1
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Leung G, McKinney MA, Yaylayan V, Bayen S. Abiotic degradations of legacy and novel flame retardants in environmental and food matrices - a review. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2024; 41:811-832. [PMID: 38805263 DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2024.2354496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are commonly added to commercial products to achieve flammability resistance. Since most of them are not chemically bonded to the materials, they could be leached to the environment during the production and disposal cycle. These FRs were categorised based on their chemical nature, including brominated, organophosphorus-, mineral- and nitrogen-based. This review summarised the abiotic degradation reactions of these four classes of FRs, with a focus on thermal and photodegradation reactions in environmental and food matrices. Only 24 papers have reported related information on abiotic degradation reactions that could be useful for predicting possible degradation pathways, and most focused on brominated FRs. Most studies also investigated the thermal degradation of FRs under high temperatures (>400 °C), which exceeds the normal cooking temperature at 100-300 °C. For photodegradation, studies have used up to five times the energy typically used in UV radiation during food processing. It is recommended that future studies investigate the fate of these FRs in foods under more realistic processing conditions, to provide a more comprehensive picture of the estimated consumption of FRs and their degradation products from foods, and facilitate a better risk assessment of the use of these novel FRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Leung
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Melissa A McKinney
- Department of Natural Resource Sciences, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Varoujan Yaylayan
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
| | - Stéphane Bayen
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, Ste-Anne-de-Bellevue, Canada
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Parcheta-Szwindowska P, Habaj J, Krzemińska I, Datta J. A Comprehensive Review of Reactive Flame Retardants for Polyurethane Materials: Current Development and Future Opportunities in an Environmentally Friendly Direction. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:5512. [PMID: 38791552 PMCID: PMC11121908 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25105512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyurethanes are among the most significant types of polymers in development; these materials are used to produce construction products intended for work in various conditions. Nowadays, it is important to develop methods for fire load reduction by using new kinds of additives or monomers containing elements responsible for materials' fire resistance. Currently, additive antipyrines or reactive flame retardants can be used during polyurethane material processing. The use of additives usually leads to the migration or volatilization of the additive to the surface of the material, which causes the loss of the resistance and aesthetic values of the product. Reactive flame retardants form compounds containing special functional groups that can be chemically bonded with monomers during polymerization, which can prevent volatilization or migration to the surface of the material. In this study, reactive flame retardants are compared. Their impacts on polyurethane flame retardancy, combustion mechanism, and environment are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Parcheta-Szwindowska
- Department of Polymer Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gdańsk University of Technology, G. Narutowicza St. 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland; (J.H.); (I.K.); (J.D.)
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3
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Wang TC, Jia MH, Xu NT, Hu W, Jiang Z, Zhao B, Ni YP, Shao ZB. Facile fabrication of adenosine triphosphate/chitosan/polyethyleneimine coating for high flame-retardant lyocell fabrics with outstanding antibacteria. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 260:129599. [PMID: 38246455 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
Addressing highly flammable and easily breeding bacteria property via environmentally friendly approach was critical for the large-scale application of lyocell fibers. Herein, a bio-based coating constructed by layer-by-layer deposition of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), chitosan (CS), and polyethyleneimine (PEI) was successfully fabricated to obtain excellent fire-resistant and antimicrobial lyocell fabrics (LBL/Lyocell). The resulted fabrics with add-on of 11.5 wt% achieved the limiting oxygen index (LOI) of 32.0 %. Meanwhile, compared with the pure lyocell fabrics, the peak of heat release rate (PHRR), total heat release (THR), and fire growth rate (FIGRA) of LBL/Lyocell fabrics decreased by 75.2 %, 61.0 % and 69.8 % in cone calorimetric test (CCT), respectively. By characterizing the gaseous products and solid residues, the presence of the ATP/CS/PEI coating could not only quickly form the dense expanded carbon layer by itself, but also promote the conversion of cellulose into thermal-stability residues, thus reducing the release of combustible substances during combustion and protecting the lyocell fabrics. In addition, LBL/Lyocell showed excellent antimicrobial properties with 99.99 % antibacterial rates against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) and Escherichia coli (E. coli). This bio-based coating was a promising candidate for efficiently flame-retardant cellulose fibers with excellent antibacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tian-Ci Wang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Meng-Han Jia
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Nuo-Tong Xu
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wei Hu
- College of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, 5268 Renmin Street, Changchun 130024, China
| | - Zhiming Jiang
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yan-Peng Ni
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Zhu-Bao Shao
- Institute of Functional Textiles and Advanced Materials, National Engineering Research Center for Advanced Fire-Safety Materials D & A (Shandong), Qingdao Key Laboratory of Flame-Retardant Textile Materials, College of Textiles and Clothing, Qingdao University, Ningxia Road, 308, Qingdao 266071, China.
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4
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Rogula-Kozłowska W, Krasuski A, Rybak J, Wróbel M, Tytła M, Makowski R. The ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff from small-scale furnishing materials fire tests. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 906:167394. [PMID: 37793445 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the ecotoxicity and mutagenicity of fire water runoff generated during fire operations in a closed non-production facility (apartment, house, warehouse, etc.). For this purpose, insulation and furnishing materials used, especially in houses and apartments, including wood (pine and oak), chipboard, poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), and polyurethane foam, were burned. Experiments involving burning one of the selected materials each time and extinguishing the resulting fire with a specific amount of water were conducted in a test chamber equipped with systems for continuous monitoring of the process, including continuous measurement of the weight of the sample and mechanical smoke extraction systems. The fire water runoff samples were tested for ecotoxicity and mutagenicity. Ecotoxicity was evaluated using commercial biotests, i.e., Daphtoxkit F magna (crustaceans), Rotoxkit F (rotifers), Spirodela duckweed toxkit (plants: Spirodela polyrhiza), and Microtox test (bacteria Alivibrio fischeri), whereas mutagenicity was evaluated using the Ames test (Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98 and TAmix). The results demonstrated that the water used to extinguish the polyurethane foam had the highest toxicity. Moreover, Ames test results verified that the fire water runoff generated during testing with polyurethane foam was characterized by the highest mutagenicity. Consequently, water from extinguishing polyurethane foam may pose a greater environmental hazard than water from wood, chipboard, or PMMA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Krasuski
- Fire University, 52/54 Słowackiego St., 01-629 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Justyna Rybak
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland.
| | - Magdalena Wróbel
- Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Malwina Tytła
- Institute of Environmental Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, 34 M. Skłodowskiej-Curie St., 41-819 Zabrze, Poland
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Zemła M, Michałowski S, Prociak A. Synthesis and Characterization of Flame Retarded Rigid Polyurethane Foams with Different Types of Blowing Agents. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:7217. [PMID: 38005146 PMCID: PMC10673181 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this study, rigid polyurethane foams modified with non-halogenated flame retardant were obtained. The foams were synthesized using two systems containing different blowing agents. In the first one, cyclopentane and water were used as a mixture of blowing agents, and in the second one, only water was used as a chemical blowing agent. The systems were modified with the additive phosphorus flame retardant Roflam F5. The obtained modified foams were tested for their flammability and basic properties, such as apparent density, closed-cell contents and analyses of the cell structures, thermal conductivity, mechanical properties, and water absorption. Increasing the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in temperature during the combustion of the material and extended the burning time. The addition of 1.0 wt.% phosphorus derived from Roflam F5 caused the modified rigid polyurethane foam to become a self-extinguishing material. The increase in the content of Roflam F5 caused a decrease in the total heat release and the maximum heat release rate during the pyrolysis combustion flow calorimetry. The foams with the highest content of flame retardant and foamed with a chemical-physical and chemical blowing agent had a lower total heat release by 19% and 11%, respectively, compared to reference foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Zemła
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
| | | | - Aleksander Prociak
- Department of Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Cracow University of Technology, Warszawska 24, 31-155 Cracow, Poland
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6
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Luo Y, Geng Z, Zhang W, He J, Yang R. Strategy for Constructing Phosphorus-Based Flame-Retarded Polyurethane Elastomers for Advanced Performance in Long-Term. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3711. [PMID: 37765565 PMCID: PMC10537912 DOI: 10.3390/polym15183711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane elastomer (PUE), which is widely used in coatings for construction, transportation, electronics, aerospace, and other fields, has excellent physical properties. However, polyurethane elastomers are flammable, which limits their daily use, so the flame retardancy of polyurethane elastomers is very important. Reactive flame retardants have the advantages of little influence on the physical properties of polymers and low tendency to migrate out. Due to the remarkable needs of non-halogenated flame retardants, phosphorus flame retardant has gradually stood out as the main alternative. In this review, we focus on the fire safety of PUE and provide a detailed overview of the current molecular design and mechanisms of reactive phosphorus-containing, as well as P-N synergistic, flame retardants in PUE. From the structural characteristics, several basic aspects of PUE are overviewed, including thermal performance, combustion performance, and mechanical properties. In addition, the perspectives on the future advancement of phosphorus-containing flame-retarded polyurethane elastomers (PUE) are also discussed. Based on the past research, this study provides prospects for the application of flame-retarded PUE in the fields of self-healing materials, bio-based materials, wearable electronic devices, and solid-state electrolytes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhishuai Geng
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Wenchao Zhang
- National Engineering Technology Research Center of Flame Retardant Materials, School of Materials Science & Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Li J, Zhao H, Liu H, Sun J, Wu J, Liu Q, Zheng Y, Zheng P. Recent advances in metal-family flame retardants: a review. RSC Adv 2023; 13:22639-22662. [PMID: 37502822 PMCID: PMC10369043 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra03536k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The use of polymer materials is inextricably linked to our manufacturing life. However, most of them are easily combusted in the air and the combustion process generates a large amount of toxic fumes and dangerous smoke. This can result in injuries and property damage, as well as limiting their use. It is essential to enhance the flame-retardant properties and smoke suppression performance by using multiple flame retardants. Metal-based flame retardants have a unique chemical composition. They are environmentally friendly flame retardants, which can impart good smoke suppression, flame retardancy to polymers and further reduce the production of toxic gases. The differences in the compounds formed between the transition metals and the main group metals make them act differently as flame retardants for polymers. As a result, this study presents the research progress and flame-retardant mechanism of flame-retardant polymers for flame retardants from different groups of metals in the periodic table of elements in a systematic manner. In view of the differences between the main group metals and transition metals, the mechanism of their application in flame retardant polymer materials is carefully detailed, as are their distinct advantages and disadvantages. And ultimately, prospects for the development of transition metals and main group metals are outlined. It is hoped that this paper will provide valuable references and insights for scholars in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junwei Li
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Haihan Zhao
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Huaiyin Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jichang Sun
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Jing Wu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Quanyi Liu
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
| | - Yun Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Chemical Materials and Devices, Ministry of Education, Jianghan University Wuhan 430056 P. R. China
| | - Penglun Zheng
- College of Civil Aviation Safety Engineering, Civil Aviation Flight University of China Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
- Civil Aircraft Fire Science and Safety Engineering Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province Guanghan 618307 P. R. China
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Cherednichenko K, Kopitsyn D, Smirnov E, Nikolaev N, Fakhrullin R. Fireproof Nanocomposite Polyurethane Foams: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15102314. [PMID: 37242889 DOI: 10.3390/polym15102314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
First introduced in 1954, polyurethane foams rapidly became popular because of light weight, high chemical stability, and outstanding sound and thermal insulation properties. Currently, polyurethane foam is widely applied in industrial and household products. Despite tremendous progress in the development of various formulations of versatile foams, their use is hindered due to high flammability. Fire retardant additives can be introduced into polyurethane foams to enhance their fireproof properties. Nanoscale materials employed as fire-retardant components of polyurethane foams have the potential to overcome this problem. Here, we review the recent (last 5 years) progress that has been made in polyurethane foam modification using nanomaterials to enhance its flame retardance. Different groups of nanomaterials and approaches for incorporating them into foam structures are covered. Special attention is given to the synergetic effects of nanomaterials with other flame-retardant additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Cherednichenko
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Dmitry Kopitsyn
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Egor Smirnov
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Nikita Nikolaev
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Department of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, National University of Oil and Gas "Gubkin University", Moscow 119991, Russia
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kreml Uramı 18, Kazan 420008, Russia
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No business as usual: The effect of smoke suppressants commonly used in the flame retardant PA6.6 on smoke and fire properties. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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10
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Song Y, Jiang Y, Deng L, Yang G. Self-Repairable and Flexible Polymer Network Electrolyte with Enhanced Lithium-Ion Conduction for Lithium Metal Batteries. Chemistry 2022; 28:e202202717. [PMID: 36149011 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202202717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-performance functional polymer-based electrolytes is important for realizing next generation safe lithium metal batteries. In this study, a new type of quasi-solid polymer network electrolyte (SIPH-x-y%) was prepared by combining synthesized polymer network (SIPH) containing urethane bond linked ionic liquids (ILs), polyethylene glycol (PEG), and disulfide bond moieties, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide salt (LiTFSI), and glyme type additive. It was found that SIPH-20-40% was mechanically flexible, self-healable, and showed high ionic conductivity of 2.67×10-4 S cm-1 . Also, SIPH-20-40% possesses a high lithium ion transference number of 0.43 and good electrochemical stability. These properties enabled the SIPH-20-40% electrolyte membrane to support Li/Li symmetrical cell to cycle stably during long term Li plating and stripping. The Li/SIPH-20-40%/LFP showed high delivered specific capacity and good stability (166.1 mAh g-1 after 106 cycles at 0.2 C). Such glyme doped polymer network electrolyte provides new experimental findings for developing polymer-based electrolyte with excellent mechanical integrity and battery related properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaduo Song
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Yanxin Jiang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Longjiang Deng
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
| | - Guang Yang
- School of Electronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China.,National Engineering Research Centre of Electromagnetic Radiation Control Materials, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, P. R. China
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Muhammed Raji A, Hambali HU, Khan ZI, Binti Mohamad Z, Azman H, Ogabi R. Emerging trends in flame retardancy of rigid polyurethane foam and its composites: A review. J CELL PLAST 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/0021955x221144564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Owing to the superior thermal insulating attributes of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) compared to other insulating materials (expanded and extruded polystyrene, mineral wool), it remains the most dominant insulating material and most studied polymer foam. Like other polyurethane foam, RPUF is highly flammable, necessitating the incorporation of flame retardants (FR) during production to lower combustibility, promoting its continuous use as insulation material in construction, transportation, and others. The popular approaches for correcting the high flammability of RPUF are copolymerization and blending (with FR). The second method has proven to be most effective as there are limited trade-offs in RPUF properties. Meanwhile, the high flammability of RPUF is still a significant hindrance in emerging applications (sensors, space travel, and others), and this has continuously inspired research in the flame retardancy of RPUF. In this study, properties, and preparation methods of RPUF are described, factors responsible for the high flammability of PUF are discussed, and flame retardancy of RPUF is thoroughly reviewed. Notably, most FR for RPUF are inorganic nanoparticles, lignin, intumescent FR systems of expandable graphite (EG), ammonium polyphosphate (APP), and hybridized APP or EG with other FR. These could be due to their ease of processing, low cost, and being environmentally benign. Elaborate discussion on RPUF FR mechanisms were also highlighted. Lastly, a summary and future perspectives in fireproofing RPUF are provided, which could inspire the design of new FR for RPUF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwasiu Muhammed Raji
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
- Department of Polymer and Textile Technology, Yaba College of Technology, Lagos, Nigeria
| | - Hambali Umar Hambali
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Zahid Iqbal Khan
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Zurina Binti Mohamad
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Hassan Azman
- Enhanced Polymer Research Group, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
- Department of Bioprocess and Polymer Engineering, School of Chemical and Energy Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Malaysia
| | - Raphael Ogabi
- INSA Center Val de Loire, University Orleans, Bourges, France
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Investigation of the Flame Retardant Properties of High-Strength Microcellular Flame Retardant/Polyurethane Composite Elastomers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14235055. [PMID: 36501450 PMCID: PMC9740006 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) often reduce the mechanical properties of polymer materials, and FR/microcellular polyurethane elastomer (MPUE) composite materials have not been systemically studied. Hence, we conducted this study on FR/MPUE composites by using multiple liquid FRs and/or expandable graphite (EG). Compared with liquid flame retardants, the LOI of an expandable graphite/dimethyl methylphosphonate (EG/DMMP) (3:1) combination was significantly increased (~36.1%), and the vertical combustion grade reached V-0 without a dripping phenomenon. However, the corresponding tensile strength was decreased by 17.5%. With the incorporation of EG alone, although the corresponding LOI was not a match with that of DMMP/EG, there was no droplet phenomenon. In addition, even with 15 wt% of EG, there was no significant decline in the tensile strength. Cone calorimeter test results showed that PHRR, THR, PSPR, and TSR were significantly reduced, compared to the neat MPUE, when the EG content surpassed 10 wt%. The combustion process became more stable and thus the fire risk was highly reduced. It was found that flame retardancy and mechanical properties could be well balanced by adding EG alone. Our proposed strategy for synthesizing FR/MPUE composites with excellent flame retardancy and mechanical properties was easy, effective, low-cost and universal, which could have great practical significance in expanding the potential application fields of MPUEs.
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13
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Lee SH, Lee SG, Lee JS, Ma BC. Understanding the Flame Retardant Mechanism of Intumescent Flame Retardant on Improving the Fire Safety of Rigid Polyurethane Foam. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14224904. [PMID: 36433031 PMCID: PMC9696838 DOI: 10.3390/polym14224904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Combinations of multiple inorganic fillers have emerged as viable synergistic agents for boosting the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant (IFR) polymer materials. However, few studies on the effect of multiple inorganic fillers on the flame retardant behavior of rigid polyurethane (RPU) foam have been carried out. In this paper, a flame retardant combination of aluminum hydroxide (ATH) and traditional flame retardants ammonium polyphosphate (APP), pentaerythritol (PER), melamine cyanurate (MC), calcium carbonate (CC), and expandable graphite (EG) was incorporated into RPU foam to investigate the synergistic effects of the combination of multiple IFR materials on the thermal stability and fire resistance of RPU foam. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) revealed that 8 parts per hundred polyols by weight (php) filler concentrations were compatible with RPU foam and yielded an increased amount of char residue compared to the rest of the RPU samples. The flame retardancy of multiple fillers on intumescent flame retardant RPU foam was also investigated using cone calorimeter (CCTs) and limiting oxygen index (LOI) tests, which showed that RPU/IFR1 (APP/PER/MC/EG/CC/ATH) had the best flame retardant performance, with a low peak heat release rate (PHRR) of 82.12 kW/m2, total heat release rate (THR) of 15.15 MJ/m2, and high LOI value of 36%. Furthermore, char residue analysis revealed that the use of multiple fillers contributed to the generation of more intact and homogeneous char after combustion, which led to reduced decomposition of the RPU foam and hindered heat transfer between the gas and condensed phases.
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Nikam PC, Rao AR, Shertukde VV. Effect of polyethylene terephthalate fiber reinforced with non‐hydrophilic nano‐silica on the mechanical, thermic, and chemical shielding characteristics of saturated polyurethane composite. J Appl Polym Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/app.53334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pramod C. Nikam
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Adarsh R. Rao
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
| | - Vikrant V. Shertukde
- Department of Polymer and Surface Engineering Institute of Chemical Technology Mumbai India
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15
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Zhao JR, Zheng R, Tang J, Sun HJ, Wang J. A mini-review on building insulation materials from perspective of plastic pollution: Current issues and natural fibres as a possible solution. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129449. [PMID: 35792430 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
As plastic pollution is eroding our ecological environment at an alarming rate around the world, tracking the origins is a necessity for putting forward effective measures to prevent it. The building industry, as an important sector consuming plastic products and producing plastic wastes, is increasing application of thermal insulations to improve energy efficiency. However, most insulation materials have negative impact on the environment. With the strategies to boost sustainability of buildings, natural fibres have occurred in the market as promising raw materials for thermal insulations. This mini-review aims to describe the extent building insulations contributed to plastic pollution, and a possible solution to plastic pollution from natural fibres and their current shortcomings. Hopefully, the mini-review could advance the current knowledge on contribution of building materials, especially thermal insulations to the ubiquitous plastic pollution, and the potential of natural fibres for replacing the plastic insulations, which could accordingly help future development of sustainable green insulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe R Zhao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211; Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada; Chemical and Biological Engineering,University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada.
| | - Rongyue Zheng
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211
| | - Jianting Tang
- Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada
| | - Helen J Sun
- Tri-Y Environmental Research, 2655 Lillooet St., Vancouver V5M 4P7, BC, Canada; Chemical and Biological Engineering,University of British Columbia, 2360 East Mall, Vancouver V6T 1Z3, BC, Canada
| | - Jianmin Wang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Ningbo University, Ningbo, China 315211
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16
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Kralj M, Krivačić S, Ivanišević I, Zubak M, Supina A, Marciuš M, Halasz I, Kassal P. Conductive Inks Based on Melamine Intercalated Graphene Nanosheets for Inkjet Printed Flexible Electronics. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:nano12172936. [PMID: 36079974 PMCID: PMC9457697 DOI: 10.3390/nano12172936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
With the growing number of flexible electronics applications, environmentally benign ways of mass-producing graphene electronics are sought. In this study, we present a scalable mechanochemical route for the exfoliation of graphite in a planetary ball mill with melamine to form melamine-intercalated graphene nanosheets (M-GNS). M-GNS morphology was evaluated, revealing small particles, down to 14 nm in diameter and 0.4 nm thick. The M-GNS were used as a functional material in the formulation of an inkjet-printable conductive ink, based on green solvents: water, ethanol, and ethylene glycol. The ink satisfied restrictions regarding stability and nanoparticle size; in addition, it was successfully inkjet printed on plastic sheets. Thermal and photonic post-print processing were evaluated as a means of reducing the electrical resistance of the printed features. Minimal sheet resistance values (5 kΩ/sq for 10 printed layers and 626 Ω/sq for 20 printed layers) were obtained on polyimide sheets, after thermal annealing for 1 h at 400 °C and a subsequent single intense pulsed light flash. Lastly, a proof-of-concept simple flexible printed circuit consisting of a battery-powered LED was realized. The demonstrated approach presents an environmentally friendly alternative to mass-producing graphene-based printed flexible electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kralj
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Sara Krivačić
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Irena Ivanišević
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marko Zubak
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Antonio Supina
- Institute of Physics, Bijenička cesta 46, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Marijan Marciuš
- Division of Materials Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Ivan Halasz
- Division of Physical Chemistry, Ruđer Bošković Institute, Bijenička cesta 54, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petar Kassal
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, University of Zagreb, Marulićev trg 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
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17
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Zhang T, Zhang Q, Yu Y, Chen T, Song N, Chen Z, Lin Z, Jiang J. Effects of melamine polyphosphate on explosion characteristics and thermal pyrolysis behavior of polyamide 66 dust. J Loss Prev Process Ind 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jlp.2022.104820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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18
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Mohd Sabee MMS, Itam Z, Beddu S, Zahari NM, Mohd Kamal NL, Mohamad D, Zulkepli NA, Shafiq MD, Abdul Hamid ZA. Flame Retardant Coatings: Additives, Binders, and Fillers. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:2911. [PMID: 35890685 PMCID: PMC9324192 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an intensive overview of flame retardant coating systems. The occurrence of flame due to thermal degradation of the polymer substrate as a result of overheating is one of the major concerns. Hence, coating is the best solution to this problem as it prevents the substrate from igniting the flame. In this review, the descriptions of several classifications of coating and their relation to thermal degradation and flammability were discussed. The details of flame retardants and flame retardant coatings in terms of principles, types, mechanisms, and properties were explained as well. This overview imparted the importance of intumescent flame retardant coatings in preventing the spread of flame via the formation of a multicellular charred layer. Thus, the intended intumescence can reduce the risk of flame from inherently flammable materials used to maintain a high standard of living.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Meer Saddiq Mohd Sabee
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zarina Itam
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Salmia Beddu
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nazirul Mubin Zahari
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Nur Liyana Mohd Kamal
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Daud Mohamad
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Universiti Tenaga Nasional, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia; (S.B.); (N.M.Z.); (N.L.M.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Norzeity Amalin Zulkepli
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Mohamad Danial Shafiq
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
| | - Zuratul Ain Abdul Hamid
- Emerging Polymer Group, School of Materials and Mineral Resources Engineering, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Engineering Campus, Nibong Tebal 14300, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; (M.M.S.M.S.); (N.A.Z.); (M.D.S.)
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19
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Xu B, Zhao S, Shan H, Qian L, Wang J, Xin F. Effect of two boron compounds on smoke suppression and flame retardant properties for rigid polyurethane foams. POLYM INT 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo Xu
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Siheng Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Hao Shan
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Lijun Qian
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Jingyu Wang
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
| | - Fei Xin
- School of Chemistry and Materials Engineering Beijing Technology and Business University Beijing 100048 China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Quality Evaluation Technology for Hygiene and Safety of Plastics Beijing 100048 China
- China Light Industry Engineering Technology Research Center of Advanced Flame Retardants Beijing 100048 China
- Petroleum and Chemical Industry Engineering Laboratory of Non‐halogen Flame Retardants for Polymers Beijing 100048 China
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20
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Formation of an Ammonium Nitrate Fuel Oil Similar Type of Explosive under Fire Conditions: Materials Based on Selected Polymers (PUR). ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15051674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Polyurethanes (PURs) are a group of polymers with the most versatile properties and the broadest spectrum of application. Their name comes from the urethane group. PURs were introduced to the market on a large-scale basis by Bayer in 1942, in the form of Perlon U and Igamid U fibers produced by gradual polyaddition of diisocyanates and polyols. The development of PURs-production technology and the multitude of applications resulted in their widespread use. This group is so extensive that polyurethanes alone accounted for about 6% of the global production of polymers (2019)—most of them in the form of foam. Therefore, polyurethane can be found in a huge number of products—some of them stored in the vicinity of ammonium nitrate (AN). In the previous two articles, we showed that polymers and AN—stored within the same building—in fire conditions may, under certain circumstances, spontaneously transform into a material of explosive properties. The aim of this article is to check whether PUR, when in contact with AN, creates additional hazards, similarly to the previously tested polymers.
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21
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Thermal energy storage and mechanical performance of composites of rigid polyurethane foam and phase change material prepared by one-shot synthesis method. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-022-02911-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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22
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Forysiak W, Kozub S, John L, Szweda R. Discrete oligourethanes of sequence-regulated properties – impact of stereocontrol. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00299j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Properties and functions of natural biopolymers such as proteins are strongly dependent on the sequence of amino acid monomers. The regulation of the properties of synthetic polymers by controlling monomer...
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23
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Zemła M, Prociak A, Michałowski S. Bio-Based Rigid Polyurethane Foams Modified with Phosphorus Flame Retardants. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 14:polym14010102. [PMID: 35012126 PMCID: PMC8747242 DOI: 10.3390/polym14010102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rigid polyurethane foams (RPURF) containing a bio-polyol from rapeseed oil and different phosphorus-based flame retardants were obtained. Triethyl phosphate (TEP), dimethyl propane phosphonate (DMPP) and cyclic phosphonates Addforce CT 901 (20 parts per hundred polyol by weight) were used in the synthesis of RPURF. The influence of used flame retardants on foaming process, cell structure, and physical-mechanical properties as well as flammability of RPURF were examined. The addition of flame retardants influenced the parameters of the cellular structure and decreased compressive strength. All obtained foam materials had a low thermal conductivity coefficient, which allows them to be used as thermal insulation. The research results of bio-based RPURF were compared with foams obtained without bio-polyol. All modified materials had an oxygen index above 21 vol%; therefore, they can be classified as self-extinguishing materials. The analysis of parameters obtained after the cone calorimeter test showed that the modified RPURF have a lower tendency to fire development compared to the reference foams, which was particularly noticeable for the materials with the addition of DMPP.
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24
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Zhu C, Nie L, Yan X, Li J, Qi D. Ramie fiber reinforced composites with flame retardant structure design: flammability, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
In this work, the structure of composite was designed as Core Stack and Surface Stack, which was treated with the expandable graphite (EG) and metal oxides such as iron oxide (IO), hydroxyapatite (HA), and aluminum tri-hydroxide (ATH). The mechanical performance of composites was characterized via flexural performance and interlaminar shear strength analysis. The flame retardance and smoke suppression of composite was explored in detail by LOI, UL-94, and cone calorimeter test. The findings presented that flexural properties of composites were observed to decrease due to delamination of surface stack, whilst no significant effect on interlaminar shear strength. In comparison with control composite, the loading of metal oxide into composite Surface Stack led to the reduction of peak heat release rate, total heat release, and fire growth index effectively. Moreover, the remarkable decrease in total smoke production could be observed due to the addition of iron oxide and the flame retardant mechanism was discussed. This study was the preliminary exploration of composite with flame retardant design which could be potential solution to improve flame retardancy and smoke suppression of composite with better mechanical structure preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenkai Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Shaoxing Keqiao Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , China
| | - Lei Nie
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Shaoxing Keqiao Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , China
| | - Xiaofei Yan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Shaoxing Keqiao Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Shaoxing Keqiao Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , China
| | - Dongming Qi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology, Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou 310018 , China
- Shaoxing Keqiao Research Institute, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , China
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25
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Zeng J, Luo W, An J, Xie X. Carbon dioxide adducts from
DOPO
‐grafted polyethylenimines as both blowing agents and flame retardants for polyurethanes. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianming Zeng
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Wenli Luo
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Jianing An
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
| | - Xingyi Xie
- College of Polymer Science and Engineering Sichuan University Chengdu China
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26
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Flame retardant flexible polyurethane foams based on phosphorous soybean-oil polyol and expandable graphite. Polym Degrad Stab 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2021.109656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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27
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Bhoite SP, Kim J, Jo W, Bhoite PH, Mali SS, Park KH, Hong CK. Expanded Polystyrene Beads Coated with Intumescent Flame Retardant Material to Achieve Fire Safety Standards. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:2662. [PMID: 34451203 PMCID: PMC8398555 DOI: 10.3390/polym13162662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 08/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The compatibility and coating ratio between flame retardant materials and expanded polystyrene (EPS) foam is a major impediment to achieving satisfactory flame retardant performance. In this study, we prepared a water-based intumescent flame retardant system and methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI)-coated expandable polystyrene microspheres by a simple coating approach. We investigated the compatibility, coating ratio, and fire performance of EPS- and MDI-coated EPS foam using a water-based intumescent flame retardant system. The microscopic study revealed that the water-based intumescent flame retardant materials were successfully incorporated with and without MDI-coated EPS microspheres. The cone calorimeter tests (CCTs) of the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials exhibited better flame retardant performance with a lower total heat release (THR) 7.3 MJ/m2, peak heat release rate (PHRR) 57.6 kW/m2, fire growth rate (FIGRA) 2027.067 W/m2.s, and total smoke production (TSP) 0.133 m2. Our results demonstrated that the MDI-coated EPS containing water-based intumescent flame retardant materials achieved flame retarding properties as per fire safety standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangram P. Bhoite
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Jonghyuck Kim
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Wan Jo
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Pravin H. Bhoite
- Department of Chemistry, Kisan Veer Mahavidyalaya, Wai 412803, India;
| | - Sawanta S. Mali
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
| | - Kyu-Hwan Park
- HDC HYUNDAI EP R & D Center, Gyeonggi-do 16889, Korea; (J.K.); (W.J.)
| | - Chang-Kook Hong
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Korea; (S.P.B.); (S.S.M.)
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28
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Yan X, Fang J, Zhu C, Li J, Qi D. Design and characterization of ramie fiber-reinforced composites with flame retardant surface layer including iron oxide and expandable graphite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2021-0074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
The ramie plain-woven fabric-reinforced epoxy composites with iron oxide (IO) powders and expandable graphite (EG) particles were fabricated by the hand lay-up and vacuum bagging pressing. The flame retardant layers with IO powders and EG particles have been designed on the surface of the composite structure, to improve the composites flame retardancy. The flame retardancy property of the composites was discussed from the limited oxide index (LOI), vertical burning test, and cone calorimeter test, while the flexural property and interlaminar shear strength of the composites were also investigated through the three-point flexural tests, respectively. It was found that the flame retardancy property of the composites, which contains both IO powders and EG particles, can be greatly improved. However, IO powders and EG particles have a negative effect on flexural properties and interlaminar shear strength of the composites. Also, prepreg with IO powders or EG particles which laminated on the surface layer of the composite with different orders would result in different performances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofei Yan
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jie Fang
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Chenkai Zhu
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
| | - Jiawei Li
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
| | - Dongmin Qi
- College of Textile Science and Engineering (International Institute of Silk), Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Textile Materials and Manufacturing Technology , Ministry of Education, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Hangzhou , 310018 , China
- Research Institute of Keqiao District , Zhejiang Sci-Tech University , Shaoxing , 312030, China
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Zagożdżon I, Parcheta P, Datta J. Novel Cast Polyurethanes Obtained by Using Reactive Phosphorus-Containing Polyol: Synthesis, Thermal Analysis and Combustion Behaviors. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14112699. [PMID: 34063787 PMCID: PMC8196663 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorus-containing polyol applications in polyurethane synthesis can prevent volatilization of flame retardants and their migration on the surface of a material. In this work, novel cast polyurethanes were prepared by a one-step method with the use of different amounts of phosphorus-containing polyol, 4,4′–diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-butanediol. The chemical structure, thermal, physicochemical and mechanical properties and flame resistance of the prepared materials were investigated. The results obtained for cast flame-retarded polyurethanes were compared with cast polyurethane synthesized with commonly known polyether polyol. It has been shown that with an increasing amount of phosphorus content to polyurethane’s chemical structure, an increased flame resistance and char yield were found during combustion tests. Phosphorus polyol worked in both the condensed (reduced heat and mass exchange) and gas phase (inhibition of flame propagation during burning). The obtained materials contained phosphorus polyol, indicating higher thermal stability in an oxidative environment than an inert atmosphere.
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30
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Jeong SH, Heo JH, Lee JW, Kim MJ, Park CH, Lee JH. Bioinspired Adenosine Triphosphate as an "All-In-One" Green Flame Retardant via Extremely Intumescent Char Formation. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:22935-22945. [PMID: 33949843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c02021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The development of eco-friendly flame retardants is crucial due to the hazardous properties of most conventional flame retardants. Herein, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is reported to be a highly efficient "all-in-one" green flame retardant as it consists of three essential groups, which lead to the formation of char with extreme intumescence, namely, three phosphate groups, providing an acid source; one ribose sugar, working as a char source; and one adenine, acting as a blowing agent. Polyurethane foam was used as a model flammable material to demonstrate the exceptional flame retardancy of ATP. The direct flammability tests have clearly shown that the ATP-coated polyurethane (PU) foam almost did not burn upon exposure to the torch flame. Importantly, ATP exhibits an extreme volume increase, whereas general phosphorus-based flame retardants show a negligible increase in volume. The PU foam coated with 30 wt % of ATP (PU-ATP 30 wt %) exhibits a significant reduction in the peak heat release rate (94.3%) with a significant increase in the ignition time, compared to bare PU. In addition, PU-ATP 30 wt % exhibits a high limiting oxygen index (LOI) value of 31% and HF-1 rating in the UL94 horizontal burning foamed material test. Additionally, we demonstrated that ATP's flame retardancy is sufficient for other types of matrices such as cotton, as confirmed from the results of the standardized ASTM D6413 test; cotton-ATP 30 wt % exhibits an LOI value of 32% and passes the vertical flame test. These results strongly suggest that ATP has great potential to be used as an "all-in-one" green flame retardant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun Hwan Jeong
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuk Heo
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jin Woong Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Min Jeong Kim
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Cheol Hyun Park
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Jung Heon Lee
- School of Advanced Materials Science and Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Biomedical Institute for Convergence at SKKU (BICS), Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
- Research Center for Advanced Materials Technology, Sungkyunkwan University (SKKU), Suwon 16419, South Korea
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31
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Chmiel-Szukiewicz E. Hardly Flammable Polyurethane Foams with 1,3-Pyrimidine Ring and Boron Atoms. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1603. [PMID: 34065704 PMCID: PMC8156847 DOI: 10.3390/polym13101603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents the results of research related to the determination of application possibilities of new oligoetherols with 1,3-pyrimidine rings and boron atoms in rigid polyurethane foam production. Oligoetherols were obtained from 1,3-bis(2-hydroxyethyl)uracil, boric acid, and ethylene carbonate. Their structure was determined by instrumental methods (IR, 1H-NMR and MALDI-ToF spectra) and the physicochemical and thermal properties were examined. Obtained oligoetherols were used for synthesis of polyurethane foams. Some properties of the foams, such as apparent density, water uptake, dimensions stability, thermal stability, compression strength, thermal conductivity, oxygen index, and horizontal burning were investigated. The introduction of boron atoms into the foam structure reduced their flammability, but unfortunately it had a negative effect on the water absorption of the obtained materials-the water absorption was higher compared to the boron-free foams. The obtained foams showed good thermal stability compared to classic, rigid polyurethane foams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elżbieta Chmiel-Szukiewicz
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Rzeszow University of Technology, al. Powstańców Warszawy 6, 35-959 Rzeszów, Poland
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32
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Kamedulski P, Lukaszewicz JP, Witczak L, Szroeder P, Ziolkowski P. The Importance of Structural Factors for the Electrochemical Performance of Graphene/Carbon Nanotube/Melamine Powders towards the Catalytic Activity of Oxygen Reduction Reaction. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:2448. [PMID: 34065055 PMCID: PMC8125890 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we show the carbonization of binary composites consisting of graphene nanoplatelets and melamine (GNP/MM), multi-walled carbon nanotubes and melamine (CNT/MM) and trinary composites containing GNP, CNT, and MM. Additionally, the manuscript presents results on the influence of structural factors for the electrochemical performance of carbon composites on their catalytic activity. This study contributes to the wide search and design of novel hybrid carbon composites for electrochemical applications. We demonstrate that intensive nitrogen atom insertion is not the governing factor since hybrid system modifications and porous structure sometimes play a more crucial role in the tailoring of electrochemical properties of the carbon hybrids seen as a noble metal-free alternative to traditional electrode materials. Additionally, HRTEM and Raman spectra study allowed for the evaluation of the quality of the obtained hybrid materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Kamedulski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
| | - Jerzy P. Lukaszewicz
- Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Gagarina 7, 87-100 Toruń, Poland;
- Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, Wileńska 4, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Lukasz Witczak
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (L.W.); (P.S.)
| | - Pawel Szroeder
- Institute of Physics, Kazimierz Wielki University, Powstańców Wielkopolskich 2, 85-090 Bydgoszcz, Poland; (L.W.); (P.S.)
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33
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Wang H, Wang L, Zhang S, Zhang W, Li J, Han Y. Mussel‐inspired polymer materials derived from nonphytogenic and phytogenic catechol derivatives and their applications. POLYM INT 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hanzhang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Liuliu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Shifeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Jianzhang Li
- Key Laboratory of Wood‐Based Materials Science and Utilization Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Wood Science and Engineering Beijing Forestry University Beijing China
| | - Yanming Han
- Research Institute of Forestry New Technology, Chinese Academy of Forestry Beijing China
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34
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Xu J, Wu Y, Zhang B, Zhang G. Synthesis and synergistic flame‐retardant effects of rigid polyurethane foams used reactive
DOPO
‐based polyols combination with expandable graphite. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.50223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jingshui Xu
- Shantou Guangyou‐Malion New Materials Research Institute Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming China
| | - Yuqiang Wu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering Fujian Normal University Fuzhou China
| | - Bangling Zhang
- Shantou Guangyou‐Malion New Materials Research Institute Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology Maoming China
| | - Guoliang Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering Tianjin University of Technology and Education Tianjin China
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35
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Preparation and characterization of melamine-led nitrogen-doped carbon blacks at different pyrolysis temperatures. J SOLID STATE CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jssc.2021.121972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Peck G, Jones N, McKenna ST, Glockling JLD, Harbottle J, Stec AA, Hull TR. Smoke toxicity of rainscreen façades. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 403:123694. [PMID: 32835994 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The toxic smoke production of four rainscreen façade systems were compared during large-scale fire performance testing on a reduced height BS 8414 test wall. Systems comprising 'non-combustible' aluminium composite material (ACM) with polyisocyanurate (PIR), phenolic foam (PF) and stone wool (SW) insulation, and polyethylene-filled ACM with PIR insulation were tested. Smoke toxicity was measured by sampling gases at two points - the exhaust duct of the main test room and an additional 'kitchen vent', which connects the rainscreen cavity to an occupied area. Although the toxicity of the smoke was similar for the three insulation products with non-combustible ACM, the toxicity of the smoke flowing from the burning cavity through the kitchen vent was greater by factors of 40 and 17 for PIR and PF insulation respectively, when compared to SW. Occupants sheltering in a room connected to the vent are predicted to collapse, and then inhale a lethal concentration of asphyxiant gases. This is the first report quantifying fire conditions within the cavity and assessing smoke toxicity within a rainscreen façade cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Peck
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Nicola Jones
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Sean T McKenna
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Jim L D Glockling
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - John Harbottle
- Fire Protection Association, London Road, Moreton in Marsh, Gloucestershire, GL56 0RH, UK
| | - Anna A Stec
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK
| | - T Richard Hull
- Centre for Fire and Hazard Science, University of Central Lancashire, Preston, PR1 2HE, UK.
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37
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Guo F, Zhan Y, Jia X, Zhou H, Liang S, Qian L. Fabrication of nitrogen-doped hierarchical porous carbons from Sargassum as advanced electrode materials for supercapacitors. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj02970c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The as-synthesized N0.67@SAC showed a large specific surface area of 2928.78 m2 g−1 and high capacitance of 481 F g−1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feiqiang Guo
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Yinbo Zhan
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Xiaopeng Jia
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Huiming Zhou
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liang
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
| | - Lin Qian
- School of Electrical and Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, 221116 Xuzhou, China
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38
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Use of a Mixture of Polyols Based on Metasilicic Acid and Recycled PLA for Synthesis of Rigid Polyurethane Foams Susceptible to Biodegradation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 22:ijms22010069. [PMID: 33374754 PMCID: PMC7795053 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22010069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two polyol raw materials were obtained in the conducted research, one based on metasilicic acid (MSA), the other based on poly(lactic acid) (PLA) waste. The obtained polyols were characterized in terms of their applicability for the production of rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs). Their basic analytical properties (hydroxyl number, acid number, elemental analysis) and physicochemical properties (density, viscosity) were determined. The assumed chemical structure of the obtained new compounds was confirmed by performing FTIR and 1H NMR spectroscopic tests. Formulations for the synthesis of RPUFs were developed on the basis of the obtained research results. A mixture of polyols based on MSA and PLA in a weight ratio of 1:1 was used as the polyol component in the polyurethane formulation. The reference foam in these tests was a foam that was synthesized only on the basis of MSA-polyol. The obtained RPUFs were tested for basic functional properties (apparent density, compressive strength, water absorption, thermal conductivity coefficient etc.). Susceptibility to biodegradation in soil environment was also tested. It was found that the use of mixture of polyols based on MSA and PLA positively affected the properties of the obtained foam. The polyurethane foam based on this polyol mixture showed good thermal resistance and significantly reduced flammability in comparison with the foam based MSA-polyol. Moreover, it showed higher compressive strength, lower thermal conductivity and biodegradability in soil. The results of the conducted tests confirmed that the new foam was characterized by very good performance properties. In addition, this research provides information on new waste management opportunities and fits into the doctrine of sustainable resource management offered by the circular economy.
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39
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Gomez-Lopez A, Grignard B, Calvo I, Detrembleur C, Sardon H. Synergetic Effect of Dopamine and Alkoxysilanes in Sustainable Non-Isocyanate Polyurethane Adhesives. Macromol Rapid Commun 2020; 42:e2000538. [PMID: 33244816 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202000538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The preparation of non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs) by polyaddition of (poly)cyclic carbonates to (poly)amines represents one of the most optimistic alternatives for replacing conventional polyurethanes prepared by the toxic isocyanate chemistry. However, the limited reactivity of conventional five membered cyclic carbonates even in the presence of catalysts restricts their industrial implementation. One way to mitigate this lack of reactivity is to combine with other chemistries to create hybrid-NIPUs with superior performance. In this article the combination of the adhesive promoter, dopamine, and the fast-curing promoter, an aminopropyl trimethoxysilane, is found to create a synergetic effect on the rheological and adhesive properties of NIPUs. After demonstrating the importance of adjusting soft/hard ratios to obtain lap-shear strength adhesion values up to 21 MPa on stainless steel, these values are retained when adding dopamine and silane compounds. Importantly, the adhesive properties of NIPU are preserved at high temperature (T > 200 °C) for optimal compositions. Finally, adhesion tests on various substrates (polyamide, high density polyethylene, poly(methyl methacrylate), oak wood, and aluminum) show best performances on polar substrates confirming the strong interactions of hydroxyl groups of NIPU and dopamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Gomez-Lopez
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San, Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Bruno Grignard
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building B6A, Agora Square, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Iñigo Calvo
- ORIBAY Group Automotive S.L. R&D Department, Portuetxe bidea 18, Donostia-San, Sebastián, 20018, Spain
| | - Christophe Detrembleur
- Center for Education and Research on Macromolecules (CERM), CESAM Research Unit, University of Liège, allée du 6 août, Building B6A, Agora Square, Liège, 4000, Belgium
| | - Haritz Sardon
- POLYMAT and Polymer Science and Technology Department, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 3, Donostia-San, Sebastián, 20018, Spain
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40
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Kim JS, Song JE, Lim D, Ahn H, Jeong W. Flame-Retardant Mechanism and Mechanical Properties of Wet-Spun Poly(acrylonitrile- co-vinylidene chloride) Fibers with Antimony Trioxide and Zinc Hydroxystannate. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E2442. [PMID: 33105755 PMCID: PMC7690618 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To produce flame retardant poly(acrylonitrile-co-vinylidene chloride) (PANVDC) fibers with limiting oxygen index (LOI) values above 28%, flame retardants are added to fibers. Because antimony trioxide (ATO) used widely for PANVDC is suspected as a carcinogen, non-toxic zinc hydroxystannate (ZHS) could be the alternative for reduction of ATO usage. Moreover, a flame retardant efficiency of the combination of ATO with ZHS could be expected because it was reported that ATO resists flame in the gas phase, whereas ZHS reacts in the condensed phase. Therefore, this study discussed the flame retardant mechanisms of ATO and ZHS in PANVDC, and evaluated the efficiency of the combination. PANVDC fibers with ATO and ZHS in 15 phr were produced by wet spinning. When ZHS was added, a more cyclized structure was detected (e.g., 1-methylnaphthalene) through pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (Py-GC/MS). As a result of SEM-EDX analysis, Sb and Cl hardly remained in char layers of PANVDC-ATO; meanwhile, Zn, Sn, and Cl remained in that of PANVDC-ZHS. This implied that SbCl3 from reaction of ATO and HCl reacts in the gas phase, whereas ZnCl2 and SnCl2 from ZHS and HCl promotes the cyclization reaction of PANVDC in the condensed phase. The LOI values of PANVDC, PANVDC-ATO, and PANVDC-ZHS were 26.4%, 29.0%, and 33.5%, respectively. This suggests that ZHS is a highly effective for PANVDC. Meanwhile, the LOI of PANVDC containing ATO-ZHS mixture is 31.0%. The combination of ATO and ZHS exhibited no efficiency. The addition of ATO and ZHS slightly reduced the tenacities of the fibers, respectively, 3.11 and 3.75 from 4.42 g/den.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Su Kim
- Human Convergence Technology R&D Department, KITECH, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.S.K.); (J.E.S.); (D.L.)
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Ji Eun Song
- Human Convergence Technology R&D Department, KITECH, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.S.K.); (J.E.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Daeyoung Lim
- Human Convergence Technology R&D Department, KITECH, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.S.K.); (J.E.S.); (D.L.)
| | - Heejoon Ahn
- Department of Organic and Nano Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea;
| | - Wonyoung Jeong
- Human Convergence Technology R&D Department, KITECH, Ansan 15588, Korea; (J.S.K.); (J.E.S.); (D.L.)
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41
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Cheng H, Luo H, Hu Y, Tao S. Release kinetics as a key linkage between the occurrence of flame retardants in microplastics and their risk to the environment and ecosystem: A critical review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116253. [PMID: 32768659 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The widely occurring debris of plastic materials, particularly microplastics, can be an important source of flame retardants, which are one of the main groups of chemicals added in the production of plastics from polymers. This review provides an overview on the use of flame retardants in plastic manufacturing, the kinetics of their releases from microplastics, the factors affecting their releases, and the potential environmental and ecosystem risk of the released flame retardants. The releases of flame retardants from microplastics typically involve three major steps: internal diffusion, mass transfer across the plastic-medium boundary layer, and diffusion in the environmental medium, while the overall mass transfer rate is commonly controlled by diffusion within the plastic matrix. The overall release rates of additive flame retardants from microplastics, which are dependent on the particle's geometry, can often be described by the Fick's Law. The physicochemical properties of flame retardant and plastic matrix, and ambient temperature all affect the release rate, which can be predicted with empirical and semi-empirical models. Weathering of microplastics, which reduces their particle sizes and likely disrupts their polymeric structures, can greatly accelerate the releases of flame retardants. Flame retardants could also be released directly from the microplastics ingested by aquatic organisms and seabirds, with physical and chemical digestion in the bodies significantly enhancing their release rates. Limited by the extremely slow diffusion in plastic matrices, the fluxes of flame retardants released from microplastics are very low, and are unlikely to pose significant risk to the ecosystem in general. More research is needed to characterize the mechanical, chemical, and biological processes that degrade microplastics and accelerate the releases of flame retardants and to model their release kinetics from microplastics, while efforts should also be made to develop environmentally benign flame retardants to ultimately minimize their risk to the environment and ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hefa Cheng
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Hang Luo
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yuanan Hu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Groundwater Circulation and EvolutioSchool of Water Resources and Environment, China University of Geosciences (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Shu Tao
- MOE Key Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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42
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Chuang C, Wu C, Wu K, Sheen H. Flame retardancy of water‐based intumescent coatings with etherified melamine–formaldehyde and polyvinyl acetate copolymer hybrid resin. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chih‐Shen Chuang
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Chieh‐Ying Wu
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Kuang‐Chong Wu
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Horn‐Jiunn Sheen
- Institute of Applied MechanicsNational Taiwan University Taipei Taiwan
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43
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Naureen B, Haseeb ASMA, Basirun WJ, Muhamad F. Recent advances in tissue engineering scaffolds based on polyurethane and modified polyurethane. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2020; 118:111228. [PMID: 33254956 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2020.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Organ repair, regeneration, and transplantation are constantly in demand due to various acute, chronic, congenital, and infectious diseases. Apart from traditional remedies, tissue engineering (TE) is among the most effective methods for the repair of damaged tissues via merging the cells, growth factors, and scaffolds. With regards to TE scaffold fabrication technology, polyurethane (PU), a high-performance medical grade synthetic polymer and bioactive material has gained significant attention. PU possesses exclusive biocompatibility, biodegradability, and modifiable chemical, mechanical and thermal properties, owing to its unique structure-properties relationship. During the past few decades, PU TE scaffold bioactive properties have been incorporated or enhanced with biodegradable, electroactive, surface-functionalised, ayurvedic products, ceramics, glass, growth factors, metals, and natural polymers, resulting in the formation of modified polyurethanes (MPUs). This review focuses on the recent advances of PU/MPU scaffolds, especially on the biomedical applications in soft and hard tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. The scientific issues with regards to the PU/MPU scaffolds, such as biodegradation, electroactivity, surface functionalisation, and incorporation of active moieties are also highlighted along with some suggestions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bushra Naureen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - A S M A Haseeb
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - W J Basirun
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia; Institute of Nanotechnology and catalyst (NANOCAT), University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Farina Muhamad
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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44
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Nabipour H, Wang X, Song L, Hu Y. A fully bio-based coating made from alginate, chitosan and hydroxyapatite for protecting flexible polyurethane foam from fire. Carbohydr Polym 2020; 246:116641. [PMID: 32747276 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2020.116641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study reports the successful synthesis of the flame-retardant and smoke-suppressant flexible polyurethane foam (FPUF) through a fully bio-based coating. Hydroxyapatite (HAP) is added to the solutions containing sodium alginate (SA) and chitosan (CH), respectively, to create negative and positive polyelectrolytes for Layer-by-Layer (LbL) assembly. The influence of the solution concentrations and bilayers numbers deposited on the flame-retardant and mechanical properties of FPUF samples is investigated systematically. Benefitting from the presence of such a fully bio-based coating, the resultant FPUF affords excellent smoke-suppressant and flame-retardant features. In particular, the FPUF coated by 9 bilayers of HAP-SA/HAP-CH exhibits significantly declined peak heat release rate, total release rate and smoke production release by 77.7 %, 56.5 % and 53.8 %, respectively. The compression test verifies the coated FPUFs exhibit lower recovery properties compared with the uncoated one. These results demonstrate that a green and cost-effective strategy is provided for producing flame-retardant, anti-dripping and smoke-suppressant FPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafezeh Nabipour
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, PR China.
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45
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Hadavand BS, Jouyandeh M, Paran SMR, Khalili R, Vahabi H, Bafghi HF, Laoutid F, Vijayan PP, Saeb MR. Silane‐functionalized
Al
2
O
3
‐modified polyurethane powder coatings: Nonisothermal degradation kinetics and mechanistic insights. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Maryam Jouyandeh
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | | | - Reza Khalili
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | - Henri Vahabi
- Université de Lorraine, CentraleSupélec, LMOPS, F‐57000 Metz France
- Laboratoire Matériaux Optiques, Photoniques et Systèmes, CentraleSupélecUniversité Paris‐Saclay Metz France
| | | | - Fouad Laoutid
- Laboratory of Polymeric & Composite MaterialsMateria Nova Research Center Mons Belgium
| | | | - Mohammad Reza Saeb
- Department of Resin and AdditivesInstitute for Color Science and Technology Tehran Iran
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46
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Zhu H, Xu S. Preparation of Flame-Retardant Rigid Polyurethane Foams by Combining Modified Melamine-Formaldehyde Resin and Phosphorus Flame Retardants. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:9658-9667. [PMID: 32391451 PMCID: PMC7203688 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this work, ethylene glycol-modified melamine-formaldehyde resin (EMF) was synthesized from ethylene glycol, paraformaldehyde, and melamine, and then rigid polyurethane foams (RPUFs) were prepared using EMF, polyols and polyisocyanate. The effects of ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP) on the flame retardancy, mechanical properties, thermal stability, and morphology of the prepared RPUFs were studied. It is shown that the flame-retardant performance of EMF-filled RPUFs can be enhanced by the addition of APP and DMMP. Thus, APP and DMMP can synergistically improve the flame retardancy of RPUFs. APP has good smoke suppression, while DMMP can increase the total smoke production and CO/CO2 weight ratio during the combustion of RPUFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Zhu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Shiai Xu
- Shanghai
Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, Key Laboratory for
Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, School of Materials
Science and Engineering, East China University
of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- School
of Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University, Xining 810016, China
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47
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Polyurethane/Silane-Functionalized ZrO2 Nanocomposite Powder Coatings: Thermal Degradation Kinetics. COATINGS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings10040413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A polyurethane (PU)-based powder coating reinforced with vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS)-functionalized ZrO2 nanoparticles (V-ZrO2) for thermal stability was developed. Chemical structure, microstructure and thermal degradation kinetics of the prepared coatings were investigated. The peak of aliphatic C–H vibrating bond in the Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrum of V-ZrO2 was a signature of VTMS attachment. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images reveled that, by increase of V-ZrO2 content from 0.1 to 0.3 wt.% and then 0.5 wt.%, some agglomerations of nanoparticles are formed in the PU matrix. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the PU/V-ZrO2 powder coatings was performed at different heating rates nonisothermally to capture alteration of activation energy (Ea) of degradation of PU/V-ZrO2 powder coatings as a function of partial mass loss by using Friedman, Kissinger–Akahira-Sunose (KAS), Ozawa–Wall–Flynn (FWO) and modified Coats–Redfern isoconversional approaches. It was observed that by addition of 1 wt.% V-ZrO2 to PU resin the early state degradation temperature at 5% weight loss increased about 65 °C, suggesting a physical barrier effect limiting the volatility of free radicals and decomposition products. Incorporation of 5 wt.% ZrO2 led to about 16% and 10% increase in Ea and LnA of blank PU, respectively, which was indicative of higher thermal resistance of nanocomposite powder coatings against thermal degradation. There was also obvious agreement between model outputs and experimental data. The results reveal that nanocomposite coating shows superior thermal properties compared to neat PU powder coatings, and the presence of nano ZrO2 in sufficient amount causes retardation of the thermal decomposition process.
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48
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Pattamaprom C, Wu CH, Chen PH, Huang YL, Ranganathan P, Rwei SP, Chuan FS. Solvent-Free One-Shot Synthesis of Thermoplastic Polyurethane Based on Bio-Poly(1,3-propylene succinate) Glycol with Temperature-Sensitive Shape Memory Behavior. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:4058-4066. [PMID: 32149233 PMCID: PMC7057693 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a new family of fully biobased thermoplastic polyurethanes (TPUs) with thermo-induced shape memory is developed. First, a series of TPUs were successfully synthesized by the one-shot solvent-free bulk polymerization of bio-poly(1,3-propylene succinate) glycol (PPS) with various molecular weights (M n = 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000), 1,4-butanediol (BDO), and 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI). These polyurethanes (PUs) are denoted as PPS-x-TPUs (x = 1000, 2000, 3000, and 4000), where x represents the M n of PPS in the polymers. To determine the effect of the molecular weight of the soft segment of PU, all PPS-TPUs were formed with the same hard segment content (32.5 wt %). The soft segment with high molecular weight in PPS-4000-TPU caused a high degree of soft segment entanglement and formed many secondary bonds. PPS-4000-TPU exhibited better mechanical (tensile strength: 64.13 MPa and hardness: 90A) and thermomechanical properties (maximum loading: 2.95 MPa and maximum strain: 144%) than PPS-1000-TPU. At an appropriate shape memory programming temperature, all synthesized PPS-x-TPUs exhibited excellent shape memory behaviors with a fixed shape rate of >99% and a shape recovery rate of >86% in the first round and 95% in the following rounds. Therefore, these bio-TPUs with shape memory have potential for use in smart fabrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cattaleeya Pattamaprom
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Faculty Engineering, Thammasat University, Bangkok 10200, Thailand
| | - Chien-Hui Wu
- Institute
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
and Development Center for Smart Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Institute
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Lin Huang
- Institute
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Palraj Ranganathan
- Institute
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
and Development Center for Smart Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Syang-Peng Rwei
- Institute
of Organic and Polymeric Materials, National
Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
- Research
and Development Center for Smart Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fu-Sheng Chuan
- Research
and Development Center for Smart Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan, ROC
- Department
of Fashion and Design, Lee Ming Institute
of Technology, New Taipei City 243, Taiwan, ROC
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49
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Yuan Y, Wang W, Shi Y, Song L, Ma C, Hu Y. The influence of highly dispersed Cu 2O-anchored MoS 2 hybrids on reducing smoke toxicity and fire hazards for rigid polyurethane foam. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 382:121028. [PMID: 31473517 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The extensive utilization of rigid polyurethane foam (RPUF) as construction insulation material has brought two main troubles to our society: fire risks and toxic hazards. To reduce the fire hazards of RPUF, a layered MoS2 decorated with Cu2O nanoparticles was creativity obtained by hydrothermal technology and facile wet chemical treatment for reducing the toxic product formations of polyurethane nanocomposites during combustion. Due to the low weight ratio of Cu2O attached onto MoS2, the resulting Cu2O-MoS2 hybrid effectively prevented the MoS2 nanosheets from restacking. However, the Cu2O-MoS2-M hybrid was produced by increasing content of Cu2O, which has the characteristic stacked layer structure of MoS2. Reduced harmful organic volatiles and the toxic gases (e.g. a respective decrease of ca. 28% and 53% for CO and NOx products) were obtained because of synergistic effect between the physical adsorption of MoS2 and catalysis action of Cu2O. Notably, the addition of Cu2O-MoS2 hybrids led to high char formation of the RPUF nanocomposite, indicating the effectively catalytic carbonization property. In addition, the N-Gas model for predicting fire smoke toxicity was developed and demonstrated. Furthermore, the research offers direct proofs of the negative influence of the stacked MoS2 on reducing the smoke toxicity for RPUF nanocomposites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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50
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Yuan Y, Shi Y, Yu B, Zhan J, Zhang Y, Song L, Ma C, Hu Y. Facile synthesis of aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) submicro-particles with enhanced flame retardance and smoke toxicity suppression for epoxy resin composites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 381:121233. [PMID: 31557714 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A novel and submicro-scale aluminum branched oligo(phenylphosphonate) (AHPP) has been successfully synthesized and embedded into a polymeric substrate to improve the fire safety of epoxy resin (EP). The chemical structures of intermediates and target products were characterized using the nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared analysis. Morphology analysis confirmed that all of the as-synthesized AHPP submicro-particles are mutually well-separated. Combustion results demonstrated that the limiting oxygen index value is increased to 30.5% from 23.5% while the PHRR and THR are decreased by ca. 68.1% and 41.2%, respectively for the EP/AHPP-7.5 composite compared to the corresponding values for pure EP. In addition, the binary blends display the satisfying smoke toxicity suppression performance during combustion. The total smoke production and the total CO yield for EP/AHPP-7.5 are dramatically reduced by 62.0% and 32.3%, respectively, which may mainly be ascribed to the catalytic carbonization performance of the polymers and formation of Al2O3 layers on the surface of the char residues. As a result, the findings in this study enabled the submicro-scale phosphorus-containing flame retardant to be a potential candidate as an efficient additive for reducing smoke toxicity of polymer composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Yuan
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Applications, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xiamen University of Technology, Xiamen 361024, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yongqian Shi
- College of Environment and Resources, Fuzhou University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bin Yu
- Centre for Future Materials, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, QLD 4350, Australia
| | - Jing Zhan
- School of Civil Engineering and Environmental Engineering, Anhui Xinhua University, Hefei, Anhui, 230088, PR China
| | - Yan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Chao Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China.
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