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Pinc J, Školáková A, Hybášek V, Msallamová Š, Veřtát P, Ashcheulov P, Vondráček M, Duchoň J, McCarroll I, Hývl M, Banerjee S, Drahokoupil J, Kubásek J, Vojtěch D, Čapek J. A detailed mechanism of degradation behaviour of biodegradable as-ECAPed Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr with emphasis on localized corrosion attack. Bioact Mater 2023; 27:447-460. [PMID: 37168023 PMCID: PMC10164781 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, advanced techniques such as atom probe tomography, atomic force microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy were used to determine the corrosion mechanism of the as-ECAPed Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy. The influence of microstructural and surface features on the corrosion mechanism was investigated. Despite its significance, the surface composition before exposure is often neglected by the scientific community. The analyses revealed the formation of thin ZnO, MgO, and MgCO3 layers on the surface of the material before exposure. These layers participated in the formation of corrosion products, leading to the predominant occurrence of hydrozincite. In addition, the layers possessed different resistance to the environment, resulting in localized corrosion attacks. The segregation of Mg on the Zn grain boundaries with lower potential compared with the Zn-matrix was revealed by atom probe tomography and atomic force microscopy. The degradation process was initiated by the activity of micro-galvanic cells, specifically Zn - Mg2Zn11/SrZn13. This process led to the activity of the crevice corrosion mechanism and subsequent attack to a depth of 250 μm. The corrosion rate of the alloy determined by the weight loss method was 0.36 mm·a-1. Based on this detailed study, the degradation mechanism of the Zn-0.8Mg-0.2Sr alloy is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Pinc
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author.
| | - Andrea Školáková
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hybášek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Šárka Msallamová
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Veřtát
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Ashcheulov
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Vondráček
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Duchoň
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Ingrid McCarroll
- Max-Planck-Institut Für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matěj Hývl
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Swarnendu Banerjee
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Drahokoupil
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kubásek
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Dalibor Vojtěch
- University of Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of Metals and Corrosion Engineering, Technická 5, 166 28, Praha 6 – Dejvice, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Čapek
- Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Na Slovance 1999/2, Prague 8, 182 21, Czech Republic
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Panaghie C, Zegan G, Sodor A, Cimpoeșu N, Lohan NM, Istrate B, Roman AM, Ioanid N. Analysis of Degradation Products of Biodegradable ZnMgY Alloy. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:3092. [PMID: 37109928 PMCID: PMC10146815 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradable metallic materials are increasingly gaining ground in medical applications. Zn-based alloys show a degradation rate between those recorded for Mg-based materials with the fastest degradation rate and Fe-based materials with the slowest degradation rate. From the perspective of medical complications, it is essential to understand the size and nature of the degradation products developed from biodegradable materials, as well as the stage at which these residues are eliminated from the body. This paper presents investigations conducted on the corrosion/degradation products of an experimental material (ZnMgY alloy in cast and homogenized state) after immersion tests in three physiological solutions (Dulbecco's, Ringer's and simulated body fluid (SBF)). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to highlight the macroscopic and microscopic aspects of corrosion products and their effects on the surface. An X-ray energy dispersive detector (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provided general information about the compounds based on their non-metallic character. The pH of the electrolyte solution was recorded for 72 h during immersion. The pH variation of the solution confirmed the main reactions proposed for the corrosion of ZnMg. The agglomerations of corrosion products were on the micrometer scale, mainly oxides, hydroxides and carbonates or phosphates. The corrosion effects on the surface were homogeneously spread, with a tendency to connect and form cracks or larger corrosion zones, transforming the pitting corrosion pattern into a generalized one. It was noticed that the alloy's microstructure strongly influences the corrosion characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cătălin Panaghie
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Georgeta Zegan
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alina Sodor
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicanor Cimpoeșu
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta-Monica Lohan
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Istrate
- Faculty of Mechanics, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Ana-Maria Roman
- Faculty of Materials Science and Engineering, “Gh. Asachi” Technical University from Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicoleta Ioanid
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
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Su Y, Fu J, Zhou J, Georgas E, Du S, Qin YX, Wang Y, Zheng Y, Zhu D. Blending with transition metals improves bioresorbable zinc as better medical implants. Bioact Mater 2023; 20:243-258. [PMID: 35702610 PMCID: PMC9166432 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a new class of bioresorbable metal that has potential for cardiovascular stent material, orthopedic implants, wound closure devices, etc. However, pure Zn is not ideal for these applications due to its low mechanical strength and localized degradation behavior. Alloying is the most common/effective way to overcome this limitation. Still, the choice of alloying element is crucial to ensure the resulting alloy possesses sufficient mechanical strength, suitable degradation rate, and acceptable biocompatibility. Hereby, we proposed to blend selective transition metals (i.e., vanadium-V, chromium-Cr, and zirconium-Zr) to improve Zn's properties. These selected transition metals have similar properties to Zn and thus are beneficial for the metallurgy process and mechanical property. Furthermore, the biosafety of these elements is of less concern as they all have been used as regulatory approved medical implants or a component of an implant such as Ti6Al4V, CoCr, or Zr-based dental implants. Our study showed the first evidence that blending with transition metals V, Cr, or Zr can improve Zn's properties as bioresorbable medical implants. In addition, three in vivo implantation models were explored in rats: subcutaneous, aorta, and femoral implantations, to target the potential clinical applications of bioresorbable Zn implants. Tensile strength and elongation of Zn alloys can reach over 220 MPa and 30%, respectively. Three in vivo implantation models to investigate and compare biodegradations behavior at different locations of the body. Zn–Zr and Zn–V alloys can induce pro-regenerative inflammation responses in aortas. All Zn alloys can promote osteointegration in femur.
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Mota J, Bravo C, Santos C, Alves PC, Rijo P, Antunes AM, Grenho L, Helena Fernandes M, Alves MM, André V. Eco-friendly fabricated multibioactive Ca(II)-antibiotic coordination framework coating on zinc towards improved bone tissue regeneration. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2022; 221:113008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.113008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Zhao D, Han C, Peng B, Cheng T, Fan J, Yang L, Chen L, Wei Q. Corrosion fatigue behavior and anti-fatigue mechanisms of an additively manufactured biodegradable zinc-magnesium gyroid scaffold. Acta Biomater 2022; 153:614-629. [PMID: 36162767 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.09.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Additively manufactured biodegradable zinc (Zn) alloy scaffolds constitute an important branch in orthopedic implants because of their moderate degradation behavior and bone-mimicking mechanical properties. This work investigated the corrosion fatigue response of a zinc-magnesium (Zn-Mg) alloy gyroid scaffold fabricated via laser-powder-bed-fusion additive manufacturing at the first time. The high-cycle compression-compression fatigue testing of the printed Zn-Mg scaffold was conducted in simulated body fluid, showing its favorable fatigue strength, structural reliability, and anti-fatigue capability. The printed Zn-Mg scaffold obtained a 227% higher fatigue strength than that of the printed Zn scaffold but 17% lower strain accumulation at 106 cycles. The accumulative strain of the Zn-Mg scaffold at its fatigue strength was dominant by fatigue ratcheting, since the fatigue damage strain of the scaffold was approximately zero. The corrosion products (ZnO and Zn(OH)2) were conducive to the inhibition of fatigue ratcheting and fatigue damage. Dislocation pile-up and solid solution phases at the grain boundaries of the Zn-Mg scaffold could retard the spreading of the crack tip and impede excessive grain coarsening, improving its fatigue endurance limit. Notably, the printed Zn-Mg scaffold could dissipate the fatigue energy through moderate grain boundary migration, thus reducing its plastic deformation. These findings illuminated the anti-fatigue mechanisms related to microstructural features and corrosive environments and highlighted the promising prospects of additively manufactured Zn-Mg scaffolds in orthopedic applications. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: : Additive manufacturing (AM) of biodegradable metals shows unprecedented prospects for bone tissue regeneration medicine. The corrosion fatigue property is one of the key determinants in the performance of AM biodegradable scaffolds. In this study, a Zn-Mg gyroid scaffold was additively manufactured with admirable fatigue endurance limit and anti-fatigue capability. We reported that the corrosion fatigue performance was highly relevant to the microstructural features, validating that the grain boundary engineering strategy improved fatigue strength and inhibited crack penetration. Notably, moderate grain boundary migration could dissipate fatigue energy and reduce plastic deformation. Furthermore, corrosion products were conducive to impeding fatigue ratcheting and fatigue damage, indicating the promising potential of AM Zn-Mg scaffolds in treating load-bearing bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danlei Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Changjun Han
- School of Mechanical and Automotive Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Bo Peng
- State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Tan Cheng
- State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Junxiang Fan
- State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Lei Yang
- State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430010, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China; School of Stomatology, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
| | - Qingsong Wei
- State Key Lab of Materials Processing and Die & Mould Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China; Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Oral and Maxillofacial Development and Regeneration, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Ge Q, Liu X, Qiao A, Mu Y. Compressive Properties and Degradable Behavior of Biodegradable Porous Zinc Fabricated with the Protein Foaming Method. J Funct Biomater 2022; 13:jfb13030151. [PMID: 36135585 PMCID: PMC9501272 DOI: 10.3390/jfb13030151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A new protein foaming–consolidation method for preparing porous zinc was developed using three proteins (egg white protein (EWP), bovine bone collagen protein (BBCP), and fish bone collagen protein (FBCP)) as both consolidating and foaming agents. The preparation route utilized powder mixing and sintering processing, which could be divided into three steps: slurry preparation, low-temperature foaming, and high-temperature sintering. The morphological characteristics of the pore structures revealed that the porous zinc had an interconnected open-cell structure. Compared to the porous zinc prepared with EWP or BBCP, the porous zinc prepared with FBCP possessed the largest average pore size and the highest compressive properties. The porosity of the porous zinc increased with the stirring time, the content of protein and sucrose, and higher sintering temperatures. Moreover, a compression test and immersion test were performed to investigate the stress–strain behavior and corrosion properties of the resulting porous zinc. A fluctuated stress plateau could be found due to the brittle fracture of the porous cells. The porous zinc prepared with FBCP showed the highest compressive strength and elastic modulus. The corrosion rate of the porous zinc obtained through an immersion test in vitro using simulated bodily fluids on the thirty-second day was close to 0.02 mm/year. The corresponding corrosion mechanism of porous zinc was also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiqi Ge
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Xiaoqian Liu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
| | - Aike Qiao
- Faculty of Environment and Life, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongliang Mu
- School of Metallurgy, Northeastern University, Shenyang 110819, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-18802440693
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7
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Additive manufacturing of Zn-Mg alloy porous scaffolds with enhanced osseointegration: In vitro and in vivo studies. Acta Biomater 2022; 145:403-415. [PMID: 35381400 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2022.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Biodegradable metals (BM) and additive manufacturing (AM) are regarded revolutionary biomaterials and biofabrication technologies for bone repairing metal implants, the combination of both, namely AM of BM, is thus expected to solve the dual technical difficulties including "conventional medical metals are biologically inert and exist in the human body permanently" and "conventional manufacturing processes are inadequate to fabricate personalized implants of complicated structure". This work additively manufactured biodegradable Zn-Mg alloy porous scaffolds by laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF). By using the pre-alloyed Zn-xMg (x = 1, 2 and 5 wt.%) powder and the optimized processing conditions, high fusion quality with the relative density greater than 99.5% was confirmed for the L-PBF parts. The influence of Mg content on microstructure, mechanical properties, in vitro corrosion, cytocompatibility, in vivo degradation, biocompatibility and osteogenic effect was investigated. Fine α-Zn grains and precipitation phases including Mg2Zn11 and MgZn2 were observed in the Zn-xMg L-PBF parts. The hardness increased, and the strength increases firstly and then decreased with increasing the Mg content. The compressive strength and elastic modulus of Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds reached the highest as 40.9 ± 0.4 MPa and 1.17 ± 0.11 GPa, respectively, equivalent to those of cancellous bone. The corrosion rate and cell viability slightly rose with increasing the Mg content. Histological analysis after 6-week and 12-week implantation in rabbit femurs showed enhanced bone formation around the Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds compared with pure Zn counterparts. In summary, Zn-1Mg porous scaffolds produced by L-PBF presented promising results to fulfill customized requirements of biodegradable bone implants. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Additive manufacturing of biodegradable metal porous scaffolds is expected to solve the dual challenges from customized structures and bioactive function required for bone implants. It was the first to present a systematic in vitro and in vivo investigation into the compositions, microstructure, mechanical properties, biodegradation, biocompatibility and osteogenic effect of additively manufactured Zn-Mg alloy porous scaffolds. Reliable formation quality and performance evaluation was achieved by using the pre-alloyed Zn-xMg (x = 1, 2 and 5 wt.%) powder and the optimized laser powder bed fusion process. Although the Zn-1Mg scaffolds exhibited promising mechanical strength, biocompatibility, and osteogenic effect, their degradation rate needs to be further accelerated compared with the term of bone reconstruction.
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Fang H, Qi X, Zhou S, Yang S, Hang C, Tian Y, Wang C. High-Efficient Vacuum Ultraviolet-Ozone Assist-Deposited Polydopamine for Poly(lactic- co-glycolic acid)-Coated Pure Zn toward Biodegradable Cardiovascular Stent Applications. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:3536-3550. [PMID: 34941257 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c21567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc is a prospective metal for biodegradable cardiovascular stent applications, but the excessively released Zn2+ during degradation remains a huge challenge in biocompatibility. Considerable efforts have been made to develop a high-efficient surface modification method, while maintaining adhesion strength, mechanical support, and vascular compatibility. Biomimetic polydopamine (PDA) can adhere to Zn tightly, subsequently achieving robust chemical bonds with poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) coating. However, the deposition of PDA on Zn depends on the controlled conditions such as a sensitive pH and a long period of time. Herein, we introduce vacuum ultraviolet-ozone (VUV/O3) assist-deposition technology to accelerate the polymerization of PDA on pure Zn, which shortens the process to 40 min at a moderate pH of 8.5 and improves the deposition rate by 1-2 orders of magnitude under sufficient active oxygen species (ROS). Additionally, PLGA/PDA coating enhances the corrosion resistance, and their effective protection maintains the mechanical properties after long-term corrosion. Moreover, the controlled Zn2+ release contributes to the superior in vitro biocompatibility, which inhibits the hemolysis rate and smooth muscle cell (SMC) proliferation. The enhanced endothelial cell (EC) proliferation is promising to promote the re-endothelialization, avoiding in-stent restenosis and neointimal hyperplasia. Such modified Zn might be a viable candidate for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Xiaoyun Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shicheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Shuhan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chunjin Hang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Yanhong Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
| | - Chenxi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150001, China
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Yuan W, Xia D, Wu S, Zheng Y, Guan Z, Rau JV. A review on current research status of the surface modification of Zn-based biodegradable metals. Bioact Mater 2022; 7:192-216. [PMID: 34466727 PMCID: PMC8379348 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, zinc and its alloys have been proposed as promising candidates for biodegradable metals (BMs), owning to their preferable corrosion behavior and acceptable biocompatibility in cardiovascular, bone and gastrointestinal environments, together with Mg-based and Fe-based BMs. However, there is the desire for surface treatment for Zn-based BMs to better control their biodegradation behavior. Firstly, the implantation of some Zn-based BMs in cardiovascular environment exhibited intimal activation with mild inflammation. Secondly, for orthopedic applications, the biodegradation rates of Zn-based BMs are relatively slow, resulting in a long-term retention after fulfilling their mission. Meanwhile, excessive Zn2+ release during degradation will cause in vitro cytotoxicity and in vivo delayed osseointegration. In this review, we firstly summarized the current surface modification methods of Zn-based alloys for the industrial applications. Then we comprehensively summarized the recent progress of biomedical bulk Zn-based BMs as well as the corresponding surface modification strategies. Last but not least, the future perspectives towards the design of surface bio-functionalized coatings on Zn-based BMs for orthopedic and cardiovascular applications were also briefly proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Yuan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Dandan Xia
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Shuilin Wu
- School of Materials Science & Engineering, The Key Laboratory of Advanced Ceramics and Machining Technology by the Ministry of Education of China, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yufeng Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
- National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, National Medical Products Administration Key Laboratory for Dental Materials, Research Center of Engineering and Technology for Digital Dentistry, Ministry of Health, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Zhenpeng Guan
- Orthopedics Department, Peking University Shougang Hospital, No. 9 Jinyuanzhuang Rd, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100144, China
| | - Julietta V. Rau
- Istituto di Struttura della Materia, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (ISM-CNR), Via del Fosso del Cavaliere, 100-00133, Rome, Italy
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Institute of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical, Physical and Colloid Chemistry, Trubetskaya 8, build. 2, 119991, Moscow, Russia
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Zinc-nutrient element based alloys for absorbable wound closure devices fabrication: Current status, challenges, and future prospects. Biomaterials 2021; 280:121301. [PMID: 34922270 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2021.121301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The need for the development of load-bearing, absorbable wound closure devices is driving the research for novel materials that possess both good biodegradability and superior mechanical characteristics. Biodegradable metals (BMs), namely: magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), which are currently being investigated for absorbable vascular stent and orthopaedic implant applications, are slowly gaining research interest for the fabrication of wound closure devices. The current review presents an overview of the traditional and novel BM-based intracutaneous and transcutaneous wound closure devices, and identifies Zn as a promising substitute for the traditional materials used in the fabrication of absorbable load-bearing sutures, internal staples, and subcuticular staples. In order to further strengthen Zn to be used in highly stressed situations, nutrient elements (NEs), including calcium (Ca), Mg, Fe, and copper (Cu), are identified as promising alloying elements for the strengthening of Zn-based wound closure device material that simultaneously provide potential therapeutic benefit to the wound healing process during implant biodegradation process. The influence of NEs on the fundamental characteristics of biodegradable Zn are reviewed and critically assessed with regard to the mechanical properties and biodegradability requirements of different wound closure devices. The opportunities and challenges in the development of Zn-based wound closure device materials are presented to inspire future research on this rapidly growing field.
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Comparative Investigation on Corrosion Resistance of Stainless Steels Coated with Titanium Nitride, Nitrogen Titanium Carbide and Titanium-Diamond-like Carbon Films. COATINGS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings11121543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this study, the corrosion resistance of titanium nitride (TiN), nitrogen titanium carbide (TiCN) and titanium-diamond-like carbon (Ti-DLC) films deposited on 316L stainless steel (SS) were compared via differences in the surface and section-cross morphologies, open circuit potential tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and potentiometric tests. The corrosion resistance of the TiCN and Ti-DLC films significantly improved because of the titanium carbide (TiC) crystals that obstruct the corrosive species penetrating the as-deposited film in the electrolyte atmosphere. TiN exhibited the lowest corrosion resistance because of its low thickness and high volume of defects. The Ti-DLC film showed the lowest corrosion current density (approximately 4.577 μA/cm2) and thickness reduction (approximately 0.12 μm) in different electrolytes, particularly those with high Cl− and H+ concentrations, proving to be the most suitable corrosion protection material for 316L SS substrates.
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Improved mechanical, degradation, and biological performances of Zn–Fe alloys as bioresorbable implants. Bioact Mater 2021; 17:334-343. [PMID: 35386444 PMCID: PMC8965087 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) is a promising bioresorbable implant material with more moderate degradation rate compared to magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). However, the low mechanical strength and localized degradation behavior of pure Zn limit its clinical applications. Alloying is one of the most effective ways to overcome these limitations. After screening the alloying element candidates regarding their potentials for improvement on the degradation and biocompatibility, we proposed Fe as the alloying element for Zn, and investigated the in vitro and in vivo performances of these alloys in both subcutaneous and femoral tissues. Results showed that the uniformly distributed secondary phase in Zn–Fe alloys significantly improved the mechanical property and facilitated uniform degradation, which thus enhanced their biocompatibility, especially the Zn-0.4Fe alloy. Moreover, these Zn–Fe alloys showed outstanding antibacterial property. Taken together, Zn–Fe alloys could be promising candidates as bioresorbable medical implants for various cardiovascular, wound closure, and orthopedic applications. Zn-0.4Fe alloy significantly improved the mechanical strength and ductility. Zn-0.4Fe alloy showed a uniform degradation behavior. Subcutaneous and femoral implantations to compare in vivo performances. Zn-0.4Fe alloy showed superior hemocompatibility and in vivo osteointegration.
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García-Mintegui C, Córdoba LC, Buxadera-Palomero J, Marquina A, Jiménez-Piqué E, Ginebra MP, Cortina JL, Pegueroles M. Zn-Mg and Zn-Cu alloys for stenting applications: From nanoscale mechanical characterization to in vitro degradation and biocompatibility. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:4430-4446. [PMID: 34027233 PMCID: PMC8121665 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2021.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the recent decades, zinc (Zn) and its alloys have been drawing attention as promising candidates for bioresorbable cardiovascular stents due to its degradation rate more suitable than magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) alloys. However, its mechanical properties need to be improved in order to meet the criteria for vascular stents. This work investigates the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of Zn-Mg and Zn-Cu alloys in order to determine a proper alloy composition for optimal stent performance. Nanoindentation measurements are performed to characterize the mechanical properties at the nanoscale as a function of the Zn microstructure variations induced by alloying. The biodegradation mechanisms are discussed and correlated to microstructure, mechanical performance and bacterial/cell response. Addition of Mg or Cu alloying elements refined the microstructure of Zn and enhanced yield strength (YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) proportional to the volume fraction of secondary phases. Zn-1Mg showed the higher YS and UTS and better performance in terms of degradation stability in Hanks' solution. Zn-Cu alloys presented an antibacterial effect for S. aureus controlled by diffusion mechanisms and by contact. Biocompatibility was dependent on the degradation rate and the nature of the corrosion products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia García-Mintegui
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Resource Recovery and Environmental Management Group, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laura Catalina Córdoba
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Judit Buxadera-Palomero
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Marquina
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Jiménez-Piqué
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Structural Integrity, Micromechanics and Reliability of Materials Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria-Pau Ginebra
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC), 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Luis Cortina
- Resource Recovery and Environmental Management Group, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pegueroles
- Biomaterials, Biomechanics and Tissue Engineering Group, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technical University of Catalonia (UPC), Barcelona East School of Engineering (EEBE), 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Barcelona Research Center in Multiscale Science and Engineering, UPC, EEBE, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
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Md Yusop AH, Alsakkaf A, Noordin MA, Idris H, Nur H, Szali Januddi F. Degradation-triggered release from biodegradable metallic surfaces. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2021; 109:2184-2198. [PMID: 33983686 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.34866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This work is dedicated to the investigation of drug-release control by a direct effect of degradation from biodegradable metallic surfaces. Degradation behaviors characterized by surface morphology, immersion, and electrochemical techniques demonstrated that curcumin-coated zinc (c-Zn) had a higher degradation rate compared to curcumin-coated Fe (c-Fe). High anodic dissolution rate due to the higher degradation rate and widely extended groove-like degradation structure of c-Zn propelled a higher curcumin release. On the other hand, a slower curcumin release rate shown by c-Fe scaffolds is ascribed to its lower anodic dissolution and to its pitting degradation regime with relatively smaller pits. These findings illuminate the remarkable advantage of different degradation behaviors of degradable metallic surfaces in directly controlling the drug release without the need for external electrical stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Hakim Md Yusop
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmed Alsakkaf
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Azfar Noordin
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hasbullah Idris
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
| | - Hadi Nur
- Center for Sustainable Nanomaterials, Ibnu Sina Institute for Scientific and Industrial Research, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia.,Central Laboratory of Minerals and Advanced Materials, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, State University of Malang, Malang, Indonesia
| | - Fatihhi Szali Januddi
- Advanced Facilities Engineering Technology Research Cluster, Facilities Maintenance Engineering Section, Malaysian Institute of Industrial Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Johor Bahru, Johor, Malaysia
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Kabir H, Munir K, Wen C, Li Y. Recent research and progress of biodegradable zinc alloys and composites for biomedical applications: Biomechanical and biocorrosion perspectives. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:836-879. [PMID: 33024903 PMCID: PMC7530311 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodegradable metals (BMs) gradually degrade in vivo by releasing corrosion products once exposed to the physiological environment in the body. Complete dissolution of biodegradable implants assists tissue healing, with no implant residues in the surrounding tissues. In recent years, three classes of BMs have been extensively investigated, including magnesium (Mg)-based, iron (Fe)-based, and zinc (Zn)-based BMs. Among these three BMs, Mg-based materials have undergone the most clinical trials. However, Mg-based BMs generally exhibit faster degradation rates, which may not match the healing periods for bone tissue, whereas Fe-based BMs exhibit slower and less complete in vivo degradation. Zn-based BMs are now considered a new class of BMs due to their intermediate degradation rates, which fall between those of Mg-based BMs and Fe-based BMs, thus requiring extensive research to validate their suitability for biomedical applications. In the present study, recent research and development on Zn-based BMs are reviewed in conjunction with discussion of their advantages and limitations in relation to existing BMs. The underlying roles of alloy composition, microstructure, and processing technique on the mechanical and corrosion properties of Zn-based BMs are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humayun Kabir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Khurram Munir
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Cuie Wen
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
| | - Yuncang Li
- School of Engineering, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia
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16
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Tun KS, Padnuru Sripathy A, Tekumalla S, Gupta M. Development of Novel Lightweight Metastable Metal-(Metal + Ceramic) Composites Using a New Powder Metallurgy Approach. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E3283. [PMID: 32718023 PMCID: PMC7436037 DOI: 10.3390/ma13153283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, metal-(metal + ceramic) composites composed of biocompatible elements, magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), calcium (Ca) and manganese (Mn) were synthesized using a sinter-less powder metallurgy method. The composite has a composition of Mg49Zn49Ca1Mn1 (wt.%) in which the compositional ratio between Mg and Zn was chosen to be near eutectic Mg-Zn composition. The synthesis method was designed to avoid/minimize intermetallic formation by using processing temperatures lower than the Mg-Zn binary eutectic temperature (~ 340 °C). The synthesis process involved extrusion of green compacts at two different temperatures, 150 °C and 200 °C, without sintering. Extrusion was performed directly on the green compacts as well as on the compacts soaked at temperatures of 150 °C and 200 °C, respectively. Microstructure and mechanical properties of the materials synthesized under various processing conditions were investigated. Effect of extrusion temperature as well as soaking temperature on the materials' properties were also evaluated in details and different properties showed an optimum under different conditions. All the synthesized materials showed no evidence of intermetallic formation which was confirmed by SEM/EDS, XRD, and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) techniques. The study establishes development of unconventional metal-(metal + ceramic) eco-friendly composites and provides important insight into realizing certain properties without using sintering step thus to minimize the energy consumption of the process. The study also highlights the use of magnesium turnings (recyclability) to develop advanced materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khin Sandar Tun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (K.S.T.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Akshay Padnuru Sripathy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (K.S.T.); (A.P.S.)
| | - Sravya Tekumalla
- School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798, Singapore;
| | - Manoj Gupta
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 119077, Singapore; (K.S.T.); (A.P.S.)
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Mostaed E, Sikora-Jasinska M, Ardakani MS, Mostaed A, Reaney IM, Goldman J, Drelich JW. Towards revealing key factors in mechanical instability of bioabsorbable Zn-based alloys for intended vascular stenting. Acta Biomater 2020; 105:319-335. [PMID: 31982587 PMCID: PMC7294534 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2020.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Zn-based alloys are recognized as promising bioabsorbable materials for cardiovascular stents, due to their biocompatibility and favorable degradability as compared to Mg. However, both low strength and intrinsic mechanical instability arising from a strong strain rate sensitivity and strain softening behavior make development of Zn alloys challenging for stent applications. In this study, we developed binary Zn-4.0Ag and ternary Zn-4.0Ag-xMn (where x = 0.2-0.6wt%) alloys. An experimental methodology was designed by cold working followed by a thermal treatment on extruded alloys, through which the effects of the grain size and precipitates could be thoroughly investigated. Microstructural observations revealed a significant grain refinement during wire drawing, leading to an ultrafine-grained (UFG) structure with a size of 700 nm and 200 nm for the Zn-4.0Ag and Zn-4.0Ag-0.6Mn, respectively. Mn showed a powerful grain refining effect, as it promoted the dynamic recrystallization. Furthermore, cold working resulted in dynamic precipitation of AgZn3 particles, distributing throughout the Zn matrix. Such precipitates triggered mechanical degradation through an activation of Zn/AgZn3 boundary sliding, reducing the tensile strength by 74% and 57% for Zn-4.0Ag and Zn-4.0Ag-0.6Mn, respectively. The observed precipitation softening caused a strong strain rate sensitivity in cold drawn alloys. Short-time annealing significantly mitigated the mechanical instability by reducing the AgZn3 fraction. The ternary alloy wire showed superior microstructural stability relative to its Mn-free counterpart due to the pinning effect of Mn-rich particles on the grain boundaries. Eventually, a shift of the corrosion regime from localized to more uniform was observed after the heat treatment, mainly due to the dissolution of AgZn3 precipitates. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Owing to its promising biodegradability, zinc has been recognized as a potential biodegradable material for stenting applications. However, Zn's poor strength alongside intrinsic mechanical instability have propelled researchers to search for Zn alloys with improved mechanical properties. Although extensive researches have been conducted to satisfy the mentioned concerns, no Zn-based alloys with stabilized mechanical properties have yet been reported. In this work, the mechanical properties and stability of the Zn-Ag-based alloys were systematically evaluated as a function of microstructural features. We found that the microstructure design in Zn alloys can be used to find an effective strategy to not only improve the strength and suppress the mechanical instability but also to minimize any damage by augmenting the corrosion uniformity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Mostaed
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA.
| | - Malgorzata Sikora-Jasinska
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Morteza Shaker Ardakani
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Ali Mostaed
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK; Department of Materials, University of Oxford, 16 Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PH, UK
| | - Ian M Reaney
- Department of Engineering Materials, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S1 3JD, UK
| | - Jeremy Goldman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Jaroslaw W Drelich
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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Response of human periosteal cells to degradation products of zinc and its alloy. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2019; 108:110208. [PMID: 31924034 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2019.110208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 09/05/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn) and its alloys are proposed as promising resorbable materials for osteosynthesis implants. Detailed studies should be undertaken to clarify their properties in terms of degradability, biocompatibility and osteoinductivity. Degradation products of Zn alloys might affect directly adjacent cellular and tissue responses. Periosteal stem cells are responsible for participating in intramembranous ossification during fracture healing. The present study aims at examining possible effects emanating from Zn or Zn-4Ag (wt%) alloy degradation products on cell viability and osteogenic differentiation of a human immortalized cranial periosteal cell line (TAg cells). Therefore, a modified extraction method was used to investigate the degradation behavior of Zn and Zn-4Ag alloys under cell culture conditions. Compared with pure Zn, Zn-4Ag alloy showed almost fourfold higher degradation rates under cell culture conditions, while the associated degradation products had no adverse effects on cell viability. Osteogenic induction of TAg cells revealed that high concentration extracts significantly reduced calcium deposition of TAg cells, while low concentration extracts enhanced calcium deposition, indicating a dose-dependent effect of Zn ions. Our results give evidence that the observed cytotoxicity effects were determined by the released degradation products of Zn and Zn-4Ag alloys, rather than by degradation rates calculated by weight loss. Extracellular Zn ion concentration was found to modulate osteogenic differentiation of TAg cells. These findings provide significant implications and guidance for the development of Zn-based alloys with an optimized degradation behavior for Zn-based osteosynthesis implants.
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Hernández-Escobar D, Champagne S, Yilmazer H, Dikici B, Boehlert CJ, Hermawan H. Current status and perspectives of zinc-based absorbable alloys for biomedical applications. Acta Biomater 2019; 97:1-22. [PMID: 31351253 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.07.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Absorbable metals have the potential to serve as the next generation of temporary medical implant devices by safely dissolving in the human body upon vascular tissue healing and bone regeneration. Their implementation in the market could greatly reduce the need of costly and risky additional surgeries for either implant replacement or removal, often required in current permanent implants. Despite the extensive research done over the last two decades on magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe) based alloys, they have not generally shown a satisfactory combination of mechanical properties, biocompatibility and controlled degradation rate in the physiological environment. Consequently, zinc (Zn) based alloys were introduced in the last few years as alternative materials to overcome the limitations of Fe and Mg-based alloys. The blend of different alloying elements and processing conditions have led to a wide variety of Zn-based alloys having tunable mechanical properties and corrosion rates. This review provides the most recent progress in the development of absorbable Zn-based alloys for biomedical implant applications, primarily for cardiovascular and orthopedic devices. Their biocompatibility, processability and metallurgical aspects, as well as their mechanical behavior and corrosion properties are presented and discussed, including their opportunities, limitations and future research directions. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: Temporary orthopedic bioimplants have become increasingly popular as they offer an alternative to prevent complications, like infections or secondary surgeries, often related to the implantation of permanent devices. Iron and magnesium alloys were extensively studied as candidates for absorbable medical applications, but they generally failed to provide a desirable mechanical performance and corrosion characteristics in the physiological environment. Zinc was introduced in the last decade as a potential implant material after showing outstanding biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review summarizes the research advances to date and provides a thorough discussion of the future challenges of absorbable zinc alloys to satisfy the demanding clinical benchmarks for absorbable medical applications. Their biocompatibility, mechanical, and corrosion aspects, both in vitro and in vivo, are comprehensively reviewed and assessed accordingly.
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20
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Yang L, Guo P, Niu Z, Li F, Song Z, Xu C, Liu H, Sun W, Ren T. Influence of Mg on the mechanical properties and degradation performance of as-extruded Zn Mg Ca alloys: In vitro and in vivo behavior. J Mech Behav Biomed Mater 2019; 95:220-231. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmbbm.2019.04.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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21
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Venezuela J, Dargusch M. The influence of alloying and fabrication techniques on the mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of zinc: A comprehensive review. Acta Biomater 2019; 87:1-40. [PMID: 30660777 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Zinc has been identified as one of the most promising biodegradable metals along with magnesium and iron. Zinc appears to address some of the core engineering problems associated with magnesium and iron when applied to biomedical implant applications; hence the increase in the amount of research investigations on the metal in the last few years. In this review, the current state-of-the-art on biodegradable Zn, including recent developments, current opportunities and future directions of research are discussed. The discussions are presented with a specific focus on reviewing the relationships that exist between mechanical properties, biodegradability, and biocompatibility of zinc with alloying and fabrication techniques. This work hopes to guide future studies on biodegradable Zn that will help in advancing this field of research. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: (i) The review offers an up-to-date and comprehensive review of the influence of alloying and fabrication technique on mechanical properties, biodegradability and biocompatibility of Zn; (ii) the work cites the most relevant biodegradable Zn fabrication processes including additive manufacturing techniques; (iii) the review includes a listing of research gap and future research directions for the field of biodegradable Zn.
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Champagne S, Mostaed E, Safizadeh F, Ghali E, Vedani M, Hermawan H. In Vitro Degradation of Absorbable Zinc Alloys in Artificial Urine. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 12:E295. [PMID: 30669269 PMCID: PMC6356898 DOI: 10.3390/ma12020295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Absorbable metals have potential for making in-demand rigid temporary stents for the treatment of urinary tract obstruction, where polymers have reached their limits. In this work, in vitro degradation behavior of absorbable zinc alloys in artificial urine was studied using electrochemical methods and advanced surface characterization techniques with a comparison to a magnesium alloy. The results showed that pure zinc and its alloys (Zn⁻0.5Mg, Zn⁻1Mg, Zn⁻0.5Al) exhibited slower corrosion than pure magnesium and an Mg⁻2Zn⁻1Mn alloy. The corrosion layer was composed mostly of hydroxide, carbonate, and phosphate, without calcium content for the zinc group. Among all tested metals, the Zn⁻0.5Al alloy exhibited a uniform corrosion layer with low affinity with the ions in artificial urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Champagne
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Research Center of CHU de Québec, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada.
| | - Ehsan Mostaed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Fariba Safizadeh
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Edward Ghali
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
| | - Maurizio Vedani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Politecnico di Milano, Via La Masa 1, 20156 Milan, Italy.
| | - Hendra Hermawan
- Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, 1065 avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
- Research Center of CHU de Québec, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Québec, QC G1L 3L5, Canada.
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Wu Y, Zhou S, Zhao W, Ouyang L. Comparative corrosion resistance properties between (Cu, Ce)-DLC and Ti co-doped (Cu, Ce)/Ti-DLC films prepared via magnetron sputtering method. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.05.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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24
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Marques LM, Alves MM, Eugénio S, Salazar SB, Pedro N, Grenho L, Mira NP, Fernandes MH, Montemor MF. Potential anti-cancer and anti-Candida activity of Zn-derived foams. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:2821-2830. [PMID: 32254235 DOI: 10.1039/c7tb02726e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Zinc (Zn)-derived foams have been prepared from an alkaline electrolyte solution by galvanostatic electrodeposition under different conditions. A detailed physico-chemical characterization was performed by Raman spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A pioneer application of these foams in medical implant-related applications was investigated. The in vitro behaviour of these Zn-derived foams in simulated physiological conditions was studied. The results revealed that the presence of zinc oxide was important enough to change the in vitro behaviour of these materials. The potential of these Zn-derived foams in inhibiting bone cancer cell proliferation - osteoscarcoma cells - and important pathogenic fungi responsible for implant-related infections -Candida albicans- was examined. Furthermore, the foams were evaluated for cytocompatibility with normal human osteoblasts. The results obtained allowed us to conclude that Zn-derived foams have an interesting potential for anti-cancer and anti-Candida activity, targeted for bone-related implant applications, suggesting that this novel material may have potential for further clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Marques
- CQE, Instituto Superior Técnico, Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais, 1049-001, Lisboa, Portugal.
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