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Yang XF, Zhang MX, Liu SH, Hartl F. Metallaaromatic Complexes as Candidates for Future Molecular Materials and Electronic Devices: Recent Advancements. Chem Asian J 2024; 19:e202300860. [PMID: 37997007 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the field of organometallic chemistry has made a great progress and diverse types of metallaaromatics have successively been reported. In those studies, incorporation of ligated osmium centers into metallaaromatic systems played a prominent role. The reviewed literature documents that certain metallaaromatics with unconventional photophysical properties, redox and electronic transport properties and magnetism, have potential to be widely used in diverse practical applications, with selected examples of amino acid and fluoride anion identification, photothermal effects, functional materials, photodynamic therapy (PDT) in biomedicine, single-molecule junction conductors, and electron-transport layer materials (ETLs) in solar cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Fei Yang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ming-Xing Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Purification and Application of Plant Anti-cancer Active Ingredients, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Hubei University of Education, Wuhan, 430205, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Hua Liu
- National Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, 430079, P. R. China
| | - František Hartl
- Department of Chemistry, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, RG6 6DX, United Kingdom
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2
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Tang C, Zhao Y, Wu J, Chen Z, Liu LL, Tan YZ, Zhu J, Xia H. Releasing Antiaromaticity in Metal-Bridgehead Naphthalene. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:15587-15592. [PMID: 34533932 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c08106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
As a fundamental chemical property, aromaticity guides the synthesis of novel structures and materials. Replacing the carbon moieties of aromatic hydrocarbons with transition metal fragments is a promising strategy to synthesize intriguing organometallic counterparts with a similar aromaticity to their organic parents. However, since antiaromaticity will endow compound instability, it is a great challenge to obtain an antiaromatic organometallic counterpart based on such transition metal replacement in aromatic hydrocarbons. Here, we report an efficient aromaticity transformation on aromatic naphthalene through the bridgehead replacement of an osmium fragment, leading to the unprecedented synthesis of metal-bridgehead naphthalene featuring a highly twisted structure as confirmed by X-ray crystallography characterization. Such a twisted conformation works together with its phosphonium substituents to release the antiaromaticity in the planar conformation of the metal-bridgehead naphthalene. Our findings prove the bridgehead involvement of transition metals in unexpected aromaticity modifications and open an avenue for novel metal-bridgehead complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Tang
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jingjing Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Liu Leo Liu
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yuan-Zhi Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China.,Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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3
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Liu L, Chen H, Yang Z, Wei J, Xi Z. C,C- and C,N-Chelated Organocopper Compounds. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26195806. [PMID: 34641351 PMCID: PMC8510249 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26195806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper-catalyzed and organocopper-involved reactions are of great significance in organic synthesis. To have a deep understanding of the reaction mechanisms, the structural characterizations of organocopper intermediates become indispensable. Meanwhile, the structure-function relationship of organocopper compounds could advance the rational design and development of new Cu-based reactions and organocopper reagents. Compared to the mono-carbonic ligand, the C,N- and C,C-bidentate ligands better stabilize unstable organocopper compounds. Bidentate ligands can chelate to the same copper atom via η2-mode, forming a mono-cupra-cyclic compounds with at least one acute C-Cu-C angle. When the bidentate ligands bind to two copper atoms via η1-mode at each coordinating site, the bimetallic macrocyclic compounds will form nearly linear C-Cu-C angles. The anionic coordinating sites of the bidentate ligand can also bridge two metals via μ2-mode, forming organocopper aggregates with Cu-Cu interactions and organocuprates with contact ion pair structures. The reaction chemistry of some selected organocopper compounds is highlighted, showing their unique structure-reactivity relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
| | - Hui Chen
- Henan Institute of Chemistry Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (H.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Zhenqiang Yang
- Henan Institute of Chemistry Co., Ltd., Henan Academy of Sciences, Zhengzhou 450002, China; (H.C.); (Z.Y.)
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.X.)
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China;
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Shanghai 200032, China
- Correspondence: (J.W.); (Z.X.)
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4
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Sitkiewicz SP, Ramos-Cordoba E, Luis JM, Matito E. How Many Electrons Does a Molecular Electride Hold? J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:4819-4835. [PMID: 34038110 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c02760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrides are very peculiar ionic compounds where electrons occupy the anionic positions. In a crystal lattice, these isolated electrons often form channels or surfaces, furnishing electrides with many traits with promising technological applications. Despite their huge potential, thus far, only a few stable electrides have been produced because of the intricate synthesis they entail. Due to the difficulty in assessing the presence of isolated electrons, the characterization of electrides also poses some serious challenges. In fact, their properties are expected to depend on the arrangement of these electrons in the molecule. Among the criteria that we can use to characterize electrides, the presence of a non-nuclear attractor (NNA) of the electron density is both the rarest and the most salient feature. Therefore, a correct description of the NNA is crucial to determine the properties of electrides. In this paper, we analyze the NNA and the surrounding region of nine molecular electrides to determine the number of isolated electrons held in the electride. We have seen that the correct description of a molecular electride hinges on the electronic structure method employed for the analyses. In particular, one should employ a basis set with sufficient flexibility to describe the region close to the NNA and a density functional approximation that does not suffer from large delocalization errors. Finally, we have classified these nine molecular electrides according to the most likely number of electrons that we can find in the NNA. We believe this classification highlights the strength of the electride character and will prove useful in designing new electrides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P Sitkiewicz
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Eloy Ramos-Cordoba
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Polimero eta Material Aurreratuak: Fisika, Kimika eta Teknologia, Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072, 20080 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain
| | - Josep M Luis
- Institut de Química Computacional i Catàlisi (IQCC) and Departament de Química, Universitat de Girona, 17003 Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Eduard Matito
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), 20018 Donostia, Euskadi, Spain.,Ikerbasque Foundation for Science, Plaza Euskadi 5, 48009 Bilbao, Euskadi, Spain
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5
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Zhang Y, Yu C, Huang Z, Zhang WX, Ye S, Wei J, Xi Z. Metalla-aromatics: Planar, Nonplanar, and Spiro. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:2323-2333. [PMID: 33849276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusThe concept of aromaticity is one of the most fundamental principles in chemistry. It is generally accepted that planarity is a prerequisite for aromaticity, and typically the more planar the geometry of an aromatic compound is, the stronger aromatic it is. However, it is not always the case, particularly when transition metals are involved in conjugation and electron delocalization of aromatic systems, i.e., metalla-aromatics. Because of the intrinsic nature of transition-metal orbitals, besides planar geometries, the most stable molecular structures of metalla-aromatic compounds could take nonplanar and even spiro geometries. In this Account, we outline several unprecedented types of metalla-aromatics developed recently in our research group.Around seven years ago, we found that 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes, dilithio reagents with π-conjugation, could function as non-innocent ligands and react with low-valent transition-metal complexes, generating monocyclic metalla-aromatic compounds. Later on, by taking advantage of the unique behavior of dilithio reagents and the intrinsic nature of different transition metals, we have synthesized a series of metalla-aromatic compounds, of which four types are discussed here, and each of them represents the first of its kind. First, nearly planar aromatic dicupra[10]annulenes, a 10 π-electron aromatic system with two bridging Cu atoms participating in the orbital conjugation and electron delocalization, are synthesized by annulating two dilithio reagents with two Cu(I) complexes.Second, four kinds of spiro metalla-aromatics, featuring planar (with Pd, Pt, or Rh as the spiro atom) geometry with a whole 10π aromatic system, octahedral (tris-spiro metalla-aromatics with V as the spiro atom) geometry with an entire 40π Craig-Möbius aromatic system, tetrahedral (with Mn as the spiro atom) geometry having two independent and perpendicular 6π planar aromatic rings, and tetrahedral (with Mn as the spiro atom) geometry with one planar and one nonplanar 6π aromatic rings, respectively, are generated. In sharp contrast to spiroaromaticity with carbon acting as the spiro atom described in Organic Chemistry, the metal spiro atom herein takes part in orbital conjugation and electron delocalization.Third, nonplanar aromatic butadienyl diiron complexes are realized. Different from planar aromatic systems featuring delocalized π-type overlap, this nonplanar metalla-aromaticity is achieved by the novel σ-type overlap between the two Fe 3dxz orbitals and the butadienyl π orbital, forming a 6π aromatic system. Fourth, dinickelaferrocene, a ferrocene analogue with two aromatic nickeloles, is synthesized from our monocyclic aromatic dilithionickelole and FeBr2. The aromaticity of dinickelaferrocene and its nickelole ligands is realized by electron back-donation from the Fe 3d orbital to the π* orbital of nickeloles, which also deepens our understanding of the origin of aromaticity.The search for unprecedented and exciting aromatic systems, particularly with transition metals being involved, will continue to drive this intriguing research field forward. Given the synthetic strategies and various types of metalla-aromatics developed and described, diversified metalla-aromatics of interesting structures and reaction chemistry, novel chemical bonding modes, and useful functions can be expected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chao Yu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
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Patra SG, Mondal T. Interplay of Hückel and Möbius Aromaticity in Metal-Metal Quintuple Bonded Complexes of Cr, Mo, and W with Amidinate Ligand: Ab initio DFT and Multireference Analysis*. Chemphyschem 2021; 22:298-311. [PMID: 33252161 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202000923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 11/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The aromaticity of metal-metal quintuple bonded complexes of the type M2 L2 (M=Cr, Mo, and W; L=amidinate) are studied employing gauge including magnetically induced ring current (GIMIC) analysis and electron density of delocalized bonds (EDDB). It is found that the complexes possess two types of aromaticity: i) Hückel aromaticity through delocalization of ligand π electrons with metal-metal δ-bond-forming 6 conjugated electrons (4π and 2δ) ring; ii) Craig-Möbius aromaticity through delocalization of π electrons of both the ligands with metal d-orbitals in Craig type orientation forming 10π electrons ring with a double twist. Extended transition state natural orbital chemical valence (ETS-NOCV) and canonical molecular orbital natural chemical shielding (CMO-NCS) analysis confirm the Craig-Möbius type arrangement of the orbitals. Furthermore, the unprecedented Hückel and Möbius type aromaticity is confirmed from the plot of the current pathways using 3D line integral convolution (3D-LIC) plots. The metal-metal bond order also increases down the group as justified from the complete active space self-consistent field (CASSCF) analysis. Due to an increase in the π and δ electron conjugation, both the Hückel and Möbius aromaticity increase down the group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanti G Patra
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, 40700, Israel
| | - Totan Mondal
- Department of Organic Chemistry and the, Lise Meitner-Minerva Centre for Computational Quantum Chemistry, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 91904, Israel
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Abstract
Since the prediction of the existence of metallabenzenes in 1979, metallaaromatic chemistry has developed rapidly, due to its importance in both experimental and theoretical fields. Now six major types of metallaromatic compounds, metallabenzenes, metallabenzynes, heterometallaaromatics, dianion metalloles, metallapentalenes and metallapentalynes (also termed carbolongs), and spiro metalloles, have been reported and extensively studied. Their parent organic analogues may be aromatic, non-aromatic, or even anti-aromatic. These unique systems not only enrich the large family of aromatics, but they also broaden our understanding and extend the concept of aromaticity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of metallaaromatic chemistry. We have focused on not only the six major classes of metallaaromatics, including the main-group-metal-based metallaaromatics, but also other types, such as metallacyclobutadienes and metallacyclopropenes. The structures, synthetic methods, and reactivities are described, their applications are covered, and the challenges and future prospects of the area are discussed. The criteria commonly used to judge the aromaticity of metallaaromatics are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dafa Chen
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhui Hua
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- Shenzhen Grubbs Institute and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People's Republic of China
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Chen D, Szczepanik DW, Zhu J, Solà M. Probing the Origin of Adaptive Aromaticity in 16-Valence-Electron Metallapentalenes. Chemistry 2020; 26:12964-12971. [PMID: 32519777 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Species with adaptive aromaticity are aromatic in the ground and lowest-lying triplet excited states and they have normally intermediate singlet-triplet gaps. Few examples of compounds with adaptive aromaticity are known to date, including 16-valence-electron (16e) metallapentalenes. A sweeping search could be conducted to discover new members of this group, but efficient designs with an explicit strategy would facilitate the quest for new members of this elusive family. Density functional theory calculations and aromaticity evaluations have been performed to reveal the nature of triplet-state aromaticity in 16e metallapentalenes. Our results show that coordination of strong σ- or π-donor ligands helps achieving adaptive aromaticity of 16e metallapentalenes by means of a spin delocalization mechanism. These results have important implications for understanding the unusual properties of the organometallic adaptive aromatics, leading the way to efficient design of new compounds with tunable singlet-triplet gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China.,Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dariusz W Szczepanik
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,K. Guminski Department of Theoretical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa, 2, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361005, P. R. China
| | - Miquel Solà
- Institute of Computational Chemistry and Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, University of Girona, C/ M. Aurèlia Capmany, 69, 17003, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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9
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How do the Hückel and Baird Rules Fade away in Annulenes? Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25030711. [PMID: 32045990 PMCID: PMC7037833 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25030711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Two of the most popular rules to characterize the aromaticity of molecules are those due to Hückel and Baird, which govern the aromaticity of singlet and triplet states. In this work, we study how these rules fade away as the ring structure increases and an optimal overlap between p orbitals is no longer possible due to geometrical restrictions. To this end, we study the lowest-lying singlet and triplet states of neutral annulenes with an even number of carbon atoms between four and eighteen. First of all, we analyze these rules from the Hückel molecular orbital method and, afterwards, we perform a geometry optimization of the annulenes with several density functional approximations in order to analyze the effect that the distortions from planarity produce on the aromaticity of annulenes. Finally, we analyze the performance of three density functional approximations that employ different percentages of Hartree-Fock exchange (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP and M06-2X) and Hartree-Fock. Our results reveal that functionals with a low percentage of Hartree-Fock exchange at long ranges suffer from severe delocalization errors that result in wrong geometrical structures and the overestimation of the aromatic character of annulenes.
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11
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12
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Xiao K, Zhao Y, Zhu J, Zhao L. Hyperconjugative aromaticity and protodeauration reactivity of polyaurated indoliums. Nat Commun 2019; 10:5639. [PMID: 31822673 PMCID: PMC6904676 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13663-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromaticity generally describes a cyclic structure composed of sp2-hybridized carbon or hetero atoms with remarkable stability and unique reactivity. The doping of even one sp3-hybridized atom often damages the aromaticity due to the interrupted electron conjugation. Here we demonstrate the occurrence of an extended hyperconjugative aromaticity (EHA) in a metalated indole ring which contains two gem-diaurated tetrahedral carbon atoms. The EHA-involved penta-aurated indolium shows extended electron conjugation because of dual hyperconjugation. Furthermore, the EHA-induced low electron density on the indolyl nitrogen atom enables a facile protodeauration reaction for the labile Au-N bond. In contrast, the degraded tetra-aurated indolium with a single gem-dimetalated carbon atom exhibits poor bond averaging and inertness in the protodeauration reaction. The aromaticity difference in such two polyaurated indoliums is discussed in the geometrical and electronic perspectives. This work highlights the significant effect of metalation on the aromaticity of polymetalated species. Hyperconjugative aromaticity combines the concepts of hyperconjugation and aromaticity and explains cyclopentadiene stability. Here, the authors demonstrate extended hyperconjugative aromaticity in a metallated indole ring, which shows extended electron conjugation due to the dual hyperconjugation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kui Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361005, Xiamen, China.
| | - Liang Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry and Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China.
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13
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Huang Z, Zhang Y, Zhang WX, Xi Z. Reversible Two-Electron Redox Reactions Involving Tetralithio/Dilithio Palladole, Platinacycle, and Dicupra[10]annulene. Organometallics 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.9b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Huang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yongliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry (SIOC), Shanghai 200032, China
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14
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Zhang Y, Wei J, Zhu M, Chi Y, Zhang W, Ye S, Xi Z. Tetralithio Metalla‐aromatics with Two Independent Perpendicular Dilithio Aromatic Rings Spiro‐fused by One Manganese Atom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201904681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Wen‐Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck Institute for Coal Research 45470 Mülheim a. d. Ruhr Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS)Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of EducationCollege of ChemistryPeking University Beijing 100871 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Organometallic ChemistryShanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry Shanghai 200032 P. R. China
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15
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Zhang Y, Wei J, Zhu M, Chi Y, Zhang WX, Ye S, Xi Z. Tetralithio Metalla-aromatics with Two Independent Perpendicular Dilithio Aromatic Rings Spiro-fused by One Manganese Atom. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2019; 58:9625-9631. [PMID: 31102480 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201904681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we present the realization of a class of unprecedented aromatic structures 2: metalla-aromatics with two independent and perpendicular aromatic rings spiro-fused by a transition-metal spiro atom, of which their corresponding organic analogues are impossible. Tetralithio spiro manganacycles 2 are readily synthesized from 1,4-dilithio-1,3-butadienes 1 and MnCl2 in the presence of lithium. The aromaticity of 2 is supported by experimental measurements (X-ray structural analysis, NMR) and theoretical analyses (NICS, ACID, MOs). The spiro atom Mn in 2 uses its 3dxz and 3dxy orbitals to form the two perpendicular manganacycles, which are two independent 6π aromatic systems. Theoretical analyses reveal that the Li cations play an indispensable role in governing their geometric and electronic structures and hence their aromaticity. Therefore, this work contributes not only to enrich the concept of aromaticity, but also to deepen the understanding of the fundamental chemical bonding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Miaomiao Zhu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Yue Chi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China
| | - Shengfa Ye
- Max-Planck Institute for Coal Research, 45470, Mülheim a. d. Ruhr, Germany
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Organometallic Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Shanghai, 200032, P. R. China
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16
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Chen D, Xie Q, Zhu J. Unconventional Aromaticity in Organometallics: The Power of Transition Metals. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1449-1460. [PMID: 31062968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Aromaticity, one of the most fundamental concepts in chemistry, has attracted considerable attention from both theoreticians and experimentalists. Much effort on aromaticity in organometallics has been devoted to metallabenzene and derivatives. In comparison, aromaticity in other organometallics is less developed. This Account describes how our group has performed quantum chemical calculations to examine aromaticity in recently synthesized novel organometallic complexes. By collaborations with experimentalists, we have extended several aromaticity concepts into organometallics to highlight the power of transition metals. In general, the transition metal could participate in delocalization either out of rings or in the rings. We examined the former by probing the possibility of transition metal substituents in hyperconjugative aromaticity, where the metal is out of the rings. Calculations on tetraaurated heteroaryl complexes reveal that incorporation of the aurated substituents at the nitrogen atom can convert nonaromaticity in the parent indolium into aromaticity in the aurated one due to hyperconjugation, thus extending the concept of hyperconjugative aromaticity to heterocycles with transition metal substituents. More importantly, further analysis indicates that the aurated substituents can perform better than traditional main-group substituents. Recently, we also probed the strongest aromatic cyclopentadiene and pyrrolium rings by hyperconjugation of transition metal substituents. Moreover, theoretical calculations suggest that one electropositive substituent is able to induce aromaticity; whereas one electronegative substituent prompts nonaromaticity rather than antiaromaticity. We also probed the possibility of Craig-type Möbius aromaticity in organometallic chemistry, where the position of the transition metals is in the rings. According to the electron count and topology, aromaticity can be classified as Hückel-type and Möbius-type. In comparison with numerous Hückel aromatics containing 4 n+2 π-electrons, Möbius aromatics with 4 n π-electrons, especially the Craig-type species, are particularly limited. We first examined aromaticity in osmapentalynes. Theoretical calculations reveal that incorporation of the osmium center not only reduces the ring strain of the parent pentalyne, but also converts Hückel antiaromaticity in the parent pentalyne into Craig-type Möbius aromaticity in metallapentalynes. Further studies show that the transition metal fragments can also make both 16e and 18e osmapentalenes aromatic, indicating that the Craig-type Möbius aromaticity in osmapentalyne is rooted in osmapentalenes. In addition, Möbius aromaticity is also possible in dimetalla[10]annulenes, where the lithium atoms are not spectator cations but play an important role due to their bonding interaction with the diene moieties. We then examined the possibility of σ-aromaticity in an unsaturated ring. Traditional π-aromaticity is used to describe the π-conjugation in fully unsaturated rings; whereas σ-aromaticity may stabilize fully saturated rings with delocalization caused by σ-electron conjugation. We found that the unsaturated three-membered ring in cyclopropaosmapentalene is σ-aromatic. Very recently, we extended σ-aromaticity into in a fully unsaturated ring. The concepts and examples presented here show the importance of interplay and union between experiment and theory in developing novel aromatic systems and, especially, the indispensable role of computational study in rationalization of unconventional aromaticity. All these findings highlight the strong power of transition metals originating from participation of d orbitals in aromaticity, opening an avenue to the design of unique metalla-aromatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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17
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Ahmed F, Ghosh SR, Halder S, Guin S, Alam SM, Ray PP, Jana AD, Mir MH. Metal–ligand ring aromaticity in a 2D coordination polymer used as a photosensitive electronic device. NEW J CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c8nj05526b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
14-Membered metal–ligand ring present in a photosensitive 2D coordination polymer, [Zn2(fum)2(4-phpy)4(H2O)2] (H2fum = fumaric acid and 4-phpy = 4-phenyl pyridine) shows aromatic character as evident by the nucleus-independent chemical shifts (NICS) calculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faruk Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, Aliah University
- Kolkata 700 156
- India
| | - Sourav Ranjan Ghosh
- Department of Physics, Behala College
- Kolkata
- India
- Department of Physics, Heritage Institute of Technology
- Kolkata 700 107
| | - Soumi Halder
- Department of Physics, Jadavpur University
- Kolkata 700 032
- India
| | - Surajit Guin
- Department of Physics, Behala College
- Kolkata
- India
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18
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Zheng S, Chu Z, Lee K, Lin Q, Li Y, He G, Chen J, Jia G. Synthesis, Characterization and Electronic Structure of Dirhenadehyro[12]annulene Complexes. Chempluschem 2018; 84:85-91. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201800537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohui Zheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhenwei Chu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Ka‐Ho Lee
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Yucen Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Guomei He
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering College of MaterialsXiamen University Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Guochen Jia
- Department of ChemistryThe Hong Kong University of Science and Technology Clear Water Bay, Kowloon Hong Kong P. R. China
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19
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Hua Y, Lan Q, Fei J, Tang C, Lin J, Zha H, Chen S, Lu Y, Chen J, He X, Xia H. Metallapentalenofuran: Shifting Metallafuran Rings Promoted by Substituent Effects. Chemistry 2018; 24:14531-14538. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802928] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuhui Hua
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Qing Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiawei Fei
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Hexukun Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Shiyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Yinghua Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering; College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Xumin He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, and; Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM); College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 China
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20
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Mauksch M, Tsogoeva SB. Strict Correlation of HOMO Topology and Magnetic Aromaticity Indices in d-Block Metalloaromatics. Chemistry 2018; 24:10059-10063. [PMID: 29768687 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic aromaticity and antiaromaticity of closed shell metalloaromatics with 4d transition metals (Nb, Tc, Rh) is strictly correlated with the orbital topology (Möbius or Hückel) of their π-HOMO, investigated computationally with DFT methods. A surprisingly simple rule emerged: the metallacycle is aromatic (antiaromatic) when the number of π MOs is even and the π-HOMO is of Möbius (Hückel) topology-and vice versa when the number of π MOs is odd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Mauksch
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Institute of Theoretical Chemistry, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Computer Chemistry Center, Nägelsbachstrasse 25a, 91052, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Svetlana B Tsogoeva
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Organic Chemistry Chair I and Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials (ICMM), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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21
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Lin Q, Li S, Lin J, Chen M, Lu Z, Tang C, Chen Z, He X, Chen J, Xia H. Synthesis and Characterization of Photothermal Osmium Carbolong Complexes. Chemistry 2018; 24:8375-8381. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201800656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qin Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Shenyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Meijin Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Chun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Xumin He
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Jiangxi Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Xiamen University; Xiamen 361005 P. R. China
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22
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Chen J, Lin Q, Li S, Lu Z, Lin J, Chen Z, Xia H. Synthesis and Characterization of an Osmapentalene Derivative Containing a β-Agostic Os···H–C(sp3) Interaction. Organometallics 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.8b00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangxi Chen
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qin Lin
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Materials, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shenyan Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengyu Lu
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixin Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiping Xia
- State
Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces and Collaborative
Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), College
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, People’s Republic of China
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23
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Dimitrova M, Sundholm D. The aromatic character of [10]annulenes and dicupra[10]annulenes from current density calculations. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:1337-1346. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07212k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the aromatic properties of seven low-lying isomers of [10]annulene and of the recently synthesized dicupra[10]annulene compounds that were crystallised with two or four lithium counterions (Wei et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2016, 138, 60–63).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dimitrova
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland and Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
- N-0271 Oslo
| | - Dage Sundholm
- University of Helsinki
- Department of Chemistry
- FIN-00014 University of Helsinki
- Finland and Centre for Advanced Study at the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
- N-0271 Oslo
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24
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Wei J, Zhang WX, Xi Z. The aromatic dianion metalloles. Chem Sci 2017; 9:560-568. [PMID: 29675144 PMCID: PMC5883866 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metalloaromatic species are unique and important both experimentally and theoretically. Significant progress has been made during the past few decades. New aromatic systems have challenged and extended the concept of aromaticity remarkably. In this perspective, recent results on the study of the dianion aromatic metalloles and their corresponding analogues are reviewed. These include the dilithio group 14 metalloles, group 13 metalloles and transition metal metalloles. X-ray crystallography has made a key contribution to the understanding of the structures. Various theoretical tools, such as NICS and AdNDP, make it possible to measure the aromaticity beyond Hückel's rule. The dianion butadiene skeletons play a key role in these metalloles and can be regarded as non-innocent ligands, which accept the electrons from the metal center and thus form the aromatic rings. By simply changing the central metals to different metals, the metallole analogues such as dicupra[10]annulenes and spiroaromatic palladoles can also be generated, which opens a door to synthesize other metalla-macrocyclic aromatics. Key challenges and envisioned opportunities for the future, such as applying these dianion metalloles as novel ligands of transition metals and generating new types of organometallic aromatic system, are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junnian Wei
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
| | - Wen-Xiong Zhang
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
| | - Zhenfeng Xi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS) , Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Engineering of Ministry of Education , College of Chemistry , Peking University , Beijing 100871 , China . ;
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25
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An K, Shen T, Zhu J. Craig-Type Möbius Aromaticity and Antiaromaticity in Dimetalla[10]annulenes: A Metal-Induced Yin-and-Yang Pair. Organometallics 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.7b00341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke An
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Ting Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical
Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Theoretical
Computational Chemistry and Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry
and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
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26
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Yu D, Rong C, Lu T, Chattaraj PK, De Proft F, Liu S. Aromaticity and antiaromaticity of substituted fulvene derivatives: perspectives from the information-theoretic approach in density functional reactivity theory. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2017; 19:18635-18645. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp03544f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Strong correlations among aromaticity descriptors and information-theoretic quantities are unveiled, providing novel insights about aromaticity and antiaromaticity from different perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghai Yu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Chunying Rong
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
| | - Tian Lu
- Beijing Kein Research Center for Natural Sciences
- Beijing 100022
- P. R. China
| | - Pratim K. Chattaraj
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Theoretical Studies
- Indian Institute of Technology
- Kharagpur 721302
- India
| | - Frank De Proft
- Research Group of General Chemistry (ALGC)
- Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB)
- 1050 Brussels
- Belgium
| | - Shubin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education of China)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha
- P. R. China
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