1
|
Phakatkar AH, Shokuhfar T, Shahbazian-Yassar R. Nanoscale chemical and structural investigation of solid solution polyelemental transition metal oxide nanoparticles. iScience 2023; 26:106032. [PMID: 36818279 PMCID: PMC9929587 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Revised: 12/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although it has been shown that configurational entropy can improve the structural stability in transition metal oxides (TMOs), little is known about the oxidation state of transition metals under random mixing of alloys. Such information is essential in understanding the chemical reactivity and properties of TMOs stabilized by configurational entropy. Herein, utilizing electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) technique in an aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), we systematically studied the oxidation state of binary (Mn, Fe)3O4, ternary (Mn, Fe, Ni)3O4, and quinary (Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn)3O4 solid solution polyelemental transition metal oxides (SSP-TMOs) nanoparticles. Our findings show that the random mixing of multiple elements in the form of solid solution phase not only promotes the entropy stabilization but also results in stable oxidation state in transition metals spanning from binary to quinary transition metal oxide nanoparticles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit H. Phakatkar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tolou Shokuhfar
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author
| | - Reza Shahbazian-Yassar
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA,Corresponding author
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Rus ED, Dura JA. In Situ Neutron Reflectometry Study of a Tungsten Oxide/Li-Ion Battery Electrolyte Interface. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:2832-2842. [PMID: 36598862 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c16737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The solid electrolyte interface/interphase (SEI) is of great importance to the viable operation of lithium-ion batteries. In the present work, the interface between a tungsten oxide electrode and an electrolyte solution consisting of LiPF6 in a deuterated ethylene carbonate/diethyl carbonate solvent was characterized with in situ neutron reflectometry (NR) at a series of applied electrochemical potentials. NR data were fit to yield neutron scattering length density (SLD) depth profiles in the surface normal direction, from which composition depth profiles were inferred. The goals of this work were to characterize SEI formation on a model transition-metal oxide, an example of a conversion electrode, to characterize the lithiation of WO3, and to help interpret the results of an earlier study of tungsten electrodes without an intentionally grown surface oxide. The WO3 electrode was produced by thermal oxidation of a W thin film. Co-analysis of NR and X-ray reflectivity data indicated that the stoichiometry of the thermal oxide was WO3. As the electrode was polarized to progressively more reducing potentials, starting from open circuit and down to +0.25 V versus Li/Li+, the layer that was originally WO3 expanded and increased in lithium content. The reduced electrode consisted of two to three layers: an inner layer (the evolving conversion electrode) which may have been mixed W and Li2O and unreacted WO3 or LixWO3, a layer rich in protons and/or lithium, possibly corresponding to LiOH or LiH (the inner SEI), and an outermost layer adjacent to the solution with an SLD close to that of the solution, possibly consisting of lower SLD species with solution-filled porosity or deuteron-rich species derived from the solvents (the outer SEI), though the presence of this layer was tenuous. For the steps in the direction of more oxidizing potentials, the evolution of the layer structure was qualitatively the reverse of that seen when stepping toward more negative potentials, though with hysteresis. The SLD gradient suggested that the reaction was not limited by diffusion within the film. No clear phase boundary was evident in the evolving conversion electrode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric D Rus
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| | - Joseph A Dura
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland20899, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Kim JJ, Zhou C, Mane AU, Suh HS, Kim S, Shi B, Fenter P, Elam JW, Nealey PF, Lee B, Fister TT. Structural Changes during the Conversion Reaction of Tungsten Oxide Electrodes with Tailored, Mesoscale Porosity. ACS NANO 2022; 16:5384-5392. [PMID: 35357130 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c08599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In-plane tungsten oxide nanostructures, including hexagonally patterned cylinders and holes in a matrix, were fabricated via sequential infiltration synthesis (SIS) on self-assembled block copolymer templates. Using the tailored morphology and porosity of these model electrodes with in situ grazing incidence small-angle X-ray scattering, the intrinsic structural change of nanoscale active materials during the conversion reaction of WO3 + 6Li ↔ W + 3Li2O was investigated at controlled electrochemical conditions. Reversible electrode volume expansion and contraction was observed during lithiation and delithiation cycles, respectively. The potential where the electrode's thickness expansion started was ∼1.6 V, which is close to the thermodynamically expected one for the conversion reaction of WO3 with lithium (1.65 V). The temporal evolution of the electrode volume at constant electrode potentials revealed high overpotential for bulk lithiation and slow conversion reaction kinetics, despite the tailored porosity of the SIS electrodes. Oxide cylinders showed a smaller overall electrode thickness change, likely due to unconstrained lateral volume change, as compared to a matrix with holes. On the other hand, better connectivity and guided volume change of the latter electrode morphology provided improved cycling stability. In addition, heterogeneity in an electrode, from internal pores and density gradients, was found to aggravate the fragmentation of the electrode during the conversion reaction. Insights into oxide conversion reaction kinetics and the relationship between electrode mesostructure and cycling behavior obtained from this study can help guide the more rational design of conversion electrodes for high-performing batteries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chun Zhou
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | - Hyo Seon Suh
- Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre, Kapeldreef 75, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul F Nealey
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhong Y, Wang L, Yu Z, Li C, Wen Z, Xie J, Hu Y, Wang W, Hong G. Hierarchical Stratiform of a Fluorine-Doped NiO Prism as an Enhanced Anode for Lithium-Ion Storage. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11460-11469. [PMID: 34792357 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c02843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Doping is regarded as a prominent strategy to optimize the crystal structure and composition of battery materials to withstand the anisotropic expansion induced by the repeated insertion and extraction of guest ions. The well-known knowledge and experience obtained from doping engineering predominate in cathode materials but have not been fully explored for anodes yet. Here, we propose the practical doping of fluorine ions into the host lattice of nickel oxide to unveil the correlation between the crystal structure and electrochemical properties. Multiple ion transmission pathways are created by the orderly two-dimensional nanosheets, and thus the stress/strain can be significantly relieved with trace fluorine doping, ensuring the mechanical integrity of the active particle and superior electrochemical properties. Density functional theory calculations manifest that the F doping in NiO could improve crystal structural stability, modulate the charge distribution, and enhance the conductivity, which promotes the performance of lithium-ion storage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yunlei Zhong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Litong Wang
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Zhenjiang Yu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, P. R. China
| | - Chaowei Li
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Zhaorui Wen
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Junpeng Xie
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| | - Yue Hu
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou 325000, P. R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environmental and Safety Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, Jiangsu 213164, China
| | - Guo Hong
- Institute of Applied Physics and Materials Engineering, University of Macau, Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau. Avenida da Universidade, Taipa, Macau SAR 999078, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Yu L, Zhou X, Lu L, Wu X, Wang F. Recent Developments of Nanomaterials and Nanostructures for High-Rate Lithium Ion Batteries. CHEMSUSCHEM 2020; 13:5361-5407. [PMID: 32776650 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 08/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Lithium ion batteries have been considered as a promising energy-storage solution, the performance of which depends on the electrochemical properties of each component, including cathode, anode, electrolyte and separator. Currently, fast charging is becoming an attractive research field due to the widespread application of batteries in electric vehicles, which are designated to replace conventional diesel automobiles in the future. In these batteries, rate capability, which is closely linked to the topology and morphology of electrode materials, is one of the determining parameters of interest. It has been revealed that nanotechnology is an exceptional tool in designing and preparing cathodes and anodes with outstanding electrochemical kinetics due to the well-known nanosizing effect. Nevertheless, the negative effects of applying nanomaterials in electrodes sometimes outweigh the benefits. To better understand the exact function of nanostructures in solid-state electrodes, herein, a comprehensive review is provided beginning with the fundamental theory of lithium ion transport in solids, which is then followed by a detailed analysis of several major factors affecting the migration of lithium ions in solid-state electrodes. The latest developments in characterisation techniques, based on either electrochemical or radiology methodologies, are covered as well. In addition, state-of-the-art research findings are provided to illustrate the effect of nanomaterials and nanostructures in promoting the rate performance of lithium ion batteries. Finally, several challenges and shortcomings of applying nanotechnology in fabricating high-rate lithium ion batteries are summarised.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- LePing Yu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214153, P. R. China
| | - XiaoHong Zhou
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214153, P. R. China
| | - Lu Lu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214153, P. R. China
| | - XiaoLi Wu
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214153, P. R. China
| | - FengJun Wang
- Institute of Automotive Technology, Wuxi Vocational Institute of Commerce, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214153, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lu K, Liu Y, Lin F, Cordova IA, Gao S, Li B, Peng B, Xu H, Kaelin J, Coliz D, Wang C, Shao Y, Cheng Y. LixNiO/Ni Heterostructure with Strong Basic Lattice Oxygen Enables Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution with Pt-like Activity. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12613-12619. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ke Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Yuzi Liu
- Center for Nanoscale Materials, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Fan Lin
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Isvar A. Cordova
- Center for X-ray Optics, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Siyuan Gao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Bomin Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Bo Peng
- Institute for Integrated Catalysis, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Haiping Xu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Jacob Kaelin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Daniel Coliz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| | - Cheng Wang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Yuyan Shao
- Energy and Environment Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Yingwen Cheng
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Northern Illinois University, DeKalb, Illinois 60115, United States
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tallman KR, Zhang B, Wang L, Yan S, Thompson K, Tong X, Thieme J, Kiss A, Marschilok AC, Takeuchi KJ, Bock DC, Takeuchi ES. Anode Overpotential Control via Interfacial Modification: Inhibition of Lithium Plating on Graphite Anodes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:46864-46874. [PMID: 31755690 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-metal deposition on graphite anodes limits the cycle life and negatively impacts safety of the current state of the art Li-ion batteries. Herein, deliberate interfacial modification of graphite electrodes via direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering of nanoscale layers of Cu and Ni is employed to increase the overpotential for Li deposition and suppress Li plating under high rate charge conditions. Due to their nanoscale, the deposited surface films have minimal impact (∼0.16% decrease) on cell level theoretical energy density. Interfacial properties of the anodes are thoroughly characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and spatially resolved mapping X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) spectroscopy. The spectroscopic measurements indicate that the Cu and Ni coatings form oxide upon exposure to an ambient environment, but they are reduced within the electrochemical cell and remain in a metallic state. Li plating is quantified by X-ray diffraction and associated electrochemistry measurements revealing that the surface treatment effectively reduces the quantity of the plated Li metal by ∼50% compared to untreated electrodes. These results establish an effective method using interfacial modification to achieve deliberate control of Li-metal deposition overpotential and reduction of lithium plating on graphite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Katherine Thompson
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , Mansfield University of Pennsylvania , Mansfield , Pennsylvania 16933 , United States
| | | | | | | | - Amy C Marschilok
- Department of Chemistry and Physics , Mansfield University of Pennsylvania , Mansfield , Pennsylvania 16933 , United States
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Evmenenko G, Warburton RE, Yildirim H, Greeley JP, Chan MKY, Buchholz DB, Fenter P, Bedzyk MJ, Fister TT. Understanding the Role of Overpotentials in Lithium Ion Conversion Reactions: Visualizing the Interface. ACS NANO 2019; 13:7825-7832. [PMID: 31117380 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Oxide conversion reactions are known to have substantially higher specific capacities than intercalation materials used in Li-ion batteries, but universally suffer from large overpotentials associated with the formation of interfaces between the resulting nanoscale metal and Li2O products. Here we use the interfacial sensitivity of operando X-ray reflectivity to visualize the structural evolution of ultrathin NiO electrodes and their interfaces during conversion. We observe two additional reactions prior to the well-known bulk, three-dimensional conversion occurring at 0.6 V: an accumulation of lithium at the buried metal/oxide interface (at 2.2 V) followed by interfacial lithiation of the buried NiO/Ni interface at the theoretical potential for conversion (at 1.9 V). To understand the mechanisms for bulk and interfacial lithiation, we calculate interfacial energies using density functional theory to build a potential-dependent nucleation model for conversion. These calculations show that the additional space charge layer of lithium is a crucial component for reducing energy barriers for conversion in NiO.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Handan Yildirim
- Purdue University , West Lafayette , Indiana 47907 , United States
| | | | - Maria K Y Chan
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - D Bruce Buchholz
- Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Paul Fenter
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Michael J Bedzyk
- Northwestern University , Evanston , Illinois 60208 , United States
| | - Timothy T Fister
- Argonne National Laboratory , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Evmenenko G, Fister TT, Castro FC, Chen X, Lee B, Buchholz DB, Dravid VP, Fenter P, Bedzyk MJ. Structural analysis of the initial lithiation of NiO thin film electrodes. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:8897-8905. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Our results reveal that conversion reactions and structural changes in NiO thin film electrodes begin near the theoretical lithiation potential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guennadi Evmenenko
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Timothy T. Fister
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
| | - Fernando C. Castro
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Xinqi Chen
- NUANCE Center
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
| | - Byeongdu Lee
- X-ray Science Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
| | - D. Bruce Buchholz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Vinayak P. Dravid
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Paul Fenter
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division
- Argonne National Laboratory
- Lemont
- USA
| | - Michael J. Bedzyk
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Castro FC, Dravid VP. Characterization of Lithium Ion Battery Materials with Valence Electron Energy-Loss Spectroscopy. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2018; 24:214-220. [PMID: 29877170 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927618000302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Cutting-edge research on materials for lithium ion batteries regularly focuses on nanoscale and atomic-scale phenomena. Electron energy-loss spectroscopy (EELS) is one of the most powerful ways of characterizing composition and aspects of the electronic structure of battery materials, particularly lithium and the transition metal mixed oxides found in the electrodes. However, the characteristic EELS signal from battery materials is challenging to analyze when there is strong overlap of spectral features, poor signal-to-background ratios, or thicker and uneven sample areas. A potential alternative or complementary approach comes from utilizing the valence EELS features (<20 eV loss) of battery materials. For example, the valence EELS features in LiCoO2 maintain higher jump ratios than the Li-K edge, most notably when spectra are collected with minimal acquisition times or from thick sample regions. EELS maps of these valence features give comparable results to the Li-K edge EELS maps of LiCoO2. With some spectral processing, the valence EELS maps more accurately highlight the morphology and distribution of LiCoO2 than the Li-K edge maps, especially in thicker sample regions. This approach is beneficial for cases where sample thickness or beam sensitivity limit EELS analysis, and could be used to minimize electron dosage and sample damage or contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fernando C Castro
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
| | - Vinayak P Dravid
- 1Department of Materials Science and Engineering,Northwestern University,2220 Campus Drive, Cook Hall, Room 1137, Evanston,IL 60208,USA
| |
Collapse
|