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de Veras BO, Moura GMDM, Barros AVD, Vanusa da Silva M, Assis PACD, Aguiar JCRDOFD, Navarro DMDAF, Ximenes RM, Wanderley AG, Oliveira MBMD, Lopes ACDS. Antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of essential oil of the leaves of Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith. from the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2023; 317:116858. [PMID: 37400005 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.116858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Amburana cearensis (Allemão) A.C. Smith is a medicinal plant with wide distribution in South America, popularly known in Brazil as "cumaru" or "amburana de cheiro". In folk medicine, in the semi-arid region of Northeastern Brazil, infusions, teas and decoctions of leaves of Amburana cearensis have their practical use for treating fever, gastrointestinal disorders, inflammation, and inflammation pain. However, none of the ethnopharmacological properties has been scientifically evaluated using volatile compounds obtained from its leaves (essential oil). AIM OF THE STUDY This study investigated the chemical composition, acute oral toxicity, and antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the essential oil from the leaves of A. cearensis. MATERIAL AND METHODS The acute toxicity of the essential oil was investigated in mice. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the formalin test and, abdominal writhing induced by acetic acid, being investigated the possible mechanisms of action involved in antinociception. The acute anti-inflammatory effect was investigated through models of carrageenan-induced peritonitis, yeast-induced pyrexia, and carrageenan- and histamine-induced paw inflammation. RESULTS No acute toxicity was observed at doses up to 2000 mg/kg; p.o. The antinociceptive effect was statistically equal to morphine. In the formalin assay, the oil showed analgesic activity in the neurogenic and inflammatory phases, having as mechanisms the cholinergic, adenosinergic system, and ATP-sensitive potassium channels (K-ATP). In peritonitis, a reduction in TNF-α and IL-1β levels and leukocyte migration were observed. The antipyretic effect was statistically superior to dipyrone. The reduction in paw edema was statistically superior to the standard in both models. CONCLUSION The results obtained not only support the traditional use of the species in inflammatory conditions and pain in folk medicine but also demonstrate that this is a rich source of phytocomponents such as germacrone, which can be used as a natural and sustainable therapeutic agent with industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Oliveira de Veras
- Post-graduation in Tropical Medicine, Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Post-graduation in Biotechnology - RENORBIO, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | - Geovanna Maria de Medeiros Moura
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory Chemistry and Function of Bioactive Proteins, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, 59078-970, Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil
| | - Amanda Vieira de Barros
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Márcia Vanusa da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Priscilla Anne Castro de Assis
- Department of Physiology and Pathology, Laboratory of Immunology and Cell Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, 58051-900, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil
| | | | | | - Rafael Matos Ximenes
- Post-graduation in Biotechnology - RENORBIO, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Almir Gonçalves Wanderley
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Environmental, Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, 09913-030, Diadema, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Betânia Melo de Oliveira
- Department of Biochemistry, Laboratory of Natural Products, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarina de Sousa Lopes
- Post-graduation in Tropical Medicine, Laboratory of Microbiology, Federal University of Pernambuco, 50670-420, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil
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Jansen‐van Vuuren RD, Vohra R. Synthesis of [
2
H
5
]baricitinib via [
2
H
5
]ethanesulfonyl chloride. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2022; 65:156-161. [PMID: 35277889 PMCID: PMC9313827 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Baricitinib, typically applied as a treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, has recently attracted the attention of clinicians and researchers as a potential treatment for COVID‐19. Naturally, there has been a need for the preparation of the isotope‐labelled analogue of baricitinib to probe the pharmacokinetics of baricitinib in this new role. As such, we have developed a simple synthetic route to deuterated [2H5]baricitinib, facilitating its formation over four steps and in a 29% overall yield based on starting [2H5]ethanethiol (19% if we start with [2H5]bromoethane instead). A critical component of the overall process involves the synthesis of [2H5]ethanesulfonyl chloride, and we describe in detail the two routes that were explored to optimize this step.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Jansen‐van Vuuren
- Department of Chemistry Queen’s University Kingston ON CANADA
- Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology University of Ljubljana Ljubljana CANADA
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Discovery of dronedarone and its analogues as NLRP3 inflammasome inhibitors with potent anti-inflammation activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 46:128160. [PMID: 34062252 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inhibiting NLRP3 inflammasome activation is a prospective therapeutic strategy for uncontrolled inflammatory diseases. It is the first time that dronedarone, a multiply ion channel blocker, was identified as a NLRP3-inflammasome inhibitor with an IC50 value of 6.84 μM against IL-1β release. A series of novel 5-amide benzofuran derivatives were designed and synthesized as NLRP3-inflammasome inhibitors. Compound 8c showed slightly increased activity (IC50 = 3.85 μM) against IL-1β release. Notably, treatment with 8c could significantly inhibit NLRP3-mediated IL-1β release and ameliorate peritoneal inflammation in a mouse model of sepsis. Collectively, 8c is a promising lead compound for further chemical development as a NLRP3 inhibitor with anti-inflammation effects.
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Li J, Ye L, Wang Y, Liu Y, Jin X, Li M. 1'-methylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine] Derivatives: Design, Synthesis, Molecular Docking and Anti-tumor Activity Studies. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180817999201117150714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:
Spirocyclic indoline compounds widely exist in numerous natural products
and synthetic molecules with significant biological activities. In recent years, these kinds of compounds
have attracted extensive attention as potent anti-tumor agents in the fields of pharmacology
and chemistry.
Objective:
In this study, we focused on designing and synthesizing novel 1'-methylspiro[indoline-
3,4'-piperidine] derivatives, which were evaluated by preliminary bioactivity experiment in vitro
and molecular docking.
Methods and Materials:
The key intermediate 1'-methylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine] (B4) reacted
with benzenesulfonyl chloride with different substituents under alkaline condition to obtain its derivatives
(B5-B10). We evaluated their antiproliferative activities against A549, BEL-7402 and HeLa
cell lines by MTT assay. We performed the CDOCKER module in Accelrys Discovery Studio 2.5.5
for molecular docking of compound B5, and investigated the binding modes of compound B5 with
three different target proteins.
Results:
The results indicated that compounds B4-B10 exhibited good antiproliferative activities
against the above three types of cell lines, in which compound B5 with chloride atom as electronwithdrawing
substituent on a phenyl ring showed the highest potency against BEL-7402 cell lines
(IC50=30.03±0.43 μg/mL). The results of molecular docking showed that the binding energies of the
prominent bioactive compound B5 with CDK, c-Met, and EGFR protein crystals are -44.3583
kcal/mol, -38.3292 kcal/mol, -33.3653 kcal/mol, respectively.
Conclusion:
1'-methylspiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine] and its six derivatives were synthesized and
evaluated against BEL-7402, A 549, and Hela cell lines. Compound B5 showed significant inhibition
on BEL-7402 cell lines. Molecular docking assays revealed that B5 as a ligand showed strong
affinity and appropriate binding pose on the amino acid residues in active sites of the tested targets,
which encourage us to conduct further evaluation such as the kinase experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjian Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
| | - Lianbao Ye
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
| | - Ying Liu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
| | - Xiaobao Jin
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
| | - Ming Li
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Bioactive Substances, School of Life Sciences and Biopharmaceutics, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Guangzhou,China
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Umeoguaju FU, Ephraim-Emmanuel BC, Patrick-Iwuanyanwu KC, Zelikoff JT, Orisakwe OE. Plant-Derived Food Grade Substances (PDFGS) Active Against Respiratory Viruses: A Systematic Review of Non-clinical Studies. Front Nutr 2021; 8:606782. [PMID: 33634160 PMCID: PMC7900554 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.606782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human diet comprises several classes of phytochemicals some of which are potentially active against human pathogenic viruses. This study examined available evidence that identifies existing food plants or constituents of edible foods that have been reported to inhibit viral pathogenesis of the human respiratory tract. SCOPUS and PUBMED databases were searched with keywords designed to retrieve articles that investigated the effect of plant-derived food grade substances (PDFGS) on the activities of human pathogenic viruses. Eligible studies for this review were those done on viruses that infect the human respiratory tract. Forty six (46) studies met the specified inclusion criteria from the initial 5,734 hits. The selected studies investigated the effects of different PDFGS on the infectivity, proliferation and cytotoxicity of different respiratory viruses including influenza A virus (IAV), influenza B virus (IBV), Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), human parainfluenza virus (hPIV), Human coronavirus NL63 (HCoV-NL63), and rhinovirus (RV) in cell lines and mouse models. This review reveals that PDFGS inhibits different stages of the pathological pathways of respiratory viruses including cell entry, replication, viral release and viral-induced dysregulation of cellular homeostasis and functions. These alterations eventually lead to the reduction of virus titer, viral-induced cellular damages and improved survival of host cells. Major food constituents active against respiratory viruses include flavonoids, phenolic acids, tannins, lectins, vitamin D, curcumin, and plant glycosides such as glycyrrhizin, acteoside, geniposide, and iridoid glycosides. Herbal teas such as guava tea, green and black tea, adlay tea, cistanche tea, kuding tea, licorice extracts, and edible bird nest extracts were also effective against respiratory viruses in vitro. The authors of this review recommend an increased consumption of foods rich in these PDFGS including legumes, fruits (e.g berries, citrus), tea, fatty fish and curcumin amongst human populations with high prevalence of respiratory viral infections in order to prevent, manage and/or reduce the severity of respiratory virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francis U. Umeoguaju
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Benson C. Ephraim-Emmanuel
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Dental Health Sciences, Ogbia, Bayelsa State College of Health Technology, Otakeme, Nigeria
| | - Kingsley C. Patrick-Iwuanyanwu
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
| | - Judith T. Zelikoff
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Orish Ebere Orisakwe
- World Bank Africa Centre of Excellence in Public Health and Toxicological Research (ACE-PUTOR), University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria
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Zárybnický T, Matoušková P, Skálová L, Boušová I. The Hepatotoxicity of Alantolactone and Germacrone: Their Influence on Cholesterol and Lipid Metabolism in Differentiated HepaRG Cells. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061720. [PMID: 32521813 PMCID: PMC7353089 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The sesquiterpenes alantolactone (ATL) and germacrone (GER) are potential anticancer agents of natural origin. Their toxicity and biological activity have been evaluated using the differentiated HepaRG (dHepaRG) cells, a hepatocyte-like model. The half-maximal inhibitory concentrations of cell viability after 24-h treatment of dHepaRG cells are approximately 60 µM for ATL and 250 µM for GER. However, both sesquiterpenes induce reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in non-toxic concentrations and significantly dysregulate the mRNA expression of several functional markers of mature hepatocytes. They similarly decrease the protein level of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and their transcription target, intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1). Based on the results of a BATMAN-TCM analysis, the effects of sesquiterpenes on cholesterol and lipid metabolism were studied. Sesquiterpene-mediated dysregulation of both cholesterol and lipid metabolism was observed, during which these compounds influenced the protein expression of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR) and sterol regulatory element-binding protein 2 (SREBP-2), as well as the mRNA expression of HMGCR, CYP19A1, PLIN2, FASN, SCD, ACACB, and GPAM genes. In conclusion, the two sesquiterpenes caused ROS induction at non-toxic concentrations and alterations in cholesterol and lipid metabolism at slightly toxic and toxic concentrations, suggesting a risk of liver damage if administered to humans.
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Germacrone protects against oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion injury by inhibiting autophagy processes in PC12 cells. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:77. [PMID: 32145743 PMCID: PMC7076837 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-020-2865-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Germacrone is an anti-inflammatory ingredient in the Chinese medicine zedoary turmeric. The purpose of this study was to explore the protective mechanism of germacrone against PC12 cells injury caused by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R). METHODS OGD/R injury model of PC12 cells was established by using OGD/R (2 h/24 h). The cell viability was assessed by MTT assay and LDH release. The ultrastructure of cells was observed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The expression of autophagy related proteins in cells was determined by Western Blot. RESULTS The results of ultrastructural observation showed that PC12 cells damaged by OGD/R showed typical autophagy characteristics. In addition, OGD/R observably up-regulated the expression of autophagy related proteins: the class III type phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K III), light chain 3(LC3), and Beclin-1 in PC12 cells, and inhibited the expression of the class I type phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K I), Protein kinase B (Akt), the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), and B-cell lymphoma 2(Bcl-2) proteins. Furthermore, germacrone increased the cell viability of OGD/R-damaged PC12 cells by down-regulating the expression of LC3 protein in cells in a concentration-dependent manner. More importantly, germacrone significantly inhibited the expression of PI3K III, LC3, and Beclin-1 in OGD/R-injured PC12 cells, and up-regulated the expressionof PI3K I, Akt, mTOR, and Bcl-2 proteins in cells, and this inhibited or up-regulated effect was reversed by PI3K I inhibitor (ZSTK474). CONCLUSION The above results indicated that germacrone could inhibit the autophagy effect in OGD/R injury model of PC12 cells, the mechanism of inhibition was regulated by PI3K III/Beclin-1/Bcl-2 and PI3K I/Akt/mTOR pathways, thereby improving the cell viability of PC12 cells and playing a neuroprotective role, which provided a new drug for the treatment of OGD/R.
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Germacrone exerts anti-cancer effects on gastric cancer through induction of cell cycle arrest and promotion of apoptosis. BMC Complement Med Ther 2020; 20:21. [PMID: 32020876 PMCID: PMC7076853 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-019-2810-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Germacrone is one of the natural bioactive compounds found in Rhizoma curcuma essential oils. In this study, the potential anti-cancer effect of germacrone in gastric cancer cell line BGC823 was investigated. Methods The cell viability and proliferative activity were assessed, and cell cycle analysis was also performed. Hoechst 33258 and Annexin V/PI double staining was used for detection of cell apoptosis. Protein profiles of cell cycle-related and apoptosis-related proteins were assessed. Results MTT assay revealed that germacrone had marked cytotoxicity on BGC823 cells. Germacrone induced cell cycle arrest in the G2/M phase via remarkably decreased expression levels of cyclin B1, cdc 2 and cdc 25c. In addition, the treatment with germacrone induced caspase-3 activity and PARP cleavage. These findings demonstrated the effects of germacrone on inhibiting cell proliferation through induction of G2/M phase cell cycle arrest and promotion of cell apoptosis. It also indicated that germacrone functioned through modulations of cell cycle-associated protein expression and mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Conclusion These findings will be valuable as the molecular basis for the germacrone-mediated anti-cancer effect against gastric cancer.
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Nair A, Amalraj A, Jacob J, Kunnumakkara AB, Gopi S. Non-Curcuminoids from Turmeric and Their Potential in Cancer Therapy and Anticancer Drug Delivery Formulations. Biomolecules 2019; 9:biom9010013. [PMID: 30609771 PMCID: PMC6358877 DOI: 10.3390/biom9010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades curcuminoids have been extensively studied for their biological activities such as antiulcer, antifibrotic, antiviral, antibacterial, antiprotozoal, antimutagenic, antifertility, antidiabetic, anticoagulant, antivenom, antioxidant, antihypotensive, antihypocholesteremic, and anticancer activities. With the perception of limited toxicity and cost, these compounds forms an integral part of cancer research and is well established as a potential anticancer agent. However, only few studies have focused on the other bioactive molecules of turmeric, known as non-curcuminoids, which are also equally potent as curcuminoids. This review aims to explore the comprehensive potency including the identification, physicochemical properties, and anticancer mechanism inclusive of molecular docking studies of non-curcuminoids such as turmerones, elemene, furanodiene (FN), bisacurone, germacrone, calebin A (CA), curdione, and cyclocurcumin. An insight into the clinical studies of these curcumin-free compounds are also discussed which provides ample evidence that favors the therapeutic potential of these compounds. Like curcuminoids, limited solubility and bioavailability are the most fragile domain, which circumscribe further applications of these compounds. Thus, this review credits the encapsulation of non-curcuminoid components in diverse drug delivery systems such as co-crystals, solid lipid nanoparticles, liposomes, microspheres, polar-non-polar sandwich (PNS) technology, which help abolish their shortcomings and flaunt their ostentatious benefits as anticancer activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhila Nair
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Augustine Amalraj
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Joby Jacob
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Guwahati 781 039, India.
| | - Sreeraj Gopi
- R&D Centre, Aurea Biolabs (P) Ltd., Kolenchery, Cochin, Kerala 682311, India.
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Feng Y, Teng X, Gu J, Yu B, Luo Y, Ye L. Novel anti-cancer agents: design, synthesis, biological activity, molecular docking, and MD simulations of 2, 3, 4, 5-tetrahydro-1H-pyrido-[4,3-b]indole derivatives. Med Chem Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-018-2271-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Parikh PK, Ghate MD. Recent advances in the discovery of small molecule c-Met Kinase inhibitors. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1103-1138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.08.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2017] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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