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Kuntoji G, Kousar N, Gaddimath S, Koodlur Sannegowda L. Macromolecule-Nanoparticle-Based Hybrid Materials for Biosensor Applications. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:277. [PMID: 38920581 PMCID: PMC11201996 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Biosensors function as sophisticated devices, converting biochemical reactions into electrical signals. Contemporary emphasis on developing biosensor devices with refined sensitivity and selectivity is critical due to their extensive functional capabilities. However, a significant challenge lies in the binding affinity of biosensors to biomolecules, requiring adept conversion and amplification of interactions into various signal modalities like electrical, optical, gravimetric, and electrochemical outputs. Overcoming challenges associated with sensitivity, detection limits, response time, reproducibility, and stability is essential for efficient biosensor creation. The central aspect of the fabrication of any biosensor is focused towards forming an effective interface between the analyte electrode which significantly influences the overall biosensor quality. Polymers and macromolecular systems are favored for their distinct properties and versatile applications. Enhancing the properties and conductivity of these systems can be achieved through incorporating nanoparticles or carbonaceous moieties. Hybrid composite materials, possessing a unique combination of attributes like advanced sensitivity, selectivity, thermal stability, mechanical flexibility, biocompatibility, and tunable electrical properties, emerge as promising candidates for biosensor applications. In addition, this approach enhances the electrochemical response, signal amplification, and stability of fabricated biosensors, contributing to their effectiveness. This review predominantly explores recent advancements in utilizing macrocyclic and macromolecular conjugated systems, such as phthalocyanines, porphyrins, polymers, etc. and their hybrids, with a specific focus on signal amplification in biosensors. It comprehensively covers synthetic strategies, properties, working mechanisms, and the potential of these systems for detecting biomolecules like glucose, hydrogen peroxide, uric acid, ascorbic acid, dopamine, cholesterol, amino acids, and cancer cells. Furthermore, this review delves into the progress made, elucidating the mechanisms responsible for signal amplification. The Conclusion addresses the challenges and future directions of macromolecule-based hybrids in biosensor applications, providing a concise overview of this evolving field. The narrative emphasizes the importance of biosensor technology advancement, illustrating the role of smart design and material enhancement in improving performance across various domains.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda
- Department of Studies in Chemistry, Vijayanagara Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Jnanasagara, Vinayakanagara, Ballari 583105, India; (G.K.); (N.K.); (S.G.)
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Bao Z, Lu S, Zhang D, Wang G, Cui X, Liu G. Wearable Microneedle Patch for Colorimetric Detection of Multiple Signature Biomarkers in vivo Toward Diabetic Diagnosis. Adv Healthc Mater 2024; 13:e2303511. [PMID: 38353398 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202303511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/19/2024]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is rapidly emerging as a global public health problem. While blood glucose monitoring has been the primary method of managing diabetes for decades, the increasing global prevalence of the disease suggests that there might be a need to identify additional biomarkers for a more precise early diagnosis. Herein, a microneedle patch based wearable sensor is developed for the purpose of diabetic diagnosis. Utilizing methacrylic acid modified gelatin and polyvinyl alcohol in the fabrication of microneedles has improved their mechanical properties for skin penetration and increased swelling capacity for interstitial fluid extraction, thanks to the double crosslinking mechanism. The fabricated microneedles are further integrated with test paper functionalized with enzyme and dye molecules to detect multiple signature biomarkers of diabetes in vivo through a colorimetric reaction. Such a wearable microneedle patch holds significant promise for the real-time monitoring of various biomarkers related to chronic diseases and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziting Bao
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Sheng Lu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guanyu Wang
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Xiaolin Cui
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- CUHK(SZ)-Boyalife Joint Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine Engineering, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
- Ciechanover Institute of Precision and Regenerative Medicine, School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, 518172, China
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Yaseen J, Saira F, Imran M, Fatima M, Ahmed HE, Manzoor MZ, Rasheed M, Nisa I, Mehmood K, Batool Z. Synthesis of CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs for their applications as nonenzymatic electrochemical glucose biosensors. RSC Adv 2024; 14:6896-6905. [PMID: 38410365 PMCID: PMC10895415 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra06713k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Copper selenide (CuSe) is an inorganic binary compound which exhibits metallic behavior with zero band gap. CuSe has multiple applications in electrocatalysis, photothermal therapy, flexible electronic and solar cells. In the current study, copper selenide based nanocomposites CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs were synthesized by using the sol-gel method for application as a non-enzymatic glucose biosensor. Different characterization methods were employed, such as X-ray diffraction (XRD), photoluminescence (PL), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy, and photoluminescence for determining various aspects of CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites including phase formation, functional group analysis, band gaps and morphology. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) showed that the resistances of modified electrode/bare electrode were 12.3 kΩ/17.3 kΩ and 6.3 kΩ/17.3 kΩ for CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites, respectively. Cyclic voltammetry showed that both CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs nanocomposites are promising biosensors for detection and monitoring of the glucose level in an analyte. The sensitivity and limit of detection are 2328 μA mM-1 cm-2/0.2 μM and 4157 μA mM-1 cm-2/0.3 μM for CuSe/PVP/GO and CuSe/MWCNTs, respectively. Chronoamperometry confirmed that our nanocomposite was the best sensor for glucose even in the presence of other interferents like ascorbic acid (AA), uric acid (UA) and dopamine (DA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junaid Yaseen
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Farhat Saira
- Nanoscience and Technology Development, National Center for Physics (NCP) Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University P.O. Box 9004 Abha 6141 Saudi Arabia
| | - Mehwish Fatima
- Department of Physics, Science Unit, Deanship of Educational Services, Qassim University Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz Ejaz Ahmed
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | | | - Momna Rasheed
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
| | - Iqbal Nisa
- Nanoscience and Technology Development, National Center for Physics (NCP) Pakistan
| | - Khalid Mehmood
- Department of Physics, Government College University Faisalabad Pakistan
| | - Zahida Batool
- Institute of Physics, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan
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Innovations in the synthesis of graphene nanostructures for bio and gas sensors. BIOMATERIALS ADVANCES 2023; 145:213234. [PMID: 36502548 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioadv.2022.213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Sensors play a significant role in modern technologies and devices used in industries, hospitals, healthcare, nanotechnology, astronomy, and meteorology. Sensors based upon nanostructured materials have gained special attention due to their high sensitivity, precision accuracy, and feasibility. This review discusses the fabrication of graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors, which have highly efficient performance. Significant developments in the synthesis routes to fabricate graphene-based materials with improved structural and surface properties have boosted their utilization in sensing applications. The higher surface area, better conductivity, tunable structure, and atom-thick morphology of these hybrid materials have made them highly desirable for the fabrication of flexible and stable sensors. Many publications have reported various modification approaches to improve the selectivity of these materials. In the current work, a compact and informative review focusing on the most recent developments in graphene-based biosensors and gas sensors has been designed and delivered. The research community has provided a complete critical analysis of the most robust case studies from the latest fabrication routes to the most complex challenges. Some significant ideas and solutions have been proposed to overcome the limitations regarding the field of biosensors and hazardous gas sensors.
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Smartphone assisted portable biochip for non-invasive simultaneous monitoring of glucose and insulin towards precise diagnosis of prediabetes/diabetes. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 209:114251. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Reddy YVM, Shin JH, Palakollu VN, Sravani B, Choi CH, Park K, Kim SK, Madhavi G, Park JP, Shetti NP. Strategies, advances, and challenges associated with the use of graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical biosensors. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 304:102664. [PMID: 35413509 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2022.102664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is an intriguing two-dimensional honeycomb-like carbon material with a unique basal plane structure, charge carrier mobility, thermal conductivity, wide electrochemical spectrum, and unusual physicochemical properties. Therefore, it has attracted considerable scientific interest in the field of nanoscience and bionanotechnology. The high specific surface area of graphene allows it to support high biomolecule loading for good detection sensitivity. As such, graphene, graphene oxide (GO), and reduced GO are excellent materials for the fabrication of new nanocomposites and electrochemical sensors. Graphene has been widely used as a chemical building block and/or scaffold with various materials to create highly sensitive and selective electrochemical sensing microdevices. Over the past decade, significant advancements have been made by utilizing graphene and graphene-based nanocomposites to design electrochemical sensors with enhanced analytical performance. This review focus on the synthetic strategies, as well as the structure-to-function studies of graphene, electrochemistry, novel multi nanocomposites combining graphene, limit of detection, stability, sensitivity, assay time. Finally, the review describes the challenges, strategies and outlook on the future development of graphene sensors technology that would be usable for the internet of things are also highlighted.
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Banerjee AN. Green syntheses of graphene and its applications in internet of things (IoT)-a status review. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 33:322003. [PMID: 35395654 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ac6599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Internet of Things (IoT) is a trending technological field that converts any physical object into a communicable smarter one by converging the physical world with the digital world. This innovative technology connects the device to the internet and provides a platform to collect real-time data, cloud storage, and analyze the collected data to trigger smart actions from a remote location via remote notifications, etc. Because of its wide-ranging applications, this technology can be integrated into almost all the industries. Another trending field with tremendous opportunities is Nanotechnology, which provides many benefits in several areas of life, and helps to improve many technological and industrial sectors. So, integration of IoT and Nanotechnology can bring about the very important field of Internet of Nanothings (IoNT), which can re-shape the communication industry. For that, data (collected from trillions of nanosensors, connected to billions of devices) would be the 'ultimate truth', which could be generated from highly efficient nanosensors, fabricated from various novel nanomaterials, one of which is graphene, the so-called 'wonder material' of the 21st century. Therefore, graphene-assisted IoT/IoNT platforms may revolutionize the communication technologies around the globe. In this article, a status review of the smart applications of graphene in the IoT sector is presented. Firstly, various green synthesis of graphene for sustainable development is elucidated, followed by its applications in various nanosensors, detectors, actuators, memory, and nano-communication devices. Also, the future market prospects are discussed to converge various emerging concepts like machine learning, fog/edge computing, artificial intelligence, big data, and blockchain, with the graphene-assisted IoT field to bring about the concept of 'all-round connectivity in every sphere possible'.
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Machado M, Oliveira AML, Silva GA, Bitoque DB, Tavares Ferreira J, Pinto LA, Ferreira Q. Graphene Biosensors-A Molecular Approach. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:1624. [PMID: 35630845 PMCID: PMC9145856 DOI: 10.3390/nano12101624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Graphene is the material elected to study molecules and monolayers at the molecular scale due to its chemical stability and electrical properties. The invention of scanning tunneling microscopy has deepened our knowledge on molecular systems through imaging at an atomic resolution, and new possibilities have been investigated at this scale. Interest on studies on biomolecules has been demonstrated due to the possibility of mimicking biological systems, providing several applications in nanomedicine: drug delivery systems, biosensors, nanostructured scaffolds, and biodevices. A breakthrough came with the synthesis of molecular systems by stepwise methods with control at the atomic/molecular level. This article presents a review on self-assembled monolayers of biomolecules on top of graphite with applications in biodevices. Special attention is given to porphyrin systems adsorbed on top of graphite that are able to anchor other biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mónica Machado
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
| | - Alexandra M. L. Oliveira
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.S.); (D.B.B.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gabriela A. Silva
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.S.); (D.B.B.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Diogo B. Bitoque
- iNOVA4Health, CEDOC Chronic Diseases Research Center, NOVA Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal; (G.A.S.); (D.B.B.)
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Nova Medical School, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Campo Mártires da Pátria 130, 1169-056 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Tavares Ferreira
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Visual Sciences Study Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Luís Abegão Pinto
- Ophthalmology Department, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Norte, 1649-035 Lisbon, Portugal; (J.T.F.); (L.A.P.)
- Visual Sciences Study Centre, Faculty of Medicine, Universidade de Lisbon, 1649-028 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Quirina Ferreira
- Instituto de Telecomunicações, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal;
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Speranza G. Carbon Nanomaterials: Synthesis, Functionalization and Sensing Applications. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 11:967. [PMID: 33918769 PMCID: PMC8069879 DOI: 10.3390/nano11040967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanomaterial design and synthesis has resulted in robust sensing systems that display superior analytical performance. The use of nanomaterials within sensors has accelerated new routes and opportunities for the detection of analytes or target molecules. Among others, carbon-based sensors have reported biocompatibility, better sensitivity, better selectivity and lower limits of detection to reveal a wide range of organic and inorganic molecules. Carbon nanomaterials are among the most extensively studied materials because of their unique properties spanning from the high specific surface area, high carrier mobility, high electrical conductivity, flexibility, and optical transparency fostering their use in sensing applications. In this paper, a comprehensive review has been made to cover recent developments in the field of carbon-based nanomaterials for sensing applications. The review describes nanomaterials like fullerenes, carbon onions, carbon quantum dots, nanodiamonds, carbon nanotubes, and graphene. Synthesis of these nanostructures has been discussed along with their functionalization methods. The recent application of all these nanomaterials in sensing applications has been highlighted for the principal applicative field and the future prospects and possibilities have been outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Speranza
- CMM—FBK, v. Sommarive 18, 38123 Trento, Italy;
- IFN—CNR, CSMFO Lab., via alla Cascata 56/C Povo, 38123 Trento, Italy
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Trento, v. Sommarive 9, 38123 Trento, Italy
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Peng M, Zhao X, Wang C, Guan L, Li K, Gu C, Lin Y. In Situ Observation of Glucose Metabolism Dynamics of Endothelial Cells in Hyperglycemia with a Stretchable Biosensor: Research Tool for Bridging Diabetes and Atherosclerosis. Anal Chem 2021; 93:1043-1049. [PMID: 33296175 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c03938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a metabolic syndrome associated with hyperglycemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and endothelial dysfunction. Applying the mechanical stretch on cells to simulate blood circulation while monitoring the cell glucose metabolism in a high-glucose environment is important for better comprehension of the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis caused by diabetes. Herein, we developed a facile strategy integrating zeolitic imidazolate framework-8-encapsulated glucose oxidase (GOx@ZIF-8) and an gold (Au) stretchable electrode (Au SE) to construct a flexible and stretchable glucose sensor (GOx@ZIF-8/Au SE) for investigating the glucose metabolism mechanism of stretched endothelial cells in hyperglycemia. The encapsulation of GOx with ZIF-8 prevents the aggregation and detachment of GOx from the sensing interface and endows the biosensor with high stability. Additionally, the Au SE with inherent stretchability can act as an integrated platform for mechanical stimulation as well as for transient signal sensing during the mechanotransduction process. Moreover, this flexible and stretchable glucose sensor is successfully used for monitoring the glucose metabolism of mechanically stimulated cells in hyperglycemia, and it was found for the first time that the glucose utilization ability of cells under static conditions is higher than that in the stretched state. This facile and straightforward method paves a promising route for designing a stable enzyme-based stretchable biosensor for detecting the underlying mechanisms of atherosclerosis caused by diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meihong Peng
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Lihao Guan
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Chaoyue Gu
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
| | - Yuqing Lin
- Department of Chemistry, Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
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Hwang HS, Jeong JW, Kim YA, Chang M. Carbon Nanomaterials as Versatile Platforms for Biosensing Applications. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11090814. [PMID: 32872236 PMCID: PMC7569884 DOI: 10.3390/mi11090814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A biosensor is defined as a measuring system that includes a biological receptor unit with distinctive specificities toward target analytes. Such analytes include a wide range of biological origins such as DNAs of bacteria or viruses, or proteins generated from an immune system of infected or contaminated living organisms. They further include simple molecules such as glucose, ions, and vitamins. One of the major challenges in biosensor development is achieving efficient signal capture of biological recognition-transduction events. Carbon nanomaterials (CNs) are promising candidates to improve the sensitivity of biosensors while attaining low detection limits owing to their capability of immobilizing large quantities of bioreceptor units at a reduced volume, and they can also act as a transduction element. In addition, CNs can be adapted to functionalization and conjugation with organic compounds or metallic nanoparticles; the creation of surface functional groups offers new properties (e.g., physical, chemical, mechanical, electrical, and optical properties) to the nanomaterials. Because of these intriguing features, CNs have been extensively employed in biosensor applications. In particular, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), nanodiamonds, graphene, and fullerenes serve as scaffolds for the immobilization of biomolecules at their surface and are also used as transducers for the conversion of signals associated with the recognition of biological analytes. Herein, we provide a comprehensive review on the synthesis of CNs and their potential application to biosensors. In addition, we discuss the efforts to improve the mechanical and electrical properties of biosensors by combining different CNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Suk Hwang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
| | - Jae Won Jeong
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
| | - Yoong Ahm Kim
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
| | - Mincheol Chang
- Alan G. MacDiarmid Energy Research Institute, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Department of Polymer Engineering, Graduate School, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea;
- School of Polymer Science and Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea
- Correspondence: (H.S.H.); (Y.A.K.); (M.C.); Tel.: +82-62-530-1771 (M.C.)
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12
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Rapid mycosynthesis and characterization of phenols-capped crystal gold nanoparticles from Ganoderma applanatum, Ganodermataceae. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2020.101683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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13
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Ni S, Shen Z, Zhang P, Liu G. Enhanced performance of an electrochemical aptasensor for real-time detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) by nanofabrication and ratiometric measurement. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1121:74-82. [PMID: 32493592 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Achieving a biosensing interface without baseline drift caused by variables in matrix samples is essential for real-time detection of analytes. In this study, we developed a molecular beacon based electrochemical aptasensor to realize the ratiometric signal quantification of VEGF in serum by surface modification of nanocomposites of graphene oxide/methylene blue (GO/MB) and AuNPs followed by the attachment of ferrocene-labeled aptamer (aptamer-Fc) against VEGF. The presence of VEGF can trigger the configuration change of aptamer-Fc, resulting in the redox probe Fc being far away from the electrode surface to attenuate the electrochemical communication between electrode and Fc. Meanwhile, signal of MB also decreased due to the impediment of aptamer-Fc to electron transfer passage. The achieved GC-rGO/MB-AuNPs-aptamer-Fc sensing interface was successfully used for the sensitive detection of VEGF in real-time with a linear detection range 2-500 pg mL-1 and detection limit of 0.1 pg mL-1 based on ratiometric dual signal (Fc and MB) read-out. It was observed loading MB and AuNPs to the GO based sensing interface was favorable to enhance the analytical performance in terms of sensitivity and capability to effectively eliminate background interference. This electrochemical aptasensor provides a universal and reliable biosensing platform which is potential for real-time and sensitive tracking of various cytokines in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Ni
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Zhuping Shen
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China
| | - Pengfei Zhang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nanomedicine, CAS-HK Joint Lab of Biomaterials, Shenzhen Engineering Laboratory of Nanomedicine and Nanoformulations, CAS Key Laboratory of Health Informatics, Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, PR China; Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine and UNSW Digital Grid Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, 2052, Australia.
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Hetemi D, Noël V, Pinson J. Grafting of Diazonium Salts on Surfaces: Application to Biosensors. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10010004. [PMID: 31952195 PMCID: PMC7168266 DOI: 10.3390/bios10010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
This review is divided into two parts; the first one summarizes the main features of surface modification by diazonium salts with a focus on most recent advances, while the second part deals with diazonium-based biosensors including small molecules of biological interest, proteins, and nucleic acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dardan Hetemi
- Pharmacy Department, Medical Faculty, University of Prishtina, “Hasan Prishtina”, Rr. “Dëshmorët e Kombit” p.n., 10000 Prishtina, Kosovo;
| | - Vincent Noël
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
| | - Jean Pinson
- Université de Paris, ITODYS, CNRS, UMR 7086, 15 rue J-A de Baïf, F-75013 Paris, France;
- Correspondence:
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15
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Physical absorption vs covalent binding of graphene oxide on glassy carbon electrode towards a robust aptasensor for ratiometric electrochemical detection of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in serum. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.135321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Filipiak MS, Vetter D, Thodkar K, Gutiérrez-Sanz O, Jönsson-Niedziółka M, Tarasov A. Electron transfer from FAD-dependent glucose dehydrogenase to single-sheet graphene electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.134998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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17
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Krishnan SK, Singh E, Singh P, Meyyappan M, Nalwa HS. A review on graphene-based nanocomposites for electrochemical and fluorescent biosensors. RSC Adv 2019; 9:8778-8881. [PMID: 35517682 PMCID: PMC9062009 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra09577a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 265] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Biosensors with high sensitivity, selectivity and a low limit of detection, reaching nano/picomolar concentrations of biomolecules, are important to the medical sciences and healthcare industry for evaluating physiological and metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siva Kumar Krishnan
- CONACYT-Instituto de Física
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla
- Puebla 72570
- Mexico
| | - Eric Singh
- Department of Computer Science
- Stanford University
- Stanford
- USA
| | - Pragya Singh
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science
- National Chiao Tung University
- Hsinchu 30010
- Taiwan
| | - Meyya Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology
- NASA Ames Research Center
- Moffett Field
- Mountain View
- USA
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18
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Liu G, Cao C, Ni S, Feng S, Wei H. On-chip structure-switching aptamer-modified magnetic nanobeads for the continuous monitoring of interferon-gamma ex vivo. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2019; 5:35. [PMID: 31636925 PMCID: PMC6799845 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-019-0074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Cytokines are cell signaling molecules that indicate the health status of the body. In this study, we developed a microfluidic device integrated with structure-switching aptamers capable of continuously tracking the concentration of the cytokine interferon gamma (IFN-γ) in cell culture medium and blood serum. First, a ferrocene (Fc)-labeled structure-switching signaling aptamer with a hairpin structure targeting IFN-γ was immobilized on magnetic nanobeads by the strongest noncovalent interactions between streptavidin and biotin. The aptamer-modified magnetic nanobeads were trapped on a customized microfluidic chip by a magnetic field to form the sensing interface. The binding of IFN-γ could trigger the hairpin structure of the aptamer to unfold, pushing Fc redox molecules away from the sensing interface and consequently switching off the electrochemical signal. The change in the redox current of Fc was quantitatively related to the concentration of IFN-γ in a linear range of 10-500 pg mL-1 and with the lowest detection limit of 6 pg mL-1. This microfluidic device was specific to IFN-γ in the presence of overabundant serum proteins and allowed the continuous monitoring of IFN-γ without adding exogenous reagents. It provided a universal point-of-care biosensing platform for the real-time detection of a spectrum of analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2052 Australia
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Chaomin Cao
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shengnan Ni
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
| | - Shilun Feng
- School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109 Australia
| | - Hui Wei
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, 430079 Wuhan, PR China
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19
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Cao C, Jin R, Wei H, Yang W, Goldys EM, Hutchinson MR, Liu S, Chen X, Yang G, Liu G. Graphene Oxide Based Recyclable in Vivo Device for Amperometric Monitoring of Interferon-γ in Inflammatory Mice. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:33078-33087. [PMID: 30199621 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cytokine sensing is challenging due to their typically low abundances in physiological conditions. Nanomaterial fabricated interfaces demonstrated unique advantages in ultrasensitive sensing. Here, we demonstrate an amperometric sensing device based on graphene oxide (GO) and structure-switching aptamers for long-term detection of cytokines in a living organism. The device incorporates a single layer of GO acting as a signal amplifier on glassy carbon electrodes. The hairpin aptamers specific to interferon-γ (IFN-γ), which were loaded with redox probes, are covalently attached to GO to serve as biorecognition moieties. IFN-γ was able to trigger the configuration change of aptamers while releasing the trapped redox probes to introduce the electrochemical signal. This in vivo device was capable of quantitatively and dynamically detecting IFN-γ down to 1.3 pg mL-1 secreted by immune cells in cell culture medium with no baseline drift even at a high concentration of other nonspecific proteins. The biocompatible devices were also implanted into subcutaneous tissue of enteritis mice, where they performed precise detection of IFN-γ over 48 h without using physical barriers or active drift correction algorithms. Moreover, the device could be reused even after multiple rounds of regeneration of the sensing interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Cao
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Ronghua Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Jiao Tong University , Xi'an , 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Hui Wei
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Wenchao Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Ewa M Goldys
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , 2052 , Australia
| | - Mark R Hutchinson
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia , 5000 , Australia
- Discipline of Physiology, Adelaide Medical School , University of Adelaide , Adelaide , South Australia , 5005 , Australia
| | - Shiyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, Center for Tissue Engineering, School of Stomatology , The Fourth Military Medical University , Xi'an , 710032 , P. R. China
| | - Xin Chen
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Shanxi Key Laboratory of Energy Chemical Process Intensification, Institute of Polymer Science in Chemical Engineering , Xi'an Jiao Tong University , Xi'an , 710049 , P. R. China
| | - Guangfu Yang
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , 430079 , P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry , Central China Normal University , Wuhan , 430079 , P. R. China
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP) , The University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales , 2052 , Australia
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20
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Kaur J, Jiang C, Liu G. Different strategies for detection of HbA1c emphasizing on biosensors and point-of-care analyzers. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 123:85-100. [PMID: 29903690 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Measurement of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) is a gold standard procedure for assessing long term glycemic control in individuals with diabetes mellitus as it gives the stable and reliable value of blood glucose levels for a period of 90-120 days. HbA1c is formed by the non-enzymatic glycation of terminal valine of hemoglobin. The analysis of HbA1c tends to be complicated because there are more than 300 different assay methods for measuring HbA1c which leads to variations in reported values from same samples. Therefore, standardization of detection methods is recommended. The review outlines the current research activities on developing assays including biosensors for the detection of HbA1c. The pros and cons of different techniques for measuring HbA1c are outlined. The performance of current point-of-care HbA1c analyzers available on the market are also compared and discussed. The future perspectives for HbA1c detection and diabetes management are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagjit Kaur
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering, ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale Biophotonics (CNBP), Faculty of Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; Australian Centre for NanoMedicine, The University of New South Wales, Sydney 2052, Australia; International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, PR China.
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21
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Graphene metal nanocomposites — Recent progress in electrochemical biosensing applications. J IND ENG CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jiec.2017.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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22
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Lawal AT. Progress in utilisation of graphene for electrochemical biosensors. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:149-178. [PMID: 29414083 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2017] [Revised: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review discusses recent graphene (GR) electrochemical biosensor for accurate detection of biomolecules, including glucose, hydrogen peroxide, dopamine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, DNA, metals and immunosensor through effective immobilization of enzymes, including glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase, and haemoglobin. GR-based biosensors exhibited remarkable performance with high sensitivities, wide linear detection ranges, low detection limits, and long-term stabilities. Future challenges for the field include miniaturising biosensors and simplifying mass production are discussed.
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23
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Cao C, Zhang Y, Jiang C, Qi M, Liu G. Advances on Aryldiazonium Salt Chemistry Based Interfacial Fabrication for Sensing Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:5031-5049. [PMID: 28124552 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b16108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Aryldiazonium salts as coupling agents for surface chemistry have evidenced their wide applications for the development of sensors. Combined with advances in nanomaterials, current trends in sensor science and a variety of particular advantages of aryldiazonium salt chemistry in sensing have driven the aryldiazonium salt-based sensing strategies to grow at an astonishing pace. This review focuses on the advances in the use of aryldiazonium salts for modifying interfaces in sensors and biosensors during the past decade. It will first summarize the current methods for modification of interfaces with aryldiazonium salts, and then discuss the sensing applications of aryldiazonium salts modified on different transducers (bulky solid electrodes, nanomaterials modified bulky solid electrodes, and nanoparticles). Finally, the challenges and perspectives that aryldiazonium salt chemistry is facing in sensing applications are critically discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaomin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Cheng Jiang
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford , Oxford OX1 2JD, United Kingdom
| | - Meng Qi
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Guozhen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide and Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University , Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Nanoscale BioPhotonics (CNBP), Department of Physics and Astronomy, Macquarie University , North Ryde 2109, Australia
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