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Muniz-Santos R, Magno-França A, Jurisica I, Cameron LC. From Microcosm to Macrocosm: The -Omics, Multiomics, and Sportomics Approaches in Exercise and Sports. OMICS : A JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE BIOLOGY 2023; 27:499-518. [PMID: 37943554 DOI: 10.1089/omi.2023.0169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This article explores the progressive integration of -omics methods, including genomics, metabolomics, and proteomics, into sports research, highlighting the development of the concept of "sportomics." We discuss how sportomics can be used to comprehend the multilevel metabolism during exercise in real-life conditions faced by athletes, enabling potential personalized interventions to improve performance and recovery and reduce injuries, all with a minimally invasive approach and reduced time. Sportomics may also support highly personalized investigations, including the implementation of n-of-1 clinical trials and the curation of extensive datasets through long-term follow-up of athletes, enabling tailored interventions for athletes based on their unique physiological responses to different conditions. Beyond its immediate sport-related applications, we delve into the potential of utilizing the sportomics approach to translate Big Data regarding top-level athletes into studying different human diseases, especially with nontargeted analysis. Furthermore, we present how the amalgamation of bioinformatics, artificial intelligence, and integrative computational analysis aids in investigating biochemical pathways, and facilitates the search for various biomarkers. We also highlight how sportomics can offer relevant information about doping control analysis. Overall, sportomics offers a comprehensive approach providing novel insights into human metabolism during metabolic stress, leveraging cutting-edge systems science techniques and technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Muniz-Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Magno-França
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Osteoarthritis Research Program, Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Schroeder Arthritis Institute and Data Science Discovery Centre for Chronic Diseases, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, and Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - L C Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, The Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Khouri H, Ussher JR, Aguer C. Exogenous Ketone Supplementation and Ketogenic Diets for Exercise: Considering the Effect on Skeletal Muscle Metabolism. Nutrients 2023; 15:4228. [PMID: 37836512 PMCID: PMC10574738 DOI: 10.3390/nu15194228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, ketogenic diets and ketone supplements have increased in popularity, particularly as a mechanism to improve exercise performance by modifying energetics. Since the skeletal muscle is a major metabolic and locomotory organ, it is important to take it into consideration when considering the effect of a dietary intervention, and the impact of physical activity on the body. The goal of this review is to summarize what is currently known and what still needs to be investigated concerning the relationship between ketone body metabolism and exercise, specifically in the skeletal muscle. Overall, it is clear that increased exposure to ketone bodies in combination with exercise can modify skeletal muscle metabolism, but whether this effect is beneficial or detrimental remains unclear and needs to be further interrogated before ketogenic diets or exogenous ketone supplementation can be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Khouri
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
| | - John R Ussher
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2H5, Canada
| | - Céline Aguer
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada
- Institut du Savoir Montfort, Hôpital Montfort, Ottawa, ON K1K 0T2, Canada
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University-Campus Outaouais, Gatineau, QC J8V 3T4, Canada
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França TCL, Muniz-Santos R, Caetano LC, Souza GHMF, Goulart HF, Assis M, Bottino A, Bassini A, Santana AEG, Prado ES, Cameron LC. A sportomics soccer investigation unveils an exercise-induced shift in tyrosine metabolism leading to hawkinsinuria. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1169188. [PMID: 37384105 PMCID: PMC10296188 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1169188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Tyrosine metabolism has an intense role in the synthesis of neurotransmitters. Our study used an untargeted, sportomics-based analysis of urine samples to investigate changes in metabolism during a soccer match in 30 male junior professional soccer players. Samples were collected before and after the match and analyzed using liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. Results showed significant changes in tyrosine metabolism. Exercise caused a downregulation of the homogentisate metabolites 4-maleylacetoacetate and succinylacetone to 20% (p = 4.69E-5) and 16% (p = 4.25E-14), respectively. 4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate, a homogentisate precursor, was found to be upregulated by 26% (p = 7.20E-3). The concentration of hawkinsin and its metabolite 4-hydroxycyclohexyl acetate increased ~six-fold (p = 1.49E-6 and p = 9.81E-6, respectively). Different DOPA metabolism pathways were also affected by exercise. DOPA and dopaquinone increased four-to six-fold (p = 5.62E-14 and p = 4.98E-13, respectively). 3-Methoxytyrosine, indole-5,6-quinone, and melanin were downregulated from 1 to 25%, as were dopamine and tyramine (decreasing to up to 5% or 80%; p= 5.62E-14 and p = 2.47E-2, respectively). Blood TCO2 decreased as well as urinary glutathione and glutamate (40% and 10% respectively) associated with a two-fold increase in pyroglutamate. Our study found unexpected similarities between exercise-induced changes in metabolism and the inherited disorder Hawkinsinuria, suggesting a possible transient condition called exercise-induced hawkinsinuria (EIh). Additionally, our research suggests changes in DOPA pathways may be involved. Our findings suggest that soccer exercise could be used as a model to search for potential countermeasures in Hawkinsinuria and other tyrosine metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thássia Casado Lima França
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Renan Muniz-Santos
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Caetano
- Institute of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | | | - Henrique Fonseca Goulart
- Research Laboratory on Natural Resources, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
| | - Marcio Assis
- Youth Soccer Teams, Fluminense Football Club, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Altamiro Bottino
- Health and Performance Center/Soccer Professional Team, Sociedade Esportiva Palmeiras, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bassini
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | | | - Eduardo Seixas Prado
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Alagoas, Brazil
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - L. C. Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Prado E, Magalhães-Neto A, Neto JR, Bassini A, Cameron LC. Caffeine decreases ammonemia in athletes using a ketogenic diet during prolonged exercise. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111377. [PMID: 34273681 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Both exercise and a ketogenic (low-carbohydrate) diet favor glycogen depletion and increase ammonemia, which can impair physical performance. Caffeine supplementation has been routinely used to improve exercise performance. Herein, the effect of xanthine was evaluated on ammonemia in cyclists who were placed on a ketogenic diet and engaged in prolonged exercise. METHODS Fourteen male cyclists followed a ketogenic diet for 2 d before and during the experimental trial. The cyclists were assigned to either the caffeine- (CEx; n = 7) or placebo-supplemented (LEx; n = 7) group. Blood samples were obtained during cycling and the recovery periods. RESULTS The CEx group showed a significant decrease (up to 25%) in blood ammonia at 60, 90, and 120 min after beginning exercise compared with the LEx group. A higher concentration of apparent blood urea was observed in the LEx group than in the CEx group at 60 to 90 min of exercise (~10%). In addition, a significant increase in blood glucose levels was evident at 30 min of exercise (~28%), and an increase in blood lactate levels was visible during the first 30 to 60 min of exercise (~80%) in the CEx group. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the consumption of caffeine might attenuate the increase in ammonemia that occurs during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Prado
- Laboratory for Research in Physical Exercise and Metabolism, Federal University of Alagoas, Maceió, Brazil
| | - Aníbal Magalhães-Neto
- Biological and Health Sciences Institute, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Barra do Garças, Brazil
| | - José Rezende Neto
- Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe, Lagarto, Brazil
| | - Adriana Bassini
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Luiz-Claudio Cameron
- Laboratory of Protein Biochemistry, Federal University of State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
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Branched-Chain Amino Acids and Branched-Chain Keto Acids in Hyperammonemic States: Metabolism and as Supplements. Metabolites 2020; 10:metabo10080324. [PMID: 32784821 PMCID: PMC7464849 DOI: 10.3390/metabo10080324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In hyperammonemic states, such as liver cirrhosis, urea cycle disorders, and strenuous exercise, the catabolism of branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs; leucine, isoleucine, and valine) is activated and BCAA concentrations decrease. In these conditions, BCAAs are recommended to improve mental functions, protein balance, and muscle performance. However, clinical trials have not demonstrated significant benefits of BCAA-containing supplements. It is hypothesized that, under hyperammonemic conditions, enhanced glutamine availability and decreased BCAA levels facilitate the amination of branched-chain keto acids (BCKAs; α-ketoisocaproate, α-keto-β-methylvalerate, and α-ketoisovalerate) to the corresponding BCAAs, and that BCKA supplementation may offer advantages over BCAAs. Studies examining the effects of ketoanalogues of amino acids have provided proof that subjects with hyperammonemia can effectively synthesize BCAAs from BCKAs. Unfortunately, the benefits of BCKA administration have not been clearly confirmed. The shortcoming of most reports is the use of mixtures intended for patients with renal insufficiency, which might be detrimental for patients with liver injury. It is concluded that (i) BCKA administration may decrease ammonia production, attenuate cataplerosis, correct amino acid imbalance, and improve protein balance and (ii) studies specifically investigating the effects of BCKA, without the interference of other ketoanalogues, are needed to complete the information essential for decisions regarding their suitability in hyperammonemic conditions.
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Keto analogues and amino acid supplementation and its effects on ammonaemia during extenuating endurance exercise in ketogenic diet-fed rats. Br J Nutr 2018; 120:732-739. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518001770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
AbstractKeto analogues and amino acids (KAAA) supplementation can reduce blood ammonia concentrations in athletes undergoing high-intensity exercise under both ketogenic and thermoneutral conditions. This study evaluated the acute effects of KAAA supplementation on ammonia metabolism during extenuating endurance exercise in rats fed a ketogenic diet. In all, eighty male Fischer rats at 90 d of age were divided into eight groups, and some were trained using a swimming endurance protocol. A ketogenic diet supplemented with keto analogues was administered for 10 d. Administration of the ketogenic diet ended 3 d before the exhaustion test (extenuating endurance exercise). A ketogenic diet plus KAAA supplementation and extenuating endurance exercise (trained ketogenic diet supplemented with KAAA (TKKa)) increased blood ammonia concentrations by approximately 50 % compared with the control diet (trained control diet supplemented with KAAA (TCKa)) and similar training (effect size=1·33; statistical power=0·50). The KAAA supplementation reduced blood urea concentrations by 4 and 18 % in the control and ketogenic diet groups, respectively, compared with the groups fed the same diets without supplementation. The trained groups had 60 % lower blood urate concentrations after TCKa treatment than after TKKa treatment. Our results suggest that KAAA supplementation can reduce blood ammonia concentrations after extenuating endurance exercise in rats fed a balanced diet but not in rats fed a ketogenic diet.
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