Catalytic asymmetric Michael and Nef-type sequential reaction of nitroolefin with azlactone to construct oxazole-fused succinimide

A series of oxazole-fused succinimides bearing vicinal quaternary carbon centers were synthesized. This process takes place between nitroolefins and azlactones in the presence of a bifunctional chiral guanidine-sulfonamide organocatalyst, followed by a Nef-type transformation under the treatment of DMAP/Ac2O. Several control experiments were conducted to propose the mechanism.

Microfluidic antisolvent crystallization for chiral symmetry breaking

We report on the use of a microfluidic antisolvent crystallization method to investigate the effect of solution volume on the chiral symmetry breaking (CSB) phenomena of enantiomeric sodium chlorate crystals. The utilization of a microfluidic device is capable of periodically producing emulsion droplets of uniform size and facilitates the quantitative analysis and visualization of crystallization phenomena occurring within the individual emulsions immersed in an oil continuous medium (i.e., dodecane). To promote nucleation and crystallization, a small amount of an antisolvent (i.e., ethanol) is introduced into the continuous phase. We observe that 100% CSB occurs within a certain critical emulsion volume. Beyond this critical volume, the probability of forming two different enantiomeric crystal particles increases. This solution volume-dependent CSB phenomenon can be attributed to the rapid depletion of surrounding molecules by spontaneous crystal growth after the formation of the initial nucleus within the critical volume, thereby suppressing further primary nucleation.

Photoinduced copper-catalyzed asymmetric cyanoalkylalkynylation of alkenes, terminal alkynes, and oximes

The asymmetric dicarbofunctionalization of alkenes via a radical relay process can provide routes to diverse hydrocarbon derivatives. Three-component carboalkynylation, limited to particular alkyl halides and using readily available cycloketone oxime esters as redox-active precursors, is restricted by the available pool of suitable chiral ligands for broadening the redox potential window of copper complexes and simultaneously creating the enantiocontrol environment. Herein, we report a new hybrid tridentate ligand bearing a guanidine-amide-pyridine unit for photoinduced copper-catalyzed cyanoalkylalkynylation of alkenes. Leveraging the copper catalyst's redox capability is achieved via merging the electron-rich ligand with a readily organized configuration and enhanced absorption in the visible light range, which also facilitates the enantioselectivity. The generality of the catalyst system is exemplified by the efficacy across a number of alkenes, terminal alkynes and cycloketone oxime esters, working smoothly to give alkyne-bearing nitriles with good yields and excellent enantioselectivity. A mechanistic study reveals that the chiral copper catalyst meets the requirements of possessing sufficient reduction ability, good light absorption properties, and appropriate steric hindrance.

Redox-Induced Aromatic Substitution: A Study on Guanidino-Functionalized Aromatics

Aromatic substitution of redox-active aromatic compounds could be initiated by a preceding redox step. We report on the different reaction pathways of such redox-induced substitution (RIAS) reactions between a redox-active guanidino-functionalized aromatic molecule (GFA) and an amine or guanidine. Oxidation of the GFA leads to an umpolung of the guanidine from a nucleophile to an electrophile and thereby enables addition of the amine or guanidine. Several examples are given, demonstrating the use of redox substitution in synthetic chemistry, e. g. for the convenient synthesis of novel N-heteropolycyclic molecules and unsymmetrically-substituted aromatics.

Mechanochemistry for Organic and Inorganic Synthesis

In recent years, mechanochemistry has become an innovative and sustainable alternative to traditional solvent-based synthesis. Mechanochemistry rapidly expanded across a wide range of chemistry fields, including diverse organic compounds and active pharmaceutical ingredients, coordination compounds, organometallic complexes, main group frameworks, and technologically relevant materials. This Review aims to highlight recent advancements and accomplishments in mechanochemistry, underscoring its potential as a viable and eco-friendly alternative to conventional solution-based methods in the field of synthetic chemistry.

Bifunctional Chiral Electrocatalysts Enable Enantioselective α-Alkylation of Aldehydes

Herein, we describe an innovative approach to the asymmetric electrochemical α-alkylation of aldehydes facilitated by a newly designed bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst. The highly efficient bifunctional chiral electrocatalyst combines a chiral aminocatalyst with a redox mediator. It plays a dual role as a redox mediator for electrooxidation, while simultaneously providing remarkable asymmetric induction for the stereoselective α-alkylation of aldehydes. Additionally, this novel catalyst exhibits enhanced catalytic activity and excellent stereoselective control comparable to conventional catalytic systems. As a result, this strategy provides a new avenue for versatile asymmetric electrochemistry. The electrooxidation of diverse phenols enables the C-H/C-H oxidative α-alkylation of aldehydes in a highly chemo- and stereoselective fashion. Detailed mechanistic studies by control experiments and cyclic voltammetry analysis demonstrate possible reaction pathways and the origin of enantio-induction.

Urea-Based [2]Rotaxanes as Effective Phase-Transfer Organocatalysts: Hydrogen-Bonding Cooperative Activation Enabled by the Mechanical Bond

We finely designed a set of [2]rotaxanes with urea threads and tested them as hydrogen-bonding phase-transfer catalysts in two different nucleophilic substitutions requiring the activation of the reactant fluoride anion. The [2]rotaxane bearing a fluorinated macrocycle and a fluorine-containing urea thread displayed significantly enhanced catalytic activity in comparison with the combination of both noninterlocked components. This fact highlights the notably beneficial role of the mechanical bond, cooperatively activating the processes through hydrogen-bonding interactions.

Asymmetric Auto-Tandem Catalysis with Chiral Organosuperbases: Intramolecular Cyclization/Enantioselective Direct Mannich-Type Addition Sequence

An enantioselective addition reaction of alkynyl esters with imines was developed under asymmetric autotandem catalysis with a chiral Brønsted base. A chiral bis(guanidino)iminophosphorane organosuperbase, which has much higher basicity than that of conventional chiral organic bases, efficiently promoted both the intramolecular cyclization for the construction of a benzofuran ring or a benzothiophene ring and the sequential enantioselective direct Mannich-type reaction of diarylmethane derivatives, affording enantio-enriched diarylalkane derivatives that are otherwise difficult to access.

Formation, Selective Encapsulation, and Tautomerization Control of Isoindolone Utilizing Guanidinium Sulfonate Frameworks

Herein we report the use of tetrakis (guanidinium) pyrenetetrasulfonate (G4PYR) and bis (guanidinium) 1,5-napthalene disulfonate (G2NDS) to catalyze the cyclization of 2-cyanobenzamide (1) to isoindolone (2). Moreover, we demonstrate the remarkable selectivity of these guanidinium organosulfonate hosts in encapsulating 2 over 1. By thoroughly investigating the intramolecular cyclization reaction, we determined that guanidinium and the organosulfonate moiety acts as the catalyst in this process. Additionally, 2 is selectively encapsulated, even in mixtures of other structurally similar heterocycles like indole. Furthermore, the tautomeric state of 2 (amino isoindolone (2-A) and imino isoindolinone forms (2-I)) can be controlled by utilizing different guanidinium organosulfonate frameworks.

Design and Asymmetric Control of Orientational Chirality by Using the Combination of C(sp2)-C(sp) Levers and Achiral N-Protecting Group

New chiral targets of orientational chirality have been designed and asymmetrically synthesized by taking advantage of N-sulfinyl imine-directed nucleophilic addition/oxidation, Suzuki-Miyaura, and Sonogashira cross-coupling reactions. Orientation of single isomers has been selectively controlled by using aryl/alkynyl levers [C(sp2)-C(sp) axis] and tBuSO2- protecting group on nitrogen as proven by X-ray diffraction analysis. The key structural characteristic of resulting orientational products is shown by remote through-space blocking manner. Seventeen examples of multi-step synthesis were obtained with modest to good chemical yields and complete orientational selectivity.

C(sp)-C(sp) Lever-Based Targets of Orientational Chirality: Design and Asymmetric Synthesis

In this study, the design and asymmetric synthesis of a series of chiral targets of orientational chirality were conducted by taking advantage of N-sulfinylimine-assisted nucleophilic addition and modified Sonogashira catalytic coupling systems. Orientational isomers were controlled completely using alkynyl/alkynyl levers [C(sp)-C(sp) axis] with absolute configuration assignment determined by X-ray structural analysis. The key structural element of the resulting orientational chirality is uniquely characterized by remote through-space blocking. Forty examples of multi-step synthesis were performed, with modest to good yields and excellent orientational selectivity. Several chiral orientational amino targets are attached with scaffolds of natural and medicinal products, showing potential pharmaceutical and medical applications in the future.

Asymmetric Synthesis of Hydroindoles via Desymmetrizing [3+2] Annulation of p-Quinamines and Arylalkylketenes

The asymmetric desymmetrizing [3+2] annulation reaction of p-quinamines and arylalkylketenes to synthesize hydroindoles was realized. Catalyzed by chiral bisguanidinium hemisalt via multiple hydrogen bond interactions, enantiomerically enriched products with reversal of diastereoselectivity in comparison with the racemic version were afforded in good yields under mild reaction conditions. Diaryl-substituted hydroindoles could also perform the Friedel-Crafts type of addition to give more complicated multicycles. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the enantio- and diastereoselectivity stem from varied hydrogen-bonding manners.

Construction of 1,3-Nonadjacent Stereogenic Centers Through Enantioselective Addition of α-Thioacetamides to α-Substituted Vinyl Sulfones Catalyzed by Chiral Strong Brønsted Base

An enantioselective addition reaction for the construction of 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers is developed by means of a chiral strong Brønsted base catalyst. The chiral sodium ureate catalyst efficiently promoted the reaction of α-thioacetamides as less acidic pronucleophiles with vinyl sulfones having a variety of α-substituents including aryl, alkyl and halo groups, and α-phenylacrylates, accomplishing the construction of various 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers in highly diastereo- and enantioselective manners. This is a rare example of the construction of 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers with less acidic pronucleophiles. In addition, the application of Michael acceptors having various types of α-substituents in a single catalyst system is achieved for the first time, demonstrating the utility of the present catalyst system for the construction of 1,3-nonadjacent stereogenic centers.

Crystal structures of sulfonamide protected bicyclic guanidines: (S)-8-{[(tert-butyl-dimethyl-sil-yl)-oxy]meth-yl}-1-[(2,2,4,6,7-penta-methyl-2,3-di-hydro-benzo-furan-5-yl)sulfon-yl]-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate and (S)-8-(iodo-meth-yl)-1-tosyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium iodide

Two compounds, (S)-8-{[(tert-butyl-dimethyl-sil-yl)-oxy]meth-yl}-1-[(2,2,4,6,7-penta-methyl-2,3-di-hydro-benzo-furan-5-yl)sulfon-yl]-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium tri-fluoro-methane-sulfonate, C27H46N3O4SSi+·CF3O3S-, (1) and (S)-8-(iodo-meth-yl)-1-tosyl-1,3,4,6,7,8-hexa-hydro-2H-pyrimido[1,2-a]pyrimidin-1-ium iodide, C15H21IN3O2S+·I-, (2), have been synthesized and characterized. They are bicyclic guanidinium salts and were synthesized from N-(tert-but-oxy-carbon-yl)-l-me-thio-nine (Boc-l-Met-OH). The guanidine is protected by a 2,2,4,6,7-penta-methyl-dihydro-benzo-furan-5-sulfonyl (Pbf, 1) or a tosyl (2) group. In the crystals of both compounds, the guanidinium group is almost planar and the N-H forms an intra-molecular hydrogen bond in a six-membered ring to the oxygen atom of the sulfonamide protecting group.

Guanidine dicycloamine-based analogs: green chemistry synthesis, biological investigation, and molecular docking studies as promising antibacterial and antiglycation leads

Dicyandiamide (DCD) reacted with amino acids 1a-f to produce biguanides 2 and 4 and guanidine pyrazolones 3, 5, 6, 7, and 8, according to the reaction. DCD exhibited the following reactions: imidodicarbonimidicdiamide 9, diazocan-2-ylguanidine 10, methyl biguanidylthion 11, N-carbamothioylimidodicarbonimidicdiamide 12, 2-guanidinebenzoimidazole 13a, 2-guanidinylbenzoxazole 13b, and 2-guanidinylbenzothiazol 13c. These reactions were triggered by 6-amino caproic acid, thioacetamide, thiourea, o-aminophenol, o-aminothiophenol, and anthranilic acid, respectively. Compound 2 had the least antimicrobial activity, while compound 13c demonstrated the most antibacterial impact against all bacterial strains. Furthermore, in terms of antiglycation efficacy (AGEs), 12, 11, and 7 were the most effective AGE cross-linking inhibitors. Eight and ten, which showed a considerable inhibition on cross-linking AGEs, come next. Compounds 4 and 6 on the other hand have shown the least suppression of AGE production. The most promising antiglycation scaffolds 8, 11, and 12 in the Human serum albumin (HAS) active site were shown to be able to adopt crucial binding interactions with important amino acids based on the results of in silico molecular docking. The most promising antiglycation compounds 8, 11, and 12 were also shown to have better hydrophilicity, acceptable lipophilicity, gastrointestinal tract absorption (GIT), and blood-brain barrier penetration qualities when their physicochemical properties were examined using the egg-boiled method.

Enantio- and Diastereoselective Variations on α-Iminonitriles: Harnessing Chiral Cyclopropenimine-Thiourea Organocatalysts

Chiral 1-pyrrolines containing a nitrile motif serve as crucial structural scaffolds in biologically active molecules and exhibit diversity as building blocks owing to their valuable functional groups; however, the asymmetric synthesis of such compounds remains largely unexplored. Herein, we present an enantio- and diastereoselective method for the synthesis of α-chiral nitrile-containing 1-pyrroline derivatives bearing vicinal stereocenters through the design and introduction of chiral cyclopropenimine-based bifunctional catalysts featuring a thiourea moiety. This synthesis entails a highly stereoselective conjugate addition of α-iminonitriles to a wide array of enones, followed by cyclocondensation, thereby affording a series of cyanopyrroline derivatives, some of which contain all-carbon quaternary centers. Moreover, we demonstrate the synthetic utility of this strategy by performing a gram-scale reaction with 1% catalyst loading, along with a variety of chemoselective transformations of the product, including the synthesis of a vildagliptin analogue. Finally, we showcase the selective synthesis of all four stereoisomers of the cyanopyrroline products through trans-to-cis isomerization, highlighting the versatility of our approach.

Guanidinylated bioactive chitosan-based injectable hydrogels with pro-angiogenic and mechanical properties for accelerated wound closure

Wound healing is a complex process involving the concerted action of many genes and signaling pathways, with angiogenesis being crucial for expediting wound closure. Dressings that possess pro-angiogenic properties are increasingly recognized as attractive candidates for wound care. Drawing inspiration from the active closure of wounds in embryos, we have developed a thermo-responsive hydrogel with mechanoactive properties, combining vascular regeneration and skin wound contraction to accelerate healing. The significant improvement in vascular reconstruction is attributed to the synergistic effect of arginine and deferoxamine (DFO) released from the hydrogels. Additionally, the contraction force of the hydrogel actively promotes skin closure in wounds. Remarkably, groups treated with hydroxybutyl chitosan methacrylate combined with arginine (HBC_m_Arg/DFO) exhibited increased vascularization, and greater wound maturity, leading to enhanced healing. These results highlight the synergistic impact of pro-angiogenic and mechanical properties of the HBC_m_Arg/DFO hydrogel in accelerating wound healing in rats.

Catalytic Enantioselective Nucleophilic Addition to Arynes by a New Quaternary Guanidinium Salt-Based Phase-Transfer Catalyst

Owing to the mild generation methods, arynes have been widely used in synthetic chemistry. However, achieving asymmetric organocatalytic reactions with arynes remains a formidable and infrequent challenge, primarily because these neutral and transient species tend to spontaneously quench. To address this issue, a solid-liquid phase-transfer strategy is devised in which the generation speed of arynes could be controlled by the in situ generated fluoride-based chiral phase-transfer catalyst. In this study, we present a catalytic enantioselective nucleophilic addition reaction involving arynes, utilizing an amino amide-based guanidinium salt QG•X. Furthermore, we demonstrate the broad compatibility of this reaction with various arynes and cyclic/acyclic β-keto amides, leading to the creation of diverse α-aryl quaternary stereocenters with good stereoselectivity. Mechanistic investigations have uncovered the potential involvement of a chiral intramolecular cationic-anionic pair and HF during the ion exchange between QG•X and CsF for nucleophile activation and aryne generation. Additionally, DFT calculations suggested that the observed high levels of enantioselectivity can be attributed to steric repulsion and the cumulative noncovalent interactions between the catalysts and substrates.

Silver acetate-catalyzed synthesis of cyclic sulfonyl guanidine with exocyclic double bond

An efficient protocol for the synthesis of cyclic guanidine with exocyclic double bond has been developed. The synthesis has been achieved via intramolecular hydroamination of an intermediate propargyl guanidine by using silver acetate as catalyst in the presence of acetic acid. The reaction proceeds via the formation of acyclic propargyl guanidine in a one-pot reaction of N,N-dibromoarylsulfonamides, isonitriles, and propargylamine in the presence of K2CO3. In the second stage of the synthesis, the acyclic guanidine selectively undergoes 5-exo-dig cyclization in the presence of silver acetate and acetic acid to produce the five-membered cyclic guanidine framework having an exocyclic double bond as the constituent part. Short reaction time, wide substrate scope with good to high yields, and good functional group tolerance are the remarkable achievement of the present protocol.

Brønsted Base-Catalyzed Enantioselective α-Functionalization of Carbonyl Compounds Involving π-Extended Enolates

Chiral Brønsted base (BB) catalyzed asymmetric transformations constitute an important tool for synthesis. A meaningful fraction of these transformations proceeds through transiently generated enolate intermediates, which display quite versatile reactivity against a variety of electrophiles. Some years ago, our group became interested in developing BB-catalyzed asymmetric reactions of enolizable carbonyl substrates that involve π-extended enolates in which, besides control of reaction diastereo and enantioselectivity, the site-selectivity control is an additional issue in most cases. In the examples covered in this account the opportunities deployed, and the challenges posed, by these methods are illustrated, with a focus on the generation of quaternary carbon stereocenters. In the way, new bifunctional BB catalysts as well as achiral templates were developed that may find further applications.

Synthesis of Functionalized Five-Membered Heterocycles from Epoxides: A Hydrogen-Bond Donor Catalytic Approach

The synthesis of highly functionalized five-membered oxa- and aza-heterocycles has been reported utilizing hydrogen-bond donor (HBD) catalysis. In this method, an epoxide was taken as a substrate and reacted with functionalized arylidene/alkylidene malononitrile derivatives in the presence of a newly designed HBD catalyst. In all the cases, the products 2,5-disubstituted tetrahydrofurans (2,5-THFs) were obtained in good to excellent yields (up to 86%) with high diastereoselectivity (dr up to 99:1) as a single regioisomer. The stereochemistry at the 2- and 5-positions of the five-membered ring has been confirmed by single-crystal X-ray analysis, and cis is found to be the major product. The same strategy has been further utilized to obtain substituted oxazolidines whenever the epoxide has been reacted with isocyanate as an electrophile. In order to induce enantioselectivity, a chiral epoxide has been reacted with both the electrophiles in the presence of the same catalyst system to afford the single stereoisomer of the final products. This synthetic methodology involves a low catalyst loading and ambient reaction condition and has been generalized with various substituents present in the starting electrophiles to produce the resultant products in acceptable yields and stereoselectivity.

Unanticipated switch of reactivity of isonitrile via N≡C bond scission: Cascade formation of symmetrical sulfonyl guanidine

Unanticipated formation of symmetrical sulfonyl guanidine was observed while treating isonitriles with N,N-dibromoarylsulfonamides in absence of an external amine source. Interesting feature of this work is that one molecule of isonitrile initially reacts with dibromoarylsulfonamide via the C-end to produce the intermediate carbodiimide while the other molecule undergoes C≡N triple bond cleavage to react as amine source with the intermediate. This switch of reactivity from C-center to N-center of the isonitrile generated symmetrical guanidine.

Theoretical Study on Cooperation Catalysis of Chiral Guanidine/ Copper(I) in Asymmetric Azide-Alkyne Cycloaddition/[2 + 2] Cascade Reaction

Density functional theory (DFT) calculations with BP86-D3(BJ) functionals were employed to reveal the mechanism and stereoselectivity of chiral guanidine/copper(I) salt-catalyzed stereoselective three-component reaction among N-sulfonyl azide, terminal alkyne, and isatin-imine for spiroazetidinimines that was first reported by Feng and Liu (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57, 16852-16856). For the noncatalytic cascade reaction, the denitrogenation to generate ketenimine species was the rate-determining step, with an activation barrier of 25.8-34.8 kcal mol^-1. Chiral guanidine-amide promoted the deprotonation of phenylacetylene, generating guanidine-Cu(I) acetylide complexes as active species. In azide-alkyne cycloaddition, copper acetylene coordinated to the O atom of the amide moiety in guanidium, and TsN₃ was activated by hydrogen bonding, affording the Cu(I)-ketenimine species with an energy barrier of 3.5∼9.4 kcal mol^-1. The optically active spiroazetidinimine oxindole was constructed via a stepwise four-membered ring formation, followed by deprotonation of guanidium moieties for C-H bonding in a stereoselective way. The steric effect of the bulky CHPh₂ group and chiral backbone in the guanidine, combined with the coordination between the Boc group in isatin-imine with a copper center, played important roles in controlling the stereoselectivity of the reaction. The major spiroazetidinimine oxindole product with an SS configuration was formed in a kinetically more favored way, which was consistent with the experimental observation.

Bifunctional Iminophosphorane-Catalyzed Enantioselective Nitroalkane Addition to Unactivated α,β-Unsaturated Esters

Herein we describe the enantioselective intermolecular conjugate addition of nitroalkanes to unactivated α,β-unsaturated esters, catalyzed by a bifunctional iminophosphorane (BIMP) superbase. The transformation provides the most direct access to pharmaceutically relevant enantioenriched γ-nitroesters, utilizing feedstock chemicals, with unprecedented selectivity. The methodology exhibits a broad substrate scope, including β-(fluoro)alkyl, aryl and heteroaryl substituted electrophiles, and was successfully applied on a gram scale with reduced catalyst loading, and, additionally, catalyst recovery was carried out. The formal synthesis of a range of drug molecules, and an enantioselective synthesis of (S)-rolipram were achieved. Additionally, computational studies revealed key reaction intermediates and transition state structures, and provided rationale for high enantioselectivities, in good agreement with experimental results.

Regioselective C-H alkylation of anisoles with olefins by cationic imidazolin-2-iminato scandium(iii) alkyl complexes

A new type of rare-earth alkyl complexes supported by monoanionic imidazolin-2-iminato ligands were synthesised and structurally characterised by X-ray diffraction and NMR analyses. The utility of these imidazolin-2-iminato rare-earth alkyl complexes in organic synthesis was demonstrated by their performance in highly regioselective C-H alkylation of anisoles with olefins. With as low as 0.5 mol% catalyst loading, various anisole derivatives without ortho-substitution or 2-methyl substituted anisoles reacted with several alkenes under mild conditions, producing the corresponding ortho-Csp2-H and benzylic Csp3-H alkylation products in high yield (56 examples, 16-99% yields). Control experiments revealed that rare-earth ions, ancillary imidazolin-2-iminato ligands, and basic ligands were crucial for the above transformations. Based on deuterium-labelling experiments, reaction kinetic studies, and theoretical calculations, a possible catalytic cycle was provided to elucidate the reaction mechanism.

Mechanism of Action of Isopropoxy Benzene Guanidine against Multidrug-Resistant Pathogens

The increasing emergence of antibiotic resistance is an urgent threat to global health care; thus, there is a need for new therapeutics. Guanidine is the preferred functional group for antimicrobial design and development. Herein, the potential antibacterial activity of the guanidine derivative isopropoxy benzene guanidine (IBG) against multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria was discovered. The synergistic antibacterial activity of IBG and colistin was determined by checkerboard assay, time-killing curve, and mouse experiments. The antibacterial mechanism of IBG was verified in fluorescent probe experiments, intracellular oxidative phosphorylation assays, and transcriptome analysis. The results showed that IBG displays efficient antibacterial activity against Gram-positive pathogens and Gram-negative pathogens with permeabilized outer membranes. Further mechanistic studies showed that IBG triggers cytoplasmic membrane damage by binding to phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin, leading to the dissipation of proton motive force and accumulation of intracellular ATP. IBG combined with low levels of colistin enhances bacterial outer membrane permeability and increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species, as further evidenced by transcriptome analysis. Furthermore, the efficacy of IBG with colistin against MDR Escherichia coli in three infection models was demonstrated. Together, these results suggest that IBG is a promising adjuvant of colistin, providing an alternative approach to address the prevalent infections caused by MDR Gram-negative pathogens. IMPORTANCE As antibiotic discovery stagnates, the world is facing a growing menace from the emergence of bacteria that are resistant to almost all available antibiotics. The key to winning this race is to explore distinctive mechanisms of antibiotics. Thus, novel efficient antibacterial agents and alternative strategies are urgently required to fill the void in antibiotic development. Compared with the large amount of money and time required to develop new agents, the antibiotic adjuvant strategy is a promising approach to inhibit bacterial resistance and increase killing of bacteria. In this study, we found that the guanidine derivatives IBG not only displayed efficient antibacterial activities against Gram-positive bacteria but also restored colistin susceptibility of Gram-negative pathogens as an antibiotic adjuvant. More in-depth study showed that IBG is a potential lead to overcome antibiotic resistance, providing new insight into future antibiotic discovery and development.

Guanidinium Hypoiodite-Catalyzed Intramolecular Oxidative Coupling Reaction of Oxindoles with β-Dicarbonyls

Spiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidine] is a fundamental motif present in various biologically active compounds. Here, we report an intramolecular oxidative coupling reaction of oxindoles with β-dicarbonyls in the presence of a guanidinium hypoiodite catalyst, providing spiro-coupling products in moderate to excellent yields. Furthermore, a chiral hypoiodite catalyst derived from the chiral guanidinium organocatalyst is effective for the challenging asymmetric carbon-carbon bond-forming reaction, affording optically active spiro[indoline-3,4'-piperidines].

Asymmetric Organocatalysis Under Mechanochemical Conditions

Asymmetric organocatalysis is a robust methodology providing access to numerous valuable compounds while having green chemistry principles in mind. The realization of organocatalytic transformation under solvent-free mechanochemical conditions brings additional benefits in terms of yields, selectivities, and, last but not least overall improved sustainability. This overview describes developments in the use of mechanochemistry as a vehicle for asymmetric organocatalytic transformations. The material is organized according to main catalytic activation modes, starting with covalent activation and proceeding to non-covalent activation modes. The advantages of mechanochemical organocatalytic reactions are particularly highlighted, but in some cases also, limitations are mentioned. Possibilities for target compound synthesis are also discussed.

Organobase-Catalyzed Umpolung of Amides: The Generation and Transfer of Carbamoyl Anion

A novel organobase-catalyzed umpolung reaction of amides was disclosed. This method provides an efficient method to generate and transfer carbamoyl anions. In this transformation, some of the inherent disadvantages of carbamoyl metal were avoided. The mechanistic analysis revealed that the reaction proceeds through polarity inversion of amide, and various carbamoyl anions were applied in the reaction. Moreover, a wide range of substrates was achieved with moderate to excellent yield.

Organocatalyzed Phospha-Michael Addition: A Highly Efficient Synthesis of Customized Bis(acyl)phosphane Oxide Photoinitiators

Addition of the P-H bond in bis(mesitoyl)phosphine, HP(COMes)2 (BAPH), to a wide variety of activated carbon-carbon double bonds as acceptors was investigated. While this phospha-Michael addition does not proceed in the absence of an additive or catalyst, excellent results were obtained with stoichiometric basic potassium or caesium salts. Simple amine bases can be employed in catalytic amounts, and tetramethylguanidine (TMG) in particular is an outstanding catalyst that allows the preparation of bis(acyl)phosphines, R-P(COMes)2 , under very mild conditions in excellent yields after only a short time. All phosphines RP(COMes)2 can subsequently be oxidized to the corresponding bis(acyl)phosphane oxides, RPO(COMes)2 , a substance class belonging to the most potent photoinitiators for radical polymerizations known to date. Thus, a simple and highly atom economic method has been found that allows the preparation of a broad range of photoinitiators adapted to their specific field of application even on a large scale.

Guanidinates as Alternative Ligands for Organometallic Complexes

For decades, ligands such as phosphanes or cyclopentadienyl ring derivatives have dominated Coordination and Organometallic Chemistry. At the same time, alternative compounds have emerged that could compete either for a more practical and accessible synthesis or for greater control of steric and electronic properties. Guanidines, nitrogen-rich compounds, appear as one such potential alternatives as ligands or proligands. In addition to occurring in a plethora of natural compounds, and thus in compounds of pharmacological use, guanidines allow a wide variety of coordination modes to different metal centers along the periodic table, with their monoanionic chelate derivatives being the most common. In this review, we focused on the organometallic chemistry of guanidinato compounds, discussing selected examples of coordination modes, reactivity and uses in catalysis or materials science. We believe that these amazing ligands offer a new promise in Organometallic Chemistry.

Asymmetric organocatalytic sulfenylation for the construction of a diheteroatom-bearing tetrasubstituted carbon centre

Catalytic enantioselective sulfenylation to construct diheteroatom-bearing carbon centres was achieved by employing chiral guanidine organocatalysts. This protocol provided a facile route towards the synthesis of α-fluoro-α-sulfenyl-β-ketoamides, azlactone adducts and α-sulfur-substituted amino acid derivatives in high yields with good to excellent enantioselectivities. A possible working mode was proposed to elucidate the chiral control of the process.

Exploring the catalytic role of the guanidine TBD in carboxylative cyclizations

Employing a combination of mechanistic, kinetic and computational studies we have examined the mechanism of the TBD-catalyzed carboxylative cyclization of indole derivatives. Our studies provide insight into the role of the guanidine superbase TBD in catalyzing C-C bond formation between indole derivatives and CO₂.

Thermodynamic, kinetic, and mechanistic studies of the thermal guanidine metathesis reaction

We describe studies of the thermal guanidine metathesis (TGM) reaction, a reversible transformation that results in exchange of N-substituents of the guanidine functional group. By comparing the effects of discrete structural variations, we find that steric congestion is an important factor in determining both the equilibrium guanidine composition and the reaction kinetics. The alkyl versus aryl nature of N-substitution also plays an essential role in the reaction rate, up to the point that minimal TGM reactivity is observed when the guanidine contains wholly alkyl substituents. Furthermore, we demonstrate that TGM occurs under thermodynamic control and present evidence that it proceeds by a dissociative mechanism, supported by direct observation of a carbodiimide intermediate.

Nitriles with High Gas-Phase Basicity-Part II Transmission of the Push-Pull Effect through Methylenecyclopropene and Cyclopropenimine Scaffolds Intercalated between Different Electron Donor(s) and the Cyano N-Protonation Site

This work extends our earlier quantum chemical studies on the gas-phase basicity of very strong N-bases to two series of nitriles containing the methylenecyclopropene and cyclopropenimine scaffolds with dissymmetrical substitution by one or two electron-donating substituents such as Me, NR2, N=C (NR2)2, and N=P (NR2)3, the last three being strong donors. For a proper prediction of their gas-phase base properties, all potential isomeric phenomena and reasonable potential protonation sites are considered to avoid possible inconsistencies when evaluating the energetic parameters and associated protonation or deprotonation equilibria B + H+ = BH+. More than 250 new isomeric structures for neutral and protonated forms are analyzed. The stable structures are selected and the favored ones identified. The microscopic (kinetic) gas-phase basicity parameters (PA and GB) corresponding to N sites (cyano and imino in the cyclopropenimine or in the substituents) in each isomer are calculated. The macroscopic (thermodynamic) PAs and GBs, referring to the isomeric mixtures of favored isomers, are also estimated. The total (pushing) substituent effects are analyzed for monosubstituted and disubstituted derivatives containing two identical or two different substituents. Electron delocalization is examined in the two π-π conjugated transmitters, the methylenecyclopropene and cyclopropenimine scaffolds. The aromatic character of the three-membered ring is also discussed.

From Center-to-Multilayer Chirality: Asymmetric Synthesis of Multilayer Targets with Electron-Rich Bridges

Asymmetric synthesis of new atropisomerically multilayered chiral targets has been achieved by taking advantage of the strategy of center-to-multilayer chirality and double Suzuki-Miyaura couplings. Diastereomers were readily separated via flash column chromatography and well characterized. Absolute configuration assignment was determined by X-ray structural analysis. Five enantiomerically pure isomers possessing multilayer chirality were assembled utilizing anchors involving electron-rich aromatic connections. An overall yield of 0.69% of the final target with hydroxyl attachment was achieved over 11 steps from commercially available starting materials.

Chiral Cyclopropenimine-catalyzed Asymmetric Michael Addition of Bulky Glycine Imine to α,β-Unsaturated Isoxazoles

A highly efficient asymmetric Michael addition of bulky glycine imine to α,β-unsaturated isoxazoles has been achieved by using 5 mol% of chiral cyclopropenimine as a chiral organo-superbase catalyst under mild conditions. Michael adducts were obtained in excellent yields (up to 97%) and stereoselectivities (up to>99 : 1 dr and 98% ee). A significant solvent effect was found in these chiral organosuperbase catalyzed asymmetric Michael reactions. Gram-scale preparation of Michael adducts and their transformations are realized to provide corresponding products without loss of stereoselectivities. The configurations of Michael adduct was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis.

Guanidyl-implanted UiO-66 as an efficient catalyst for the enhanced conversion of carbon dioxide into cyclic carbonates

The development of heterogeneous catalysts for promoting epoxide cycloaddition with carbon dioxide is highly desirable for recycling CO₂ and achieving the goal of carbon neutrality. Herein, we designed and synthesized Zr-based metal organic frameworks (MOFs) by implanting functional guanidyl into the framework via mixing different molar ratios of 4-guanidinobenzoic acid (Gua) with 1,4-benzenedicarboxylic acid (BDC). Consequently, a small sized Zr-MOF (∼350 nm) can be prepared by implanting Gua with 20% molar ligands, denoted as UiO-66-Gua_0.2(s). Compared to large sized and different guanidyl Zr-MOFs, UiO-66-Gua_0.2(s) exhibited an optimal activity on catalyzing epoxide cycloaddition with CO₂ in the presence of the Bu₄NBr cocatalyst. A yield of 97% for the product of chloropropene carbonate was achieved at 90 °C under 1 atm CO₂. The great performance of UiO-66-Gua_0.2(s) might be attributed to the synergistic effect of guanidyl groups as hydrogen-bond donors and Zr centers acting as Lewis-acidic sites. In addition, the heterogeneous catalyst of UiO-66-Gua_0.2(s) exhibited a great versatility towards converting other epoxides and a satisfactory recyclability for five consecutive runs. Moreover, a plausible reaction mechanism has been proposed for UiO-66-Gua_0.2(s) in promoting CO₂ epoxide cycloaddition reactions.

Bifunctional Iminophosphorane-Catalyzed Enantioselective Sulfa-Michael Addition to Unactivated α,β-Unsaturated Amides

The first metal-free catalytic intermolecular enantioselective Michael addition to unactivated α,β-unsaturated amides is described. Consistently high enantiomeric excesses and yields were obtained over a wide range of alkyl thiol pronucleophiles and electrophiles under mild reaction conditions, enabled by a novel squaramide-based bifunctional iminophosphorane catalyst. Low catalyst loadings (2.0 mol %) were achieved on a decagram scale, demonstrating the scalability of the reaction. Computational analysis revealed the origin of the high enantiofacial selectivity via analysis of relevant transition structures and provided substantial support for specific noncovalent activation of the carbonyl group of the α,β-unsaturated amide by the catalyst.

Recent advances in catalytic asymmetric [1,3]-rearrangement reactions

This review covering the recent advances of asymmetric 1,3-rearrangement reactions is divided into four different fields, including transition metal catalysis, nucleophilic catalysis, Brønsted acid catalysis and Lewis acid catalysis.

Direct synthesis for N2-unprotected five-membered cyclic guanidines by regioselective [3+2] annulation of aziridines and cyanamides

A novel and efficient [3+2] annulation of 2-substituted aziridines and N-tosyl cyanamides via domino regioselective ring-opening/5-exo-dig cyclization procedure has been developed, allowing the direct preparation for N2-unprotected five-membered cyclic guanidines...

Enantioselective [1,2]-Stevens Rearrangement of Thiosulfonates to Construct Dithio-Substituted Quaternary Carbon Centers

An enantioselective [1,2] Stevens rearrangement was realized by using chiral guanidine and copper(i) complexes. Bis-sulfuration of α-diazocarbonyl compounds was developed through using thiosulfonates as the sulfenylating agent. It was undoubtedly an atom-economic process providing an efficient route to access novel chiral dithioketal derivatives, affording the corresponding products in good yields (up to 90% yield) and enantioselectivities (up to 96 : 4 er). A novel catalytic cycle was proposed to rationalize the reaction process and enantiocontrol.

An asymmetric [1,2] Stevens rearrangement was realized via chiral guanidine and copper(i) complexes. A series of novel chiral dithioketal derivatives were obtained with good yields (up to 90% yield) and enantioselectivities (up to 96 : 4 er).

Organobase 1,1,3,3-tetramethyl guanidine catalyzed rapid ring-opening polymerization of α-amino acid N-carboxyanhydrides adaptive to amine, alcohol and carboxyl acid initiators

For amine, hydroxyl and carboxyl terminated initiators, the organobase 1,1,3,3-tetramethylguanidine (TMG) catalyzes the rapid polymerization to afford polypeptides with controllable molecular weights and dispersities.

Enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of N-Boc imines using chiral guanidine-thiourea catalysts

The enantioselective hydrophosphonylation of N-Boc imines was investigated using a new family of pseudo-symmetric guanidine-thiourea catalysts, providing α-amino phosphonates in moderate to high yields with good enantioselectivity. The catalyst was heterogenized by polymerization with styrene and the resulting catalyst was applied to reactions under continuous-flow conditions.

Synthesis of Optically Active Polyguanidines by Polyaddition Reaction of Biscarbodiimides with Chiral Diamines

Herein, we present the first study on the polyaddition reaction of biscarbodiimides with chiral diamines, which focuses on a definite case using optically active trans-4a,8a-decahydroquinoxaline and 1,4-phenylenebis(arylcarbodiimide)s, which readily react with each other under ambient and catalyst-free conditions. The specific reactivity allows for facile access to not only the corresponding chiral polyguanidines under balanced stoichiometry but also their oligomeric analogues under imbalanced stoichiometry via a step-by-step procedure. Spectroscopic, chromatographic, and computational characterization of the novel molecular chains containing arrayed guanidines have revealed their structural, optical, and conformational properties as well as the mechanism of polymerization assisted by molecular association. Their potential use as asymmetric catalysts is also described.

1,1-Diaminoazines as organocatalysts in phospha-Michael addition reactions

1,1-Diaminoazines can act as effective organocatalysts for the formation of phosphorus-carbon bonds between biphenylphosphine oxide and an activated alkene (Michael acceptor). These catalysts provide the P-C adducts at a faster rate and with relatively better yields in comparison to the organocatalysts employed earlier. The notable advantage is that 1,1-diaminoazines catalyse the reaction even in an aqueous medium with very good yields. Organocatalysis using 1,1-diaminoazines was also successfully carried out between dimethylphosphite and benzylidenemalononitrile under multicomponent conditions.