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Kaur G, Rani R, Raina J, Singh I. Recent Advancements and Future Prospects in NBD-Based Fluorescent Chemosensors: Design Strategy, Sensing Mechanism, and Biological Applications. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2024:1-41. [PMID: 38593050 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2024.2337869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of Supramolecular Chemistry has witnessed tremendous progress owing to the development of versatile optical sensors for the detection of harmful biological analytes. Nitrobenzoxadiazole (NBD) is one such scaffold that has been exploited as fluorescent probes for selective recognition of harmful analytes and their optical imaging in various cell lines including HeLa, PC3, A549, SMMC-7721, MDA-MB-231, HepG2, MFC-7, etc. The NBD-derived molecular probes are majorly synthesized from the chloro derivative of NBD via nucleophilic aromatic substitution. This general NBD moiety ligation method to nucleophiles has been leveraged to develop various derivatives for sensing analytes. NBD-derived probes are extensively used as optical sensors because of remarkable properties like excellent stability, large Stoke's shift, high efficiency and stability, visible excitation, easy use, low cost, and high quantum yield. This article reviewed NBD-based probes for the years 2017-2023 according to the sensing of analyte(s), including cations, anions, thiols, and small molecules like hydrogen sulfide. The sensing mechanism, designing of the probe, plausible binding mechanism, and biological application of chemosensors are summarized. The real-time application of optical sensors has been discussed by various methods, such as paper strips, molecular logic gates, smartphone detection, development of test kits, etc. This article will update the researchers with the in vivo and in vitro biological applicability of NBD-based molecular probes and challenges the research fraternity to design, propose, and develop better chemosensors in the future possessing commercial utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gurdeep Kaur
- School of Chemical Engineering and Physical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Richa Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India
| | - Jeevika Raina
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Iqubal Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
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Kaur P, Singh K. Analyte Detection: A Decade of Progress in the Development of Optical/Fluorescent Sensing Probes. CHEM REC 2023; 23:e202200184. [PMID: 36180394 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202200184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The development of selective and sensitive chemical sensors capable of detecting metal ions, anions, neutral species, explosives and hazardous substances, selectively and sensitively has attracted considerable interest of various research groups. The presence of such analytes within the permissible limits is often beneficial, but the excess amounts may lead to lethal effects to both the environment as well as the living organisms. Owing to the toxicity of the heavy metal ions, toxic anions and nitro-aromatics which are main constituents of explosives, the timely detection of these materials is most desirable to ensure safety and security of the mankind. In this personal account, we present several classes of molecular sensors that were specifically designed in our lab during the past decade for detecting several species in solutions, solid state as well as biological media. Modulation of the optical properties in response to the presence of guest species, led to selective and sensitive detection protocols, and was supported by the theoretical studies wherever possible. We have also extended the application of some of these probes for the on-site detection of analytes by developing the paper strips, glass slides and even the wool and cotton fabrics loaded with probes. One such development represents detection of palladium in human urine and blood samples collected from clinical samples. Additionally, the sensing events in some cases have successfully been reproduced in the live cancer cells. Based on the ease and cost-effective synthesis of the molecular probes, we hope that this account shall provide significant information to researchers in understanding the structure dependent sensing capabilities of the molecular probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paramjit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-, 143 005, India
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Centre of Advanced Study, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar-, 143 005, India
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Mishra S, Kumar Singh A. Real time sensor for Fe 3+, Al 3+, Cu 2+ & PPi through quadruple mechanistic pathways using a novel dipodal quinoline-based molecular probe. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 270:120832. [PMID: 35065423 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A quinoline-based small molecular probe, H2L was designed, synthesized and characterized by different spectroscopic methods. It was utilized as a multi-responsive probe for the detection of Fe3+, Al3+, Cu2+ and PPi. It showed very selective instant turn-on fluorimetric response towards Fe3+and Al3+ with a detection limit in nanomolar range. Solutions of H2L containing Fe3+ or Al3+ could sequentially sense PPi by a turn-off mechanism. Also, H2L could determine the presence of Cu2+ very selectively among a series of other metal ions by a sharp change in colour. Detection of Cu2+ through colorimetry was further investigated by systematic UV-Vis studies and the potential of H2L to act as a potential colorimetric sensor for Cu2+ was suitably established. Filter-paper strip experiments were conducted to demonstrate the practical utility of the proposed sensor. Potential applications of H2L as a sensor for pH in the acidic range has also been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sagarika Mishra
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India
| | - Akhilesh Kumar Singh
- School of Basic Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, Bhubaneswar, 752050, India.
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4
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BOPPY-based novel fluorescent dopamine D2 and D3 receptor ligands. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2022; 59:128573. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2022.128573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Revised: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Krishnan U, Iyer SK. A Pyrazolo Imine-based Colorimetric and Turn-on Fluorescent Sensor Probe for Determination of Hg 2+ Ion and its Application in Test Paper Strips. Photochem Photobiol 2021; 98:843-855. [PMID: 34634146 DOI: 10.1111/php.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we synthesized diethylamino substituted pyrazolo imine (3) fluorescent probe for recognition of Hg2+ ion.The sensor probe 3 can detect Hg2+ by colorimetric method, and there is a 10-fold enhancement in fluorescence response. When the fluorescent probe bound with Hg2+ ion, turn-on fluorescence was observed via the coordination. Probe 3 has an excellent selectivity toward Hg2+ in the CH3 CN/H2 O (8:2, v/v) solution with low limit of detection and high binding association constant of 551 parts per billion (ppb) and 6.6067 × 106 m-1 for 3+Hg2+ , respectively. Furthermore, the formation of 3+Hg2+ complex with 1:1 binding mode was evidenced by Job's plot, 1 H NMR spectroscopy and Mass analysis. In addition, probe 3 is a feasible option to detect Hg2+ in various sources of water samples. Bio-imaging experiments have demonstrated that probe 3 can be used to monitor Hg2+ in Escherichia coli bacterial cell. The sensor 3 was also used for paper strip application to detect Hg2+ ion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Krishnan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
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Devkota S, Kim S, Yoo SY, Mohandoss S, Baik MH, Lee YR. Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective direct C4- and C5-diamidation of indoles and mechanistic studies. Chem Sci 2021; 12:11427-11437. [PMID: 34567497 PMCID: PMC8409494 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc02138a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective direct diamidation of 3-carbonylindoles at the C4- and C5-positions using various dioxazolones is described. This novel protocol allows for the effective installation of two amide groups on the benzene ring in indole. A remarkably broad substrate scope, excellent functional group tolerance, and mild reaction conditions are notable features of this protocol. Further explorations reveal that benzo[b]thiophene-3-carboxaldehyde is a viable substrate and affords its corresponding diamidation products. The diamido indoles are further converted into various functionalized products and used as sensors for metal ion detection. Density functional theory studies are also conducted to propose a reaction mechanism and provide a detailed understanding of the regioselectivity observed in the reaction. Ruthenium(ii)-catalyzed regioselective C4-/C5-diamidation of 3-carbonylindoles is described and a DFT study is conducted to understand the observed regioselectivity and the mechanism.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreedhar Devkota
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Suyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Yeol Yoo
- Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea .,Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Sonaimuthu Mohandoss
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
| | - Mu-Hyun Baik
- Center for Catalytic Hydrocarbon Functionalizations, Institute for Basic Science (IBS) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea.,Department of Chemistry, Korea Advanced Institute of Technology (KAIST) Daejeon 34141 Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University Gyeongsan 38541 Republic of Korea
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Meazza M, Cruz CM, Ortuño AM, Cuerva JM, Crovetto L, Rios R. Studying the reactivity of alkyl substituted BODIPYs: first enantioselective addition of BODIPY to MBH carbonates. Chem Sci 2021; 12:4503-4508. [PMID: 34163715 PMCID: PMC8179495 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc06574a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The first enantioselective addition of alkyl BODIPYs to Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates is reported. This is the first reported enantioselective methodology using the methylene position of BODIPYs as a nucleophile. The reaction is efficiently catalyzed by cinchona alkaloids, achieving high enantioselectivities and total diastereoselectivity. The use of cinchona alkaloid pseudo enantiomers (chinine/cinchonine) allows us to obtain both pairs of enantiomers in similar yields and enantioselectivities, a common issue in this type of reaction. The photophysical study of these dyes (absorption and fluorescence) has been performed in order to determine their parameters and explore future possible application in bioimaging. In addition, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) studies supported by time-dependent density functional theory (TD-DFT) calculations were also performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Meazza
- Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
| | - Carlos M Cruz
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a la Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada Campus Fuentenueva 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Ana M Ortuño
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a la Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada Campus Fuentenueva 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Juan M Cuerva
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a la Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada Campus Fuentenueva 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Luis Crovetto
- Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Facultad de Farmacia, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a la Biomedicina y Medioambiente (UEQ), Universidad de Granada Campus Cartuja 18071 Granada Spain
| | - Ramon Rios
- Faculty of Engineering & Physical Sciences, University of Southampton Highfield Campus Southampton SO17 1BJ UK
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Li C, Xiao L, Zhang Q, Cheng X. Reaction-based highly selective and sensitive monomer/polymer probes with Schiff base groups for the detection of Hg 2+ and Fe 3+ ions. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 243:118763. [PMID: 32827909 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.118763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
It is urgent and important to detect heavy metals in environments. In this work, novel reaction-based fluorescent probes were obtained by Schiff base reaction. The probes with Schiff base moiety (-C=N-) undergo irreversible hydrolysis in the presence of Hg2+ and Fe3+. They exhibit perfect high selectivity and sensitivity to Hg2+and Fe3+ ions. Upon the addition of Hg2+and Fe3+, fluorescence intensity of the probes increased notably. And the color of the probe changes from brown to bright green under UV light, which can realize "naked eye" detection. In addition, Schiff base group was introduced into polyurethane chain through condensation polymerization reaction. As expected, the fluorescent polyurethane probe (P2) maintained the detection performance of its original small molecules (BSD). Even more P2 showed a more sensitive detection effect than BSD, and the detection limits of P2 for Hg2+ and Fe3+ reach 0.19 μM and 0.21 μM, respectively. It indicates that Reaction-based probes could be a useful tool for the detection of Hg2+ and Fe3+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunqing Li
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Li Xiao
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Qinyu Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China
| | - Xinjian Cheng
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan Institute of Technology, Wuhan 430073, China.
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9
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10
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Wang H, Yao S, Liu Q, Wang K, Yu H, Zhu X, Kong L, Zhou H. Theoretical exploration for recognition mechanism of two similar coumarin-based probes on Hg2+ and Cu2+. J Mol Struct 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2019.126870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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11
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Ozcan E, Kazan HH, Çoşut B. Recent chemo-/biosensor and bioimaging studies based on indole-decorated BODIPYs. LUMINESCENCE 2019; 35:168-177. [PMID: 31709693 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BODIPY is an important fluorophores due to its enhanced photophysical and chemical properties including outstanding thermal/photochemical stability, intense absorption/emission profiles, high photoluminescence quantum yield, and small Stokes' shifts. In addition to BODIPY, indole and its derivatives have recently gained attention because of their structural properties and particularly biological importance, therefore these molecules have been widely used in sensing and biosensing applications. Here, we focus on recent studies that reported the incorporation of indole-based BODIPY molecules as reporter molecules in sensing systems. We highlight the rationale for developing such systems and evaluate detection limits of the developed sensing platforms. Furthermore, we also review the application of indole-based BODIPY molecules in bioimaging studies. This article includes the evaluation of indole-based BODIPYs from synthesis to characterization and a comparison of the advantages and disadvantages of developed reporter systems, making it instructive for researchers in various disciplines for the design and development of similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emrah Ozcan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Hasan Huseyin Kazan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Middle East Technical University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bunyemin Çoşut
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Gebze Technical University, Kocaeli, Turkey
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12
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Virk TS, Kaur P, Singh K. Selective and reversible recognition of Hg 2+ ions by Tetrathia[22]porphyrin(2.1.2.1). SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 205:534-539. [PMID: 30075433 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2018.07.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Interestingly, neutral tetrathia[22]porphyrin(2.1.2.1) (TTP) acts as an efficient chemosensor for the detection of Hg2+ ions at ppb concentration. Consequent to binding the molecular plane of TTP bends and it has been supported by the DFT calculations. A rise in levelling off tail is observed in the electronic absorption spectrum in the presence of Hg2+ ions, which is suggestive of metal induced macrocyclic self-assembly and is further substantiated by the SEM, TEM and particle size measurement studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarunpreet Singh Virk
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India
| | - Paramjit Kaur
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
| | - Kamaljit Singh
- Department of Chemistry, UGC-Centre of Advanced Study-II, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar 143005, India.
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13
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Joshi S, Kumari S, Sarmah A, Pant DD, Sakhuja R. Detection of Hg2+ ions in aqueous medium using an indole-based fluorescent probe: Experimental and theoretical investigations. J Mol Liq 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.10.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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14
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Li J, Han S. A tricorn-rhodamine fluorescent chemosensor for detection of Co 2+ ions. LUMINESCENCE 2017; 32:1448-1455. [PMID: 28590051 DOI: 10.1002/bio.3344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Revised: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel chemosensor TrisRh based on tris(2-aminoethyl)amine and rhodamine 6G is designed and synthesized as a fluorescence turn-on probe for Co2+ ions that is paramagnetic with a property of quenching fluorescence. Rhodamine spirolactam forms are nonfluorescent, whereas, ring-opening of corresponding spirocyclic induced by Co2+ results in strong fluorescence emission. Upon the addition of Co2+ ions, TrisRh can display significant enhancements in absorbance and fluorescence intensity as well as evident colorific transformation, which can be perceived by the naked eye. The association stoichiometry of TrisRh to Co2+ ions was inferred to be 1:1 through Job's plot and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis. The binding model was speculated from Fourier transform infrared spectra and 1 H-nuclear magnetic resonance technologies. Significantly, the limit of detection was determined to be as low as 1.22 nmol. Furthermore, TrisRh can exhibit robust anti-jamming ability against other interference metal ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhua Han
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry Ministry of Education, Shandong University, Jinan, People's Republic of China
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15
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Verbelen B, Valckenborgh M, Inclán M, Nebot A, Dehaen W, García-España E. Efficient two-step synthesis of water soluble BODIPY–TREN chemosensors for copper(ii) ions. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra27299a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Two promising, highly selective, water soluble, Cu(ii) sensors were synthesized in two reaction steps, using C–H functionalization reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bram Verbelen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Marlon Valckenborgh
- Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Mario Inclán
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Aida Nebot
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
| | - Wim Dehaen
- Molecular Design and Synthesis
- Department of Chemistry
- KU Leuven
- 3001 Leuven
- Belgium
| | - Enrique García-España
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular
- Departamento de Química Inorgánica
- Universidad de Valencia
- 46980 Paterna
- Spain
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16
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Gao X, Wu W, Xi J, Zheng H. Manipulation of monomer-aggregate transformation of a heptamethine cyanine ligand: near infrared chromogenic recognition of Hg 2+. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra03517a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel near infrared optical molecular probe (CyL) derived from heptamethine cyanine dye was developed for the selective detection of Hg2+ over other metal ions in aqueous solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Gao
- School of Public Health
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- PR China
| | - Weidong Wu
- School of Public Health
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- PR China
| | - Jinyan Xi
- School of Public Health
- Xinxiang Medical University
- Xinxiang
- PR China
| | - Hong Zheng
- Department of Chemistry
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Xiamen University
- Xiamen
- PR China
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