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Bansal D, Ghahramanzadehasl H, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Desport J, Frache G, Bengasi G, Boscher ND. Directly-Fused Ni(II)Porphyrin Conjugated Polymers with Blocked meso-Positions: Impact on Electrocatalytic Properties. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202400665. [PMID: 38629260 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202400665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The oxidative coupling reaction of two Ni(II) porphyrins meso-substituted with three and four phenyl groups, Ni(II) 5,10,15-(triphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh3P) and Ni(II) 5,10,15,20-(tetraphenyl)porphyrin (NiPh4P) respectively, was investigated in a oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) process. Irrespective of the number of meso-substituents, high-resolution mass spectrometry evidences the formation of oligomeric species containing up to five porphyrin units. UV-Vis-NIR and XPS analyses of the oCVD films highlighted a strong dependence of the intermolecular coupling reaction with the substrate temperature. Specifically, higher substrate temperatures yield lowering of valence band maxima and reduction of the band gap. The formation of conjugated polymeric assemblies results in increased conductivities as compared to their sublimed counterparts. Yet, electrocatalytic measurements exhibit water oxidation onset overpotentials (308 mV for pNiPh3P and 343 mV for pNiPh4P) comparatively higher than the onset overpotential measured for the oCVD film from Ni(II) 5,15-(diphenyl)porphyrin (pNiPh2P), i. e. 283 mV. Although DFT and comparative oCVD studies suggest the formation of directly fused porphyrins involving 'phenyl-mediated' and β-β linkages when reacting tetra-meso-substituted porphyrins, the present findings highlight that multiple direct fusion (β-β/meso-meso/β-β or meso-β/β-meso) is essential for Ni(II) porphyrin-based conjugated polymers to enable a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling operating mechanism for water oxidation at low overpotential and durable catalytic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Hadi Ghahramanzadehasl
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Jessica Desport
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Giuseppe Bengasi
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-Sur-Alzette, Luxembourg
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2
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Nishiori D, Menzel JP, Armada N, Reyes Cruz EA, Nannenga BL, Batista VS, Moore GF. Breaking a Molecular Scaling Relationship Using an Iron-Iron Fused Porphyrin Electrocatalyst for Oxygen Reduction. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:11622-11633. [PMID: 38639470 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
The design of efficient electrocatalysts is limited by scaling relationships governing trade-offs between thermodynamic and kinetic performance metrics. This ″iron law″ of electrocatalysis arises from synthetic design strategies, where structural alterations to a catalyst must balance nucleophilic versus electrophilic character. Efforts to circumvent this fundamental impasse have focused on bioinspired applications of extended coordination spheres and charged sites proximal to a catalytic center. Herein, we report evidence for breaking a molecular scaling relationship involving electrocatalysis of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) by leveraging ligand design. We achieve this using a binuclear catalyst (a diiron porphyrin), featuring a macrocyclic ligand with extended electronic conjugation. This ligand motif delocalizes electrons across the molecular scaffold, improving the catalyst's nucleophilic and electrophilic character. As a result, our binuclear catalyst exhibits low overpotential and high catalytic turnover frequency, breaking the traditional trade-off between these two metrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Jan Paul Menzel
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
| | - Nicholas Armada
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | - Brent L Nannenga
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
- Chemical Engineering, School for Engineering of Matter, Transport and Energy, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Victor S Batista
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8107, United States
- Energy Sciences Institute, Yale University, West Haven, Connecticut 06516, United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
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3
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Bansal D, Heiderscheid M, Audinot JN, Guillot J, Boscher ND. A Polymer-Derived Co(Fe)O x Oxygen Evolution Catalyst Benefiting from the Oxidative Dehydrogenative Coupling of Cobalt Porphyrins. ACS Catal 2023; 13:15182-15193. [PMID: 38026816 PMCID: PMC10660665 DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.3c02940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Thin films of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers bearing different substituents are prepared by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) and investigated as heterogeneous electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Interestingly, the electrocatalytic activity originates from polymer-derived, highly transparent Co(Fe)Ox species formed under operational alkaline conditions. Structural, compositional, electrical, and electrochemical characterizations reveal that the newly formed active catalyst greatly benefited from both the polymeric conformation of the porphyrin-based thin film and the inclusion of the iron-based species originating from the oCVD reaction. High-resolution mass spectrometry analyses combined with density functional theory (DFT) calculations showed that a close relationship exists between the porphyrin substituent, the extension of the π-conjugated system cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymer, and the dynamics of the polymer conversion leading to catalytically active Co(Fe)Ox species. This work evidences the precatalytic role of cobalt porphyrin conjugated polymers and uncovers the benefit of extended π-conjugation of the molecular matrix and iron inclusion on the formation and performance of the true active catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Jérôme Guillot
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D. Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology
Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science
and Technology, 28 Avenue des Hautes-Fourneaux, Esch-sur-Alzette L-4362, Luxembourg
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4
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Keller ND, Vecchi P, Grills DC, Polyansky DE, Bein GP, Dempsey JL, Cahoon JF, Parsons GN, Sampaio RN, Meyer GJ. Multi-Electron Transfer at H-Terminated p-Si Electrolyte Interfaces: Large Photovoltages under Inversion Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:11282-11292. [PMID: 37161731 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Photovoltages for hydrogen-terminated p-Si(111) in an acetonitrile electrolyte were quantified with methyl viologen [1,1'-(CH3)2-4,4'-bipyridinium](PF6)2, abbreviated MV2+, and [Ru(bpy)3](PF6)2, where bpy is 2,2'-bipyridine, that respectively undergo two and three one-electron transfer reductions. The reduction potentials, E°, of the two MV2+ reductions occurred at energies within the forbidden bandgap, while the three [Ru(bpy)3]2+ reductions occurred within the continuum of conduction band states. Bandgap illumination resulted in reduction that was more positive than that measured with a degenerately doped n+-Si demonstrative of a photovoltage, Vph, that increased in the order MV2+/+ (260 mV) < MV+/0 (400 mV) < Ru2+/+ (530 mV) ∼ Ru+/0 (540 mV) ∼ Ru0/- (550 mV). Pulsed 532 nm excitation generated electron-hole pairs whose dynamics were nearly constant under depletion conditions and increased markedly as the potential was raised or lowered. A long wavelength absorption feature assigned to conduction band electrons provided additional evidence for the presence of an inversion layer. Collectively, the data reveal that the most optimal photovoltage, as well as the longest electron-hole pair lifetime and the highest surface electron concentration, occurs when E° lies energetically within the unfilled conduction band states where an inversion layer is present. The bell-shaped dependence for electron-hole pair recombination with the surface potential was predicted by the time-honored SRH model, providing a clear indication that this interface provides access to all four bias conditions, i.e., accumulation, flat band, depletion, and inversion. The implications of these findings for photocatalysis applications and solar energy conversion are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas D Keller
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Pierpaolo Vecchi
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - David C Grills
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Dmitry E Polyansky
- Chemistry Division, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973-5000, United States
| | - Gabriella P Bein
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jillian L Dempsey
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - James F Cahoon
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gregory N Parsons
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7905, United States
| | - Renato N Sampaio
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Gerald J Meyer
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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5
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Rauh F, Pantle F, Stutzmann M. Morphology, Energy Level Alignment, and Charge Transfer at the Protoporphyrin IX-Semiconductor Interface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:5095-5106. [PMID: 37010500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
The combination of molecular catalysts and semiconductor substrates in hybrid heterogeneous photo- or electrocatalytic devices could yield synergistic effects that result in enhanced activity and long-term stability. The extent of synergy strongly depends on the electronic interactions and energy level alignment between the molecular states and the valence and conduction band of the substrate. These properties of hybrid interfaces are investigated for a model system composed of protoporphyrin IX (PPIX) as a stand-in for molecular catalysts and a variety of semiconductor substrates. Monolayers of PPIX are deposited using Langmuir-Blodgett deposition. Their morphology is studied in dependence of the deposition surface pressure to achieve a high-quality, dense coverage. By making use of ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy and ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, the band alignment is determined by the vacuum level and incorporates an interface dipole of 0.4 eV independent of the substrate. The HOMO, LUMO, and LUMO+1 levels were determined to be at 5.6, 3.7, and 2.7 eV below the vacuum level, respectively. The quenching of PPIX photoluminescence in dependence of the potential gradient between excited state and electron affinity of the semiconductor substrates is overall in good agreement with electron transfer processes occurring at very fast time scales on the order of femtoseconds. Nevertheless, deviations from this model become apparent for narrower band gap semiconductors, which points to an additional relevance of other processes, such as energy transfer. These findings highlight the importance of matching the semiconductor to the molecular catalyst to prevent undesirable deactivation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Rauh
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Florian Pantle
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Martin Stutzmann
- Walter Schottky Institute and Physics Department, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 4, 85748 Garching, Germany
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6
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Domingo-Tafalla B, Chatterjee T, Franco F, Perez Hernandez J, Martinez-Ferrero E, Ballester P, Palomares E. Electro- and Photoinduced Interfacial Charge Transfers in Nanocrystalline Mesoporous TiO 2 and TiO 2/Iron Porphyrin Sensitized Films under CO 2 Reduction Catalysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15. [PMID: 36881406 PMCID: PMC10037241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Electro- and photochemical CO2 reduction (CO2R) is the quintessence of modern-day sustainable research. We report our studies on the electro- and photoinduced interfacial charge transfer occurring in a nanocrystalline mesoporous TiO2 film and two TiO2/iron porphyrin hybrid films (meso-aryl- and β-pyrrole-substituted porphyrins, respectively) under CO2R conditions. We used transient absorption spectroscopy (TAS) to demonstrate that, under 355 nm laser excitation and an applied voltage bias (0 to -0.8 V vs Ag/AgCl), the TiO2 film exhibited a diminution in the transient absorption (at -0.5 V by 35%), as well as a reduction of the lifetime of the photogenerated electrons (at -0.5 V by 50%) when the experiments were conducted under a CO2 atmosphere changing from inert N2. The TiO2/iron porphyrin films showed faster charge recombination kinetics, featuring 100-fold faster transient signal decays than that of the TiO2 film. The electro-, photo-, and photoelectrochemical CO2R performance of the TiO2 and TiO2/iron porphyrin films are evaluated within the bias range of -0.5 to -1.8 V vs Ag/AgCl. The bare TiO2 film produced CO and CH4 as well as H2, depending on the applied voltage bias. In contrast, the TiO2/iron porphyrin films showed the exclusive formation of CO (100% selectivity) under identical conditions. During the CO2R, a gain in the overpotential values is obtained under light irradiation conditions. This finding was indicative of a direct transfer of the photogenerated electrons from the film to absorbed CO2 molecules and an observed decrease in the decay of the TAS signals. In the TiO2/iron porphyrin films, we identified the interfacial charge recombination processes between the oxidized iron porphyrin and the electrons of the TiO2 conduction band. These competitive processes are considered to be responsible for the diminution of direct charge transfer between the film and the adsorbed CO2 molecules, explaining the moderate performances of the hybrid films for the CO2R.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriu Domingo-Tafalla
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Universitat
Rovira i Virgili (URV), Departament D’enginyeria
electrònica Elèctrica i Automàtica, Avinguda
Països Catalans, 26 - Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Tamal Chatterjee
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Federico Franco
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Javier Perez Hernandez
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Eugenia Martinez-Ferrero
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Pablo Ballester
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute
of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ), The Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Avinguda Països Catalans 16, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Passeig Lluís Companys, 23, 08018 Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Bansal D, Cardenas-Morcoso D, Boscher N. Conjugated porphyrin polymer films with nickel single sites for the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. A 2023; 11:5188-5198. [PMID: 36911162 PMCID: PMC9990145 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta07748e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Directly fused nickel(ii) porphyrins are successfully investigated as heterogeneous single-site catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Conjugated polymer thin films from Ni(ii) 5,15-(di-4-methoxycarbonylphenyl)porphyrin (pNiDCOOMePP) and Ni(ii) 5,15-diphenylporphyrin (pNiDPP) showed an OER onset overpotential of 270 mV, and current densities of 1.6 mA cm-2 and 1.2 mA cm-2 at 1.6 V vs. RHE, respectively, representing almost a hundred times higher activity than those of monomeric thin films. The fused porphyrin thin films are more kinetically and thermodynamically active than their non-polymerized counterparts mainly due to the formation of conjugated structures enabling a dinuclear radical oxo-coupling (ROC) mechanism at low overpotential. More importantly, we have deciphered the role of the porphyrin substituent in the conformation and performance of porphyrin conjugated polymers as (1) to control the extension of the conjugated system during the oCVD reaction, allowing the retention of the valence band deep enough to provide a high thermodynamic water oxidation potential, (2) to provide a flexible molecular geometry to facilitate O2 formation from the interaction between the Ni-O sites and to weaken the π-bond of the *Ni-O sites for enhanced radical character, and (3) to optimize the water interaction with the central metal cation of the porphyrin for superior electrocatalytic properties. These findings open the scope for molecular engineering and further integration of directly fused porphyrin-based conjugated polymers as efficient heterogeneous catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Bansal
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 Avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-Sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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8
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Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Moore GF. Molecular-Modified Photocathodes for Applications in Artificial Photosynthesis and Solar-to-Fuel Technologies. Chem Rev 2022; 122:16051-16109. [PMID: 36173689 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nature offers inspiration for developing technologies that integrate the capture, conversion, and storage of solar energy. In this review article, we highlight principles of natural photosynthesis and artificial photosynthesis, drawing comparisons between solar energy transduction in biology and emerging solar-to-fuel technologies. Key features of the biological approach include use of earth-abundant elements and molecular interfaces for driving photoinduced charge separation reactions that power chemical transformations at global scales. For the artificial systems described in this review, emphasis is placed on advancements involving hybrid photocathodes that power fuel-forming reactions using molecular catalysts interfaced with visible-light-absorbing semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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9
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Nikoloudakis E, López-Duarte I, Charalambidis G, Ladomenou K, Ince M, Coutsolelos AG. Porphyrins and phthalocyanines as biomimetic tools for photocatalytic H 2 production and CO 2 reduction. Chem Soc Rev 2022; 51:6965-7045. [PMID: 35686606 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00183g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing energy demand and environmental issues caused by the over-exploitation of fossil fuels render the need for renewable, clean, and environmentally benign energy sources unquestionably urgent. The zero-emission energy carrier, H2 is an ideal alternative to carbon-based fuels especially when it is generated photocatalytically from water. Additionally, the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 into chemical fuels can reduce the CO2 emissions and have a positive environmental and economic impact. Inspired by natural photosynthesis, plenty of artificial photocatalytic schemes based on porphyrinoids have been investigated. This review covers the recent advances in photocatalytic H2 production and CO2 reduction systems containing porphyrin or phthalocyanine derivatives. The unique properties of porphyrinoids enable their utilization both as chromophores and as catalysts. The homogeneous photocatalytic systems are initially described, presenting the various approaches for the improvement of photosensitizing activity and the enhancement of catalytic performance at the molecular level. On the other hand, for the development of the heterogeneous systems, numerous methods were employed such as self-assembled supramolecular porphyrinoid nanostructures, construction of organic frameworks, combination with 2D materials and adsorption onto semiconductors. The dye sensitization on semiconductors opened the way for molecular-based dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) devices based on porphyrins and phthalocyanines. The research in photocatalytic systems as discussed herein remains challenging since there are still many limitations making them unfeasible to be used at a large scale application before finding a large-scale application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanouil Nikoloudakis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Ismael López-Duarte
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Georgios Charalambidis
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece.
| | - Kalliopi Ladomenou
- International Hellenic University, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Inorganic Chemistry, Agios Loucas, 65404, Kavala Campus, Greece.
| | - Mine Ince
- Department of Natural and Mathematical Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Tarsus University, Mersin, Turkey.
| | - Athanassios G Coutsolelos
- University of Crete, Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Bioinorganic Chemistry, Voutes Campus, Heraklion, Crete, Greece. .,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser (IESL) Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH), Vassilika Vouton, Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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10
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Sun D, Morozan A, Koepf M, Artero V. A covalent cobalt diimine-dioxime - fullerene assembly for photoelectrochemical hydrogen production from near-neutral aqueous media. Chem Sci 2022; 13:3857-3863. [PMID: 35432907 PMCID: PMC8966733 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06335a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The covalent assembly between a cobalt diimine-dioxime complex and a fullerenic moiety results in enhanced catalytic properties in terms of overpotential requirement for H2 evolution. The interaction between the fullerene moiety and PCBM heterojunction further allows for the easy integration of the cobalt diimine-dioxime – fullerene catalyst with a poly-3-hexylthiophene (P3HT):[6,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) bulk heterojunction, yielding hybrid photoelectrodes for H2 evolution from near-neutral aqueous solutions. The covalent assembly between a cobalt diimine-dioxime complex and a fullerenic moiety results in enhanced catalytic properties in terms of overpotential requirement for H2 evolution and allows its integration in an operating photocathode.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongyue Sun
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - Adina Morozan
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - Matthieu Koepf
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, CEA, IRIG, Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux 17 rue des Martyrs F-38054 Grenoble France
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11
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Cardenas-Morcoso D, Vey E, Heiderscheid M, Frache G, Boscher ND. Electronic and energy level engineering of directly fused porphyrin-conjugated polymers - impact of the central metal cation. JOURNAL OF MATERIALS CHEMISTRY. C 2022; 10:2194-2204. [PMID: 35308894 PMCID: PMC8830115 DOI: 10.1039/d1tc05452j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The integration of porphyrins and their derivatives in functional devices for solar-assisted fuel production is both highly attractive and challenging due to the difficulties in processing them. This limitation is overcome in the gas-phase approach, particularly by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD), leading to the simultaneous synthesis and deposition of conjugated porphyrin coatings. We have investigated the impact of the metal cation of 5,15-diphenyl metalloporphyrins (MDPP; M = Co, Cu, Mg, Zn, Pd, Pt, Ag, Ru, Ag, and FeCl) on the dehydrogenative coupling reaction leading to fused-metalloporphyrin thin films via oCVD and on the optoelectronic properties of the resulting thin films. We found that the nature of the chelated cation strongly affects the intermolecular coupling efficiency, as well as the occurrence of side reactions such as chlorination, intramolecular cyclization, demetallation/re-metalation, and oxidation of the porphyrin core. Moreover, we discussed the influence of the above-mentioned reactions on the optoelectronic properties of the fused metalloporphyrin coatings, in view of their potential application in photo-electrocatalytic systems. This study paves the way toward the engineering and future implementation of porphyrin-based systems for clean and efficient solar fuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drialys Cardenas-Morcoso
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Eloa Vey
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Max Heiderscheid
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Gilles Frache
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
| | - Nicolas D Boscher
- Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology 28 avenue des Hauts-Fourneaux Esch-sur-Alzette Luxembourg
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12
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Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Reyes Cruz EA, Nguyen NP, Hensleigh LK, Karcher T, Moore GF. Photoelectrochemistry of metalloporphyrin-modified GaP semiconductors. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2022; 151:1-10. [PMID: 34021849 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-021-00834-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Photoelectrosynthetic materials provide a bioinspired approach for using the power of the sun to produce fuels and other value-added chemical products. However, there remains an incomplete understanding of the operating principles governing their performance and thereby effective methods for their assembly. Herein we report the application of metalloporphyrins, several of which are known to catalyze the hydrogen evolution reaction, in forming surface coatings to assemble hybrid photoelectrosynthetic materials featuring an underlying gallium phosphide (GaP) semiconductor as a light capture and conversion component. The metalloporphyrin reagents used in this work contain a 4-vinylphenyl surface-attachment group at the β-position of the porphyrin ring and a first-row transition metal ion (Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn) coordinated at the core of the macrocycle. In addition to describing the synthesis, optical, and electrochemical properties of the homogeneous porphyrin complexes, we also report on the photoelectrochemistry of the heterogeneous metalloporphyrin-modified GaP semiconductor electrodes. These hybrid, heterogeneous-homogeneous electrodes are prepared via UV-induced grafting of the homogeneous metalloporphyrin reagents onto the heterogeneous gallium phosphide surfaces. Three-electrode voltammetry measurements performed under controlled lighting conditions enable determination of the open-circuit photovoltages, fill factors, and overall current-voltage responses associated with these composite materials, setting the stage for better understanding charge-transfer and carrier-recombination kinetics at semiconductor|catalyst|liquid interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Nghi P Nguyen
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Lillian K Hensleigh
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA
| | - Timothy Karcher
- Eyring Materials Center, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-8301, USA
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287-1604, USA.
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13
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Molecular structure and DFT calculations of aqua(5,10,15,20-tetrakis[4-(benzoyloxy)phenyl] porphyrinato)magnesium-dioxane. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.131469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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14
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Chen M, Meng H, Mo F, Guo J, Fu Y. An electron donor-acceptor organic photoactive composite with Schottky heterojunction induced photoelectrochemical immunoassay. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 191:113475. [PMID: 34246895 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
A signal enhancement photoelectrochemical (PEC) immunoassay system induced by the composite (PTCs@Au) of electron donor-acceptor with Schottky heterojunction was designed. Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) was selected as a model target. Initially, the capture anibody (Ab1) was linked to gold nanoparticles electrodeposited on glassy carbon electrode and sealed by bovine serum albumin. Meanwhile, the organic semiconductor (PTCs) with the structure of electron donor-acceptor was synthetized from perylene tetracarboxylic dianhydride (acceptor) and dopamine (donor) via amidation reaction. Then PTCs@Au composite with Schottky heterojunction was formed through gold nanoparticles in situ reduction and functionalization with PTCs. Next, the detection antibody was labeled by PTCs@Au composite (Ab2-PTCs@Au) as an immuno-probe. The PTCs@Au was introduced via sandwich immune reaction leading to enhancement PEC signal without additional electron donor nor acceptor for achieving quantitative detection of CEA under external light. The proposed immunoelectrode showed dynamic ranges of 0.5 fg mL-1 to 10 pg mL-1 and 10 pg mL-1 to 1 μg mL-1 with the detection limit of 0.17 fg mL-1. In addition, this PEC strategy with acceptable selectivity and stability can be potentially applied to detect other targets by choosing appropriate target recognition unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Chen
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Hui Meng
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Fangjing Mo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Jiang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Yingzi Fu
- Key Laboratory of Luminescence Analysis and Molecular Sensing (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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15
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Amiri N, Ben Taheur F, Chevreux S, Rodrigues CM, Dorcet V, Lemercier G, Nasri H. Syntheses, crystal structures, photo-physical properties, antioxidant and antifungal activities of Mg(II) 4,4′-bipyridine and Mg(II) pyrazine complexes of the 5,10,15,20 tetrakis(4–bromophenyl)porphyrin. Inorganica Chim Acta 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2021.120466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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16
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Dar UA, Shah SA. Exploring crystal structure of 5, 10, 15, 20-tetrakis (4-iodophenyl) porphyrin; H2TIPP: Experimental and theoretical investigations. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2021.130601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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17
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Reyes Cruz EA, Nishiori D, Wadsworth BL, Khusnutdinova D, Karcher T, Landrot G, Lassalle‐Kaiser B, Moore GF. Six‐Electron Chemistry of a Binuclear Fe(III) Fused Porphyrin. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edgar A. Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA
| | - Daiki Nishiori
- School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA
| | - Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA
| | - Timothy Karcher
- Eyring Materials Center Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–8301 USA
| | - Gautier Landrot
- Synchrotron SOLEIL L'Orme des Merisiers Saint-Aubin BP 48 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette Cedex France
| | | | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences (SMS) and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) Arizona State University Tempe AZ 85287–1604 USA
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18
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Johnson SI, Blakemore JD, Brunschwig BS, Lewis NS, Gray HB, Goddard WA, Persson P. Design of robust 2,2'-bipyridine ligand linkers for the stable immobilization of molecular catalysts on silicon(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:9921-9929. [PMID: 33908502 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp00545f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The attachment of the 2,2'-bipyridine (bpy) moieties to the surface of planar silicon(111) (photo)electrodes was investigated using ab initio simulations performed on a new cluster model for methyl-terminated silicon. Density functional theory (B3LYP) with implicit solvation techniques indicated that adventitious chlorine atoms, when present in the organic linker backbone, led to instability at very negative potentials of the surface-modified electrode. In prior experimental work, chlorine atoms were present as a trace surface impurity due to required surface processing chemistry, and thus could plausibly result in the observed surface instability of the linker. Free energy calculations for the Cl-atom release process with model silyl-linker constructs revealed a modest barrier (14.9 kcal mol-1) that decreased as the electrode potential became more negative. A small library of new bpy-derived structures has additionally been explored computationally to identify strategies that could minimize chlorine-induced linker instability. Structures with fluorine substituents are predicted to be more stable than their chlorine analogues, whereas fully non-halogenated structures are predicted to exhibit the highest stability. The behavior of a hydrogen-evolving molecular catalyst Cp*Rh(bpy) (Cp* = pentamethylcyclopentadienyl) immobilized on a silicon(111) cluster was explored theoretically to evaluate differences between the homogeneous and surface-attached behavior of this species in a tautomerization reaction observed under reductive conditions for catalytic H2 evolution. The calculated free energy difference between the tautomers is small, hence the results suggest that use of reductively stable linkers can enable robust attachment of catalysts while maintaining chemical behavior on the electrode similar to that exhibited in homogeneous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha I Johnson
- Materials Research Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.
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19
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Khelifa AB, Ezzayani K, Guergueb M, Loiseau F, Saint-Aman E, Nasri H. Synthesis, molecular structure, spectroscopic characterization and antibacterial activity of the pyrazine magnesium porphyrin coordination polymer. J Mol Struct 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.129508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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20
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Beiler AM, McCarthy BD, Johnson BA, Ott S. Enhancing photovoltages at p-type semiconductors through a redox-active metal-organic framework surface coating. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5819. [PMID: 33199706 PMCID: PMC7669860 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19483-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Surface modification of semiconductors can improve photoelectrochemical performance by promoting efficient interfacial charge transfer. We show that metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are viable surface coatings for enhancing cathodic photovoltages. Under 1-sun illumination, no photovoltage is observed for p-type Si(111) functionalized with a naphthalene diimide derivative until the monolayer is expanded in three dimensions in a MOF. The surface-grown MOF thin film at Si promotes reduction of the molecular linkers at formal potentials >300 mV positive of their thermodynamic potentials. The photocurrent is governed by charge diffusion through the film, and the MOF film is sufficiently conductive to power reductive transformations. When grown on GaP(100), the reductions of the MOF linkers are shifted anodically by >700 mV compared to those of the same MOF on conductive substrates. This photovoltage, among the highest reported for GaP in photoelectrochemical applications, illustrates the power of MOF films to enhance photocathodic operation. Photoelectrochemical performance is often hindered by sluggish charge transfer at the semiconductor interface. Here, the authors illustrate that a thin film coating made of a conductive metal-organic framework can improve the photovoltage of the underpinning semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Beiler
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Brian D McCarthy
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ben A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Sascha Ott
- Department of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box 523, 75120, Uppsala, Sweden.
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21
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Amiri N, Bourguiba M, Guergueb M, Chevreux S, Nasri H. Synthesis, molecular structure, spectroscopic characterization and dielectric properties of new cobalt(II) meso-tetraphenylporphyrin-based coordination complex. INORG CHEM COMMUN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inoche.2020.107995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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22
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Beyene BB, Hung CH. Recent progress on metalloporphyrin-based hydrogen evolution catalysis. Coord Chem Rev 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2020.213234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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23
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Gurrentz JM, Rose MJ. Non-Catalytic Benefits of Ni(II) Binding to an Si(111)-PNP Construct for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution Reaction: Metal Ion Induced Flat Band Potential Modulation. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:5657-5667. [PMID: 32163273 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report here the remarkable and non-catalytic beneficial effects of a Ni(II) ion binding to a Si|PNP type surface as a result of significant thermodynamic band bending induced by ligand attachment and Ni(II) binding. We unambiguously deconvolute the thermodynamic flat band potentials (VFB) from the kinetic onset potentials (Von) by synthesizing a specialized bis-PNP macrochelate that enables one-step Ni(II) binding to a p-Si(111) substrate. XPS analysis and rigorous control experiments confirm covalent attachment of the designed ligand and its resulting Ni(II) complex. Illuminated J-V measurements under catalytic conditions show that the Si|BisPNP-Ni substrate exhibits the most positive onset potential for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) (-0.55 V vs Fc/Fc+) compared to other substrates herein. Thermodynamic flat band potential measurements in the dark reveal that Si|BisPNP-Ni also exhibits the most positive VFB value (-0.02 V vs Fc/Fc+) by a wide margin. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy data generated under illuminated, catalytic conditions demonstrate a surprising lack of correlation evident between Von and equivalent circuit element parameters commonly associated with HER. Overall, the resulting paradigm comprises a system wherein the extent of band bending induced by metal ion binding is the primary driver of photoelectrochemical (PEC)-HER benefits, while the kinetic (catalytic) effects of the PNP-Ni(II) are minimal. This suggests that dipole and band-edge engineering must be a primary design consideration (not secondary to catalyst) in semiconductor|catalyst hybrids for PEC-HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M Gurrentz
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
| | - Michael J Rose
- The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78757, United States
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24
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Wadsworth BL, Khusnutdinova D, Urbine JM, Reyes AS, Moore GF. Expanding the Redox Range of Surface-Immobilized Metallocomplexes Using Molecular Interfaces. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:3903-3911. [PMID: 31679340 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b15286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rationally designed material interfaces offer opportunities to control matter and energy across multiple length scales, yet remain challenging to synthetically prepare. Inspired by nature, where amino acid residues and soft-material coordination environments regulate the midpoint potentials of metals in proteins, thin-film polymeric coatings have been developed to assemble molecular components, including catalysts, onto solid-state (semi)conducting surfaces. In this report, we describe the immobilization of metalloporphyrins onto transparent conductive oxide supports using either direct grafting to the oxide surface or coordination to an initially applied thin-film polypyridyl coating. The composite materials enable direct measurements of electrochemical and optical properties associated with the surface-immobilized components. Despite the similarity of the core cobalt porphyrin units used in assembling these hybrid architectures, the redox potentials assigned to the CoIII/II relays span a 350 mV range across the distinct constructs. This range in redox potential is extended to 960 mV when including comparisons to constructs utilizing polymer-immobilized cobaloxime catalysts in place of cobalt porphyrins, where reduction of the cobaloximes requires significantly more-negative bias potentials. This work illustrates the use of soft-material interfaces for assembling molecular-modified electrodes where the nanoscale connectivity of the surface coatings determines the electrochemical properties of the macroscopic assemblies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Jennifer M Urbine
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Ahlea S Reyes
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
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25
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Edwardes Moore E, Andrei V, Zacarias S, Pereira IA, Reisner E. Integration of a Hydrogenase in a Lead Halide Perovskite Photoelectrode for Tandem Solar Water Splitting. ACS ENERGY LETTERS 2020; 5:232-237. [PMID: 32010793 PMCID: PMC6986817 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.9b02437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskite solar cells are notoriously moisture-sensitive, but recent encapsulation strategies have demonstrated their potential application as photoelectrodes in aqueous solution. However, perovskite photoelectrodes rely on precious metal co-catalysts, and their combination with biological materials remains elusive in integrated devices. Here, we interface [NiFeSe] hydrogenase from Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, a highly active enzyme for H2 generation, with a triple cation mixed halide perovskite. The perovskite-hydrogenase photoelectrode produces a photocurrent of -5 mA cm-2 at 0 V vs RHE during AM1.5G irradiation, is stable for 12 h and the hydrogenase exhibits a turnover number of 1.9 × 106. The positive onset potential of +0.8 V vs RHE allows its combination with a BiVO4 water oxidation photoanode to give a self-sustaining, bias-free photoelectrochemical tandem system for overall water splitting (solar-to-hydrogen efficiency of 1.1%). This work demonstrates the compatibility of immersed perovskite elements with biological catalysts to produce hybrid photoelectrodes with benchmark performance, which establishes their utility in semiartificial photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Edwardes Moore
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Virgil Andrei
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
| | - Sónia Zacarias
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Inês A.
C. Pereira
- Instituto
de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Av. da Republica, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United
Kingdom
- E-mail:
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26
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Mukhopadhyay A, Bernard B, Liu K, Paulino V, Liu C, Donley C, Olivier JH. Molecular Strategies to Modulate the Electrochemical Properties of P-Type Si(111) Surfaces Covalently Functionalized with Ferrocene and Naphthalene Diimide. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:11026-11041. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b09812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Brianna Bernard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Kaixuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Victor Paulino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
| | - Carrie Donley
- Chapel Hill Analytical and Nanofabrication Laboratory, Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina, 243 Chapman Hall, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Jean-Hubert Olivier
- Department of Chemistry, University of Miami, Cox Science Center, 1301 Memorial Drive, Coral Gables, Florida 33146, United States
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27
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Amiri N, Nouir S, Hajji M, Roisnel T, Guerfel T, Simonneaux G, Nasri H. Synthesis, structure, photophysical properties and biological activity of a cobalt(II) coordination complex with 4,4′-bipyridine and porphyrin chelating ligands. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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28
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Wadsworth BL, Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Reyes Cruz EA, Moore GF. Interplay between Light Flux, Quantum Efficiency, and Turnover Frequency in Molecular-Modified Photoelectrosynthetic Assemblies. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:15932-15941. [PMID: 31461276 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b07295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We report on the interplay between light absorption, charge transfer, and catalytic activity at molecular-catalyst-modified semiconductor liquid junctions. Factors limiting the overall photoelectrosynthetic transformations are presented in terms of distinct regions of experimental polarization curves, where each region is related to the fraction of surface-immobilized catalysts present in their activated form under varying intensities of simulated solar illumination. The kinetics associated with these regions are described using steady-state or pre-equilibrium approximations yielding rate laws similar in form to those applied in studies involving classic enzymatic reactions and Michaelis-Menten-type kinetic analysis. However, in the case of photoelectrosynthetic constructs, both photons and electrons serve as reagents for producing activated catalysts. This work forges a link between kinetic models describing biological assemblies and emerging molecular-based technologies for solar energy conversion, providing a conceptual framework for extracting kinetic benchmarking parameters currently not possible to establish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Anna M Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Edgar A Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
| | - Gary F Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD) , Arizona State University , Tempe , Arizona 85287-1604 , United States
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Gong L, Yin H, Nie C, Sun X, Wang X, Wang M. Influence of Anchoring Groups on the Charge Transfer and Performance of p-Si/TiO 2/Cobaloxime Hybrid Photocathodes for Photoelectrochemical H 2 Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:34010-34019. [PMID: 31453677 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Although hybrid photocathodes built by immobilizing molecular catalysts to the surface of semiconductors through chemical linkages have been reported in recent years, systematic and comparative studies remain scarce about the impact of various anchoring groups on the performance, stability, and charge-transfer kinetics of molecular catalyst-decorated hybrid photocathodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) H2 production. In this study, the molecular cobaloxime catalysts, CoPy-4-X (Py = pyridine, X = PO3H2, COOH, and CONH(OH)), bearing different anchoring groups were synthesized and covalently immobilized to the surface of the porous TiO2 layer coated on a p-Si plate or a fluorine-doped tin oxide glass. The influence of the anchoring groups on the performance of p-Si/TiO2/CoPy-4-X photocathodes was comparatively studied for PEC H2 evolution. Among the tested hybrid photocathodes, the one with a hydroxamate as an anchoring group displayed higher activity and lower charge-transfer resistance than that observed for the electrode with a carboxylate or a phosphonate as the anchoring group. Notably, the catalytic current of p-Si/TiO2/CoPy-4-CONH(OH) was attenuated only by 2.9% in the controlled potential photoelectrolysis tests in borate buffer solution at pH 9 at 0 V versus a reversible hydrogen electrode over 6 h. Moreover, the influence of anchoring groups on the interfacial electron transfer from the TiO2 layer to the immobilized cobaloxime catalyst and electron-hole recombination was studied by transient absorption spectroscopy. These results revealed that the hydroxamate as an anchoring group is superior to the carboxylate and phosphonate groups for speeding up the interfacial electron transfer and firmly immobilizing the molecular catalysts to the metal oxide semiconductors to build efficient and stable hybrid photoelectrodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lunlun Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Heng Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Chengming Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xuran Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
| | - Xiuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian National Laboratory for Clean Energy , Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics , Dalian 116023 , China
| | - Mei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals , Dalian University of Technology , Dalian 116024 , China
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30
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Daoudi S, Semmeq A, Badawi M, Assfeld X, Arfaoui Y, Pastore M. Electronic structure and optical properties of isolated and TiO
2
‐grafted free base porphyrins for water oxidation: A challenging test case for DFT and TD‐DFT. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:2530-2538. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.26027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Syrine Daoudi
- CNRS & Université de LorraineLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex France
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of TunisUniversity of Tunis El Manar Campus Farhat‐Hached, 1068 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Abderrahmane Semmeq
- CNRS & Université de LorraineLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex France
- Laboratoire Physique de la Matière Condensée, Faculté des Sciences Ben M'sikUniversité Hassan II de Casablanca Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Michael Badawi
- CNRS & Université de LorraineLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex France
| | - Xavier Assfeld
- CNRS & Université de LorraineLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex France
| | - Youssef Arfaoui
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Condensed Materials, Faculty of Mathematical, Physical and Natural Sciences of TunisUniversity of Tunis El Manar Campus Farhat‐Hached, 1068 Tunis Tunisia
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- CNRS & Université de LorraineLaboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques Boulevard des Aiguillettes, BP 70239 54506 Vandoeuvre‐lès‐Nancy Cedex France
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31
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Morikawa T, Sato S, Sekizawa K, Arai T, Suzuki TM. Molecular Catalysts Immobilized on Semiconductor Photosensitizers for Proton Reduction toward Visible-Light-Driven Overall Water Splitting. CHEMSUSCHEM 2019; 12:1807-1824. [PMID: 30963707 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201900441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photocatalytic or photoelectrochemical hydrogen production by water splitting is one of the key reactions for the development of an energy supply that enables a clean energy system for a future sustainable society. Utilization of solar photon energy for the uphill water splitting reaction is a promising technology, and therefore many systems using semiconductor photocatalysts and semiconductor photoelectrodes for the reaction producing hydrogen and dioxygen in a 2:1 stoichiometric ratio have been reported. In these systems, molecular catalysts are also considered to be feasible; recently, systems based on molecular catalysts conjugated with semiconductor photosensitizers have been used for photoinduced hydrogen generation by proton reduction. Additionally, there are reports that the so-called Z-scheme (two-step photoexcitation) mechanism realizes the solar-driven uphill reaction by overall water splitting. Although the number of these reports is still small compared to those of all-inorganic systems, the advantages of molecular cocatalysts and its immobilization on a semiconductor are attractive. This Minireview provides a brief overview of approaches and recent research progress toward molecular catalysts immobilized on semiconductor photocatalysts and photoelectrodes for solar-driven hydrogen production with the stoichiometric uphill reaction of hydrogen and oxygen generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Morikawa
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Sato
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Keita Sekizawa
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Takeo Arai
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Tomiko M Suzuki
- Toyota Central R&D Labs., Inc., 41-1 Yokomichi, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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32
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Alqahtani M, Ben-Jabar S, Ebaid M, Sathasivam S, Jurczak P, Xia X, Alromaeh A, Blackman C, Qin Y, Zhang B, Ooi BS, Liu H, Parkin IP, Wu J. Gallium Phosphide photoanode coated with TiO 2 and CoO x for stable photoelectrochemical water oxidation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2019; 27:A364-A371. [PMID: 31052888 DOI: 10.1364/oe.27.00a364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Gallium Phosphide (GaP) has a band gap of 2.26 eV and a valance band edge that is more negative than the water oxidation level. Hence, it may be a promising material for photoelectrochemical water splitting. However, one thing GaP has in common with other III-V semiconductors is that it corrodes in photoelectrochemical reactions. Cobalt oxide (CoOx) is a chemically stable and highly active oxygen evolution reaction co-catalyst. In this study, we protected a GaP photoanode by using a 20 nm TiO2 as a protection layer and a 2 nm cobalt oxide co-catalyst layer, which were both deposited via atomic layer deposition (ALD). A GaP photoanode that was modified by CoOx exhibited much higher photocurrent, potential, and photon-to-current efficiency than a bare GaP photoanode under AM1.5G illumination. A photoanode that was coated with both TiO2 and CoOx layers was stable for over 24 h during constant reaction in 1 M NaOH (pH 13.7) solution under one sun illumination.
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33
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Zhang B, Sun L. Artificial photosynthesis: opportunities and challenges of molecular catalysts. Chem Soc Rev 2019; 48:2216-2264. [PMID: 30895997 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00897c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 408] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Molecular catalysis plays an essential role in both natural and artificial photosynthesis (AP). However, the field of molecular catalysis for AP has gradually declined in recent years because of doubt about the long-term stability of molecular-catalyst-based devices. This review summarizes the development history of molecular-catalyst-based AP, including the fundamentals of AP, molecular catalysts for water oxidation, proton reduction and CO2 reduction, and molecular-catalyst-based AP devices, and it provides an analysis of the advantages, challenges, and stability of molecular catalysts. With this review, we aim to highlight the following points: (i) an investigation on molecular catalysis is one of the most promising ways to obtain atom-efficient catalysts with outstanding intrinsic activities; (ii) effective heterogenization of molecular catalysts is currently the primary challenge for the application of molecular catalysis in AP devices; (iii) development of molecular catalysts is a promising way to solve the problems of catalysis involved in practical solar fuel production. In molecular-catalysis-based AP, much has been attained, but more challenges remain with regard to long-term stability and heterogenization techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biaobiao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Chandrasekaran S, Kaeffer N, Cagnon L, Aldakov D, Fize J, Nonglaton G, Baleras F, Mailley P, Artero V. A robust ALD-protected silicon-based hybrid photoelectrode for hydrogen evolution under aqueous conditions. Chem Sci 2019; 10:4469-4475. [PMID: 31057774 PMCID: PMC6482884 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc05006f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Hybrid systems combining molecular catalysts with inorganic materials is a promising solution towards cheap yet efficient and stable photoelectrochemical hydrogen production.
Hydrogen production through direct sunlight-driven water splitting in photo-electrochemical cells (PECs) is a promising solution for energy sourcing. PECs need to fulfill three criteria: sustainability, cost-effectiveness and stability. Here we report an efficient and stable photocathode platform for H2 evolution based on Earth-abundant elements. A p-type silicon surface was protected by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with a 15 nm TiO2 layer, on top of which a 300 nm mesoporous TiO2 layer was spin-coated. The cobalt diimine–dioxime molecular catalyst was covalently grafted onto TiO2 through phosphonate anchors and an additional 0.2 nm ALD-TiO2 layer was applied for stabilization. This assembly catalyzes water reduction into H2 in phosphate buffer (pH 7) with an onset potential of +0.47 V vs. RHE. The resulting current density is –1.3 ± 0.1 mA cm–2 at 0 V vs. RHE under AM 1.5 solar irradiation, corresponding to a turnover number of 260 per hour of operation and a turnover frequency of 0.071 s–1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soundarrajan Chandrasekaran
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , CEA , Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France . .,Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA-LETI/DTBS , Laboratoire Chimie , Capteurs et Biomatériaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Nicolas Kaeffer
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , CEA , Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Laurent Cagnon
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , Institut NEEL , UPR2940 , 25 rue des Martyrs BP 166 , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Dmitry Aldakov
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , CEA , INAC-SyMMES , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Jennifer Fize
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , CEA , Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
| | - Guillaume Nonglaton
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA-LETI/DTBS , Laboratoire Chimie , Capteurs et Biomatériaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - François Baleras
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA-LETI/DTBS , Laboratoire Chimie , Capteurs et Biomatériaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Pascal Mailley
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CEA-LETI/DTBS , Laboratoire Chimie , Capteurs et Biomatériaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Vincent Artero
- Université Grenoble Alpes , CNRS , CEA , Laboratoire de Chimie et Biologie des Métaux , 17 rue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France .
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Dalle K, Warnan J, Leung JJ, Reuillard B, Karmel IS, Reisner E. Electro- and Solar-Driven Fuel Synthesis with First Row Transition Metal Complexes. Chem Rev 2019; 119:2752-2875. [PMID: 30767519 PMCID: PMC6396143 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 437] [Impact Index Per Article: 87.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The synthesis of renewable fuels from abundant water or the greenhouse gas CO2 is a major step toward creating sustainable and scalable energy storage technologies. In the last few decades, much attention has focused on the development of nonprecious metal-based catalysts and, in more recent years, their integration in solid-state support materials and devices that operate in water. This review surveys the literature on 3d metal-based molecular catalysts and focuses on their immobilization on heterogeneous solid-state supports for electro-, photo-, and photoelectrocatalytic synthesis of fuels in aqueous media. The first sections highlight benchmark homogeneous systems using proton and CO2 reducing 3d transition metal catalysts as well as commonly employed methods for catalyst immobilization, including a discussion of supporting materials and anchoring groups. The subsequent sections elaborate on productive associations between molecular catalysts and a wide range of substrates based on carbon, quantum dots, metal oxide surfaces, and semiconductors. The molecule-material hybrid systems are organized as "dark" cathodes, colloidal photocatalysts, and photocathodes, and their figures of merit are discussed alongside system stability and catalyst integrity. The final section extends the scope of this review to prospects and challenges in targeting catalysis beyond "classical" H2 evolution and CO2 reduction to C1 products, by summarizing cases for higher-value products from N2 reduction, C x>1 products from CO2 utilization, and other reductive organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jane J. Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Bertrand Reuillard
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Isabell S. Karmel
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory
for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
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36
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Bergamini G, Natali M. Homogeneous vs. heterogeneous catalysis for hydrogen evolution by a nickel(ii) bis(diphosphine) complex. Dalton Trans 2019; 48:14653-14661. [DOI: 10.1039/c9dt02846c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A nickel(ii) bis(diphosphine) complex bearing carboxylic acid groups has been tested as a catalyst for hydrogen evolution under different conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Bergamini
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- Ferrara
- Italy
| | - Mirco Natali
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences
- University of Ferrara
- Ferrara
- Italy
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37
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Rosser TE, Hisatomi T, Sun S, Antón‐García D, Minegishi T, Reisner E, Domen K. La 5 Ti 2 Cu 0.9 Ag 0.1 S 5 O 7 Modified with a Molecular Ni Catalyst for Photoelectrochemical H 2 Generation. Chemistry 2018; 24:18393-18397. [PMID: 29752767 PMCID: PMC6348378 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201801169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
The stable and efficient integration of molecular catalysts into p-type semiconductor materials is a contemporary challenge in photoelectrochemical fuel synthesis. Here, we report the combination of a phosphonated molecular Ni catalyst with a TiO2 -coated La5 Ti2 Cu0.9 Ag0.1 S5 O7 photocathode for visible light driven H2 production. This hybrid assembly provides a positive onset potential, large photocurrents, and high Faradaic yield for more than three hours. A decisive feature of the hybrid electrode is the TiO2 interlayer, which stabilizes the oxysulfide semiconductor and allows for robust attachment of the phosphonated molecular catalyst. This demonstration of an oxysulfide-molecular catalyst photocathode provides a novel platform for integrating molecular catalysts into photocathodes and the large photovoltage of the presented system makes it ideal for pairing with photoanodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy E. Rosser
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Takashi Hisatomi
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
- Current affiliation: Center for Energy & Environmental ScienceShinshu University4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shiNagano380-8553Japan
| | - Song Sun
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
- National Synchrotron Radiation LaboratoryCollaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy MaterialsUniversity of Science & Technology of ChinaHefeiAnhui230029P. R. China
| | - Daniel Antón‐García
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Tsutomu Minegishi
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas ChemistryDepartment of ChemistryUniversity of CambridgeLensfield RoadCambridgeCB2 1EWUK
| | - Kazunari Domen
- Department of Chemical System EngineeringFaculty of EngineeringUniversity of Tokyo7-3-1 HongoBunkyo-kuTokyo113-8656Japan
- Center for Energy & Environmental ScienceShinshu University4-17-1 Wakasato, Nagano-shiNagano380-8553Japan
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38
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Johnson EM, Haiges R, Marinescu SC. Covalent-Organic Frameworks Composed of Rhenium Bipyridine and Metal Porphyrins: Designing Heterobimetallic Frameworks with Two Distinct Metal Sites. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:37919-37927. [PMID: 30360094 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b07795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The incorporation of homogeneous catalysts for CO2 reduction into extended frameworks has been a successful strategy for increasing catalyst lifetime and activity, but the effects of the linkers on catalysis are underexplored. In this work, a novel rhenium bipyridine complex was synthesized for the purpose of designing a covalent-organic framework (COF) with both metalloporphyrin and metal bipyridine moieties. Investigation of the rhenium complex as a homogeneous catalyst shows a faradaic efficiency of 81(8)% for the electrocatalytic conversion of CO2 to CO upon the addition of methanol as the proton source. Treatment of the rhenium complex with tetra(4-aminophenyl)porphyrin under Schiff base conditions produces the desired COF, as indicated by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) studies. Metalation of the porphyrins was accomplished through postsynthetic modification with CoCl2 and FeCl3 metal precursors. The retention of the PXRD peaks and appearance of new Co and Fe peaks in the corresponding X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy spectra suggest the successful incorporation of a secondary metal site into the framework. Cyclic voltammetry measurements display increases in current densities when the atmosphere is changed from N2 to CO2. Controlled potential electrolyses show that the cobalt-postmetalated COF has the highest activity toward CO2 reduction, reaching a faradaic efficiency of 18(2)%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric M Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Ralf Haiges
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
| | - Smaranda C Marinescu
- Department of Chemistry , University of Southern California , Los Angeles , California 90089 , United States
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39
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Fu D, Fabre B, Loget G, Mériadec C, Ababou-Girard S, Cadot E, Leclerc-Laronze N, Marrot J, de Ponfilly Q. Polyoxothiometalate-Derivatized Silicon Photocathodes for Sunlight-Driven Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:13837-13849. [PMID: 31458082 PMCID: PMC6645094 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Silicon photocathodes coated with drop-casted {Mo3S4}-based polyoxothiometalate assemblies are demonstrated to be effective for sunlight-driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in acid conditions. These photocathodes are catalytically more efficient than that coated with the parent thiomolybdate incorporating an organic ligand, as supported by a higher onset potential and a lower overvoltage at 10 mA cm-2. At pH 7.3, the trend is inversed and the beneficial effect of the polyoxometalate for the HER is not observed. Moreover, the polyoxothiometalate-modified photocathode is found to be also more stable under acid conditions and can be operated at the light-limited catalytic current for more than 40 h. Furthermore, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and atomic force microscopy measurements indicate that the cathodic polarization of both photocathodes leads to the release of a large amount of the deposited material into the electrolyte solution concomitantly with the formation of mixed valence species {Mo(IV)3-x Mo(III) x O4-n S n }(4-x)+ resulting from the replacement of S2- sulfido ligands in the cluster by oxo O2- groups; these combined effects are shown to be beneficial for the photoelectrocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Fu
- Université
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Bruno Fabre
- Université
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Université
Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Cristelle Mériadec
- Université
Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Soraya Ababou-Girard
- Université
Rennes, CNRS, IPR (Institut de Physique de Rennes)-UMR6251, F-35000 Rennes, France
| | - Emmanuel Cadot
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue de Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Nathalie Leclerc-Laronze
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue de Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Jérôme Marrot
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue de Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
| | - Quentin de Ponfilly
- Institut
Lavoisier de Versailles (UMR-CNRS 8180), UVSQ, Université Paris-Saclay, 45 Avenue de Etats-Unis, 78000 Versailles, France
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40
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Electrocatalytic H2 Evolution of Bis(3,5-di-methylpyrazol-1-yl)acetate Anchored Hexa-coordinated Co(II) Derivative. Catal Letters 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-018-2477-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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41
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Khusnutdinova D, Wadsworth BL, Flores M, Beiler AM, Reyes Cruz EA, Zenkov Y, Moore GF. Electrocatalytic Properties of Binuclear Cu(II) Fused Porphyrins for Hydrogen Evolution. ACS Catal 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.8b01776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Marco Flores
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Edgar A. Reyes Cruz
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Yegor Zenkov
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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Tesakova MV, Koifman OI, Parfenyuk VI. Electropolymerization of poly-5,10,15,20-tetrakis( p-aminophenyl)porphyrin in different deposition modes and solvents. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The influence of solvent, supporting electrolyte and electrolysis modes on poly-5,10,15,20-tetrakis([Formula: see text]-aminophenyl)porphyrin film growth were studied by the quartz crystal microbalance method. Electropolymerization was carried out in potentiostatic and potentiodynamic modes from dichloromethane and ethanol solutions. Tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) and tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate (TBAHFP) were used as supporting electrolytes. Surface micrographs of films electrodeposited over a different number of cycles of potential variation were obtained. The specific surface area, the pore size, and the thickness of the obtained polyporphyrin films were determined. The number of electrons participating in 5,10,15,20-tetrakis([Formula: see text]-aminophenyl)porphyrin electropolymerization was determined by the quartz crystal microbalance method. Based on the electronic absorption spectroscopy results, it was established that porphyrin macroheterocycles were preserved in an oxidized state in polyporphyrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya V. Tesakova
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
| | - Oskar I. Koifman
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky Avenue 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
| | - Vladimir I. Parfenyuk
- G.A. Krestov Institute of Solution Chemistry of RAS, Akademicheskaya St., 1, Ivanovo, 153045, Russia
- Ivanovo State University of Chemistry and Technology, Sheremetevsky Avenue 7, Ivanovo, 153000, Russia
- Kostroma State University, Dzerzhinsky St., 17, Kostroma, 156005, Russia
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43
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Khusnutdinova D, Beiler AM, Wadsworth BL, Nanyangwe SK, Moore GF. Vibrational structure analysis of cobalt fluoro-porphyrin surface coatings on gallium phosphide. J PORPHYR PHTHALOCYA 2018. [DOI: 10.1142/s1088424618500906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Grazing angle attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (GATR–FTIR) spectroscopy is used to characterize chemically modified gallium phosphide (GaP) surfaces containing grafted cobalt(II) porphyrins with 3-fluorophenyl substituents installed at the meso-positions. In these hybrid constructs, porphyrin surface attachment is achieved using either a two-step method involving coordination of cobalt fluoro-porphyrin metal centers to nitrogen sites on an initially applied thin-film polypyridyl surface coating, or via a direct modification strategy using a cobalt fluoro-porphyrin precursor bearing a covalently bonded 4-vinylphenyl surface attachment group at a [Formula: see text]-position. Both surface-attachment chemistries leverage the UV-induced immobilization of alkenes but result in distinct structural connectivities of the grafted porphyrin units and their associated vibrational spectra. In particular, the in-plane deformation vibrational frequency of metalloporphyrin components in samples prepared via coordination to the polymeric interface is characterized by an eight wavenumber shift to higher frequencies compared to that measured on metalloporphyrin-modified surfaces prepared using the one-step attachment method. The more rigid ring structure in the polymeric architecture is consistent with coordination of porphyrin cobalt centers to pyridyl-nitrogen sites on the surface graft. These results demonstrate the use of GATR–FTIR spectroscopy as a sensitive tool for characterizing porphyrin-modified surfaces with absorption signals that are close to the detection limits of many common spectroscopic techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Sylvia K. Nanyangwe
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-1604, USA
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44
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Ghosh D, Febriansyah B, Gupta D, Ng LKS, Xi S, Du Y, Baikie T, Dong Z, Soo HS. Hybrid Nanomaterials with Single-Site Catalysts by Spatially Controllable Immobilization of Nickel Complexes via Photoclick Chemistry for Alkene Epoxidation. ACS NANO 2018; 12:5903-5912. [PMID: 29775278 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b02118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst deactivation is a persistent problem not only for the scientific community but also in industry. Isolated single-site heterogeneous catalysts have shown great promise to overcome these problems. Here, a versatile anchoring strategy for molecular complex immobilization on a broad range of semiconducting or insulating metal oxide ( e. g., titanium dioxide, mesoporous silica, cerium oxide, and tungsten oxide) nanoparticles to synthesize isolated single-site catalysts has been studied systematically. An oxidatively stable anchoring group, maleimide, is shown to form covalent linkages with surface hydroxyl functionalities of metal oxide nanoparticles by photoclick chemistry. The nanocomposites have been thoroughly characterized by techniques including UV-visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS). The IR spectroscopic studies confirm the covalent linkages between the maleimide group and surface hydroxyl functionalities of the oxide nanoparticles. The hybrid nanomaterials function as highly efficient catalysts for essentially quantitative oxidations of terminal and internal alkenes and show molecular catalyst product selectivities even in more eco-friendly solvents. XAS studies verify the robustness of the catalysts after several catalytic cycles. We have applied the photoclick anchoring methodology to precisely control the deposition of a luminescent variant of our catalyst on the metal oxide nanoparticles. Overall, we demonstrate a general approach to use irradiation to anchor molecular complexes on oxide nanoparticles to create recyclable, hybrid, single-site catalysts that function with high selectivity in a broad range of solvents. We have achieved a facile, spatially and temporally controllable photoclick method that can potentially be extended to other ligands, catalysts, functional molecules, and surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dwaipayan Ghosh
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Benny Febriansyah
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
| | - Disha Gupta
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Leonard Kia-Sheun Ng
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N) , Nanyang Technological University, Interdisciplinary Graduate School , Research Techno Plaza , Singapore 637553 , Singapore
| | - Shibo Xi
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences A*STAR , 1 Pesek Road , Singapore 627833 , Singapore
| | - Yonghua Du
- Institute of Chemical and Engineering Sciences A*STAR , 1 Pesek Road , Singapore 627833 , Singapore
| | - Tom Baikie
- Energy Research Institute@NTU (ERI@N), Nanyang Technological University , Research Techno Plaza , Singapore 637553 , Singapore
| | - ZhiLi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
| | - Han Sen Soo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences , Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link , Singapore 637371 , Singapore
- Solar Fuels Laboratory , Nanyang Technological University , 50 Nanyang Avenue , Singapore 639798 , Singapore
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45
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Hennessey S, Farràs P. Production of solar chemicals: gaining selectivity with hybrid molecule/semiconductor assemblies. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6662-6680. [PMID: 29808196 DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02487a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Research on the production of solar fuels and chemicals has rocketed over the past decade, with a wide variety of systems proposed to harvest solar energy and drive chemical reactions. In this Feature Article we have focused on hybrid molecule/semiconductor assemblies in both powder and supported materials, summarising recent systems and highlighting the enormous possibilities offered by such assemblies to carry out highly demanding chemical reactions with industrial impact. Of relevance is the higher selectivity obtained in visible light-driven organic transformations when using molecular catalysts compared to photocatalytic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seán Hennessey
- School of Chemistry, Energy Research Centre, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), University Road, H91 CF50 Galway, Ireland.
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46
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Creissen CE, Warnan J, Reisner E. Solar H 2 generation in water with a CuCrO 2 photocathode modified with an organic dye and molecular Ni catalyst. Chem Sci 2018; 9:1439-1447. [PMID: 29629169 PMCID: PMC5875021 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04476c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 11/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Dye-sensitised photoelectrochemical (DSPEC) cells have emerged in recent years as a route to solar fuel production. However, fuel-forming photocathodes are presently limited by photo-corrodible narrow band gap semiconductors or the small range of available wide bandgap p-type semiconductors such as NiO that display low performance with dyes. Here, we introduce CuCrO2 as a suitable p-type semiconductor for visible light-driven H2 generation upon co-immobilisation of a phosphonated diketopyrrolopyrrole dye with a Ni-bis(diphosphine) catalyst. The hybrid CuCrO2 photocathode displays an early photocurrent onset potential of +0.75 V vs. RHE and delivers a photocurrent of 15 μA cm-2 at 0.0 V vs. RHE in pH 3 aqueous electrolyte solution under UV-filtered simulated solar irradiation. Controlled potential photoelectrolysis at 0.0 V vs. RHE shows good stability and yields a Ni catalyst-based turnover number of 126 ± 13 towards H2 after 2 h. This precious metal-free system outperforms an analogous NiO|dye/catalyst assembly and therefore highlights the benefits of using CuCrO2 as a novel material for DSPEC applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles E Creissen
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Julien Warnan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK .
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47
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Đokić M, Soo HS. Artificial photosynthesis by light absorption, charge separation, and multielectron catalysis. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:6554-6572. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02156b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We highlight recent novel approaches in the field of artificial photosynthesis. We emphasize the potential of a highly modular plug-and-play concept that we hope will persuade the community to explore a more inclusive variety of multielectron redox catalysis to complement the proton reduction and water oxidation half-reactions in traditional solar water splitting systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miloš Đokić
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
| | - Han Sen Soo
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences
- Nanyang Technological University
- Singapore 637371
- Singapore
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48
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Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Wadsworth BL, Moore GF. Cobalt Porphyrin–Polypyridyl Surface Coatings for Photoelectrosynthetic Hydrogen Production. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:12178-12185. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b01509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A. M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - D. Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - B. L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - G. F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences and the Biodesign
Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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49
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Leung JJ, Warnan J, Nam DH, Zhang JZ, Willkomm J, Reisner E. Photoelectrocatalytic H 2 evolution in water with molecular catalysts immobilised on p-Si via a stabilising mesoporous TiO 2 interlayer. Chem Sci 2017; 8:5172-5180. [PMID: 28970903 PMCID: PMC5618793 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc01277b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A versatile platform for the immobilisation of molecular catalysts on a readily-prepared Si photocathode with a mesoporous TiO2 layer is reported.
The development of photoelectrodes capable of light-driven hydrogen evolution from water is an important approach for the storage of solar energy in the form of a chemical energy carrier. However, molecular catalyst-based photocathodes remain scarcely reported and typically suffer from low efficiencies and/or stabilities due to inadequate strategies for interfacing the molecular component with the light-harvesting material. In this study, we report the straightforward preparation of a p-silicon|mesoporous titania|molecular catalyst photocathode assembly that is active towards proton reduction in aqueous media with an onset potential of +0.4 V vs. RHE. The mesoporous TiO2 scaffold acts as an electron shuttle between the silicon and the catalyst, while also stabilising the silicon from passivation and enabling a high loading of molecular catalysts (>30 nmol (geometrical cm)–2). When a Ni bis(diphosphine)-based catalyst is anchored on the surface of the electrode, a high turnover number of ∼1 × 103 was obtained from photoelectrolysis under UV-filtered simulated solar irradiation at 1 Sun after 24 h at pH 4.5. Notwithstanding its aptitude for molecular catalyst immobilisation, the p-Si|TiO2 photoelectrode showed great versatility towards different catalysts and pH conditions, with photoelectrocatalytic H2 generation also being achieved with platinum and a hydrogenase as catalyst, highlighting the flexible platform it represents for many potential reductive catalysis transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane J Leung
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Julien Warnan
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Dong Heon Nam
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Jenny Z Zhang
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Janina Willkomm
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
| | - Erwin Reisner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Sustainable SynGas Chemistry , Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , UK . ; http://www-reisner.ch.cam.ac.uk
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50
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Wadsworth BL, Beiler AM, Khusnutdinova D, Jacob SI, Moore GF. Electrocatalytic and Optical Properties of Cobaloxime Catalysts Immobilized at a Surface-Grafted Polymer Interface. ACS Catal 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.6b02194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian L. Wadsworth
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Anna M. Beiler
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Diana Khusnutdinova
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Samuel I. Jacob
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
| | - Gary F. Moore
- School of Molecular Sciences
and Biodesign Institute Center for Applied Structural Discovery (CASD), Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-1604, United States
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