducer for the detection of signals or signal amplifications. The signals to be measured are in direct proportionate to the concentration of the bioanalyte. Because of their simplicity, cost-effectiveness, portability, quick analysis, higher sensitivity, and selectivity against a broad range of biosamples, MONMs-based electrochemical and optical biosensing platforms are exhaustively explored as powerful early-diagnosis tools for point of care applications. Herein, we made a bibliometric analysis of past twenty years (2004-2023) on the application of MONMs as electrochemical and optical biosensing units using Web of Science database and the results of which clearly reveal the increasing number of publications since 2004. Geographical area distribution analysis of these publications shows that China tops the list followed by the United States of America and India. In this review, we first describe the electrochemical and optical properties of MONMs that are crucial for the creation of extremely stable, specific, and sensitive sensors with desirable characteristics. Then, the biomedical applications of MONMs-based bare and hybrid electrochemical and optical biosensing frameworks are highlighted in the light of recent literature. Finally, current limitations and future challenges in the field of biosensing technology are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo, 255000, China; School of Pharmacy, University College Cork, T12 K8AF, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ramachandran Rajan
- Translational Medical Center, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Kapil Upadhyaya
- Chemical Physiology & Biochemistry Department, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, 97239, USA
| | - Gautam Behl
- Eirgen Pharma Ltd., Westside Business Park, Waterford, Ireland
| | - Xin-Xin Xiang
- Translational Medical Center, Zibo Central Hospital, Zibo, 255036, Shandong, China
| | - Peipei Huo
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo, 255000, China.
| | - Bo Liu
- Laboratory of Functional Molecules and Materials, School of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Xincun West Road 266, Zibo, 255000, China.
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Orzari LO, Silva LRGE, de Freitas RC, Brazaca LC, Janegitz BC. Lab-made disposable screen-printed electrochemical sensors and immunosensors modified with Pd nanoparticles for Parkinson's disease diagnostics. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:76. [PMID: 38172448 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-06158-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
A new conductive ink based on the addition of carbon black to a poly(vinyl alcohol) matrix is developed and investigated for electrochemical sensing and biosensing applications. The produced devices were characterized using morphological and electrochemical techniques and modified with Pd nanoparticles to enhance electrical conductivity and reaction kinetics. With the aid of chemometrics, the parameters for metal deposition were investigated and the sensor was applied to the determination of Parkinson's disease biomarkers, specifically epinephrine and α-synuclein. A linear behavior was obtained in the range 0.75 to 100 μmol L-1 of the neurotransmitter, and the device displayed a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.051 μmol L-1. The three-electrode system was then tested using samples of synthetic cerebrospinal fluid. Afterward, the device was modified with specific antibodies to quantify α-synuclein using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. In phosphate buffer, a linear range was obtained for α-synuclein concentrations from 1.5 to 15 μg mL-1, with a calculated LOD of 0.13 μg mL-1. The proposed immunosensor was also applied to blood serum samples, and, in this case, the linear range was observed from 6.0 to 100.5 μg mL-1 of α-synuclein, with a LOD = 1.3 µg mL-1. Both linear curves attend the range for the real diagnosis, demonstrating its potential application to complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Otávio Orzari
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Luiz Ricardo Guterres E Silva
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Rafaela Cristina de Freitas
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics, Federal University of São Carlos, Sorocaba, SP, 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Laís Canniatti Brazaca
- São Carlos Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Carlos, SP, 13566-590, Brazil
| | - Bruno Campos Janegitz
- Department of Nature Sciences, Mathematics and Education, Federal University of São Carlos, Araras, SP, 13600-970, Brazil.
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Zhao Y, Wang X, Sun T, Shan P, Zhan Z, Zhao Z, Jiang Y, Qu M, Lv Q, Wang Y, Liu P, Chen S. Artificial intelligence-driven electrochemical immunosensing biochips in multi-component detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2023; 17:041301. [PMID: 37614678 PMCID: PMC10444200 DOI: 10.1063/5.0160808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical Immunosensing (EI) combines electrochemical analysis and immunology principles and is characterized by its simplicity, rapid detection, high sensitivity, and specificity. EI has become an important approach in various fields, such as clinical diagnosis, disease prevention and treatment, environmental monitoring, and food safety. However, EI multi-component detection still faces two major bottlenecks: first, the lack of cost-effective and portable detection platforms; second, the difficulty in eliminating batch differences and accurately decoupling signals from multiple analytes. With the gradual maturation of biochip technology, high-throughput analysis and portable detection utilizing the advantages of miniaturized chips, high sensitivity, and low cost have become possible. Meanwhile, Artificial Intelligence (AI) enables accurate decoupling of signals and enhances the sensitivity and specificity of multi-component detection. We believe that by evaluating and analyzing the characteristics, benefits, and linkages of EI, biochip, and AI technologies, we may considerably accelerate the development of EI multi-component detection. Therefore, we propose three specific prospects: first, AI can enhance and optimize the performance of the EI biochips, addressing the issue of multi-component detection for portable platforms. Second, the AI-enhanced EI biochips can be widely applied in home care, medical healthcare, and other areas. Third, the cross-fusion and innovation of EI, biochip, and AI technologies will effectively solve key bottlenecks in biochip detection, promoting interdisciplinary development. However, challenges may arise from AI algorithms that are difficult to explain and limited data access. Nevertheless, we believe that with technological advances and further research, there will be more methods and technologies to overcome these challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Zhao
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Xiaoai Wang
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Tingting Sun
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Peng Shan
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhikun Zhan
- School of Control Engineering, Northeastern University at Qinhuangdao, Qinhuangdao 066000, Hebei, China
| | - Zhongpeng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yongqiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Mingyue Qu
- The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Qingyu Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Ying Wang
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Peng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
| | - Shaolong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Academy of Military Medical Sciences (AMMS), Beijing 100071, China
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Juang RS, Hsieh CT, Liu CM, Lin TA, Gandomi YA. Electrochemical detection of parathyroid hormone using graphene-incorporated conductive polymer decorated with MoS2 nanoparticles. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2023.131336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Chen H, Zhang J, Huang R, Wang D, Deng D, Zhang Q, Luo L. The Applications of Electrochemical Immunosensors in the Detection of Disease Biomarkers: A Review. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28083605. [PMID: 37110837 PMCID: PMC10144570 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28083605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Disease-related biomarkers may serve as indicators of human disease. The clinical diagnosis of diseases may largely benefit from timely and accurate detection of biomarkers, which has been the subject of extensive investigations. Due to the specificity of antibody and antigen recognition, electrochemical immunosensors can accurately detect multiple disease biomarkers, including proteins, antigens, and enzymes. This review deals with the fundamentals and types of electrochemical immunosensors. The electrochemical immunosensors are developed using three different catalysts: redox couples, typical biological enzymes, and nanomimetic enzymes. This review also focuses on the applications of those immunosensors in the detection of cancer, Alzheimer's disease, novel coronavirus pneumonia and other diseases. Finally, the future trends in electrochemical immunosensors are addressed in terms of achieving lower detection limits, improving electrode modification capabilities and developing composite functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Chen
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jialu Zhang
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Rong Huang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dejia Wang
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongmei Deng
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qixian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200436, China
- Shaoxing Institute of Technology, Shanghai University, Shaoxing 312000, China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
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Yan Q, Zhao G, Wang B, Wang N, Duolihong B, Xia X. Construction of an electrochemical immunosensor based on the OER signal of Au@CoFe-(oxy)hydroxide for ultrasensitive detection of CEA. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2023.117327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
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8
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Chen H, Li Y, Song Y, Liu F, Deng D, Zhu X, He H, Yan X, Luo L. A sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor based on spherical nucleic acids-templated Ag nanoclusters for ultrasensitive detection of tumor biomarker. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 223:115029. [PMID: 36580814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.115029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The accurate determination of tumor biomarkers in blood is of vital significance in the diagnosis and therapy of tumor disease. In this research, an innovative sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor is designed for the ultrasensitive determination of tumor biomarker AFP using spherical nucleic acids-templated silver nanoclusters (AgNCs) sensing platform. For this purpose, on one hand, DNA functionalized gold nanoparticles (AuNPs@DNA) is selected not only as the cross-linker to immobilize the primary antibody (anti-AFP antibody 1, Ab1) to obtain AuNPs@DNA-Ab1, but also as the template for synthesizing AgNCs on AuNPs to form AuNPs@DNA-AgNCs. On the other hand, p-sulfonated calix[4]arene (pSC4) modified Au is chosen to immobilize the secondary antibody (anti-AFP antibody 2, Ab2) through host-guest recognition between Ab2 and pSC4. When AFP is encountered, the immunoreaction signal can be significantly amplified by the electrochemical reduction of AgNCs. Under optimal circumstances, the sandwich-type electrochemical immunosensor exhibits broad limit of linearity from 0.001 to 100 ng mL-1 (R2 = 0.997) and low detection limit of 7.74 fg mL-1 (S/N = 3). The immunosensor possesses excellent repeatability and selectivity, offering a novel method for sensitive clinical diagnosis of tumor markers in human hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huinan Chen
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yuchen Song
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Fujing Liu
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Dongmei Deng
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200072, PR China.
| | - Haibo He
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaoxia Yan
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Liqiang Luo
- College of Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
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Manaf BAA, Hong SP, Rizwan M, Arshad F, Gwenin C, Ahmed MU. Recent advancement in sensitive detection of carcinoembryonic antigen using nanomaterials based immunosensors. SURFACES AND INTERFACES 2023; 36:102596. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surfin.2022.102596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Husna R, Kurup CP, Ansari MA, Mohd-Naim NF, Ahmed MU. An electrochemical aptasensor based on AuNRs/AuNWs for sensitive detection of apolipoprotein A-1 (ApoA1) from human serum. RSC Adv 2023; 13:3890-3898. [PMID: 36756582 PMCID: PMC9890643 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra06600a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
For early detection and diagnosis of cancer, it is essential to develop an electrochemical biosensor that is quick, accurate, and sensitive. Here, we use gold nanorod (AuNR) and gold nanowire (AuNW) nanocomposites (AuNR/AuNW/CS) as electrode modifiers on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to construct a sensitive label-free electrochemical aptasensor to detect ApoA1. The thiolated ApoA1-specific aptamers were immobilized onto the modified electrode surface through self-assembled monolayers. Electrochemical techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry (CV) and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), were used to analyze the fabrication steps. The concentration of ApoA1 was measured with DPV on the aptasensor, with a linear range of 0.1 to 1000 pg mL-1 and a detection limit of 0.04 pg mL-1. When compared to results from ELISA tests (which have a detection limit of 80 pg mL-1), the results achieved here were over 2000 times better. The aptasensor's performance was successfully evaluated using human serum spiked with ApoA1, suggesting that it has great potential for practical application. The electrochemical apatsensor additionally demonstrated outstanding selectivity responses and strong stability toward the target analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raudhatul Husna
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Chitra Padmakumari Kurup
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei DarussalamJalan Tungku LinkGadong BE 1410Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohd Afaque Ansari
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Noor Faizah Mohd-Naim
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam .,PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam Jalan Tungku Link Gadong BE 1410 Brunei Darussalam
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Baluta S, Romaniec M, Halicka-Stępień K, Alicka M, Pieła A, Pala K, Cabaj J. A Novel Strategy for Selective Thyroid Hormone Determination Based on an Electrochemical Biosensor with Graphene Nanocomposite. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:602. [PMID: 36679398 PMCID: PMC9861372 DOI: 10.3390/s23020602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a novel and selective electrochemical bioassay with antibody and laccase for the determination of free thyroid hormone (free triiodothyronine, fT3). The biosensor was based on a glassy carbon electrode modified with a Fe3O4@graphene nanocomposite with semiconducting properties, an antibody (anti-PDIA3) with high affinity for fT3, and laccase, which was responsible for catalyzing the redox reaction of fT3. The electrode modification procedure was investigated using a cyclic voltammetry technique, based on the response of the peak current after modifications. All characteristic working parameters of the developed biosensor were analyzed using differential pulse voltammetry. Obtained experimental results showed that the biosensor revealed a sensitive response to fT3 in a concentration range of 10-200 µM, a detection limit equal to 27 nM, and a limit of quantification equal to 45.9 nM. Additionally, the constructed biosensor was selective towards fT3, even in the presence of interference substances: ascorbic acid, tyrosine, and levothyroxine, and was applied for the analysis of fT3 in synthetic serum samples with excellent recovery results. The designed biosensor also exhibited good stability and can find application in future medical diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Baluta
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Marta Romaniec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Kinga Halicka-Stępień
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Michalina Alicka
- Food4Future Technologies Sp. z o.o., ul. Tarasa Szewczenki 24, 51-351 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Pieła
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pala
- Food4Future Technologies Sp. z o.o., ul. Tarasa Szewczenki 24, 51-351 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Joanna Cabaj
- Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
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Adeel M, Asif K, Alshabouna F, Canzonieri V, Rahman MM, Ansari SA, Güder F, Rizzolio F, Daniele S. Label-free electrochemical aptasensor for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein based on carbon cloth sputtered gold nanoparticles. BIOSENSORS & BIOELECTRONICS: X 2022; 12:100256. [PMID: 36187906 PMCID: PMC9508700 DOI: 10.1016/j.biosx.2022.100256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The proliferation and transmission of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), or the (COVID-19) disease, has become a threat to worldwide biosecurity. Therefore, early diagnosis of COVID-19 is crucial to combat the ongoing infection spread. In this study we propose a flexible aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for the rapid, label-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SP). A platform made of a porous and flexible carbon cloth, coated with gold nanoparticles, to increase the conductivity and electrochemical performance of the material, was assembled with a thiol functionalized DNA aptamer via S-Au bonds, for the selective recognition of the SARS-CoV-2 SP. The various steps for the sensor preparation were followed by using scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The proposed platform displayed good mechanical stability, revealing negligible changes on voltammetric responses to bending at various angles. Quantification of SARS-CoV-2 SP was performed by DPV and chronopotentiometry (CP), exploiting the changes of the electrical signals due the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox probe, when SARS-CoV-2 SP binds to the aptamer immobilized on the electrode surface. Current density, in DPV, and square root of the transition time, in CP, varied linearly with the log[ SARS-CoV-2 SP], providing lower limits of detection (LOD) of 0.11 ng/mL and 37.8 ng/mL, respectively. The sensor displayed good selectivity, repeatability, and was tested in diluted human saliva, spiked with different SARS-CoV-2 SP concentrations, providing LODs of 0.167 ng/mL and 46.2 ng/mL for DPV and CP, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Fahad Alshabouna
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
- Center of Excellence for Advanced Materials and Manufacturing, King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology, 11442, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju, 27478, South Korea
| | - Sajid Ali Ansari
- Department of Physics, College of Science, King Faisal University, P. O. Box 400, Hofuf, Al-Ahsa, 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Firat Güder
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081, Aviano, Italy
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123, Venezia, Italy
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Madhu S, Ramasamy S, Choi J. Recent Developments in Electrochemical Sensors for the Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15121488. [PMID: 36558939 PMCID: PMC9786047 DOI: 10.3390/ph15121488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of efficient point-of-care (POC) diagnostic tools for detecting infectious diseases caused by destructive pathogens plays an important role in clinical and environmental monitoring. Nevertheless, evolving complex and inconsistent antibiotic-resistant species mire their drug efficacy. In this regard, substantial effort has been expended to develop electrochemical sensors, which have gained significant interest for advancing POC testing with rapid and accurate detection of resistant bacteria at a low cost compared to conventional phenotype methods. This review concentrates on the recent developments in electrochemical sensing techniques that have been applied to assess the diverse latent antibiotic resistances of pathogenic bacteria. It deliberates the prominence of biorecognition probes and tailor-made nanomaterials used in electrochemical antibiotic susceptibility testing (AST). In addition, the bimodal functional efficacy of nanomaterials that can serve as potential transducer electrodes and the antimicrobial agent was investigated to meet the current requirements in designing sensor module development. In the final section, we discuss the challenges with contemporary AST sensor techniques and extend the key ideas to meet the demands of the next POC electrochemical sensors and antibiotic design modules in the healthcare sector.
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Durai L, Badhulika S. Current Challenges and Developments in Perovskite-Based Electrochemical Biosensors for Effective Theragnostics of Neurological Disorders. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:39491-39497. [PMID: 36385846 PMCID: PMC9647705 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c05591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Early-stage diagnosis of neurological disease and effective therapeutics play a significant role in improving the chances of saving lives through suitable and personalized courses of treatment. Biomolecules are potential indicators of any kind of disorder in a biological system, and they are recognized as a critical quantitative parameter in disease diagnosis and therapeutics, collectively known as theragnostics. The effective diagnosis of neurological disorders solely depends on the detection of the imbalance in the concentration of neurological biomarkers such as nucleic acids, proteins, and small metabolites in bodily fluids such as blood serum, plasma, urine, etc. This process of neurological biomarker detection can lead to an effective prognosis with a prediction of the treatment efficiency and recurrence. While review papers on electrochemical, spectral, and electronic biosensors for the detection of a wide variety of biomarkers related to neurological disorders are available in the literature, the prevailing challenges and developments in perovskite-based biosensors for effective theragnostics of neurological disorders have received scant attention. In this Mini-Review, we discuss the topical advancements in design strategies of perovskite-based electrochemical biosensors with detailed insight into the detection of neurological disease or disorder-specific biomarkers and their trace-level detection in biological fluids with high specificity and sensitivity. The tables in this Review give the performance analysis of recently developed perovskite-based electrochemical biosensors for effective theragnostics of neurological disorders. To conclude, the current challenges in biosensing technology for early diagnosis and therapeutics of neurological disorders are discussed along with a forecast of their anticipated developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lignesh Durai
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
| | - Sushmee Badhulika
- Department
of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute
of Technology, Hyderabad 502285, India
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15
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Kurup C, Mohd-Naim NF, Keasberry NA, Zakaria SNA, Bansal V, Ahmed MU. Label-Free Electrochemiluminescence Nano-aptasensor for the Ultrasensitive Detection of ApoA1 in Human Serum. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38709-38716. [PMID: 36340071 PMCID: PMC9631400 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c04300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A molybdenum sulfide/zirconium oxide/Nafion (MoS2/ZrO2/Naf) based electrochemiluminescence (ECL) aptasensor for the selective and ultrasensitive detection of ApoA1 is proposed, with Ru(bpy)3 2+ as the luminophore. The chitosan (CS) modification on the nanocomposite layer allowed glutaraldehyde (GLUT) cross-linking, resulting in the immobilization of ApoA1 aptamers. Scanning electron microscopy, tunneling electron microscopy, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were used to characterize the nanocomposite, while electrochemiluminescence (ECL), cyclic voltammetry, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to analyze the aptasensor assembly. The nanocomposite was used as an electrode modifier, which increased the intensity of the ECL signal. Due to the anionic environment produced on the sensor surface following the specific interaction of the ApoA1 biomarker with the sensor, more Ru(bpy)3 2+ were able to be electrostatically attached to the aptamer-ApoA1 complex, resulting in enhanced ECL signal. The ECL aptasensor demonstrated outstanding sensitivity for ApoA1 under optimal experimental conditions, with a detection limit of 53 fg/mL and a wide linear dynamic range of 0.1-1000 pg/mL. The potential practical applicability of this aptasensor was validated by analyzing ApoA1 in human serum samples, with recovery rates of 94-108% (n = 3). The proposed assay was found to be substantially better compared to the commercially available enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method, as reflected from over 1500 times improvement in the detection limit for ApoA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra
P. Kurup
- Biosensors
and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty
of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Noor F. Mohd-Naim
- Biosensors
and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty
of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
- PAPRSB
Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti
Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Natasha A. Keasberry
- Biosensors
and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty
of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Siti N. A. Zakaria
- Biosensors
and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty
of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Vipul Bansal
- Ian
Potter NanoBioSensing Facility, NanoBiotechnology Research Laboratory
(NBRL), School of Science, RMIT University, GPO Box 2476, Melbourne, Victoria3000, Australia
| | - Minhaz U. Ahmed
- Biosensors
and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty
of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, GadongBE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
- ;
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16
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Molecular and Morphological Engineering of Organic Electrode Materials for Electrochemical Energy Storage. ELECTROCHEM ENERGY R 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s41918-022-00152-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
AbstractOrganic electrode materials (OEMs) can deliver remarkable battery performance for metal-ion batteries (MIBs) due to their unique molecular versatility, high flexibility, versatile structures, sustainable organic resources, and low environmental costs. Therefore, OEMs are promising, green alternatives to the traditional inorganic electrode materials used in state-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries. Before OEMs can be widely applied, some inherent issues, such as their low intrinsic electronic conductivity, significant solubility in electrolytes, and large volume change, must be addressed. In this review, the potential roles, energy storage mechanisms, existing challenges, and possible solutions to address these challenges by using molecular and morphological engineering are thoroughly summarized and discussed. Molecular engineering, such as grafting electron-withdrawing or electron-donating functional groups, increasing various redox-active sites, extending conductive networks, and increasing the degree of polymerization, can enhance the electrochemical performance, including its specific capacity (such as the voltage output and the charge transfer number), rate capability, and cycling stability. Morphological engineering facilitates the preparation of different dimensional OEMs (including 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D OEMs) via bottom-up and top-down methods to enhance their electron/ion diffusion kinetics and stabilize their electrode structure. In summary, molecular and morphological engineering can offer practical paths for developing advanced OEMs that can be applied in next-generation rechargeable MIBs.
Graphical abstract
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17
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Padmakumari Kurup C, Abdullah Lim S, Ahmed MU. Nanomaterials as signal amplification elements in aptamer-based electrochemiluminescent biosensors. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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18
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Gandarilla AMD, Glória JC, Barcelay YR, Mariuba LAM, Brito WR. Electrochemical immunosensor for detection of Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2022; 117:e220085. [PMID: 36043597 PMCID: PMC9416864 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760220085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a disease that affects many tropical and subtropical countries, including Brazil. The use of tests for malaria detection is one of the fundamental strategies recommended by the World Health Organization for the control and eradication of the disease. The lack of diagnostic tests leads to an increase in transmission and non-reporting cases. OBJECTIVES This work described an electrochemical immunosensor for detecting Plasmodium vivax lactate dehydrogenase antigen (Ag-PvLDH). METHODS The device has developed by immobilising egg yolk IgY antibodies (Ab-PvLDH) on a gold electrode surface using cysteamine as linker. The immunosensor fabrication was followed by differential pulse voltammetry, and contact angle measurements were performed to characterise the modified gold electrode surface. FINDINGS The results for Ag-PvLDH determination exhibit a linear response at 10-50 µg mL-1 concentration range, with a limit of detection of 455 ng mL-1. The excellent selectivity of the device was confirmed. MAIN CONCLUSIONS The developed immunosensor showed a good performance, therefore, it can be considered an alternative test to detect malaria caused by P. vivax.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariamna María Dip Gandarilla
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Central Analítica Multidisciplinar, Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroanalítica, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Química, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Yonny Romaguera Barcelay
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Central Analítica Multidisciplinar, Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroanalítica, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Física, Manaus, AM, Brasil
| | | | - Walter Ricardo Brito
- Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Central Analítica Multidisciplinar, Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroanalítica, Manaus, AM, Brasil.,Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Departamento de Química, Manaus, AM, Brasil
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19
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Sharafeldin M, Hein R, Davis JJ. Catalysed amplification of faradaic shotgun tagging in ultrasensitive electrochemical immunoassays. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:9472-9475. [PMID: 35942942 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03509j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a novel electrochemical protein quantitation based on the shotgun biotin tagging of proteins prior to their interfacial immunocapture and polymeric enzyme tagging. The highly amplified faradaic signals generated from a novel ferrocene-tyramine adduct enable fg mL-1 (attomolar) levels of detection and span cross a 5 orders of magnitude dynamic range. This work supports ultrasensitive protein marker detection in a single antibody immunoassay format.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Sharafeldin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Robert Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
| | - Jason J Davis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QZ, UK.
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20
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Thapa S, Singh KRB, Verma R, Singh J, Singh RP. State-of-the-Art Smart and Intelligent Nanobiosensors for SARS-CoV-2 Diagnosis. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080637. [PMID: 36005033 PMCID: PMC9405813 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The novel coronavirus appeared to be a milder infection initially, but the unexpected outbreak of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), commonly called COVID-19, was transmitted all over the world in late 2019 and caused a pandemic. Human health has been disastrously affected by SARS-CoV-2, which is still evolving and causing more serious concerns, leading to the innumerable loss of lives. Thus, this review provides an outline of SARS-CoV-2, of the traditional tools to diagnose SARS-CoV-2, and of the role of emerging nanomaterials with unique properties for fabricating biosensor devices to diagnose SARS-CoV-2. Smart and intelligent nanomaterial-enabled biosensors (nanobiosensors) have already proven their utility for the diagnosis of several viral infections, as various detection strategies based on nanobiosensor devices are already present, and several other methods are also being investigated by researchers for the determination of SARS-CoV-2 disease; however, considerably more is undetermined and yet to be explored. Hence, this review highlights the utility of various nanobiosensor devices for SARS-CoV-2 determination. Further, it also emphasizes the future outlook of nanobiosensing technologies for SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushma Thapa
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kshitij RB Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ranjana Verma
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Jay Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
| | - Ravindra Pratap Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science, Indira Gandhi National Tribal University, Amarkantak 484887, Madhya Pradesh, India
- Correspondence: (J.S.); or (R.P.S.)
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21
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Aydın EB, Aydın M, Sezgintürk MK. Impedimetric Detection of Calreticulin by a Disposable Immunosensor Modified with a Single-Walled Carbon Nanotube-Conducting Polymer Nanocomposite. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2022; 8:3773-3784. [PMID: 35920068 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.2c00499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A label-free impedimetric immunosensing system was constructed for ultrasensitive determination of the calreticulin (CALR) biological marker in human serum samples utilizing an electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis technique for the first time. The new biosensor fabrication procedure consisted of electrodeposition of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) incorporating polymerization of an oxiran-2-yl methyl 3-(1H-pyrrol-1-yl) propanoate monomer (Pepx) onto a low-cost and disposable indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode. The SWCNTs-PPepx nanocomposite layer was prepared onto the ITO after the one-step fabrication procedure. The fabrication procedure of the immunosensor and the characteristic biomolecular interactions between the anti-CALR and CALR were characterized by electrochemical analysis and morphological monitoring techniques. Under optimum conditions, the proposed biosensor was responsive to CALR concentrations over the detection ranges of 0.015-60 pg/mL linearly, and it had a very low detection limit (4.6 fg/mL) and a favorable sensitivity (0.43 kΩ pg-1 mL cm-2). The reliability of the biosensor system in clinical analysis was investigated by successful quantification of CALR levels in human serum. Moreover, the repeatability and reproducibility results of the biosensor were evaluated by using Dixon, Grubbs, T-test, and F-tests. Consequently, the proposed biosensor was a promising method for scientific, rapid, and successful analysis of CALR in human serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Burcu Aydın
- Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Campus Street, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Muhammet Aydın
- Scientific and Technological Research Center, Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University, Campus Street, Tekirdağ 59030, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Faculty of Engineering, Bioengineering Department, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale 17100, Turkey
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22
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Wang X, Lu D, Liu Y, Wang W, Ren R, Li M, Liu D, Liu Y, Liu Y, Pang G. Electrochemical Signal Amplification Strategies and Their Use in Olfactory and Taste Evaluation. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:bios12080566. [PMID: 35892464 PMCID: PMC9394270 DOI: 10.3390/bios12080566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Biosensors are powerful analytical tools used to identify and detect target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors, which combine biosensing with electrochemical analysis techniques, are efficient analytical instruments that translate concentration signals into electrical signals, enabling the quantitative and qualitative analysis of target molecules. Electrochemical biosensors have been widely used in various fields of detection and analysis due to their high sensitivity, superior selectivity, quick reaction time, and inexpensive cost. However, the signal changes caused by interactions between a biological probe and a target molecule are very weak and difficult to capture directly by using detection instruments. Therefore, various signal amplification strategies have been proposed and developed to increase the accuracy and sensitivity of detection systems. This review serves as a reference for biosensor and detector research, as it introduces the research progress of electrochemical signal amplification strategies in olfactory and taste evaluation. It also discusses the latest signal amplification strategies currently being employed in electrochemical biosensors for nanomaterial development, enzyme labeling, and nucleic acid amplification techniques, and highlights the most recent work in using cell tissues as biosensitive elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinqian Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Dingqiang Lu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (G.P.)
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Wenli Wang
- Department of Food Science & Technology, School of Agriculture & Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; (Y.L.); (W.W.)
| | - Ruijuan Ren
- Tianjin Institute for Food Safety Inspection Technology, Tianjin 300308, China;
| | - Ming Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Danyang Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yujiao Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
| | - Guangchang Pang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Food Biotechnology, College of Biotechnology & Food Science, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China; (X.W.); (M.L.); (D.L.); (Y.L.); (Y.L.)
- Correspondence: (D.L.); (G.P.)
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23
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Zhou X, Schuh DA, Castle LM, Furst AL. Recent Advances in Signal Amplification to Improve Electrochemical Biosensing for Infectious Diseases. Front Chem 2022; 10:911678. [PMID: 35769443 PMCID: PMC9234564 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.911678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The field of infectious disease diagnostics is burdened by inequality in access to healthcare resources. In particular, “point-of-care” (POC) diagnostics that can be utilized in non-laboratory, sub-optimal environments are appealing for disease control with limited resources. Electrochemical biosensors, which combine biorecognition elements with electrochemical readout to enable sensitive and specific sensing using inexpensive, simple equipment, are a major area of research for the development of POC diagnostics. To improve the limit of detection (LOD) and selectivity, signal amplification strategies have been applied towards these sensors. In this perspective, we review recent advances in electrochemical biosensor signal amplification strategies for infectious disease diagnostics, specifically biosensors for nucleic acids and pathogenic microbes. We classify these strategies into target-based amplification and signal-based amplification. Target-based amplification strategies improve the LOD by increasing the number of detectable analytes, while signal-based amplification strategies increase the detectable signal by modifying the transducer system and keep the number of targets static. Finally, we argue that signal amplification strategies should be designed with application location and disease target in mind, and that the resources required to produce and operate the sensor should reflect its proposed application, especially when the platform is designed to be utilized in low-resource settings. We anticipate that, based on current technologies to diagnose infectious diseases, incorporating signal-based amplification strategies will enable electrochemical POC devices to be deployed for illnesses in a wide variety of settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingcheng Zhou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Daena A. Schuh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Lauren M. Castle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Ariel L. Furst
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ariel L. Furst,
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24
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Novel nanocomposite of spiky-shaped gold nanourchins/ titanium dioxide/nafion for amplified signal and efficient electrochemiluminescence detection of ovomucoid. Bioelectrochemistry 2022; 147:108172. [PMID: 35716580 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This work reports on the first electrochemiluminescence (ECL) immunosensor employing a novel nanostructured composite of titanium dioxide (TiO2) and gold nanourchins (AuNU) to detect protein allergen Ovomucoid (Ovm) found in eggs. TiO2 and AuNU were dispersed in Nafion and drop-casted onto SPGE with Tris(2,2'-bipyridyl)-ruthenium (II) ([Ru(bpy)3]2+) and tri-n-propylamine (TPrA) served as strong luminophore/co-reactant pairs as a source of ECL signals. The linear range, limit of detection, reproducibility and practical applications of the sensor were assessed. The fabricated ECL immuosensor produced a promising limit of detection of as low as 0.01 pg/mL. Two linear ranges of 0.01-50 pg/mL and 100-750 pg/mL with corresponding correlation coefficients of R2 = 0.99136 and R2 = 0.97829) respectively, were determined. Despite its simple fabrication method, this label-free immunosensor also showcased excellent selectivity, reproducibility, interference-resistance and yielded outstanding recoveries between 97.42 and 104.05% of Ovm analysis in spiked real food samples.
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Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors are the largest class of affinity biosensing devices with strong practicability. In recent years, MXenes have become hotspot materials of electrochemical biosensors for their excellent properties, including large specific surface area, good electrical conductivity, high hydrophilicity and rich functional groups. In this review, we firstly introduce the composition and structure of MXenes, as well as their properties relevant to the construction of biosensors. Then, we summarize the recent advances of MXenes-based electrochemical immunosensors, focusing on the roles of MXenes in various electrochemical immunosensors. Finally, we analyze current problems of MXenes-based electrochemical immunosensors and propose an outlook for this research field.
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26
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Bankole OE, Verma DK, Chávez González ML, Ceferino JG, Sandoval-Cortés J, Aguilar CN. Recent trends and technical advancements in biosensors and their emerging applications in food and bioscience. FOOD BIOSCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2022.101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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27
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Adeel M, Asif K, Canzonieri V, Barai HR, Rahman MM, Daniele S, Rizzolio F. Controlled, partially exfoliated, self-supported functionalized flexible graphitic carbon foil for ultrasensitive detection of SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. SENSORS AND ACTUATORS. B, CHEMICAL 2022; 359:131591. [PMID: 35221530 PMCID: PMC8860393 DOI: 10.1016/j.snb.2022.131591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports on an ultrasensitive and label-free electrochemical immunosensor for monitoring the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein (SARS-CoV-2 SP). A self-supported electrode, which can simultaneously serve as an antibody immobilization matrix and electron transport channel, was initially fabricated by a controlled partial exfoliation of a flexible graphitic carbon foil (GCF). Mild acidic treatment enabled the partial oxidation and exfoliation (down to a few layers) of the flexible GCF; this also provided a high percentage of oxygen functionality and an enhanced surface roughness. The substrate electrode was further functionalized with ethylenediamine (EDA) to provide a suitable platform with even a higher surface roughness, for the covalent immobilization of an anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody. The change in the current response for the [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- redox couple, induced by the binding of SARS-CoV-2 SP to the antibody immobilized on the electrode surface, was used to determine the SARS-CoV-2 SP concentration. The immunosensor thus prepared could detect SARS-CoV-2 SP within 30 min with high reproducibility and specificity over a wide concentration range (0.2-100 ng/mL). Detection limits of 25 pg/mL and 27 pg/mL were found in a phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.4), and diluted blood plasma, respectively. The immunosensor was also employed to detect SARS-CoV-2 SP in artificial human saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Adeel
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Kanwal Asif
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Canzonieri
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
| | - Hasi Rani Barai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, South Korea
| | - Md Mahbubur Rahman
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Konkuk University, Chungju 27478, South Korea
| | - Salvatore Daniele
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy
| | - Flavio Rizzolio
- Department of Molecular Sciences and Nanosystems, Ca'Foscari University of Venice, 30123 Venezia, Italy
- Pathology Unit, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO) IRCCS, 33081 Aviano, Italy
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Mota DS, Guimarães JM, Gandarilla AMD, Filho JCBS, Brito WR, Mariúba LAM. Recombinase polymerase amplification in the molecular diagnosis of microbiological targets and its applications. Can J Microbiol 2022; 68:383-402. [PMID: 35394399 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2021-0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Since the introduction of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique in 1983, nucleic acid amplification has permeated all fields of biological science, particularly clinical research. Despite its importance, PCR has been restricted to specialized centers and its use in laboratories with few resources is limited. In recent decades, there has been a notable increase in the development of new isothermal technologies for molecular diagnosis with the hope of overcoming the traditional limitations of the laboratory. Among these technologies, recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) has a wide application potential because it does not require thermocyclers and has high sensitivity, specificity, simplicity, and detection speed. This technique has been used for DNA and RNA amplification in various pathogenic organisms such as viruses, bacteria, and parasites. In addition, RPA has been successfully implemented in different detection strategies, making it a promising alternative for performing diagnoses in environments with scarce resources and a high burden of infectious diseases. In this study, we present a review of the use of RPA in clinical settings and its implementation in various research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Mota
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - J M Guimarães
- Centro Multiusuário para Análises de Fenômenos Biomédicos, Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA), Manaus, AM, 69065-00, Brazil
| | - A M D Gandarilla
- Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroquímica, LABEL, Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - J C B S Filho
- Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroquímica, LABEL, Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - W R Brito
- Departamento de Química, ICE, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil.,Laboratório de Bioeletrônica e Eletroquímica, LABEL, Central Analítica, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil
| | - L A M Mariúba
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Imunologia Básica e Aplicada, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69067-005, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Instituto Leônidas e Maria Deane (ILMD-FIOCRUZ), Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal do Amazonas (UFAM), Manaus, AM, 69057-070, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Celular e Molecular, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, 21040-360, Brazil
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29
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Ding R, Li Z, Xiong Y, Wu W, Yang Q, Hou X. Electrochemical (Bio)Sensors for the Detection of Organophosphorus Pesticides Based on Nanomaterial-Modified Electrodes: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2022; 53:1766-1791. [PMID: 35235478 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2022.2041391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides were easily remained in fruits and vegetables which would be harm to the environmental safety and human health. In recent years, due to the simple preparation process, fast response and high sensitivity, the electrochemical (bio)sensors have received increasing attention, which were extensively used as the sensing platform for the detection of OPPs. The mechanisms for the determination of OPPs mainly included redox of nitrophenyl OPPs, enzyme hydrolysis and inhibition, immunosensor, aptasensor. Nowadays, the mainly explored electrode material has focused on metal-organic frameworks, metal and metal derivatives, carbon materials (carbon nanotube, graphene, g-C3N4), MXene, etc. These nanomaterials played important roles in the electrochemical (bio)sensors, which included: (a) as an electrocatalyst to promote the redox reaction, (b) as a carrier to load the enzyme or aptamer, (c) as a recognizer to identify the targets. The nanomaterials-based electrochemical (bio)sensor was a rapid, cost-effective methods to detect OPPs with high sensitivity. Besides, this review compared the analytical performance of different nanomaterials-based electrochemical (bio)sensors, and also identified the key challenges in the future. It would provide new ideas and insights to the further development and application of electrochemical (bio)sensors and the detection of pesticides in real samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ding
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhaojie Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | | | - Wei Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingli Yang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiudan Hou
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, China
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30
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Jing L, Xie C, Li Q, Yang M, Li S, Li H, Xia F. Electrochemical Biosensors for the Analysis of Breast Cancer Biomarkers: From Design to Application. Anal Chem 2021; 94:269-296. [PMID: 34854296 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Le Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Chongyu Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qianqian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Meiqing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Shaoguang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Fan Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Biogeology Environmental Geology, Engineering Research Center of Nano-Geomaterials of Ministry of Education, Faculty of Materials Science and Chemistry, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
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31
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Troponin I as a Biomarker for Early Detection of Acute Myocardial Infarction. Curr Probl Cardiol 2021; 48:101067. [PMID: 34826431 DOI: 10.1016/j.cpcardiol.2021.101067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Acute myocardial infarction (AMI) as the main cause of death among cardiovascular diseases is defined as a deficiency of oxygen that generates irreversible tissue necrosis in the heart muscle. For diagnostic measurements, the evaluation of cardiac markers concentration like cardiac triponin I (cTnI) in plasma or saliva thought the use of biosensors has become one of the most commonly applied strategies for prognosis of AMI. Inside this diagnostic devices, electrochemical (ECL) ones have been highly encourage to improve sensing capabilities by using different materials and configurations. In this review, the authors presents a summary of studies that involves cTnI detection using ECL biosensors modified with nanomaterials and related mechanisms.
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32
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Kurup CP, Mohd-Naim NF, Ahmed MU. Recent trends in nanomaterial-based signal amplification in electrochemical aptasensors. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2021; 42:794-812. [PMID: 34632900 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2021.1960792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ultrasensitive biosensors have become a necessity in the world of scientific research, and several signal enhancement strategies have been employed to attain exceptionally low detection limits. Nanotechnology turns out to be a strong contender for signal amplification, as they can be employed as platform modifiers, catalysts, carriers or labels. Here, we have described the most recent advancements in the utilization of nanomaterials as signal amplification components in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensors. We have briefly reviewed the methods that utilized nanomaterials, namely gold and carbon, as well as nanocomposites such as: graphene, carbon nanotubes, quantum dots, and metal-organic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chitra Padmakumari Kurup
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Noor Faizah Mohd-Naim
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam.,PAPRSB Institute of Health Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Biosensors and Nanobiotechnology Laboratory, Integrated Science Building, Faculty of Science, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong, Brunei Darussalam
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33
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Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Carbon Dots: Classification, Properties, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications in Health Care-An Updated Review (2018-2021). NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:2525. [PMID: 34684966 PMCID: PMC8541690 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Carbon dots (CDs) are usually smaller than 10 nm in size, and are meticulously formulated and recently introduced nanomaterials, among the other types of carbon-based nanomaterials. They have gained significant attention and an incredible interest in the field of nanotechnology and biomedical science, which is merely due to their considerable and exclusive attributes; including their enhanced electron transferability, photobleaching and photo-blinking effects, high photoluminescent quantum yield, fluorescence property, resistance to photo-decomposition, increased electrocatalytic activity, good aqueous solubility, excellent biocompatibility, long-term chemical stability, cost-effectiveness, negligible toxicity, and acquaintance of large effective surface area-to-volume ratio. CDs can be readily functionalized owing to the abundant functional groups on their surfaces, and they also exhibit remarkable sensing features such as specific, selective, and multiplex detectability. In addition, the physico-chemical characteristics of CDs can be easily tunable based on their intended usage or application. In this comprehensive review article, we mainly discuss the classification of CDs, their ideal properties, their general synthesis approaches, and primary characterization techniques. More importantly, we update the readers about the recent trends of CDs in health care applications (viz., their substantial and prominent role in the area of electrochemical and optical biosensing, bioimaging, drug/gene delivery, as well as in photodynamic/photothermal therapy).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Institute of Chemistry, Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
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34
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Electrochemical Immunosensors for Quantification of Procalcitonin: Progress and Prospects. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9070182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Human procalcitonin (PCT) is a peptide precursor of the calcium-regulating hormone calcitonin. Traditionally, PCT has been used as a biomarker for severe bacterial infections and sepsis. It has also been recently identified as a potential marker for COVID-19. Normally, serum PCT is intracellularly cleaved to calcitonin, which lowers the levels of PCT (<0.01 ng/mL). In severe infectious diseases and sepsis, serum PCT levels increase above 100 ng/mL in response to pro-inflammatory stimulation. Development of sensors for specific quantification of PCT has resulted in considerable improvement in the sensitivity, linear range and rapid response. Among the various sensing strategies, electrochemical platforms have been extensively investigated owing to their cost-effectiveness, ease of fabrication and portability. Sandwich-type electrochemical immunoassays based on the specific antigen–antibody interactions with an electrochemical transducer and use of nanointerfaces has augmented the electrochemical response of the sensors towards PCT. Identification of a superior combination of electrode material and nanointerface, and translation of the sensing platform into flexible and disposable substrates are under active investigation towards development of a point-of-care device for PCT detection. This review provides an overview of the existing detection strategies and limitations of PCT electrochemical immunosensors, and the emerging directions to address these lacunae.
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35
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Synthesis and fabrication of 2D Tungsten trioxide nanosheets based platform for impedimetric sensing of cardiac biomarker. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2021.100423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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36
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Chang Z, Xu Y, Shen Y. Ultrasensitive Electrochemical Immunoassay for Prostate Specific Antigen (PSA) Based Upon Silver-Functionalized Polyethyleneimine (PEI)–Silica Nanoparticles (NPs). ANAL LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2021.1916752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chang
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yimeng Xu
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuting Shen
- Department of Applied Chemistry of College of Science, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an, China
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37
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He L, Huang R, Xiao P, Liu Y, Jin L, Liu H, Li S, Deng Y, Chen Z, Li Z, He N. Current signal amplification strategies in aptamer-based electrochemical biosensor: A review. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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38
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Metal Nanoparticle and Quantum Dot Tags for Signal Amplification in Electrochemical Immunosensors for Biomarker Detection. CHEMOSENSORS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors9040085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing importance of healthcare and clinical diagnosis, as well as the growing demand for highly sensitive analytical instruments, immunosensors have received considerable attention. In this review, electrochemical immunosensor signal amplification strategies using metal nanoparticles (MNPs) and quantum dots (Qdots) as tags are overviewed, focusing on recent developments in the ultrasensitive detection of biomarkers. MNPs and Qdots can be used separately or in combination with other nanostructures, while performing the function of nanocarriers, electroactive labels, or catalysts. Thus, different functions of MNPs and Qdots as well as recent advances in electrochemical signal amplification are discussed. Additionally, the methods most often used for antibody immobilization on nanoparticles, immunoassay formats, and electrochemical methods for indirect biomarker detection are overviewed.
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39
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Naresh V, Lee N. A Review on Biosensors and Recent Development of Nanostructured Materials-Enabled Biosensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 21:1109. [PMID: 33562639 PMCID: PMC7915135 DOI: 10.3390/s21041109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor is an integrated receptor-transducer device, which can convert a biological response into an electrical signal. The design and development of biosensors have taken a center stage for researchers or scientists in the recent decade owing to the wide range of biosensor applications, such as health care and disease diagnosis, environmental monitoring, water and food quality monitoring, and drug delivery. The main challenges involved in the biosensor progress are (i) the efficient capturing of biorecognition signals and the transformation of these signals into electrochemical, electrical, optical, gravimetric, or acoustic signals (transduction process), (ii) enhancing transducer performance i.e., increasing sensitivity, shorter response time, reproducibility, and low detection limits even to detect individual molecules, and (iii) miniaturization of the biosensing devices using micro-and nano-fabrication technologies. Those challenges can be met through the integration of sensing technology with nanomaterials, which range from zero- to three-dimensional, possessing a high surface-to-volume ratio, good conductivities, shock-bearing abilities, and color tunability. Nanomaterials (NMs) employed in the fabrication and nanobiosensors include nanoparticles (NPs) (high stability and high carrier capacity), nanowires (NWs) and nanorods (NRs) (capable of high detection sensitivity), carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (large surface area, high electrical and thermal conductivity), and quantum dots (QDs) (color tunability). Furthermore, these nanomaterials can themselves act as transduction elements. This review summarizes the evolution of biosensors, the types of biosensors based on their receptors, transducers, and modern approaches employed in biosensors using nanomaterials such as NPs (e.g., noble metal NPs and metal oxide NPs), NWs, NRs, CNTs, QDs, and dendrimers and their recent advancement in biosensing technology with the expansion of nanotechnology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varnakavi. Naresh
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
| | - Nohyun Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Engineering, Kookmin University, Seoul 02707, Korea
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40
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Feng YG, Zhu JH, Wang XY, Wang AJ, Mei LP, Yuan PX, Feng JJ. New advances in accurate monitoring of breast cancer biomarkers by electrochemistry, electrochemiluminescence, and photoelectrochemistry. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2021.115010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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41
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Abstract
Electrochemical immunosensors are affinity-based biosensors characterized by several useful features such as specificity, miniaturizability, low cost and simplicity, making them very interesting for many applications in several scientific fields. One of the significant issues in the design of electrochemical immunosensors is to increase the system’s sensitivity. Different strategies have been developed, one of the most common is the use of nanostructured materials as electrode materials, nanocarriers, electroactive or electrocatalytic nanotracers because of their abilities in signal amplification and biocompatibility. In this review, we will consider some of the most used nanostructures employed in the development of electrochemical immunosensors (e.g., metallic nanoparticles, graphene, carbon nanotubes) and many other still uncommon nanomaterials. Furthermore, their diagnostic applications in the last decade will be discussed, referring to two relevant issues of present-day: the detection of tumor markers and viruses.
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42
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Limsakul P, Charupanit K, Moonla C, Jeerapan I. Advances in emergent biological recognition elements and bioelectronics for diagnosing COVID-19. EMERGENT MATERIALS 2021; 4:231-247. [PMID: 33718775 PMCID: PMC7937783 DOI: 10.1007/s42247-021-00175-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Coronaviruses pose a serious threat to public health. Tremendous efforts are dedicated to advance reliable and effective detection of coronaviruses. Currently, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) diagnosis mainly relies on the detection of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) genetic materials by using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay. However, simpler and more rapid and reliable alternatives are needed to meet high demand during the pandemic. Biosensor-based diagnosis approaches become alternatives for selectively and rapidly detecting virus particles because of their biorecognition elements consisting of biomaterials that are specific to virus biomarkers. Here, we summarize biorecognition materials, including antibodies and antibody-like molecules, that are designed to recognize SARS-CoV-2 biomarkers and the advances of recently developed biosensors for COVID-19 diagnosis. The design of biorecognition materials or layers is crucial to maximize biosensing performances, such as high selectivity and sensitivity of virus detection. Additionally, the recent representative achievements in developing bioelectronics for sensing coronavirus are included. This review includes scholarly articles, mainly published in 2020 and early 2021. In addition to capturing the fast development in the fields of applied materials and biodiagnosis, the outlook of this rapidly evolving technology is summarized. Early diagnosis of COVID-19 could help prevent the spread of this contagious disease and provide significant information to medical teams to treat patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Praopim Limsakul
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
| | - Krit Charupanit
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90110 Thailand
| | - Chochanon Moonla
- School of Chemistry, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, 111, University Avenue, Nakhon Ratchasima, 30000 Thailand
| | - Itthipon Jeerapan
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Trace Analysis and Biosensor, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, Songkhla, 90112 Thailand
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43
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Baharfar M, Rahbar M, Tajik M, Liu G. Engineering strategies for enhancing the performance of electrochemical paper-based analytical devices. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 167:112506. [PMID: 32823207 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Applications of electrochemical detection methods in microfluidic paper-based analytical devices (μPADs) has revolutionized the area of point-of-care (POC) testing towards highly sensitive and selective quantification of various (bio)chemical analytes in a miniaturized, low-coat, rapid, and user-friendly manner. Shortly after the initiation, these relatively new modulations of μPADs, named as electrochemical paper-based analytical devices (ePADs), gained widespread popularity within the POC research community thanks to the inherent advantages of both electrochemical sensing and usage of paper as a suitable substrate for POC testing platforms. Even though general aspects of ePADs such as applications and fabrication techniques, have already been reviewed multiple times in the literature, herein, we intend to provide a critical engineering insight into the area of ePADs by focusing particularly on the practical strategies utilized to enhance their analytical performance (i.e. sensitivity), while maintaining the desired simplicity and efficiency intact. Basically, the discussed strategies are driven by considering the parameters potentially affecting the generated electrochemical signal in the ePADs. Some of these parameters include the type of filter paper, electrode fabrication methods, electrode materials, fluid flow patterns, etc. Besides, the limitations and challenges associated with the development of ePADs are discussed, and further insights and directions for future research in this field are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahroo Baharfar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Rahbar
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Mohammad Tajik
- School of Chemistry, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney NSW, 2052, Australia.
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44
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Adhikari J, Rizwan M, Koh D, Keasberry NA, Ahmed MU. Electrochemical Study of Dimensional Specific Carbon Nanomaterials Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode for Highly Sensitive Label-free Detection of Immunoglobulin A. CURR ANAL CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.2174/1573411015666190925152124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Immunoglobulin A (IgA) accounts for 15% of total protein production per
day and plays a crucial role in the first-line immune defence. Recently, IgA has been established as a
vital clinical biomarker for nephropathy, allergic asthma, celiac disease (CD), pneumonia, and asthma
as well as some neurological disorders. In this work, we have studied several carbon nanomaterials
(CNMs) having different dimensions (D): carbon nano-onions (CNOs) - 0D, single-walled carbon
nanotubes (SWCNTs) - 1D, and graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs) - 2D, on glassy carbon electrode
(GCE) to identify which CNMs (CNOs/SWCNTs/GNPs) work best to fabricate IgA based electrochemical
immunosensor.
Methods:
Different CNMs (CNOs, SWCNTs, GNPs) were tested for high electric current on GCE
using square wave voltammetry (SWV), and among them, GNPs modified GCE platform
(GNPs/GCE) showcased the highest electric current. Therefore, GNPs/GCE was utilized for the development
of highly sensitive label-free electrochemical immunosensor for the detection of Immunoglobulin
A using SWV.
Results:
Despite the simple fabrication strategies employed, the fabricated sensor demonstrated a
low limit of detection of 50 fg mL-1 with an extensive linear range of detection from 50 fg mL-1 to
0.1 μg mL-1.
Conclusion:
Fabricated immunosensor represented high stability, repeatability, specificity and resistance
to most common interferences as well as great potential to analyse the real sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juthi Adhikari
- Faculty of Science, Biosensors and Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Mohammad Rizwan
- Faculty of Science, Biosensors and Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - David Koh
- PAPRSB Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Natasha Ann Keasberry
- Faculty of Science, Biosensors and Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
| | - Minhaz Uddin Ahmed
- Faculty of Science, Biosensors and Biotechnology Laboratory, Chemical Science Programme, Universiti Brunei Darussalam. Jalan Tungku Link, Gadong, BE 1410, Brunei, Brunei Darussalam
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45
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Zhou M, Ning S, Liu J, Waterhouse GI, Li L, Dong J, Ai S. Ultrasensitive Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensor Based on a Three-Dimensional Flower-Like Manganese Dioxide–Polyethyleneimine–Palladium Nanocomposite as the Signal Label for Detection of Avian Leukosis Virus Subgroup J. ANAL LETT 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2020.1825463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mengqi Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shixue Ning
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Jie Liu
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Geoffrey I.N Waterhouse
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Li Li
- Shandong 5th Geo-mineral Prospecting Institute, Taian, China
| | - Jing Dong
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Shiyun Ai
- College of Chemistry and Material Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
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Ferrari E, Palma C, Vesentini S, Occhetta P, Rasponi M. Integrating Biosensors in Organs-on-Chip Devices: A Perspective on Current Strategies to Monitor Microphysiological Systems. BIOSENSORS 2020; 10:E110. [PMID: 32872228 PMCID: PMC7558092 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Organs-on-chip (OoC), often referred to as microphysiological systems (MPS), are advanced in vitro tools able to replicate essential functions of human organs. Owing to their unprecedented ability to recapitulate key features of the native cellular environments, they represent promising tools for tissue engineering and drug screening applications. The achievement of proper functionalities within OoC is crucial; to this purpose, several parameters (e.g., chemical, physical) need to be assessed. Currently, most approaches rely on off-chip analysis and imaging techniques. However, the urgent demand for continuous, noninvasive, and real-time monitoring of tissue constructs requires the direct integration of biosensors. In this review, we focus on recent strategies to miniaturize and embed biosensing systems into organs-on-chip platforms. Biosensors for monitoring biological models with metabolic activities, models with tissue barrier functions, as well as models with electromechanical properties will be described and critically evaluated. In addition, multisensor integration within multiorgan platforms will be further reviewed and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Marco Rasponi
- Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy; (E.F.); (C.P.); (S.V.); (P.O.)
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47
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Applying Nanomaterials to Modern Biomedical Electrochemical Detection of Metabolites, Electrolytes, and Pathogens. CHEMOSENSORS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/chemosensors8030071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Personal biosensors and bioelectronics have been demonstrated for use in out-of-clinic biomedical devices. Such modern devices have the potential to transform traditional clinical analysis into a new approach, allowing patients or users to screen their own health or warning of diseases. Researchers aim to explore the opportunities of easy-to-wear and easy-to-carry sensors that would empower users to detect biomarkers, electrolytes, or pathogens at home in a rapid and easy way. This mobility would open the door for early diagnosis and personalized healthcare management to a wide audience. In this review, we focus on the recent progress made in modern electrochemical sensors, which holds promising potential to support point-of-care technologies. Key original research articles covered in this review are mainly experimental reports published from 2018 to 2020. Strategies for the detection of metabolites, ions, and viruses are updated in this article. The relevant challenges and opportunities of applying nanomaterials to support the fabrication of new electrochemical biosensors are also discussed. Finally, perspectives regarding potential benefits and current challenges of the technology are included. The growing area of personal biosensors is expected to push their application closer to a new phase of biomedical advancement.
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Mohamad A, Rizwan M, Keasberry NA, Nguyen AS, Lam TD, Ahmed MU. Gold-microrods/Pd-nanoparticles/polyaniline-nanocomposite-interface as a peroxidase-mimic for sensitive detection of tropomyosin. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 155:112108. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Electrochemical immunoassay for the detection of stress biomarkers. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03558. [PMID: 32211542 PMCID: PMC7082534 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
A rapid electrochemical immunoassay method was developed to detect and measure stress biomarkers (cortisol and cortisone) in two biological samples (Zebrafish whole-body and artificial saliva). This methodology utilizes an immunoassay approach taking advantage of the lock and key mechanism that is related to the antibody-antigen interaction depending on the reliable immobilization of the antibody labelled with ferrocene tags (Ab-Fc) on a modified tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) electrode using electrochemical instrumentation to build a POC platform. The limit of detection (LOD) obtained for this biosensor was 1.03 pg ml−1 for cortisol and 0.68 pg ml−1 for cortisone, respectively. The correlation coefficient was 0.9852 and 0.9841 for cortisol and cortisone, respectively with a linear concentration from (0-50 ng ml−1) which covers the standard levels of stress hormones in both selected biological samples. The incubation time was investigated and 30 min was found to be the optimum incubation time. This time would be acceptable for the POC system as total process time can be determined within 35 min.
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Mansuriya BD, Altintas Z. Applications of Graphene Quantum Dots in Biomedical Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 20:E1072. [PMID: 32079119 PMCID: PMC7070974 DOI: 10.3390/s20041072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2020] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Due to the proliferative cancer rates, cardiovascular diseases, neurodegenerative disorders, autoimmune diseases and a plethora of infections across the globe, it is essential to introduce strategies that can rapidly and specifically detect the ultralow concentrations of relevant biomarkers, pathogens, toxins and pharmaceuticals in biological matrices. Considering these pathophysiologies, various research works have become necessary to fabricate biosensors for their early diagnosis and treatment, using nanomaterials like quantum dots (QDs). These nanomaterials effectively ameliorate the sensor performance with respect to their reproducibility, selectivity as well as sensitivity. In particular, graphene quantum dots (GQDs), which are ideally graphene fragments of nanometer size, constitute discrete features such as acting as attractive fluorophores and excellent electro-catalysts owing to their photo-stability, water-solubility, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and lucrativeness that make them favorable candidates for a wide range of novel biomedical applications. Herein, we reviewed about 300 biomedical studies reported over the last five years which entail the state of art as well as some pioneering ideas with respect to the prominent role of GQDs, especially in the development of optical, electrochemical and photoelectrochemical biosensors. Additionally, we outline the ideal properties of GQDs, their eclectic methods of synthesis, and the general principle behind several biosensing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zeynep Altintas
- Technical University of Berlin, Straße des 17. Juni 124, 10623 Berlin, Germany;
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