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Peyravian N, Milan PB, Kebria MM, Mashayekhan S, Ghasemian M, Amiri S, Hamidi M, Shavandi A, Moghtadaei M. Designing and synthesis of injectable hydrogel based on carboxymethyl cellulose/carboxymethyl chitosan containing QK peptide for femoral head osteonecrosis healing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 270:132127. [PMID: 38718991 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
Femoral head necrosis is a debilitating disorder that typically caused by impaired blood supply to the hip joint. In this study, a novel injectable hydrogel based on Oxidized Carboxymethyl Cellulose (OCMC)-Carboxymethyl Chitosan (CMCS) polymers containing an angiogenesis stimulator peptide (QK) with a non-toxic crosslinking interaction (Schiff based reaction) was synthesized to enhance angiogenesis following femoral head necrosis in an animal model. The physicochemical features of fabricated injectable hydrogel were analyzed by FTIR, swelling and degradation rate, rheometry, and peptide release. Also, the safety and efficacy were evaluated following an in vitro hydrogel injection study and an avascular necrosis (AVN) animal model. According to the results, the hydrogel exhibited an appropriate swelling ratio and water uptake (>90 %, 24 h) as well as a suitable degradation rate over 21 days accompanied by a continuous peptide release. Also, data showed that hydrogels containing QK peptide boosted the proliferation, differentiation, angiogenesis, and osteogenic potential of both Bone Marrow mesenchymal Stem Cells (BM-MSCs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) (****p < 0.0001 and ***p < 0.001, respectively). Furthermore, molecular and histological evaluations significantly demonstrated the overexpression of Runx2, Osteocalcin, Collagen I, VEGF and CD34 genes (**p < 0.01 and ***p < 0.001, respectively), and also femoral head necrosis was effectively prohibited, and more blood vessels were detected in defect area by OCMC-CMCS hydrogel containing QK peptide (bone trabeculae >9000, ***p < 0.001). In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that OCMC-CMCS-QK injectable hydrogel could be considered as an impressive therapeutic construct for femoral head AVN healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noshad Peyravian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Peiman Brouki Milan
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maziar Malekzadeh Kebria
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shohreh Mashayekhan
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., Tehran, Iran
| | - Melina Ghasemian
- Cellular and Molecular Research Centre, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Shayan Amiri
- Shohadaye Haftom-e-tir Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Hamidi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - 3BIO-BioMatter unit, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amin Shavandi
- Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), École polytechnique de Bruxelles - 3BIO-BioMatter unit, Avenue F.D. Roosevelt, 50 - CP 165/61, 1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mehdi Moghtadaei
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Orthopaedic Department, Hazrat-Rasul Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Characterizing the Molecular Architecture of Hydrogels and Crosslinked Polymer Networks beyond Flory-Rehner. II: Experiments. Biomacromolecules 2023; 24:1585-1603. [PMID: 36929746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.2c01339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
We previously [Borges, F. T. P. Biomacromolecules 2020, 21(12), 5104-5118] introduced a novel methodology for the characterization of the dimensions and architecture of hydrogel networks that provides more detailed information than the classical Flory-Rehner theory [Canal, T.; Peppas, N. A. J. Biomed. Mater. Res. 1989, 23, 1183-1193]. In this article, we illustrate our methodology by applying it to the phototerpolymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone (NVP), ethylene glycol methyl ether acrylate (EGA), and poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA). The experimental design includes 120 formulations using different fractions of the three monomers. Experimental measurements determined the mass swelling ratio and were coupled with theory to compute the internal dimensions of the network. Results demonstrate how the use of a macromeric crosslinker leads to unique network architectures not predicted by classical F-R theory, e.g., the figure shows that the mass between crosslinks predicted by F-R is actually distributed between branches and the backbone. The methodology presented offers a path toward optimizing/customizing hydrogel properties to suit the size and shape of the specific therapeutic targeted for drug delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T P Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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In situ encapsulation of biologically active ingredients into polymer particles by polymerization in dispersed media. Prog Polym Sci 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2022.101637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Synergistic osteogenic and angiogenic effects of KP and QK peptides incorporated with an injectable and self-healing hydrogel for efficient bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2022; 18:267-283. [PMID: 35387156 PMCID: PMC8961307 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2022.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Bacterial cellulose nanofibrils-reinforced composite hydrogels for mechanical compression-responsive on-demand drug release. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118459. [PMID: 34420719 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we propose a cellulose-reinforced hybrid hydrogel system that not only increases mechanical strength, but also allows on-demand drug release. This hybrid hydrogel is specialized by its semi-interpenetrating network structure in which bacterial cellulose nanofibers (BCNFs) penetrate through a polyacrylamide (PAM) mesh. We showed that the interpenetrating BCNFs with a higher aspect ratio of 240 increased the compression strength of PAM/BCNF composite hydrogels approximately 3-fold, compared with that prepared with PAM only, stemming from the reinforcing effect of the rigid natural nanofibers between PAM meshes. We also observed that the swelling kinetics depended on the mechanical properties determined by the BCNF aspect ratio. From further studies on drug release, we demonstrated that the tailored composition of BCNFs with PAM retarded drug release by a factor of two compared to PAM only while enabling on-demand drug release in response to the applied compressive stress. These results highlight that our BCNFs-reinforced hydrogel system can be applied as a mechanical stress-responsive smart drug delivery patch.
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Pishavar E, Luo H, Naserifar M, Hashemi M, Toosi S, Atala A, Ramakrishna S, Behravan J. Advanced Hydrogels as Exosome Delivery Systems for Osteogenic Differentiation of MSCs: Application in Bone Regeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22126203. [PMID: 34201385 PMCID: PMC8228022 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22126203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are known as water-swollen networks formed from naturally derived or synthetic polymers. They have a high potential for medical applications and play a crucial role in tissue repair and remodeling. MSC-derived exosomes are considered to be new entities for cell-free treatment in different human diseases. Recent progress in cell-free bone tissue engineering via combining exosomes obtained from human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) with hydrogel scaffolds has resulted in improvement of the methodologies in bone tissue engineering. Our research has been actively focused on application of biotechnological methods for improving osteogenesis and bone healing. The following text presents a concise review of the methodologies of fabrication and preparation of hydrogels that includes the exosome loading properties of hydrogels for bone regenerative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Pishavar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91735, Iran; (E.P.); (M.N.); (M.H.); (S.T.)
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Hongrong Luo
- Engineering Research Center in Biomaterials, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China;
| | - Mahshid Naserifar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91735, Iran; (E.P.); (M.N.); (M.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Maryam Hashemi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91735, Iran; (E.P.); (M.N.); (M.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Shirin Toosi
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91735, Iran; (E.P.); (M.N.); (M.H.); (S.T.)
| | - Anthony Atala
- Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Boulevard, Winston-Salem, NC 27157, USA;
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Center for Nanofibers and Nanotechnology, Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.B.)
| | - Javad Behravan
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91735, Iran; (E.P.); (M.N.); (M.H.); (S.T.)
- School of Pharmacy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
- Center for Bioengineering and Biotechnology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON N2G 1C5, Canada
- Correspondence: (S.R.); (J.B.)
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Design, fabrication and drug release potential of dual stimuli-responsive composite hydrogel nanoparticle interfaces. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2021; 204:111819. [PMID: 33964528 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2021.111819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Nanocomposite hydrogel particles grasp considerable attention in nanotechnology and nanomedicine as one of the potential drug delivery platforms. However, prevail a coveted drug delivery strategy with sustain and stimuli-drug release is still challenging. Herein, poly (N-(4-aminophenyl) methacrylamide))-carbon nano-onions (PAPMA-CNOs = f-CNOs)/diclofenac-complex integrated chitosan (CS) nanocomposite hydrogel nanoparticles (CNPs) were fabricated using an ionic gelation strategy. CNPs possess several conducive physicochemical properties, including spherical morphology and uniform particle distribution.In vitro drug release from CNPs was vetted in different pHs of gastrointestinal (GI) tract environment at a temperature range of 37-55 °C and found dual (pH and thermo)-responsive controlled drug release. Under pH 7.4, CNPs exhibited the highest drug release at 55 °C in 15 days. The drug release results disclose that the structure of CNPs was disassembled at 55 °C to release the encapsulated drug molecules in a controlled fashion. The CNPs also displayed good cell viability against human fibroblast cells. Thus, all the results together unveil that CNPs would thrive as a promising pH and temperature-triggered drug delivery platform for the GI tract and colon targeted drug delivery.
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Roy T, James BD, Allen JB. Anti-VEGF-R2 Aptamer and RGD Peptide Synergize in a Bifunctional Hydrogel for Enhanced Angiogenic Potential. Macromol Biosci 2021; 21:e2000337. [PMID: 33191671 PMCID: PMC7880904 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202000337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogels have gained interest for use in tissue regeneration and wound healing because of their absorbing and swelling properties as well as their ability to mimic the natural extracellular matrix. Their use in wound healing specifically may be in the form of a patch or wound dressing or they may be administered within the wound bed as a filler, gel in situ, to promote healing. Thiolated hyaluronic acid-polyethylene diacrylate (tHA-PEGDA) hydrogels are ideal for this purpose due to their short gelation times at physiological temperature and pH. But these hydrogels alone are not enough and require added components to gain bioactivity. In this work, RGD adhesion peptides and an antivascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (VEGF-R2) DNA aptamer are incorporated into a tHA-PEGDA hydrogel to make a bifunctional hyaluronic acid hydrogel. RGD peptides promote attachment and growth of cells while the anti-VEGF-R2 DNA aptamer seems to improve cell viability, induce cell migration, and spur the onset of angiogenesis by tube formation by endothelial cells. This bifunctional hydrogel supports cell culture and has improved biological properties. The data suggest that these hydrogels can be used for advanced tissue regeneration applications such as in wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanaya Roy
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Bryan D James
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | - Josephine B Allen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Teymour F. Characterizing the Molecular Architecture of Hydrogels and Crosslinked Polymer Networks beyond Flory-Rehner-I. Theory. Biomacromolecules 2020; 21:5104-5118. [PMID: 33253542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.0c01256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the early 1940s, Paul Flory and John Rehner published a series of papers on the properties of swellable polymeric networks. Originally intended for vulcanized rubber, their development has since been extensively used and extended to much more complex systems, such as hydrogels, and used to estimate the mesh size of such networks. In this article, we take a look at the development of the Flory-Rehner equation and highlight several issues that arise when using such a theory for the described hydrogel networks. We then propose a new approach and equations to accurately calculate the backbone molecular weight in-between crosslinks while explicitly accounting for the molecular mass of the crosslinker and branch segments. The approach also provides more applicable mesh dimensions, for complex networks with macromeric crosslinkers and/or a high degree of branching, as is the case of biocompatible hydrogels. The approach is finally illustrated by a case study comparing the values obtained with our proposed approach to those using the state-of-the-art approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T P Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, Chicago, Illinois 60616, United States
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Farahavar G, Abolmaali SS, Gholijani N, Nejatollahi F. Antibody-guided nanomedicines as novel breakthrough therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic tools. Biomater Sci 2019; 7:4000-4016. [PMID: 31355391 DOI: 10.1039/c9bm00931k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in nanotechnology, such as the development of various types of nanoparticles and hybrid nanomaterials, have revolutionized nanomedicine. The small size, customizable surface, enhanced solubility, and multi-functionality endow the nanoparticles with an ability to interact with complex cellular and biological functions in new ways. Furthermore, these systems can deliver drugs to specific tissues and provide a targeted therapy. For this purpose, different categories of molecules, particularly antibodies, have been used as ligands. Antibody-conjugated nanomaterials can significantly enhance the efficiency of nanomedicines, especially in the field of cancer. This review is focused on three major medical applications of antibody-conjugated nanomaterials, namely, therapeutic, diagnostic and theranostic applications. To provide comprehensive information on the topic and an overview of these hybrid nanomaterials for biomedical applications, a brief summary of nanomaterials and antibodies is given. Moreover, the review has depicted the potential applications of antibody-conjugated nanomaterials in different fields and their capabilities to empower nanomedicine, particularly in relation to the treatment and detection of malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghazal Farahavar
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
| | - Samira Sadat Abolmaali
- Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology Department and Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz 71345, Iran.
| | - Nasser Gholijani
- Autoimmune Diseases Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Foroogh Nejatollahi
- Shiraz HIV/AIDS research center, Institute of health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran.
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Growth factor delivery: Defining the next generation platforms for tissue engineering. J Control Release 2019; 306:40-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2019.05.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Bai X, Gao M, Syed S, Zhuang J, Xu X, Zhang XQ. Bioactive hydrogels for bone regeneration. Bioact Mater 2018; 3:401-417. [PMID: 30003179 PMCID: PMC6038268 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2018.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bone self-healing is limited and generally requires external intervention to augment bone repair and regeneration. While traditional methods for repairing bone defects such as autografts, allografts, and xenografts have been widely used, they all have corresponding disadvantages, thus limiting their clinical use. Despite the development of a variety of biomaterials, including metal implants, calcium phosphate cements (CPC), hydroxyapatite, etc., the desired therapeutic effect is not fully achieved. Currently, polymeric scaffolds, particularly hydrogels, are of interest and their unique configurations and tunable physicochemical properties have been extensively studied. This review will focus on the applications of various cutting-edge bioactive hydrogels systems in bone regeneration, as well as their advantages and limitations. We will examine the composition and defects of the bone, discuss the current biomaterials for bone regeneration, and classify recently developed polymeric materials for hydrogel synthesis. We will also elaborate on the properties of desirable hydrogels as well as the fabrication techniques and different delivery strategies. Finally, the existing challenges, considerations, and the future prospective of hydrogels in bone regeneration will be outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Bai
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Mingzhu Gao
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
| | - Sahla Syed
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Jerry Zhuang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xiaoyang Xu
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, 07102, USA
| | - Xue-Qing Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Cell & Therapeutic Antibody, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, P.R. China
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De Rosa L, Di Stasi R, D'Andrea LD. Pro-angiogenic peptides in biomedicine. Arch Biochem Biophys 2018; 660:72-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Borges FTP, Papavasiliou G, Murad S, Teymour F. Effect of Phosphate Salt Concentration and Solution pH on the Aqueous-Phase Homo and Copolymerization of N
-Vinyl Pyrrolidone. MACROMOL REACT ENG 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/mren.201800012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando T. P. Borges
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Georgia Papavasiliou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Sohail Murad
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
| | - Fouad Teymour
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering; Illinois Institute of Technology; Chicago IL 60616 USA
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