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Liu D, Cai H, Zhou W, Lei D, Cao C, Xia X, Xiao L, Qian Q, Chen Q. Application of 3D printing technology for green synthesis of Fe 2O 3 using ABS/TPU/chlorella skeletons for methyl orange removal. RSC Adv 2024; 14:1501-1512. [PMID: 38178810 PMCID: PMC10765781 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra07143j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Photocatalysis is widely acknowledged as an efficient and environmentally friendly method for treating dye-contaminated wastewater. However, the utilization of powdered photocatalysts presents significant challenges, including issues related to recyclability and the potential for secondary pollution. Herein, a novel technique based on 3D printing for the synthesizing of iron oxide (Fe2O3) involving chlorella was presented. Initially, chlorella powders were immobilized within acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) substrate plastics using melt extrusion technology. Subsequently, these composite materials were transformed into ABS/TPU/chlorella skeletons (ATCh40), through fused deposition molding (FDM) technology. The integration of Fe2O3 onto the ATCh40 (ATCh40-Fe2O3) skeletons was accomplished by subjecting them to controlled heating in an oil bath. A comprehensive characterization of the synthesized materials confirms the successful growth of Fe2O3 on the surface of 3D skeletons. This strategy effectively addresses the immobilization challenges associated with powdered photocatalysts. In photocatalytic degradation experiments targeting methyl orange (MO), the ATCh40-Fe2O3 skeletons exhibited a remarkable MO removal rate of 91% within 240 min. Under conditions where the pH of MO solution was maintained at 3, and the ATCh40-Fe2O3 skeletons were subjected to a heat treatment in a 150 °C blast drying oven for 2 hours, the degradation rate of MO remained substantial, achieving 90% removal after 6 cycles. In contrast, when the same synthetic procedure was applied to ABS/TPU (AT) skeletons, the resulting product was identified as α-FeOOH. The MO removal rate by the AT-α-FeOOH skeletons was considerably lower, reaching only 49% after 240 min. This research provided a practical approach for the construction of photocatalytic devices through the use of 3D printing technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dingyong Liu
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Hongjie Cai
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Weiming Zhou
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Dandan Lei
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Changlin Cao
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Xinshu Xia
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Liren Xiao
- College of Chemistry and Materials Science, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Qingrong Qian
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
| | - Qinghua Chen
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, College of Carbon Neutral Modern Industry, Fujian Normal University Fuzhou 350117 China
- Engineering Research Center of Polymer Green Recycling of Ministry of Education Fuzhou 350117 China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse Fuzhou 350117 China
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Zhuang Y, Li D, Shi B. Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA) Incorporated into Iron Particles Promoted the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts under Drinking Water Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:4863-4869. [PMID: 36917752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is an emerging persistent organic pollutant that is frequently detected throughout the drinking water supply system. Here, we first found that PFOA could significantly increase the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in unlined iron pipes (UIPs) during the distribution process. The increased DBPs were not due to the reaction of PFOA itself with free chlorine, but the in situ formed Fe-PFOA complex played a key role. Notably, PFOA could enhance iron release from UIPs and was greatly incorporated into the iron particles to form Fe-PFOA complex. The •OH generated by the Fe-PFOA heterogeneous reaction could break large dissolved organic matter into small molecules that had higher reactivity with chlorine. In addition, DBP precursors with more aromatic structures were favorable for forming strong Fe-π interactions with Fe-PFOA complex, resulting in more •OH for the formation of aromatic DBPs. The cytotoxicity test showed that the viability of cells exposed to DBPs from UIPs with 100 ng/L PFOA was 46.9%, while that without PFOA was 67.91%. Overall, this study provided a new perspective on the risk of PFOA, with a focus not on PFOA itself but on its potential to promote DBP-associated toxicity in iron-based drinking water distribution pipes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Donghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Qin X, Zhuang Y, Ma J, Liu S, Shi B. Enhanced toxicity effects of iron particles together with PFOA in drinking water. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119919. [PMID: 35977639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron particles present in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) could cause discoloration, while organic pollutants in DWDSs, such as perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), could be enriched by iron particles. However, little is known about the enhanced effects of PFOA and iron particles in DWDSs. To fill in these knowledge gaps, herein, iron-PFOA (FEP) particles were generated using residual chlorine as an oxidant in drinking water conditions and then separated into different sizes (ranging from small to large: FEP-S, FEP-M ,and FEP-L). FEP-S harbored the greatest cytotoxicity among the sizes. Interestingly, our data revealed that the PFOA released from FEP particles transformed into PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) upon digestion in the gastrointestinal environment (GI), and FEP-L bored the strongest transformation, showing a toxicity profile that was distinct from that of FEP-S. Furthermore, mechanistic studies revealed that FEP per se should be accountable for the conversion of PFOA to PFOS dependent on the generation of hydroxyl radicals (·OH) in GI, and that FEP-L revealed the greatest production of ·OH. Collectively, these results showed how iron particles and PFOA could result in enhanced toxicity effects in drinking water: (i) PFOA could increase the toxicity of iron particles by reducing particle size and inducing higher generation of ·OH; (ii) iron particles could induce the transformation of PFOA into more toxic PFOS through digestion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Qin
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Juan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
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Zhuang Y, Shen C, Gu Y, Chen R, Shi B. Effect of trichloroacetic acid on iron oxidation: Implications on the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 189:116632. [PMID: 33227611 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In drinking water distribution system (DWDS), disinfection byproducts (DBPs) have a large possibility of participating in iron oxidation by dissolved oxygen (DO), which may induce particle structure transformations and increase unknown risks. In this work, the influence of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA, one of the most typical DBPs) on iron oxidation processes was studied, and the potential effects of the resulting α-FeOOH particles were evaluated through two aspects: (i) influence on the bacterial community and (ii) toxicity to human cells. TCAA promoted iron oxidation process through an Fe-O-C linkage, which led to a sharper surface of the particles (TCAA-mediated Fe oxide particles, TFOP) than that without TCAA (Fe oxide particles, FOP). Interestingly, the influence of particles on the richness of bacterial community of drinking water was different under anaerobic and aerobic conditions: under anaerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community increased with the addition of particles, while under aerobic conditions, the richness of bacterial community decreased. The higher affinity of TFOP for electron-accepting DO than FOP indicated the role of DO on TFOP under aerobic conditions. TFOP exhibited the strongest cytotoxicity among FOP and the actual deposits. DFT calculations confirmed that TCAA in iron particles promoted the adsorption and dissociation of H2O2 to generate more •OH with an obvious decrease in the energy barrier from 1.51 to 0.80 eV. This study indicates the high potential of adverse effects of DBPs on loose deposits in DWDS and gives implications for the control of DBPs and deposits in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Congcong Shen
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yifan Gu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Zhuang Y, Han B, Chen R, Shi B. Structural transformation and potential toxicity of iron-based deposits in drinking water distribution systems. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 165:114999. [PMID: 31465995 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.114999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Discoloration events in drinking water distribution systems (DWDSs) are usually considered an aesthetic issue rather than a health concern, and the potential toxicity of the iron-based particles resuspended from deposits in DWDSs has not been a focus. More importantly, it has not been recognized that the iron-based particles may have structural transformation under the complex condition in DWDSs which would further increase their adverse effects. In the present study, iron particle-dominated loose deposits, which were collected from a real DWDSs through pipe flushing, were firstly found to possess obvious toxicity to human liver cells. To further evaluate the potential harms of the deposits, FeOOH crystals (which is one of the most representative components in the deposits of DWDSs) were grown with different types of coexisting matters which may emerge in DWDSs. Results showed that the FeOOH had obvious structure transformation with coexisting matters which further influenced their toxicity: the samples with sharp surfaces had higher toxicity than those with smooth surfaces. Interestingly, although the FeOOH particles formed with perfluorooctanoic acid (FeOOH-PFOA) did not have the sharpest surface or smallest particle size among all the samples, they demonstrated the highest toxicity with strong generation of reactive oxygen species. Experimental and theoretical studies verified that PFOA induced the electron migration around Fe in FeOOH-PFOA particles. The FeOOH-PFOA not only was able to capture electrons directly from DNA, but also generated ROS from O2 using DNA as an electron donor which might greatly enhance the oxidative damage to cells. This study would broaden the understanding of the potential harms of deposits in DWDSs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bingjun Han
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ruya Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Zhuang Y, Shi B. Polymer hydrogels with enhanced stability and heterogeneous Fenton activity in organic pollutant removal. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 85:147-155. [PMID: 31471021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Polymer hydrogel-based materials have been shown to act as novel Fenton catalysts for water treatment, but the rational design of hydrogel-based catalysts with good stability has been a great challenge. To increase the stability and activity of polymer-based Fenton catalysts, uniform urchin-like α-Fe2O3 was grown in situ in a PVA carrier matrix here. PVA molecules promoted the growth of urchin-like α-Fe2O3, and then the PVA hydrogel acted as a barrier and carrier to reduce agglomeration. Through coordination by hydroxyl groups, PVA had good combination with Fe ions and α-Fe2O3. The formation of Fe-O-C bonds between iron oxides and polymers was reported for the first time, enhancing the material stability during catalysis. Under higher PVA concentrations, the resulting composite hydrogel could generate more ˙OH due to the increase in the number of active sites because of the hairy urchin-like structure. In tetracycline degradation through a heterogeneous Fenton reaction, the resulting material had good catalytic activity from pH 2 to pH 10 with low iron leaching, good reusability and remained at a level of nearly 90% after five consecutive cycles. Density functional theory calculations were used to further prove the mechanism of structural change of the iron oxides. The HOMO and LUMO energies of the iron oxides changed from 5.428 and 4.899 eV to 5.926 and 5.310 eV, indicating that the presence of PVA could influence the charge of the iron atom. The results provide new insights into the preparation of polymer hydrogel-based heterogeneous Fenton catalysts with enhanced stability for water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Degradation of methylene blue by a heterogeneous Fenton reaction using an octahedron-like, high-graphitization, carbon-doped Fe2O3 catalyst. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2019.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Kong Y, Zhuang Y, Yu J, Han Z, Shi B. Structural study on PVA assisted self-assembled 3D hierarchical iron (hydr)oxides. CrystEngComm 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c8ce00075a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Polymers with hydroxyl groups may have great influence on the formation process of metal oxides due to complexation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Kong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Yuan Zhuang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Jianwei Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
| | - Zhiyong Han
- College of Petrochemical Engineering
- Lanzhou University of Technology
- Lanzhou 730050
- China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Beijing
- China
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